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  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae  (169)
  • stability
  • Springer  (245)
  • Institute of Physics (IOP)
  • 1985-1989  (245)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biotransformation of aromatic aldehydes bySaccharomyces cerevisiae: Investigation of reaction rates (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 49-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: l-Phenylacetyl carbinol ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Yeast ; Benzaldehyde ; Biotransformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The rate of production ofl-phenylacetyl carbinol bySaccharomyces cerevisiae in reaction mixtures containing benzaldehyde with sucrose or pyruvate as cosubstrate was investigated in short 1 h incubations. The effect of yeast dose rate, sucrose and benzaldehyde concentration and pH on the rate of reaction was determined. Maximum biotransformation rates were obtained with concentrations of benzaldehyde, sucrose and yeast of 6 g, 40 g and 60 g/l, respectively. Negligible biotransformation rates were observed at a concentration of 8 g/l benzaldehyde. The reaction had a pH optimum of 4.0–4.5. Rates of bioconversion of benzaldehyde and selected substituted aromatic aldehydes using both sucrose and sodium pyruvate as cosubstrate were compared. The rate of aromatic alcohol production was much higher when sucrose was used rather than pyruvate.o-Tolualdehyde and 1-chlorobenzaldehyde were poor substrates for aromatic carbinol formation although the latter produced significant aromatic alcohol in sucrose-containing media. Yields of 2.74 and 3.80 g/l phenylacetyl carbinol were produced from sucrose and pyruvate, respectively, in a 1 h reaction period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569693
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High solids fermentation of hydrolysates of wheat starch B in a continuous dynamic immobilized biocatalyst bioreactor (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 81-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Ethanol fermentation ; Wheat starch ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; immobilization ; Continuous dynamic immobilized biocatalyst bioreactor ; Biocatalyst bioreactor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A simple and efficient method of conversion of wheat starch B to ethanol was investigated. Employing a two-stage enzymatic saccharification process, 95% of the wheat starch was converted to fermentable sugars in 40 h. From 140 g/l total sugars in the feed solution, 63.6 g/l ethanol was produced continuously with a residence time of 3.3 h in a continuous dynamic immobilized biocatalyst bioreactor by immobilized cells ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae. The advantages and the application of this bioreactor to continuous alcoholic fermentation of industrial substrates are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569698
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Manganese accumulation in yeast cells (1989)
    Springer
    BioMetals 2 (1989), S. 6-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: Manganese ; Electron spin resonance ; Superoxide dismutase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Manganese accumulation was studied by room-temperature electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy inSaccharomyces cerevisiae grown in the presence of increasing amounts of MnSO4. Mn2+ retention was nearly linear in intact cells for fractions related to both low-molecular-mass and macromolecular complexes (‘free’ and ‘bound’ Mn2+, respectively). A deviation from linearity was observed in cell extracts between the control value and 0.1 mM Mn2+, indicating more efficient accumulation at low Mn2+ concentrations. The difference in slopes between the two straight lines describing Mn2+ retention at concentrations lower and higher than 0.1 mM, respectively, was quite large for the free Mn2+ fraction. Furthermore it was unaffected by subsequent dialyses of the extracts, showing stable retention in the form of low-molecular-mass complexes. In contrast, the slope of the line describing retention of ‘bound’ Mn2+ at concentrations higher than 0.1 mM became less steep after subsequent dialyses of the cell extracts. This result indicates that the macromolecule-bound Mn2+ was essentially associated with particulate structures. In contrast to Cu2+, Mn2+ had no effect on the major enzyme activities involved in oxygen metabolism except for a slight increase of cyanide-resistant Mn-superoxide dismutase activity, due to dialyzable Mn2+ complexes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01116194
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The dynamics of coupled planar rigid bodies. II. Bifurcations, periodic solutions, and chaos (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of dynamics and differential equations 1 (1989), S. 269-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9222
    Keywords: Geometric mechanics ; reduction ; stability ; chaos ; rigid body dynamics ; periodic orbits ; 58F
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We give a complete bifurcation and stability analysis for the relative equilibria of the dynamics of three coupled planar rigid bodies. We also use the equivariant Weinstein-Moser theorem to show the existence of two periodic orbits distinguished by symmetry type near the stable equilibrium. Finally we prove that the dynamics is chaotic in the sense of Poincaré-Birkhoff-Smale horseshoes using the version of Melnikov's method suitable for systems with symmetry due to Holmes and Marsden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01053929
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Consumer memory and price fluctuations in commodity markets: An integrodifferential model (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of dynamics and differential equations 1 (1989), S. 299-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9222
    Keywords: Commodity markets ; time delays ; stability ; Hopf bifurcation ; 34K15 ; 45J05 ; 90A16
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A model for the dynamics of price adjustment in a single commodity market is developed. Nonlinearities in both supply and demand functions are considered explicitly, as are delays due to production lags and storage policies, to yield a nonlinear integrodifferential equation. Conditions for the local stability of the equilibrium price are derived in terms of the elasticities of supply and demand, the supply and demand relaxation times, and the equilibrium production-storage delay. The destabilizing effect of consumer memory on the equilibrium price is analyzed, and the ensuing Hopf bifurcations are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01053930
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nekhoroshev estimate for isochronous non resonant symplectic maps (1989)
    Springer
    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 47 (1989), S. 333-359 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9478
    Keywords: symplectic maps ; stability ; normal forms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We prove that non resonant isochronous symplectic maps in a neighborhood of an elliptic fixed point are stable for exponentially long times with the inverse of the distance from the fixed point. In the proof we make use of the majorant series method together with an idea for optimizing remainder estimates first applied to Hamiltonian problems by Nekhoroshev.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051010
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heterologous gene expression of the glyphosate resistance marker and its application in yeast transformation (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 15 (1989), S. 91-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Vector ; Glyphosate resistance ; Transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The E. coli aroA gene was inserted between yeast promoter and terminator sequences in different shuttle expression plasmids and found to confer enhanced EPSP synthase activity as well as resistance to glyphosate toxicity. Subsequently, a transformation system using these newly constructed vectors in yeast was characterized. The efficiency of the glyphosate resistance marker for transformation and selection with plasmid pHR6/20-1 in S. cerevisiae laboratory strain SHY2 was found to be relatively high when compared with selection for LEU2 prototrophy. The fate of the recombinant plasmid pHR6/20-1 in the transformants, the preservation of the aroA E. coli DNA fragment in yeast, mitotic stability, EPSP synthase activity, and growth on glyphosate-containing medium have been investigated. As this plasmid also allows direct selection for glyphosate resistant transformants on rich media, the glyphosate resistance marker was used for transforming both S. cerevisiae laboratory strain SHY2 and brewer's yeast strains S. cerevisiae var. “uvarum” BHS5 and BHS2. In all cases, the vector pHR6/20-1 was maintained as an autonomously replicating plasmid. The resistance marker is, therefore, suitable for transforming genetically unlabeled S. cerevisiae laboratory, wild, and industrial yeast strains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00435454
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A hot-spot for transposition of various Ty elements on chromosome V in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 16 (1989), S. 247-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Chromosome V ; Ty elements ; tRNA genes ; Transposition hot-spots ; Yeast polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ty4 is a novel transposable element in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is present in only a few copies in the genome (Stucka et al. 1989). In strain C836 one of the three copies (Ty4-90) is contained in cosmid clone c90, where it resides on chromosome V. Analysis of this region reveals a “hot-spot” of transposition: in addition to Ty4-90, the locus contains a complete Ty3 element and seven singular delta, sigma and tau elements. Three tRNA genes (for His, Lys, and Ile) are located in this region, and these are closely associated with one or the other of the elements, a phenomenon commonly observed in yeast. A comparison of c90 with corresponding regions from other strains shows that the locus is highly polymorphic and that this polymorphism is explicitly associated with Ty transposition and recombination events.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00422110
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mutations in ADE3 reduce the efficiency of the omnipotent suppressor sup45-2 (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 16 (1989), S. 315-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Antisuppressor ; ADE3 ; Translation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mutations in a known yeast gene, ADE3, were shown to act as an antisuppressor, reducing the efficiency of the omnipotent suppressor, sup45-2. The ADE3 locus encodes the trifunctional enzyme C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase, which is required for the biosynthesis of purines, thymidylate, methionine, histidine, pantothenic acid and formylmethionyl-tRNAfmet. The role of this enzyme in translational fidelity had not previously been suspected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00340709
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Two new loci that give rise to dominant omnipotent suppressors in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 16 (1989), S. 323-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Nonsense suppression ; Omnipotent suppressors ; Gene mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ten dominant omnipotent suppressors of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which were previously shown to be different from SUP46, have been examined. Nine are mapped in a region between lys5 and cyh2 on the left arm of chromosome VII. These suppressors, like SUP46, manifest sensitivity to increased temperature and the antibiotics paromomycin and hygromycin B. In addition, they have an identical action spectrum. These results strongly suggest that they are allelic to each other and they are designated SUP138. The tenth is mapped to a position between his1 and arg6 on the right arm of chromosome V. This suppressor, named SUP139, does not manifest temperature sensitivity nor antibiotic sensitivity. SUP139 and SUP138, which are clearly distinguished by means of action spectrum, act on much fewer nonsense mutations than SUP46. It is now clear that dominant omnipotent suppressors arising at a single locus are homogeneous and that their efficiency is locus-dependent. The order of efficiency is SUP46〉SUP138〉SUP139.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00340710
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAD2 gene complements a Schizosaccharomyces pombe repair mutation (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 15 (1989), S. 27-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Repair ; Complementation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Gene cloning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes necessary for excision repair of UV damage in DNA, RAD1 and RAD2, were introduced individually, on a yeast shuttle vector, into seven Schizosaccharomyces pombe mutants — rads1, 2, 5, 13, 15,16 and 17. The presence of the cloned RAD1 gene did not affect survival of any of the S. pombe mutants. The RAD2 gene increased survival of S. pombe rad13 to near the wild-type level after UV irradiation and had no effect on any of the other mutants tested. S. pombe rad13 mutants are somewhat defective in removal of pyrimidine dimers so complementation by the S. cerevisiae RAD2 gene suggests that the genes may code for equivalent proteins in the two yeasts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00445748
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Introduction of nonselectible 2μ plasmid into [cir°] cells of the yeast S. cerevisiae by DNA transformation and in vivo site-specific resolution (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 15 (1989), S. 83-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: DNA transformation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Site-specific recombination ; 2μ DNA plasmid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The 2μ DNA plasmid of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae does not confer any known selectable phenotype to the host cell carrying it. Selection of cells transformed with purified 2μ DNA therefore cannot be achieved, and the intracellular presence of 2μ can only be assessed by molecular analysis of the DNA complement. In addition, 2μ alone does not replicate in bacterial hosts, thus rendering its amplification by conventional methods impossible. We have isolated a shuttle plasmid, pBH-2L, generated by in vivo sites-pecific recombination between the endogenous 2μ DNA plasmid and pRL, a pBR322 derivative containing the yeast LEU2 gene and one 2μ repeat sequence associated with the origin of replication. This new shuttle plasmid has the property, when transformed into yeast, of undergoing site-specific recombinational resolution between its two direct repeat sequences. This releases 2μ plasmid and pRL as individual molecules. The latter can undergo progressive mitotic loss during growth in nonselective medium, ultimately leaving leucine auxotrophic transformants that contain only 2μ DNA plasmid. This system can be utilized to introduce 2μ DNA alone into cells lacking it, thereby providing a novel means to study the biology and the molecular genetics of the plasmid and its potential practical applications as a vector.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00435453
