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  • Articles  (539)
  • Engineering General  (539)
  • 1985-1989  (539)
  • 1950-1954
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (539)
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 9 (1989), S. 891-920 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Transient flows ; Oscillating aerofoil ; Dynamic stall ; Navier-Stokes equations ; Finite differences ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Unsteady viscous flow around a large-amplitude and high-frequency oscillating aerofoil is examined in this paper by numerical simulation and experimental visualization. The numerical method is based on the combination of a fourth-order Hermitian finite difference scheme for the stream function equation and a classical second-order scheme to solve the vorticity transport equation. Experiments are carried out by a traditional visualization method using solid tracers suspended in water. The comparison between numerical and experimental results is found to be satisfactory. Time evolutions of the flow structure are presented for Reynolds numbers of 3 × 103 and 104. The influence of the amplitude and frequency of the oscillating motion on the dynamic stall is analysed.
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  • 102
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 9 (1989), S. 1302-1304 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Incompressible flow ; Clebsch potentials ; Three-dimensional ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A recent paper by W. Zijl, which reformulated the Navier-Stokes and Boussinesq equations in terms of Clebsch potentials, has an error that greatly reduces the generality of the results. Some other recent efforts to use such potentials in fluid and plasma dynamics are briefly discussed.
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  • 103
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 9 (1989), S. 1299-1301 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Navier-Stokes equation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In a recent paper a generalized potential flow theory and its application to the solution of the Navier-Stokes equation are developed.1 The purpose of this comment is to show that the analysis presented in that paper is in general not correct. We note that the theoretical development of Reference 1 is in fact an extension - although not cited - of some work first done by Hawthorne for steady inviscid flow.2 Hawthorne's solution is correct, and his analysis, which we briefly describe, provides a useful introduction to this note.
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  • 104
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 9 (1989), S. 1307-1319 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Peaceman-Rachford ADI method ; SOR method ; Oseen approximation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The Navier-Stokes equations, which are the governing equations for a steady, viscous, incompressible fluid rotating about the z-axis with angular velocity ω, are linearized using the Oseen approximation. Two parameters, namely the Reynolds number Re = Ua/v and Reω = 2ωa2/v (the Reynolds number w.r.t. rotation), enter the linearized equations. These equations are solved by the Peaceman-Rachford ADI method and the resulting algebraic equations are solved by the SOR method. Streamlines are plotted and compared with the Oseen solution for the non-rotating case. The magnitude of the vorticity vector with increasing θ is also plotted.
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  • 105
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 9 (1989), S. 1381-1394 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Heat exchangers ; Crossflow ; Tube bundle ; Nusselt number ; Streamfunction/vorticity ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A numerical scheme is developed to predict the heat transfer and pressure drop coefficients in flow through rigid tube bundles. The scheme uses the Galerkin finite element technique. The conservation equations for laminar steady-state flow are cast in the form of streamfunction and vorticity equations. A Picard