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    A galactose-dependent cmd1 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: involvement of calmodulin in nuclear division (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 15 (1989), S. 113-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Calmodulin mutant ; Nuclear division ; Chromosome stability ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The coding region of a yeast calmodulin gene was fused to a galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter, and a conditional-lethal mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which the expression of calmodulin was regulated by galactose, was constructed. The mutant grew normally in galactose medium, but in glucose medium, in which the promoter was repressed, it ceased growing after 12–15 h. The growth arrest was associated with a decrease in intracellular calmodulin levels: after 12h, no intracellular calmodulin protein was detectable. Analysis of the terminal phenotype showed that when the cell stopped growing, it had a bud, a nucleus after S-phase and a short mitotic spindle. Thus, the defect was mainly in nuclear division. Bud growth was partially inhibited in these cells: 27% of the cells stopped growing with a small bud. Furthermore, calmodulin-deficient cells showed elevated rates of chromosome loss, possibly as the result of a defect in the precise segregation of chromosomes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00435457
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    A rapid and simple method for extracting yeast mitochondrial DNA (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 15 (1989), S. 235-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Method of extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A rapid method for the extraction of yeast mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is described. In comparison with previous methods, it simplifies several steps, does not require either the isolation of mitochondria or phenol treatment and is less time consuming. This protocol gives a high yield of pure mtDNA (50–120 μg from a 100-ml culture), which can be directly used in various molecular applications: restriction enzyme digestion, electrophoresis, blotting, labeling, cloning and sequencing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00435511
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Molecular characterization of the two genes SNQ and SFA that confer Hyperresistance to 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide and formaldehyde in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 16 (1989), S. 65-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mutagen hyperresistance ; Southern, Northern analysis ; Gene transplacement ; Transposon mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The genes SNQ and SFA confer hyperresistance to 4-NQO and FA when present on a multi-copy plasmid in yeast. Both are non-essential genes since transplacement of SNQ by a disrupted snq-0::LEU2 yielded stable and viable haploid integrants. Southern analysis revealed that SNQ and SFA are single-loci genes, and OFAGE analysis showed that they are located on chromosome XIII and IV, respectively. Northern blot analysis of SNQ and SFA revealed poly(A)+ RNA transcripts of 2 kb and 1.7 kb, respectively. Nuclease S 1 mapping showed SNQ to have a coding region of 1.6 kb and SFA, one of 1.3 kb. The 5′ coding regions were determined for both genes, while the 3′ end could only be determined for gene SNQ. Both genes do not appear to contain introns. The SFA locus was also mapped by transposon mutagenesis. Tn10-LUK integrants disrupted the SFA gene function at sites that were determined by subcloning to lie within the SFA transcription unit.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00393397
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  • 16
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    Cloning and characterization of the SKI3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae demonstrates allelism to SKI5 (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 16 (1989), S. 139-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; SKI3 ; SKI5 ; M1 dsRNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have identified a mutant strain of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae which overproduces killer toxin. This strain contains a single mutation which fails to complement defects in both the SKI3 and SKI5 genes, while a cloned copy of this gene complements both the ski3 and ski5 defects. The level of secreted toxin from a cDNA based plasmid is not increased in a ski3 strain, showing that the overproduction phenotype is dependent upon an increased level of M1 dsRNA.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00391469
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Reassessing the genotoxic potential of 8-MOP + UVA-induced DNA damage in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 16 (1989), S. 75-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Psoralen photoaddition ; Interstrand cross-link ; Repair deficiency ; Genotoxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two different UVA irradiation systems were initially biologically calibrated with two haploid yeast strains proficient and deficient, respectively, in nucleotide excision repair. The number of DNA lesions introduced into the cell's genome by the photoactivated bifunctional furocoumarin 8-MOP was then calculated by means of the applied UVA exposure doses. At LD37 the repair-proficient wild type had about 14 ICL and 34 furan-side monoadducts in its DNA, while doubly blocked repair mutant rad3-12 pso1-1 had 2 ICL and 3 monoadducts. Locus-specific reversion of lys1-1 followed two-hit kinetics in the repair-proficient wild type and one-hit kinetics in an excision-deficient rad2-20 mutant, as would be expected if ICL was the main type of mutagenic lesion in the wild type and monoadducts the main mutagenic lesion type in the excision-deficient strain. Quantitative comparison of 8-MOP + UVA-induced ICL with those induced by bifunctional mustard revealed the former to have a much higher genotoxicity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00393398
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  • 18
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    The α-factor enhancement of hybrid formation by protoplast fusion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be mimicked by other procedures (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 15 (1989), S. 303-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Protoplast fusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The percentage of hybrids formed during protoplast fusion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is determined by the percentage of protoplasts at the GI/S boundary of the cell cycle.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00447049
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  • 19
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    Biosynthesis of the peroxisomal dihydroxyacetone synthase from Hansenula polymorpha in Saccharomyces cerevisiae induces growth but not proliferation of peroxisomes (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 16 (1989), S. 13-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Peroxisomes ; Protein import ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Hansenula polymorpha
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The DAS gene of Hansenula polymorpha was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the control of different promoters. The heterologously synthesized dihydroxyacetone synthase (DHAS), a peroxisomal enzyme in H. polymorpha, shows enzymatic activity in baker's yeast. The enzyme was imported into the peroxisomes of S. cerevisiae not only under the appropriate physiological conditions for peroxisome proliferation (oleic acid media), but also in glucose-grown cells where it induced the enlargement of the few peroxisomes present. This growth process was not accompanied by an increase in the number of microbodies, which suggests a separate control mechanism for peroxisomal proliferation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00411078
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  • 20
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    A DNA sequence in Saccharomyces exiguus is homologous with the HO gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 15 (1989), S. 399-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces exiguus ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; HO gene ; MAT gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The DNA of Saccharomyces exiguus was analyzed by Southern hybridization using cloned MATa, MATα, and HO genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as probes. It was shown that S. exiguus has a DNA sequence homologous with the HO gene of S. cerevisiae and that this DNA sequence is on a chromosome of about 940 kb of DNA in S. exiguus. However, there is no DNA sequence in S. exiguus that is homologous with the MAT genes of S. cerevisiae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376794
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  • 21
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    Propagation and stability of kinks in driven and damped nonlinear klein-gordon chains1 (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 54 (1989), S. 1427-1427 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Kink propagation ; kink width ; characteristic functions ; stability ; continuum of modes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We consider the propagation of kinks in an elastic chain in a bistable or multistable potential under the action of a driving force [M. Büttiker and H. Thomas,Phys. Rev. A 37:235 (1988)]. Each element of the chain is subject to a damping force proportional to its velocity. We show that both the propagation velocity of the kinks as a function of the driving field, and the kink width as a function of propagation velocity, are determined by characteristic functions which depend only on the form of the potential. These functions can be found by considering a single particle moving in the upside-down potential of the chain. The general properties of these functions are studied and illustrated by several examples. The stability of these driven kinks is discussed. Interestingly, we find in addition to the expected discrete localized eigenmodes a two-dimensional continuum of oscillatory modes with a localized envelope.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01044726
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  • 22
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    The Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition in two-dimensional hierarchical Coulomb gases (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 55 (1989), S. 141-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Kosterlitz-Thouless ; Coulomb gas ; hierarchical model ; renormalization group ; screening ; stability ; bifurcation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A hierarchical version of two-dimensional lattice Coulomb gases is investigated. Forβ〉β c=8π there is a locally stable line of fixed points for the renormalization group (“block charges”) transformations. For $$\beta 〉 \bar \beta _c (\beta _c \leqslant \bar \beta _c \leqslant \tfrac{3}{2}\pi \beta _c )$$ , these fixed points are globally stable. As a consequence we show that there is no screening of external charges for any activity if $$\beta 〉 \bar \beta _c $$ . Atβ c a supercritical bifurcation takes place and we investigate the behavior of the model forβ≲β c to show a weak form of screening.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01042594
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  • 23
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    The general ecological model of the Slovak Socialist Republic — Methodology and contents (1989)
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 3 (1989), S. 43-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: Czechoslovakia ; CSSR ; Slovakia ; ecological model ; planning ; landscape management ; stability ; disturbance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Development of the general ecological model (EM) of the CSSR has been included in the state program for environmental policy - the Ecoprogramme of the CSSR — at a scale of 1:1 000 000 for the entire Czechoslovak territory and at a scale of 1:500 000 for the Czech Socialist Republic (CSR) and the Slovak Socialist Republic (SSR). The objective of the first EM stage was to make a survey of spatial differentiation of the major ecological problems of the country. The EM consists of four parts, three analytical and one synthetic. These parts are: a. The ecological state (value) of the current spatial structure of the landscape. b. Ecological stress factors in the landscape. c. Protection of nature and natural resources. From the spatial synthesis of these three groups (from their spatial encounters), the following synthetic group of conditions was obtained: d. Regional ecological problems, a system of ecologically stable areas, environmental stress factors and factors endangering the ecological stability of the landscape, the natural resources and the human environment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00157755
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    A method toward the construction of Liapunov function for discrete time systems and determination of their stability (1989)
    Springer
    Acta mechanica solida Sinica 2 (1989), S. 285-294 
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    ISSN: 0894-9166
    Keywords: Liapunov function ; stability ; discrete time system ; decision matrix
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present a new method for constructing Liapunov function and determining the stability of discrete time systems with a computer on the basis of the similarity transformation theory by directly applying the system matrix of the system under discussion instead of solving the discrete Liapunov's matrix equation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02208207
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    A note on multiple flow equilibria (1989)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 130 (1989), S. 743-749 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Dynamic systems ; multiple equilibrium ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A set of ordinary differential equations describing a mechanical system subject to forcing and dissipation is considered. A topological argument is employed to show that if all time-dependent solutions of the governing equations are bounded, the equations admitN steady solutions, whereN is a positive odd integer and where at least (N−1)/2 of the steady solutions are unstable. The results are discussed in the context of atmospheric flows, and it is shown that truncated forms of the quasigeostrophic equations of dynamic meteorology and of Budyko-Sellers climate models satisfy the hypotheses of the theorem.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00881609
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    Kinetic analysis and simulation of glucose transport in plasma membrane vesicles of glucose-repressed and derepressedSaccharomyces cerevisiae cells (1989)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 1018-1023 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; growth conditions ; kinaseless mutant ; plasma membrane vesicles ; glucose transport ; kinetics and computer simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In this study experimental data on the kinetic parameters investigated by other authors1–5, 11 together with own data on plasma membrane vesicles, have been subjected to a computer simulation based on the equations describing facilitated diffusion. The simulation led to an ideal fit describing the above data. From this it can be concluded that glucose is transported by facilitated diffusion, and not by active transport as was postulated by Van Steveninck14, 15. The simulation method also demonstrates that the fast sampling technique used by these authors1–5,11 underestimates the fluxes. Thus, the parameters given do not contribute to the understanding of glucose transport under different metabolic conditions. The K value of plasma membrane vesicles prepared from glucose-repressed cells is around 7 mM. Derepression, particularly by galactose, causes a highly significant increase in affinity as shown by a decrease in the K value to 2 mM. The highest affinity was measured in a triple kinaseless mutant grown on glycerol with a K value of 1 mM. If seems, therefore, that the kinetic parameters derived from initial uptake rates of glucose in intact cells1–5,11 using single flux analysis, such as Eadie-Hofstee- or Lineweaver-Burk-plots, are in error.
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    Effects of nucleotides and divalent cations on phospholipase activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 151 (1989), S. 154-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Yeast ; Phospholipase B ; Lysophospholipase ; Enzyme inhibition ; AMP ; Unesterified fatty acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Divalent cations activate the lysophospholipase and transacylase reactions catalyzed by the same enzymes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The activation was observed at neutral pH, but not at the pH optimum of lysophospholipase/transacylase, near 3.5. Adenine nucleotides, especially AMP and ADP, are strong inhibitors of the same group of enzymes. Half maximal inhibition by AMP was found at a concentration of about 20 μM. The inhibition by nucleotides in low concentrations is enhanced by divalent cations.
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    Genetic analysis of inducible sexual agglutination ability in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 151 (1989), S. 198-202 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Sexual agglutination ; Mating ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic regulation of the inducibility of sexual agglutination ability in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied. Detailed analysis of the degree of sexual agglutination was carried out; it showed that a greater number of genes are involved in the regulation of inducible sexual agglutination in strain H1-0 than previously assumed. Although dominancy of inducible phenotype over constitutive was confirmed, the effectiveness of one gene changing the constitutive phenotype to the inducible seemed to be somewhat low. Quantity per cell of agglutination substances responsible for sexual agglutination increased as the agglutination ability became greater.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00413130
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    A similar protein portion for two exoglucanases secreted by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 151 (1989), S. 391-398 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Exoglucanases ; Purification ; Protein moieties ; Tunicamycin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Exoglucanase (exo-1,3-β-D-glucan glycohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.56) activity secreted by Saccharomyces cerevisiae into the culture medium was separated by ion exchange chromatography into two glycoprotein isoenzymes which contributed 10% (exoglucanase I) and 90% (exoglucanase II) towards the total activity. Analysis of the “in vitro” deglycosylated products by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under native or denaturing conditions indicated that the protein portions of both exoglucanases exhibited identical mobility, each one consisting of two polypeptides with M r of 47000 and 48000. The same profile was shown by the exoglucanase secreted in the presence of tunicamycin. Antibodies raised against the protein portion of exoglucanase II did react with both native exoglucanases and their deglycosylated products with a pattern indicative of immunological identity. Digestion of the “in vitro” deglycosylated products of both exoglucanases with Staphylococcus aureus V-8 protease or trypsin generated the same proteolytic fragments in each case. Only exoglucanase II was secreted by protoplasts. These and previously reported results indicate that the protein portions of both isoenzymes may be the product of the same gene (or a family of related genes), and that exoglucanase I is a product of enzyme II, modified by a process occurring beyond the permeability barrier of the cell.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00416596
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    Cloning of the LEU2 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by in vivo recombination (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 152 (1989), S. 263-268 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Recombination ; Tryptophan cluster ; Yeast vectors ; Plasmid copy number
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We describe a convenient method for the in vivo construction of large plasmids that possess a multitude of restriction sites. A large (23 kbases) circular self-replicating plasmid carrying a partial LEU2-d gene was cotransformed with a circular non-replicating plasmid carrying the entire LEU2 gene. In vivo recombination results preferentially in a plasmid that carries both the LEU2-d and the entire LEU2 gene. In addition we also found one plasmid with a tandem LEU2 insertion and one plasmid where the LEU2-d gene was replaced by the entire LEU2 gene.
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    Dependence of inessential late gene expression on early meiotic events in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 215 (1989), S. 490-500 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Meiosis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sporulation ; Inessential genes ; Meiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary SPR3 is one of at least nine genes which are expressed in sporulating Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells at the time of meiosis I. We show below that strains homozygous for null alleles of SPR3 are capable of normal meiosis and the production of viable ascospores. We have also monitored SPR3 expression in a series of strains that are defective in meiotic development, using an SPR3: lacZ fusion carried on a single copy plasmid. β-Galactosidase activity occurred at wild-type levels in diploid strains homozygous for mutations in spo13, rad50, rad57 and cdc9, but was greatly reduced in strains carrying cdc8 or spo7 defects. We conclude that SPR3 expression is a valid monitor of early meiotic development, even though the gene is inessential for the sporulation process.
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    Structure of the HOM2 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and regulation of its expression (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 217 (1989), S. 149-154 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; HOM2 gene ; Aspartic semi-aldehyde ; General control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In Saccharomyces cerevisiae the HOM2 gene encodes aspartic semi-aldehyde dehydrogenase (ASA DH). The synthesis of this enzyme had been shown to be derepressed by growth in the presence of high concentrations of methionine. In the present work we have cloned and sequenced the HOM2 gene and found that the promoter region of this gene bears one copy of the consensus sequence for general control of amino acid synthesis. This prompted us to study the regulation of the expression of the HOM2 gene. We have found that ASA DH is the first reported enzyme of the related threonine and methionine pathway to be regulated by the general control of amino acid synthesis.
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    Chromatin structure of the 5′ flanking region of the yeastLEU2 gene (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 217 (1989), S. 464-470 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Nucleosome positioning ; LEU2 gene ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; tRNA3 Leu gene ; Chromatin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The chromatin structure of theLEU2 gene and its flanks has been studied by means of nuclease digestion, both with micrococcal nuclease and DNase I. The gene is organized in an array of positioned nucleosomes. Within the promoter region, the nucleosome positioning places the regulatory sequences, putative TATA box and upstream activator sequence outside the nucleosomal cores. The tRNA3 Leu gene possesses a characteristic structure and is protected against nucleases. Most of the 5′ flank is sensitive to DNase I digestion, although no clear hypersensitive sites were found. The chromatin structure is independent of either the transcriptional state of the gene or the chromosomal or episomal location. Finally, in the plasmid pJDB207, which lacks most of the promoter, we have found that the chromatin structure of the coding region is similar to that of the wild-type allele.
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    The naturally occurring silent invertase structural gene suc2° contains an amber stop codon that is occasionally read through (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 216 (1989), S. 511-516 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Nonsense mutation ; Read-through ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The yeast invertase structural gene SUC2 has two naturally occurring alleles, the active one and a silent allele called suc2°. Strains carrying suc2° are unable to ferment sucrose and do not show detectable invertase activity. We have isolated suc2° and found an amber codon at position 232 of 532 amino acids. However, transformants carrying suc2° on a multicopy plasmid were able to ferment sucrose and showed detectable invertase activity. Full-length invertase was found in gels stained for active invertase and in immunoblots. Therefore we concluded that the amber codon is occasionally read as an amino acid. The calculated frequency of read-through is about 4% of all translation events.
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    Expression and DNA sequence of RED1, a gene required for meiosis I chromosome segregation in yeast (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 218 (1989), S. 293-301 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Sporulation ; DNA sequence ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Meiosis ; Chromosome segregation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genetic studies have previously demonstrated that the RED1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for chromosome segregation at the first meiotic division. Northern blot hybridization analysis indicates that the RED1 gene produces two transcripts of 2.75 and 3.2 kilobases. The major 2.75 kb transcript is not present in mitotic cells and is meiotically induced to accumulate maximally just prior to the meiosis I division. The DNA sequence of the RED1 gene was determined and used to predict the amino acid sequence of the encoded gene product. The RED1 protein is 827 amino acids in length and has a molecular weight of 95.5 kilodaltons. There is no significant homology between the RED1 amino acid sequence and other known protein sequences, including those encoded by genes essential for meiosis.
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    Mutant invertase proteins accumulate in the yeast endoplasmic reticulum (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 215 (1989), S. 401-406 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Protein secretion ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Invertase ; Endoplasmic reticulum ; Secretion mutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Intercompartmental transport of secreted proteins in yeast was analysed using invertase mutants. Deletions and insertions at the BamHI (position +787) or the Asp718 (position +1159) sites of the SUC2 gene led to mutant proteins with different behaviour regarding secretion, localization and enzyme activity. The deletion mutants showed accumulation of core glycosylated material in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) a decrease of secreted protein by 5%–30% and loss of enzyme activity. The secreted material was localized in the culture medium and not — as is normal for invertase-in the cell wall. No delay in transport from the Golgi to the cell surface was observed, indicating that the rate-limiting step for secretion is at the ER-Golgi stage. Two insertion mutants, pIPA and pIPB, retained enzyme activity. Mutant pIPB showed 10% secretion, while 60%–70% secretion was observed for pIPA. While the non-secreted material accumulated in the ER, the secreted material was present in the cell wall. The results suggest that the presence of structures incompatible with secretion leads to ER accumulation of mutated invertase.
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    The bI4 RNA mitochondrial maturase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae can stimulate intra-chromosomal recombination in Escherichia coli (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 216 (1989), S. 70-74 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: RNA splicing ; Maturase ; Recombinase ; Mitochondria ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary When the bI4 RNA maturase, encoded by the fourth intron of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was expressed in Escherichia coli, formation of intra-chromosomal Lac+ recombinants was stimulated threefold. This “hyper-rec” phenotype was recA as well as recBCD dependent. The most active form of the bI4 maturase stimulated homologous recombination whereas splicing deficient mutants of bI4 maturase were either deficient in or unable to stimulate homologous recombination.
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    In vitro and in vivo studies on the mitochondrial import of CBS1, a translational activator of cytochrome b in yeast (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 217 (1989), S. 162-167 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Nucleotide sequence ; PET gene ; Mitochondrial import ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Translation of mitochondrial cytochrome b mRNA in yeast is activated by the product of the nuclear gene CBS1. CBS1 encodes a 27 kDa precursor protein, which is cleaved to a 24 kDa mature protein during the import into isolated mitochondria. The sequences required for mitochondrial import reside in the amino-terminal end of the CBS1 precursor. Deletion of the 76 amino-terminal amino acids renders the protein incompetent for mitochondrial import in vitro and non-functional in vivo. When present on a high copy number plasmid and under the control of a strong yeast promoter, biological function can be restored by this truncated derivative. This observation indicates that the CBS1 protein devoid of mitochondrial targeting sequences can enter mitochondria in vivo, possibly due to a bypass of the mitochondrial import system.
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    Mitochondrial introns aI1 and/or aI2 are needed for the in vivo deletion of intervening sequences (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 217 (1989), S. 168-171 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Mitochondrial introns ; Reverse transcriptase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Some pet- (or mit-) mutations impeding the splicing of one or several intron(s) of the yeast mitochondrial pre-mRNA(s) are suppressed in vivo by the DNA deletion of these introns. We have genetically demonstrated that introns aI1 and/or aI2 of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene are necessary for this deletion process. The facts that adjacent introns are simultaneously deleted and that, in the pet- (or mit-) mutants which easily revert by intron deletion, the splicing of the introns they affect is only partially blocked, suggest that the intron encoded proteins aI1 and/or aI2 could intervene by means of their putative reverse transcriptase activity.
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    Stability characteristics of laminar boundary layers over compliant walls (1989)
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    Acta mechanica Sinica 5 (1989), S. 109-117 
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    ISSN: 1614-3116
    Keywords: stability ; boundary layer ; compliant wall
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The stability characteristics of laminar boundary layers over compliant walls was studied by the linear theory. Unlike the previous authors, the coupled motion of the fluid and solid was required to satisfy the continuity conditions of both the velocity and stress at the interface. Results of calculations show that as the speed ratio or density ratio exceeds a certain threshold value, the two types of unstable waves will no longer be distinguishable, and the tangential component of the disturbance stress is no longer negligible. So the neglect of it, as the previous authors did, is unjustified.
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    Reassembly of microtubules in protoplasts ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae after nocodazole-induced depolymerization (1989)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 151 (1989), S. 98-105 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Microtubule neoformation ; Nocodazole ; Protoplasts ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary By following microtubule neoformation after their complete destruction by nocodazole, we analyzed the pattern of microtubule nucleation in protoplasts ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Using immunofluorescence, the drug was shown to induce rapid and complete disassembly of both cytoplasmic and spindle microtubules and to selectively block protoplast nuclear division at a defined stage of the cell cycle. Treated protoplasts placed in a drug-free environment recovered a more abundant microtubular system. The majority of microtubules re-formed at SPBs whereas a minority of free-ended microtubules nucleated in the cytoplasm of the protoplasts without any detectable association with recognizable nucleation sites. Random nucleation of free microtubules might be induced by high amounts of unpolymerized tubulin likely to be present in the protoplasts at the moment of drug release.
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    Alternative stable states in eutrophic, shallow freshwater systems: A minimal model (1989)
    Springer
    Aquatic ecology 23 (1989), S. 73-83 
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    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: model ; fish ; vegetation ; eutrophication ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A simple mathematical model was constructed, describing the relationships between pike, bream, aquatic macrophytes and the nutrient loading of shallow lakes. The model is analyzed with the use of zero-isoclines. It is concluded that, over a certain range of nutrient concentrations, the ecological relations incorporated in the model can give rise to the existence of two alternative stable equilibria;viz. a turbid bream-dominated one, and a clear state in which pike and aquatic vegetation are abundant. Under oligotrophic conditions, the clear-water state represents the only stable equilibrium; however, at high nutrient levels, the clear state is absent, or only locally stable. The response of the model to both increase and decrease of the nutrient level is characterised by hysteresis. The results indicate that manipulation of fish densities as a measure to improve water quality is only likely to produce long-term results when the nutrient level is below a certain threshold.
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    Analysis of expression of hybrid yeast genes containing ARS elements (1989)
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 218 (1989), S. 531-535 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Origin of replication ; Promoter ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In an attempt to devise a new assay for ARS-binding proteins we have inserted the HO ARS between the upstream activation site and the TATA region of the yeast CYC1 promoter. A marked reduction in promoter activity is observed. Inactivation of the HO ARS element by point mutation does not restore promoter activity to its original level, although a modest activation is seen. We have also inserted the HO ARS into the intron of the yeast actin gene; although there is no apparent deleterious effect on transcription, the activity of the ARS is abolished in this new environment.
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    Identification of a gene conferring resistance to zinc and cadmium ions in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 219 (1989), S. 161-167 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Heavy metal resistance ; DNA sequence ; Membrane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A DNA fragment conferring resistance to zinc and cadmium ions in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was isolated from a library of yeast genomic DNA. Its nucleotide sequence revealed the presence of a single open reading frame (ORF; 1326 bp) having the potential to encode a protein of 442 amino acid residues (molecular mass of 48.3 kDa). A frameshift mutation introduced within the ORF abolished resistance to heavy metal ions, indicating the ORF is required for resistance. Therefore, we termed it the ZRC1 (zinc resistance conferring) gene. The deduced amino acid sequence of the gene product predicts a rather hydrophobic protein with six possible membrane-spanning regions. While multiple copies of the ZRC1 gene enable yeast cells to grow in the presence of 40 mM Zn2+, a level at which wild-type cells cannot survive, the disruption of the chromosomal ZRC1 locus, though not a lethal event, makes cells more sensitive to zinc ions than are wild-type cells.
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    Isolation and characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants supersensitive to G1 arrest by the mating hormone a-factor (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 219 (1989), S. 439-444 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; a-factor ; Conjugation ; G1 arrest ; ssl mutations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Nine independent mutants which are supersensitive (ssl −) to G1 arrest by the mating hormone a-factor were isolated by screening mutagenized Saccharomyces cerevisiae MATα cells on solid medium for increased growth inhibition with a-factor. These mutants carried lesions in two complementation groups, ssl1 and ssl2. Mutations at the ssl1 locus were mating type specific: MATα ssl1 − cells were supersensitive to α-factor but MATα ssl1 − were not supersensitive to α-factor. In contrast, mutations at the ssl2. locus conferred supersensitivity to the mating hormone of the opposite mating type on both MATα, and MATa cells. The α-cell specific capacity to inactivate externally added a-factor was shown to be lacking in MATα ssl1 − mutants whereas MATα ssl2. cells were able to inactivate a-factor. Complementation analysis showed that ssl2 and sst2, a mutation originally isolated as conferring supersensitivity to α-factor to MATa cells, are lesions in the same gene. The ssl1 gene was mapped 30.5 centi-Morgans distal to ilv5 on chromosome XII.
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    A full length cDNA clone for the alkaline protease from Aspergillus oryzae: Structural analysis and expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 219 (1989), S. 33-38 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Aspergillus oryzae ; Alkaline protease ; Prepro sequence ; Heterologous expression ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have cloned and determined the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA fragment for the entire coding region of the alkaline protease (Alp) from a filamentous ascomycete Aspergillus oryzae. According to the deduced amino acid sequence, Alp has a putative prepro region of 121 amino acids preceding the mature region, which consists of 282 amino acids. A consensus sequence of a signal peptide consiting of 21 amino acids is found at the N-terminus of the prepro region. The primary structure of the mature region shares extensive homology (29%–44%) with those of subtilisin families, and the three residues (Asp 32, His 64 and Ser 221 in subtilisin BPN′) composing the active site are preserved. The entire cDNA, coding for prepro Alp, when introduced into the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, directed the secretion of enzymatically active Alp into the culture medium, with its N-terminus and specific activity identical to native Aspergillus Alp.
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    The PS03 gene is involved in error-prone intragenic recombinational DNA repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 219 (1989), S. 75-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Gene conversion ; Crossing-over ; Mismatch repair ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Psoralens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The induction of gene conversion and mitotic crossing-over by photoaddition of psoralens, 254 nm ultraviolet radiation, and nitrogen mustards was determined in diploid cells homozygous for the pso3-1 mutation and in the corresponding wild type of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. For these different agents, the frequency of non-reciprocal events (conversion) is reduced in the pso3-1 mutant compared to the wild type. In contrast, the frequency of reciprocal events (crossing-over) is increased at a range of doses. These observations, together with the block in induced mutagenesis for both reverse and forward mutations previously reported for the pso3-1 mutant, suggest that the PS03 gene product plays a role in mismatch repair of short patch regions. The block in gene conversion in the pso3 homozygous diploid leads, in the case of nitrogen mustards, to specific repair intermediates which are lethal to the cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261160
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    Yeast mutants with enhanced ability to secrete human lysozyme: Isolation and identification of a protease-deficient mutant (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 219 (1989), S. 58-64 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Enhanced secretion ; Human lysozyme production ; Protease mutant ; Protein processing ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Yeast mutant strains which secrete large amounts of human lysozyme were screened using an agar medium containing bacterial cells. Nine mutants secreted over 10 times more lysozyme than the wild-type parent strain. The mRNA levels for lysozyme in the mutants were not higher than that of the wild-type strain. Three of the mutant strains were deficient in carboxypeptidase Y activity. It was found that the protease deficiency was caused by a deficiency in conversion of proenzyme to mature enzyme in ssl1 mutant cells. The ssl1 gene was found to be closely linked to the centromere and determine both the efficiency of secretion of lysozyme and the processing of carboxypeptidase Y.
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    Plasmid multimerization is dependent on RAD52 activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 219 (1989), S. 495-498 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: ARS1 ; Plasmid multimerization ; RAD52 ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Eukaryotic recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A mutant plasmid, pX, derived from the 1453 base pair small plasmid, YARp1 (or TRP1 RI circle), consists of 849 base pairs of DNA bearing the TRP1 gene and the ARS1 sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and, unlike YARp1 and other commonly used yeast plasmids, highly multimerizes in a S. cerevisiae host. The multimerization of pX was dependent on RAD52, which is known to be necessary for homologous recombination in S. cerevisiae. Based upon this observation, a regulated system of multimerization of pX with GAL1 promoter-driven RAD52 has been developed. We conclude that the regulated multimerization of pX could provide a useful model system to study genetic recombination in the eukaryotic cell, in particular to investigate recombination intermediates and the effects of various trans-acting mutations on the multimerization and recombination of plasmids.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00259627
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    Structure and expression of the URA5 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 215 (1989), S. 455-462 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Orotate phosphoribosyl transferase ; Nucleotide sequence ; Transcription ; Regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The URA5 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes orotate phosphoribosyl transferase (EC 2.4.2.10; OPRTase) which catalyses the transformation of orotate to OMP in the pyrimidine pathway. We present in this paper the cloning and the sequencing of this gene, the last in the yeast pyrimidine pathway to be cloned. We have deduced the protein sequence of the OPRTase of S. cerevisiae from the DNA sequence and compared it to that of Escherichia coli, Podospora anserina and Dictyostelium discoideum. Some important similarities in the structure of these four proteins have been found. Finally, we have quantified the transcription of the URA5 gene in different physiological conditions and confirmed that it was not under the control of UTP or any intermediary product of the pathway.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427043
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    Accumulation of the cytochrome c oxidase subunits I and II in yeast requires a mitochondrial membrane-associated protein, encoded by the nuclear SCO1 gene (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 216 (1989), S. 37-43 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: DNA sequence ; PET gene ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mitochondrial import ; cytochrome c oxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The yeast nuclear SCO1 gene is required for accumulation of the mitochondrially synthesized cytochrome c oxidase subunits I and II (COXI and COXII). We cloned and characterized the SCO1 gene. It codes for a 0.9 kb transcript. DNA sequence analysis predicts a 33 kDa protein. As shown by in vitro transcription and translation experiments in combination with import studies on isolated mitochodria, this protein is matured into a 30 kDa polypeptide which is tightly associated with a mitochondrial membrane. The possible function of the SCO1 gene product in the assembly of cytochrome c oxidase is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00332228
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    Three regulatory systems control expression of glutamine synthetase inSaccharomyces cerevisiae at the level of transcription (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 217 (1989), S. 370-377 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; GLN1 ; Glutamine synthetase ; Regulatory systems ; Transcription
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary TheGLN1 gene ofSaccharomyces cerivisiae was cloned by complementation of agln1 auxotroph. AGLN1-lacZ fusion was constructed to assayGLN1 promoter activity. β-Galactosidase and glutamine synthetase expression in chromosomally integratedGLN1-lacZ fusion strains were co-regulated in response to a shift from glutamine to glutamate as the nitrogen source, purine limitation, and 3-aminotriazole-induced histidine starvation. Regulation ofGLN1 expression by each of the three pathways occurred at the transcriptional level. Increased accumulation ofGLN1 mRNA was observed within 5 min after a shift from glutamine to glutamate as the nitrogen source. After 5 min following glutamine addition to the cells growing with glutamate as nitrogen source. This indicates that theGLN1 message is unstable and has a half-life of approximately 3 min. Deletion analysis indicated that the sequences required forGLN1 expression are located within approximately 350 bp upstream from the transcriptional initiation site.
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    Molecular cloning of SNM1, a yeast gene responsible for a specific step in the repair of cross-linked DNA (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 218 (1989), S. 64-71 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; DNA repair ; Cross-link ; Transposon mapping ; Nitrogen mustard
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have isolated yeast gene SNM1 via complementation of sensitivity towards bi- and tri-functional alkylating agents in haploid and diploid yeast DNA repair-deficient snm1-1 mutants. Four independent clones of plasmid DNA containing the SNM1 locus were isolated after transformation with a YEp24-based yeast gene bank. Subcloned SNM1-containing DNA showed (i) complementation of the repair-deficiency phenotype caused by either one of the two different mutant alleles snm1-1 and snm1-2 ts; (ii) complementation in haploid and diploid yeast snm1-1 mutants by either single or multiple copies of the SNM1 locus; and (iii) that the SNM1 gene is at most 2.4 kb in size. Expression of SNM1 on the smallest subclone, however, was under the control of the GAL1 promotor. Gene size and direction of transcription was further verified by mutagenesis of SNM1 by Tn10-LUK transposon insertion. Five plasmids containing Tn10-LUK insertions at different sites of the SNM1-containing DNA were able to disrupt function of genomic SNM1 after gene transplacement. Correct integration of the disrupted SNM1::Tn10-LUK at the genomic site of SNM1 was verified via tetrad analysis of the sporulated diploid obtained after mating of the SNM1::Tn10-LUK transformant to a haploid strain containing the URA3 SNM1 wild-type alleles. The size of the poly(A)+ RNA transcript of the SNM1 gene is 1.1 kb as determined by Northern analysis.
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    ThePSO4 gene is responsible for an error-prone recombinational DNA repair pathway inSaccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 217 (1989), S. 419-426 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: pso4-1 mutation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Error-prone recombinational repair ; Mitotic recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The induction of mitotic gene conversion and crossing-over inSaccharomyces cerevisiae diploid cells homozygous for thepso4-1 mutation was examined in comparison to the corresponding wild-type strain. Thepso4-1 mutant strain was found to be completely blocked in mitotic recombination induced by photoaddition of mono- and bifunctional psoralen derivatives as well as by mono- (HN1) and bifunctional (HN2) nitrogen mustards or 254 nm UV radiation in both stationary and exponential phases of growth. Concerning the lethal effect, diploids homozygous for thepso4-1 mutation are more sensitive to all agents tested in any growth phase. However, this effect is more pronounced in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. These results imply that the ploidy effect and the resistance of budding cells are under the control of thePSO4 gene. On the other hand, thepso4-1 mutant is mutationally defective for all agents used. Therefore, thepso4-1 mutant has a generalized block in both recombination and mutation ability. This indicates that thePSO4 gene is involved in an error-prone repair pathway which relies on a recombinational mechanism, strongly suggesting an analogy between thepso4-1 mutation and theRecA orLexA mutation ofEscherichia coli.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02464912
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    Putative target sites for mobile G+C rich clusters in yeast mitochondrial DNA: Single elements and tandem arrays (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 218 (1989), S. 272-283 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: GC clusters ; Mobile elements ; Target sites ; mtDNA ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary GC clusters constitute the major repetitive elements in the mitochondrial (mt) genome of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Many of these clusters are optional and thus contribute much to the polymorphism of yeast mtDNAs. We have made a systematic search for polymorphic sites by comparing mtDNA sequences of various yeast strains. Most of the 26 di- or polymorphic sites found differ by the presence or absence of a GC cluster of the majority class, here referred to as the M class, which terminate with an AGGAG motif. Comparison of sequences with and without the GC clusters reveal that elements of the subclasses M1 and M2 are inserted 3′ to a TAG, flanked by A+T rich sequences. M3 elements, in contrast, only occur in tandem arrays of two to four GC clusters; they are consistently inserted 3′ to the AGGAG terminal sequence of a preexisting cluster. The TAG or the terminal AGGAG, therefore, are regarded as being part of the target sites for M1 and M2 or M3 elements, respectively. The dinucleotide AG is in common to both target sites; it also occurs at the 3′ terminus (AGGAG). This suggests its duplication during GC cluster insertion. This notion is supported by the observation that GC clusters of the minor classes G and V similarily repeat at their 3′ terminus a GT or an AA dinucleotide, respectively, from their putative target sites.
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    Chromosomal localization and expression of CBS1, a translational activator of cytochrome b in yeast (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 218 (1989), S. 57-63 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; PET gene ; Transcriptional regulation ; Anaerobiosis ; 5′ mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Translation of mitochondrial cytochrome b RNA in yeast requires the product of the nuclear gene CBS1, a 27.5 kDa soluble mitochondrial protein. In this paper we show that the CBS1 gene is located on chromosome IV immediately adjacent to COX9, the gene coding for cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIIa. CBS1 is transcribed as a very low abundant 900 b RNA. Transcription starts at a single position 101 bp upstream of the CBS1 initiation codon. At positions-39 to-27 of its leader sequence it contains a small open reading frame of 4 codons. By monitoring the β-galactosidase activity of a CBS1/lacZ fusion construct we show that expression of CBS1 is subjected to regulation by oxygen and by glucose: the β-galactosidase activity is elevated threefold in glycerol or galactose grown cells compared to that in glucose grown cells. A further threefold reduction of the activity is observed in anaerobically grown cells. In accordance with this result is the observation that the steady-state level of CBS1 mRNA of anaerobically grown cells is ninefold lower than that of aerobically cultured cells.
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    Adaptation and environmental sensitivity of mungbean genotypes evaluated in the international mungbean nursery (1989)
    Springer
    Euphytica 41 (1989), S. 253-261 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Vigna radiata ; mungbean ; stability ; genotype-environment interaction ; wide adaptability ; AVRDC ; segmented regression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Yield data from the 5th–12th international mungbean nursery (IMN) trials conducted at 23 sites in 15 countries were analyzed by conventional stability analysis—regression of genotype mean on the environmental index, and by segmented regression analysis—fitting separate linear regressions in low yielding and high yielding environments. The gene pool base concept allows comparison of genotypes from different IMN trials grown in different years and sites. A very high positive linear relationship was observed between the regression coefficient and the average yield of cultivars, indicating that high yielding cultivars were less stable across environments. When data points of the regression of genotype mean and site mean for VC 1973A, a high yielding and widely adapted cultivar, were examined, the relationship appeared not to be linear. The segmented regression analysis improved the coefficient of determination (r2) and the genotypes were grouped based on regression coefficients in high yielding and low yielding environments. Different categories of genotypes suitable for high input environments, widely adaptable genotypes, and highly stable genotypes were identified.
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    Cyclomorphosis inDaphnia galeata mendotae: variation and stability in phenotypic cycles (1989)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 171 (1989), S. 159-170 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Daphnia galeata mendotae ; Daphnidae ; Cladocera ; Crustacea ; cyclomorphosis ; phenotypic variability ; stability ; temperate lake ; coefficient of variation ; invertebrate predation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phenotypic change is studied in a cyclomorphicDaphnia galeata mendotae population known from previous studies to be clonally diverse. Morphological analyses revealed cyclical changes in both adult and juvenile helmet length and tailspine length which were: 1) strongly correlated with mean water temperature; and 2) repeated annually during the 3-year study period. Field populations exhibited high (5% to 30%) coefficients of variation (CV) for both helmet length and tailspine length; the CV also exhibited seasonal fluctuations such that it was lowest in late summer. The period of highestDaphnia helmet development coincides with peak densities of the common invertebrate predatorsChaoborus andLeptodora. The fluctuations in CV may be due to both differential phenotypic expression of the coexisting clones and invertebrate predation.
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    Thermal structure, heat content and stability of two lakes in The National Park of Rio Doce Valley (Minas Gerais, Brazil) (1989)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 171 (1989), S. 189-199 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: thermal structure ; heat content ; stability ; annual cycle ; diel variation ; tropical lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The thermal structure, heat content and stability were studied in Lakes Dom Helvécio and Carioca during an annual cycle. It was found that the maximum heat content, stability and work of the wind in Lake Dom Helvécio correspond to two, four and four times, respectively, the values for the Lake Carioca. These difference can be attributed to morphometric differences in the lakes. A long-term record of heat content and stability for lake Carioca is also presented. Diel variations were studied in summer and winter. The tropicality of the lakes is discussed and compared with other lacustrine systems.
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    Structure and function of the yeast vacuolar membrane proton ATPase (1989)
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    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 21 (1989), S. 589-603 
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    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: Vacuolar membrane H+ATPase ; vacuoles ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; catalytic cooperativity of ATP hydrolysis ; VMA genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Our current work on a vacuolar membrane proton ATPase in the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae has revealed that it is a third type of H+-translocating ATPase in the organism. A three-subunit ATPase, which has been purified to near homogeneity from vacuolar membrane vesicles, shares with the native, membrane-bound enzyme common enzymological properties of substrate specificities and inhibitor sensitivities and are clearly distinct from two established types of proton ATPase, the mitochondrial F0F1-type ATP synthase and the plasma membrane E1E2-type H+-ATPase. The vacuolar membrane H+-ATPase is composed of three major subunits, subunita (M r =67 kDa),b (57kDa), andc (20 kDa). Subunita is the catalytic site and subunitc functions as a channel for proton translocation in the enzyme complex. The function of subunitb has not yet been identified. The functional molecular masses of the H+-ATPase under two kinetic conditions have been determined to be 0.9–1.1×105 daltons for single-cycle hydrolysis of ATP and 4.1–5.3×105 daltons for multicycle hydrolysis of ATP, respectively.N,N′-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide does not inhibit the former reaction but strongly inhibits the latter reaction. The kinetics of single-cycle hydrolysis of ATP indicates the formation of an enzyme-ATP complex and subsequent hydrolysis of the bound ATP to ADP and Pi at a 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazolesensitive catalytic site. Cloning of structural genes for the three subunits of the H+-ATPase (VMA1, VMA2, andVMA3) and their nucleotide sequence determination have been accomplished, which provide greater advantages for molecular biological studies on the structure-function relationship and biogenesis of the enzyme complex. Bioenergetic aspects of the vacuole as a main, acidic compartment ensuring ionic homeostasis in the cytosol have been described.
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    Molecular properties of the fungal plasma-membrane [H+]-ATPase (1989)
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    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 21 (1989), S. 621-632 
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    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: ATPase ; [H+]-ATPase ; proton transport ; Neurospora crassa ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The fungal plasma membrane contains a proton-translocating ATPase that is closely related, both structurally and functionally, to the [Na+, K+]-, [H+, K+]-, and [Ca2+]-ATPases of animal cells, the plasma-membrane [H+]-ATPase of higher plants, and several bacterial cation-transporting ATPases. This review summarizes currently available information on the molecular genetics, protein structure, and reaction cycle of the fungal enzyme. Recent efforts to dissect structure-function relationships are also discussed.
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    Taylor-Couette stability analysis for a Doi-Edwards fluid (1989)
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    Rheologica acta 28 (1989), S. 504-510 
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    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Taylor-Couette flow ; stability ; Doi-Edwards equation ; inertia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The stability of Taylor-Couette flow of entangled polymeric solutions to small axisymmetric stationary disturbances is analyzed using the Doi-Edwards constitutive equation in the small gap limit. A previous analysis of Karlsson, Sokolov, and Tanner for the general K-BKZ equation, of which the Doi-Edwards equation is a special case, reduces the problem to one of numerically evaluating seven viscoelastic functions of the shear rate $$\dot \gamma$$ in the gap. Of these seven, only three — two of which are related to the second normal stress difference, and one of them to shear thinning — significantly affect the flow stability. The negative second normal stress difference of the Doi-Edwards fluid stabilizes the flow at low values of the Weissenberg number λ1 $$\dot \gamma$$ , while shear thinning produces strong destabilization at moderate Weissenberg number. Hereλ 1 is the longest relaxation time. Non-monotonic effects of viscoelasticity on Taylor-Couette stability analogous to those predicted here have been observed in experiments of Giesekus. The extreme shear thinning of the Doi-Edwards fluid is also predicted to produce a large growth in the height of the Taylor cells, a phenomenon that has been seen experimentally by Beavers and Joseph.
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    A purely elastic transition in Taylor-Couette flow (1989)
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    Rheologica acta 28 (1989), S. 499-503 
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    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Taylor-Couetteflow ; stability ; Boger fluid ; Oldroyd-B equation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Experimental evidence of a non-inertial, cellular instability in the Taylor-Couette flow of a viscoelastic fluid is presented. A linear stability analysis for an Oldroyd-B fluid, which is successful in describing many features of the experimental fluid, predicts the critical Deborah number,De c , at which the instability is observed. The dependence ofDe c on the value of the dimensionless gap between the cylinders is also determined.
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    Recent results in mathematical modeling of infectious diseases (1989)
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    Acta applicandae mathematicae 14 (1989), S. 125-133 
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    ISSN: 1572-9036
    Keywords: 92A07 ; stationary solution ; immune response ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Some results connected with a simple mathematical model of infectious disease are discussed in order to demonstrate the approach to the modelling of such real processes. A more complicated model of antiviral immune response is presented. A new modification of this model in which targets for the viruses are immunocompetent cells is suggested.
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    Stability analysis of a rotating flexible system (1989)
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    Acta applicandae mathematicae 15 (1989), S. 211-234 
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    ISSN: 1572-9036
    Keywords: 70F99 ; 70K20 ; 73C02 ; 35P30 ; Flexible body ; Lagrangian and Hamiltonian dynamics ; stability ; partial differential equations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We analyse here the equations of motion of a planar body consisting of a rigid body with attached flexible rod. These equations take the form of coupled ordinary and partial differential equations. We analyse the equations both with and without centrifugal stiffening effects. Using the ‘energy-momentum’ method, we analyse nonlinear stability of the equilibria in each case. We also analyse the Hamiltonian and Poisson bracket structure of the system as well as the energy-momentum map and associated relative equilibria.
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    Network description of the immune system: Dormant B cells stabilize cycles (1989)
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    Journal of statistical physics 56 (1989), S. 533-545 
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    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Immune system ; dormant B cells ; cycles ; Jerne theory ; memory ; nonlinear phenomena ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The role of dormant B cells and cycles is analyzed in the context of a Lotka-Volterra network. It is shown that dormant B cells stabilize a cycle and that in this way both cooperate to preserve the internal image (memory) of an antigen. The network is embedded in a hierarchical scheme which allows adaptation, learning, and innovation by biased and random mutation.
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    An Unexpected pH Effect on the Stability of Moexipril Lyophilized Powder (1989)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 6 (1989), S. 971-975 
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    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: lyophilization ; stability ; pH effect ; moexipril
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Because of the limited stability of moexipril (RS-10085; 1) in aqueous solution, lyophilized parenteral formulations were evaluated as a function of pH in this study. In general, the lyophilized powder of 1 showed about two orders of magnitude less reactivity at 50°C than in aqueous solution at pH values below 3 or above 6. At pH 5.1, however, the lyophilized powder had maximum reactivity, with the rate actually comparable to that observed in aqueous solution. When the distribution of the two major products, diketopiperazine (DKP) 2 and ester hydrolysis analogue 3, was compared to the observed kinetics as a function of pH, it was clear that removal of water via lyophilization suppressed the spontaneous k 1 cyclization process, the spontaneous k 3 hydrolysis process, and the specific base-catalyzed k 4 hydrolysis process. The overall spontaneous k 2 cyclization process, however, was not affected by lyophilization. The latter result is accounted for by the increased equilibrium constant for the formation of the tetrahedral intermediate, To, as a result of lyophilization. This study demonstrates that stability data in solution can not be used for predicting the stability of moexipril in lyophilized powder form.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015901731275
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    Continuity of the feasible solution sets of probabilistic constrained programs (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of optimization theory and applications 63 (1989), S. 79-89 
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    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Probabilistic constrained programs ; feasible solution sets ; stability ; point-to-set maps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we show the continuity of the feasibility set with respect to the reliability levels and with respect to the distribution of the random elements of a stochastic program with probabilistic constraints. Continuity is then used to obtain stability results for this type of stochastic program. An easy criterion is given for checking the conditions which guarantee the continuity of the feasibility set.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940733
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    Structural constrained controllers for discrete-time linear systems (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of optimization theory and applications 61 (1989), S. 73-94 
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    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Decentralized control ; stabilization by output feedback ; stability ; numerical methods ; discrete-time linear systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we present an approach for designing structural constrained controllers for discrete-time linear systems, based on a new stabilizability property of the Riccati equation solution. First, the feedback stabilization problem under a general structural constraint is considered and a simple numerical procedure to solve it is presented. Special attention is given to the output feedback stabilization problem, for which sufficient conditions for the existence and convergence toward a stabilizing matrix are provided. Some examples are solved and comparisons with other methods available in the literature are made.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940845
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    An isoperimetric inequality in the optimization of circular rings under normal pressure (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of optimization theory and applications 61 (1989), S. 403-408 
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    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Isoperimetric inequalities ; stability ; circular rings ; structural optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The problem of determining the optimal cross section of a circular ring so as to maximize the buckling pressure under a given total volume is formulated and solved. An isoperimetric inequality is proved: Among all the circular rings of given mass and radius, the ring with constant bending rigidity along the arc length has the largest critical buckling pressure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00941826
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    On regular minimax optimization (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of optimization theory and applications 62 (1989), S. 419-447 
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    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Minimax optimization ; parametric optimization ; transversality ; sensitivity ; stability ; Chebyshev approximation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We consider functions of maximum type (max functions for short), subject to (in)equality constraints. The space dimension is finite, and the maximum is taken over a compact manifold with boundary. Effective local minimization algorithms based on Newton's method can be derived in the case where a local minimum is nondegenerate (in a two-level sense). In fact, nondegeneracy refers on the one hand to a local (implicit) reduction of the original max function to another one, where the maximum is taken over a finite set. On the other hand, it refers to strict complementarity and nondegeneracy of the underlying quadratic form with respect to the reduced stationary situation. As the main goal, we show that the set ofn-parameter families of functions, for which the stationary points of the corresponding max function are nondegenerate, constitutes an open and dense subset in the space of alln-parameter families (the topology used takes derivatives up to second order into account). An application to approximation problems of Chebyshev type is presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00939815
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    The interaction of modified 7S soy protein with mono- and di-glycerides at the oil-water interface and its effect on the stability of concentrated corn oil-in-water emulsions (1988)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 266 (1988), S. 930-936 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Emulsions ; stability ; interfacial properties of emulsions ; soybean protein ; glycerides ; stabilised O/W emulsions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The influence of chemically modified 7S fraction of soybean protein (7MSPF), and its partial replacement by mono- and di-glycerides in various ratios, on the rate of drop coalescence in concentrated corn oil-in-water emulsions has been investigated. A total emulsifier concentration of 2.0 % (wt/wt) was used. The minimum drop coalescence rate was achieved when using 1.0% (wt/wt) 7MSPF in conjunction with 0.5% (wt/wt) monoglyceride and 0.5 % (wt/wt) di-glyceride at pH 5.5. At other mono-/di-glycerides and protein/glycerides ratios, and at other pHs, the rate of drop coalescence was higher than when 2.0% (wt/wt) 7MSPF was used. The reduction in drop coalescence rate under these conditions is attributed to association of 7MSPF with the glycerides at the oil-water interface. The influence of protein/glycerides ratio on the viscoelastic properties of mixed interfacial films supports this view.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01410849
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    High frequency FLP-independent homologous DNA recombination of 2 μ plasmid in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 191-199 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Site specific recombination ; 2 μ DNA plasmid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this work is to identify and quantitate in vivo 2 μ plasmid FLP-independent recombination in yeast, using a nonselective assay system for rapid detection of phenotypic expression of the recombination events. A tester plasmid was constructed such that in vivo recombination between 2 μ direct repeat sequences produces the resolution of the plasmid into two circular DNA molecules. This recombinational event is detected as a phenotypic shift from red to white colonies, due to the mitotic loss of the plasmid portion containing the yeast ADE8 gene in a recipient ade1 ade2 ade8 genetic background. In the absence of the 2 μ FLP recombinase and/or its target DNA sequence, recombination is not abolished but rather continues at a high frequency of about 17%. This suggests that the FLP-independent events are mediated by the chromosomally-encoded general homologous recombination system. We therefore conclude that the totality of 2 μ DNA recombination events occurring in FLP+ cells is the contribution of both FLP-mediated and FLP-independent events.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376739
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    Molecular cloning of the ARG7 gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe encoding argininosuccinate lyase (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 381-385 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Argininosuccinate lyase ; Gene cloning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A gene bank of Sau3A partially restricted Schizosaccharomyces pombe DNA in YEp13 was used to transform an arg4 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. One colony was recovered which contained the YEp13 plasmid bearing a large insert complementing the argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) mutation. As shown by restriction mapping and subcloning experiments, the DNA sequence required for complementation is localized on a 2 kb BamHI-BamHI fragment. The plasmid complemented several S. cerevisiae arg4 mutants of independent origin and a S. pombe arg7 mutant lacking ASL. Low but significant ASL activities were detected in crude extracts of these transformants. No complementation of the E. coli argH mutant was observed. Southern blot hybridizations showed that the insert originates from the S. pombe genome. No cross-hybridization was found between this sequence and S. cerevisiae DNA. It can be concluded that the cloned DNA fragment bears the S. pombe ARG7 gene coding for ASL.
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    Inheritance of chromosome length polymorphisms in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 413-418 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Chromosome length polymorphisms ; FIGE ; OFAGE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Although Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains generally have similar chromosomal band patterns as revealed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis, individual bands often move slightly differently from one strain to the other. Surveying strains from our stock collection, we found that nearly all the bands of a certain pair of strains differed in their mobility. Some of these chromosome length polymorphisms segregated in a 2:2 ratio, indicating that they resulted from single structural alterations (i.e. additions or deletions). One of these was mapped on the right arm of chromosome 1. Others did not segrate in a simple 2:2 ratio. That is, there were progenies which had bands not present in either parent. We suggest that these new bands are the products of recombination between homologous chromosomes having two or more structural alterations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00521262
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    Comparison of Tetrahymena ARS sequence function in the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 225-233 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: ARS ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Tetrahymena thermophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have isolated several Tetrahymena thermophila chromosomal DNA fragments which function as autonomously replicating sequences (ARS) in the heterologous Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe selection systems. The Tetrahymena ARS sequences were first isolated in S. cerevisiae and were derived from non-ribosomal micro- and macronuclear DNA. Sequence analysis of the ARS elements identified either perfect or close matches with the 11 by S. cerevisiae ARS core consensus sequence. Subcloning studies of two Tetrahymena ARS elements defined functional regions ranging in size from 50 to 300 bp. Testing of the ARS elements in S. pombe revealed that most of the T. thermophila inserts confer ARS function in both yeasts, at least in the sense of promoting a high transformation frequency to plasmids which contain them. However, the actual sequences responsible for ARS activity were not always identical in the two yeasts.
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    Construction and characterization of a haploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that completely lacks all genomic CYH2 sequences (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 325-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Ribosomal protein genes ; CYH2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A diploid strain of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been constructed that has one copy of the ribosomal protein gene CYH2 completely deleted and replaced with the TRP1 gene using the method of Rothstein (1983). There are only small differences in growth rate and no detectable difference in steady state level of CYH2 mRNA between the diploid that is heterozygous for the CYH2 deletion and the parent diploid with two normal copies of this gene. This suggests that the diploid must partially compensate for the loss of one CYH2 gene. Tetrad dissection shows that haploid spores lacking the CYH2 gene cannot germinate. The lethality of this deletion can be rescued by a CYH2 cDNA on a low copy vector. Haploids which lack the genomic copy of the CYH2 gene, but contain a plasmid copy of the CYH2 cDNA are able to grow normally. These CYH2 deleted yeast haploids should be useful to analyze mutationally altered CYH2 genes and genes homologous to CYH2 from other organisms without interference from a genomic copy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00419989
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    The glucose- and ethanol-dependent regulation of PDC1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae are controlled by two distinct promoter regions (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 337-344 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Gene regulation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; PDCI promoter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A 870 by promoter fragment of the PDC1 gene that includes the carbon source dependent regulatory regions was investigated using 5′ and 3′ promoter deletions. The results indicate that glucose and ethanol regulation of PDC1 transcription are independently controlled by distinct cis-acting regions. The consensus sequence AAATCGATA may play a role in this regulation, while the sequence (ATCA)AACCT may be important in transcription initiation.
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    A colony procedure for transformation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 13 (1988), S. 21-23 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Transformation ; Plasmid ; Colony ; Polyethylene glycol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A rapid and simple yeast transformation procedure has been developed using colonies on agar plates. Saccharomyces cerevisiae SHY3 cells were picked up from colonies on YPD plates grown freshly or stored at 4 °C and incubated with M13RK9-T DNA at 30 °C for 1–2 h in a solution of Li+, Ca2+, Mg2+, triacetin and polyethylene glycol. About 3,500 transformants were obtained per µg of double stranded M13RK9-T DNA. Unlike the existing spheroplast techniques, single stranded M13RK9-T DNA transformed intact cells below one-hundredth frequency of the duplex form.
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    Cosmids carrying Aspergillus terreus DNA can integrate into Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XII via recombination between yeast and foreign DNAs (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 183-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Aspergillus terreus clonotheque ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Homologous integration ; 2 μ circledirected chromosome destabilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A genome clonotheque consisting of 25- to 40-kb Sau3A1 fragments of Aspergillus terreus DNA was constructed in the episomal cosmid vector pES33 containing the yeastARG4 gene. From the 475 transformants of cir° yeast strain ESH-0, 23 stable Arg + transformants were independently selected. Genetic and Southern analysis of these stable transformants showed that 39% arose as a result of recombination between cloned A. terreus DNA sequences and yeast chromosome XII. The recombination events most likely occurred in the regions of homology within the rDNA clusters of A. terreus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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    Generation of an ilv bradytrophic phenocopy in yeast by antisense RNA (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 13 (1988), S. 283-289 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Inducible antisense gene ; Acetolactate synthase ; Bradytrophic phenocopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We report for the first time on the regulation of gene expression in yeast by antisense RNA. Chimaeric genes were constructed containing the 5′ upstream and partial coding sequence of SMR1 — a sulfometuron methyl resistant allele of the ILV2 locus. Such fragments were placed 5′ to 3′ and 3′ to 5′ under control of the GAL10 promoter and CYCl terminator in a high copy YEp plasmid. Following galactose induction only transformants containing antisense RNA genes showed biological activity against SMR1 gene expression. Antisense RNA inhibited synthesis of the SMR1 gene product acetolactate synthase and thus repressed cellular growth which resulted in a bradytrophic auxotroph revertable by addition of isoleucine and valine. Antisense RNA inhibition was enhanced in galactose medium containing sulfometuron methyl and in gcn4 cells deficient for positive regulation of the ILV2 locus. This system can be used to study factors that interfere with antisense RNA function and to assign biological function to randomly cloned DNA fragments.
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    A yeast strain producing lys2 deletions at a high frequency after sporulation (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 331-335 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Meiosis ; Deletion mutations ; Sequence dissimilarities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A diploid yeast strain with extensive sequence dissimilarity in homologous regions near the LYS2 locus was sporulated, and spontaneous lys2 and lys5 mutant spores, selected on α-amino adipate, were analyzed. As many as 50% of the mutant spores contained a deletion in LYS2. These deletions occurred at a frequency of 5.0 × 10−7. While deletions of various sizes and endpoints were obtained, all the deletions recovered in this study included the border between homologous and non-homologous sequences located 4 kb upstream of LYS2. Large lys2 deletions that extended into an adjacent CYH2 duplication occurred at a frequency of 2.0 × 10−7, more than 1,000 times the frequency of the CYH2-LYS2 deletions found in a related haploid strain. This high frequency of CYH2-LYS2 deletions was observed only after sporulation of the diploid strain, and was dependent upon extensive sequence dissimilarity near the LYS2 locus.
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    The allosuppressor gene SAL4 encodes a protein important for maintaining translational fidelity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 537-543 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Allosuppressor ; Translation ; Fidelity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Allosuppressor (sal) mutations enhance the efficiency of the yeast ochre suppressor SUQ5 and define five unlinked loci, SALT-SALS. A number of sal4 mutants were isolated and found to have pleiotropic, allele;specific phenotypes, including hypersensitivity in vivo to paromomycin and other antibiotics that stimulate translational errors in yeast. To examine further the nature of the SAL4 gene product, the wild type SAL4 gene was isolated by complementation of a conditional lethal allele sal4-2, and demonstrated to be a single copy gene encoding a single 1.6 kb transcript. Restriction mapping and DNA hybridisation analysis were used to demonstrate that the SAL4 gene is identical to the previously identified omnipotent suppressor gene SUP45 (SUPT). Our results implicate the SAL4 gene product as playing a major role in maintaining translational accuracy in yeast.
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    The stability theorem for smooth pseudoisotopies (1988)
    Springer
    K-Theory 2 (1988), S. 1-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0514
    Keywords: Pseudoisotopy ; stability ; Morse theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The stability theorem states that the suspension map C(M) → C(M X I) defined on the pseudoisotopy space C(M)=Diff(M X I rel M X O U ∂M X I) of a compact smooth n-manifold M is ∼ n/3-connected. This implies that C(M) has the R~ n/3-homotopy type of the stable pseudoisotopy space P(M) which is related to Waldhausen's algebraic K-theory of spaces by Waldhausen's formula A(X) Ω∞S∞(X+) X B2P(X). This paper gives a detailed proof of the smooth stability theorem following ideas by Hatcher for the proof of a PL stability theorem.
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    Hyperresistance to formaldehyde of Saccharomyces cerevisiae seems not to be correlated with the formation and removal of DNA protein cross-links (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 13 (1988), S. 125-128 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Formaldehyde ; DNA-protein cross-links ; Repair ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Hyperresistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The formation and removal of formaldehyde-mediated DNA protein cross-linking was measured by CsCI density gradient analysis in yeast strains of differing resistance to formaldehyde. Wild-type cells and transformants made hyperresistant to formaldehyde by a multi-copy vector containing the yeast SFA gene were specifically labeled in their DNA and incubated in the presence of formaldehyde. Treatment with formaldehyde lead to the formation of equal amounts of DNA protein cross-links; subsequent liquid holding of cells for 24 h resulted in the removal of nearly all DNA protein crosslinks regardless of the original formaldehyde resistance status of the strains.
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    Chloroquine, a lysosomotropic agent, inhibits zygote formation in yeast (1988)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 151 (1988), S. 20-25 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mating ; Zygote formation ; Chloroquine ; Lysosomotropic agent ; Plasma membrane ; Cell fusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Haploid cells of opposite mating type of Saccharomyces cerevisiae conjugate to form zygote. During the conjugation process, the degradation or reorganization of the cell wall and the fusion of the two plasma membranes take place. Since chloroquine inhibits cellular events associated with the reorganization of the plasma membrane, the effect of the drug on conjugation was studied. Chloroquine at a concentration, at which cell growth was not retarded, inhibited zygote formation, while it did not affect other mating functions, such as sexual agglutination, production of and response to mating pheromone. Cells in a mating culture containing chloroquine formed no “prezygote” suggesting that they were not prepared for entering into fusion process. The inhibitory effect of chloroquine was reversible as cells formed zygote when they were washed after treatment with chloroquine. Zygote formation was unaffected in cells possessing chlorquine within vacuoles after incubation with the drug in complete medium (YPD) at pH 7.5, followed by washing. This suggests that chloroquine inhibits zygote formaton by adsorbing to the plasma membrane of S. cerevisiae.
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    Yeast PAPS reductase: properties and requirements of the purified enzyme (1988)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 150 (1988), S. 313-319 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: 3′-Phosphoadenylyl sulphate reductase ; Sulphite formation ; Cysteine biosynthesis ; Thioredoxin ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; HPLC enzyme analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The enzymatic mechanism of sulphite formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was investigated using a purified 3′-phosphoadenylsulphate (PAPS) reductase and thioredoxin. The functionally active protein (MR 80–85 k) is represented by a dimer which reduces 3′-phosphoadenylyl sulphate to adenosine-3′,5′-bisphosphate and free sulphite at a stoichiometry of 1:1. Reduced thioredoxin is required as cosubstrate. Examination of the reaction products showed that free anionic sulphite is formed with no evidence for “bound-sulphite(s)” as intermediate. V max of the enriched enzyme was 4–7 nmol sulphite · min-1 · mg-1 using the homologous thioredoxin from yeast. The velocity of reaction decreased to 0.4 nmol sulphite · min-1 · mg-1 when heterologous thioredoxin (from Escherichia coli) was used instead. The K m of homologous thioredoxin was 0.6 · 10-6 M, for the heterologous cosubstrate it increased to 1.4 · 10-6 M. The affinity for PAPS remained practically unaffected (K m PAPS: 19 · 10-6 M in the homologous, and 21 · 10-6 M in the heterologous system). From the kinetic data it is concluded that the enzyme followed an ordered mechanism with thioredoxin as first substrate followed by PAPS as the second. Parallel lines in the reciprocal and a common intersect in the Hanes-plots for thioredoxin were seen as indication of a ping-pong (with respect to thioredoxin) uni-bi (with respect to PAPS) mechanism.
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    Arachidonic and oleic acids stimulate zygote formation in the presence of mating pheromone in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1988)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 149 (1988), S. 507-508 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mating reaction ; Zygote formation ; Mating pheromone ; Fatty acid ; Arachidonic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Effect of exogenous fatty acids on zygote formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied. Arachidonic and oleic acids considerably stimulated zygote formation, but other fatty acids tested, linoleic, linolenic, stearic and palmitic acids, did not. Pretreatment experiments with arachidonic acid showed that the stimulation of zygote formation by the fatty acid required the presence of mating pheromone.
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    Osmotic pressure effects and intracellular accumulation of ethanol in yeast during fermentation (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 2 (1988), S. 365-372 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Osmotic pressure ; Intracellular ethanol ; Yeast ; Nutrient ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The intracellular accumulation of ethanol in yeast and its potential effects on growth and fermentation have been topics of controversy for the past several years. The determination of intracellular ethanol based on the exclusion of [14C]sorbitol to estimate aqueous cell volume was used to examine the question of intracellular ethanol accumulation. An intracellular accumulation of ethanol inSaccharomyces cerevisiae was observed during the early stages of fermentation. However, as fermentation continued, the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of ethanol became similar. Increasing the osmotic pressure of the medium with glucose or sorbitol was observed to cause an increase in the intracellular ethanol concentration. Associated with this was a decrease in yeast growth and fermentation rates. In addition, increasing the osmotic pressure of the medium was observed to cause an increase in glycerol production. Supplementation of the media with excess peptone, yeast extract, magnesium sulfate and potassium phosphate was found to relieve the detrimental effects of high osmotic pressure. Under these conditions, though, no effect on the intracellular and extracellular ethanol distribution was observed. These results indicate that nutrient limitation, and not necessarily intracellular ethanol accumulation, plays a key role during yeast fermentations in media of high osmolarity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569575
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  • 90
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    Gating behaviors of a voltage-dependent and Ca2+-activated cation channel of yeast vacuolar membrane incorporated into planar lipid bilayer (1988)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 106 (1988), S. 47-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: vacuole ; lipid bilayer ; K-channel ; single channel ; DIDS ; yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Ca2+ activation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A voltage-dependent and Ca2+-activated cation channel found in the vacuolar membrane of the yeast,Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was incorporated into planar lipid bilayer and its gating characteristics were studied at the macroscopic and single-channel levels. The open-channel probability at steady state, which was estimated by the macroscopic current measurement, gave a maximum value at −10 mV and decreased in a graded fashion as the voltage became more positive or more negative. The steady-state voltage dependence was explained by assuming two independent gates, which had different rate constants and opposite voltage dependence. The fast-responding gate opened when the voltage of thecis side (the side to which the vesicles were added) was made more negative and the slow-responding gate behaved in the opposite direction. Relatively high concentrations of Ca2+, about 1mm, were required on thecis side for opening the slow gate in a voltage-dependent manner. DIDS increased the open-channel probability of the fast gate when added to thecis side, but was ineffective on the slow gate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01871766
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  • 91
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    Enhancement of copper resistance and CupI amplification in carcinogen-treated yeast cells (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 211 (1988), S. 88-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: CupI ; Gene amplification ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Carcinogen-induced amplification at the CupI locus, coding for a metallothionein protein, was studied in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Exposure of cells from three different haploid strains, 4939, DBY746 and 320, to chemical carcinogens such as N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS) and 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (4NQO) enhanced the frequency of copper-resistant colonies up to several hundred fold. Copper-resistant clones obtained from strains DBY746 and 320, which contain more than one copy of the CupI locus, displayed a four-to eightfold amplification of the CupI sequences. In these clones the amplified CupI sequences were organized in a tandem array. Carcinogen treatment of strain 4939 in which only one copy of the CupI gene is present produced resistant colonies without CupI amplification. The possible use of the yeast system to study gene duplication and amplification is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00338397
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  • 92
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    Structural analysis of the 5′ regions of yeast SUC genes revealed analogous palindromes in SUC, MAL and GAL (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 211 (1988), S. 446-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Invertase genes ; Promoter sequences ; Palindromes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae six unlinked structural genes for invertase, the SUC genes, are known. We sequenced about 800 bp of the 5′ non-coding region and the first 220 bp of the coding region of the genes SUC1, SUC3, SUC4 and SUC5 and compared them with the previously sequenced genes SUC2 and SUC7 (Sarokin and Carlson 1985a). All are highly homologous within the coding region but in the non-coding region SUC1 shows some differences and SUC2 is more highly diverged. Two different kinds of TATA boxes were identified: the more strongly expressed genes SUC1, 2 and 4 have the sequence TATAAA and the more weakly expressed genes SUC3, 5 and 7 have TACAAA. Though the SUC1 sequence is in general more homologous to the other SUC genes, the region between-140 and + 100 of SUC1 is nearly identical to SUC2. This could be due to a gene conversion between SUC1 and the silent suc2 o allele which occurs in the strains carrying SUC1. Within the upstream regions of all the SUC genes three regions with palindromic sequences analogous to stem and loop structures were identified. Comparable structure could be detected in similar positions in the upstream sequences of the divergently transcribed yeast gene pairs MAL6S-MAL6T and GAL1-GAL10. Implications for the importance of these structures in the regulation and initiation of transcription are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425699
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  • 93
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    The Escherichia coli proB gene corrects the proline auxotrophy of Saccharomyces cerevisiae pro1 mutants (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 212 (1988), S. 124-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: l-azetidine-2-carboxylate resistance ; Escherichia coli ; γ-glutamyl kinase ; Proline ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We constructed plasmids carrying the Escherichia coli proB gene that encodes γ-glutamyl kinase, under the control of the yeast GAL1 promoter. This construction was carried out with both the wild-type proB + gene and a mutant allele, proB74, that specifies an enzyme resistant to feedback inhibition by proline. Yeast pro1 mutants harboring these plasmids are proline prototrophs. We conclude that the pro1 mutation results in a deficiency in the γ-glutamyl kinase activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Expression of the proB74 allele in yeast resulted in enhanced resistance to the proline analogue l-azetidine-2-carboxylate and in a 2.4-fold elevation of the intracellular free proline levels. This result suggests that γ-glutamyl kinase is the rate limiting step in proline biosynthesis in yeast.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00322454
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  • 94
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    Random cloning of bent DNA segments from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and primary characterization of their structures (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 214 (1988), S. 249-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Bent DNA ; DNA structure ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; 2 μm circle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Until recently it was assumed that any short segment of DNA could be approximated as a straight rod. Many instances, however, have been reported in which the helical axis is curved. We have devised a simple method for selective identification of DNA segments containing a sequence-directed bend (curvature), by means of a two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In order to gain general insights into the structural features and the functional significance of sequence-directed bends, a bank of plasmids carrying bent DNA inserts from the Saccharomyces cerevisiae total genomic DNA was constructed. Primary characterizations of a set of bent DNA segments randomly cloned from S. cerevisiae are presented. One of the cloned DNA segments appears to be derived from a yeast plasmid, the 2 μm circle DNA.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00337718
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    Expression of MFα1 in MATa cells supersensitive to α-factor leads to self-arrest (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 214 (1988), S. 85-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; α-Factor ; Cell-cycle arrest ; STE genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary MATa cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae defective in both the SST1 and SST2 gene products exhibit selfarrest when they express the MFα1 gene under the control of the GAL1 promoter. This reponse to endogenously produced pheromone can be alleviated by mutations which prevent the production of, or response to, α-factor. Suppressors of the self-arrest phenotype include a class of mutants which remain responsive to low levels of pheromone, but are resistant to high levels of α-factor. One of these mutants has been mapped to chromosome X, 31 cM distal to SUP4, and defines a new locus designated STE18.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00340184
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    PHO85, a negative regulator of the PHO system, is a homolog of the protein kinase gene, CDC28, of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 214 (1988), S. 162-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: CDC28 ; Phosphate regulation ; PHO85 ; Protein kinase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The product of the PHO85 gene, which encodes one of the negative regulatory factors of the PHO system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, shows significant amino acid sequence homology with the CDC28 protein kinase. However, overexpressing PHO85 did not suppress the temperature sensitive phenotype of the cdc28-1 mutation. The nucleotide sequence of the PHO85 gene strongly suggests the presence of an intron near the sequence encoding the N-terminal region.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00340196
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    Structure of the ARO3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 214 (1988), S. 165-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; ARO3 gene ; DAHP synthase ; DNA sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the genes ARO3 and ARO4 encode isoenzymes of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase. Both genes are derepressed seven-fold under the general control of amino acid biosynthesis. A previously isolated 1.7kb fragment containing the ARO3 gene and the 5′- and 3′-flanking regions was sequenced. The endpoints of the ARO3 transcript coding for a 370 amino acid protein were mapped by primer extension experiments and S1 nuclease digestion. Promoter elements involved in transcription initiation and responsible for the strong general control derepression response are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00340197
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  • 98
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    Structure of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae URA4 gene encoding dihydroorotase (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 212 (1988), S. 134-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Dihydroorotase ; URA4 ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; DNA sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The URA4 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, coding for the third enzyme of the pyrimidine pathway, has been cloned through phenotypic complementation of a ura4 mutant of S. cerevisiae. Subcloning of an original 9 kb DNA fragment, carrying the yeast URA4 gene, allowed us to localize the gene on a 2 kb ClaI-BamHI fragment. The sequence of the URA4 structural gene and surrounding DNA was determined by the dideoxynucleotide chain termination method. The URA4 gene encodes a dihydroorotase subunit of calculated molecular weight 40600. S1 nuclease mapping indicated that transcription of URA4 is initiated at four major start sites located at positions-42,-30,-22 and-18. A set of potentially significant sequences was identified in the 5′ OH non-coding region of the gene. The deduced amino acid sequence of dihydroorotase was examined and compared with homologous amino acid sequences of Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli and Drosophila melanogaster. S. cerevisiae dihydroorotase shows 40% homology with the S. typhimurium and E. coli enzymes and 23% homology with the D. melanogaster enzyme. A potential active site has been predicted for dihydroorotase from these comparisons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00322456
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    The sporulation capable (sca) mutation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an allele of the SIR2 gene (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 211 (1988), S. 430-434 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; SCA gene ; RME1 gene ; Haploid meiosis ; Mating type
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have used the special properties of the spo13-1 mutation in order to study the regulation of yeast meiosis by the mating type loci. We have found that both the rme1-1 mutation and the sca mutation allow haploid meiosis in spo13-1 strains. Therefore, haploid meiosis is regulated in the same manner as diploid meiosis. Unlike rme1-1, the sca mutation allows meiosis through derepression of the silent mating type cassettes; sca strains can sporulate only because they express both MAT a and MATα information. We have found further that sca is an allele of SIR2, one of the genes involved in repression of the silent cassettes. Therefore, the RME1 gene is the only known candidate for a master negative regulator through which the MAT locus controls meiosis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425696
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  • 100
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    An AT rich region of dyad symmetry is a promoter element in the yeast TRP1 gene (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 211 (1988), S. 472-476 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; TRP1 promoter ; REgion of dyad symmetry ; AT rich tracts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Transcription from the yeast TRP1 promoter results in two classes of transcript, I and II, that are influenced by different promoter elements. The 5′ flanking region contains a region of dyad symmetry (RDS) which contains a 12 nucleotide AT rich inverted repeat, separated by a 21 bp spacer region. The RDS lies within a region of the promoter required for transcription of calls II RNAs. A series of internal deletions and insertions have been constructed in vitro around the RDS and the effect of each mutation on transcription has been analysed. Deleting either of the repeats abolishes class II transcription and disruption of both repeats influenced the levels of the larger class I transcripts. Deletion of the spacer had no effect but increasing the length to 33 bp reduced transcription. These results show that the RDS is an important component of the TRP1 promoter, that both repeats must be preserved and that there is some constraint on the spacing of the repeats for maximal function.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425703
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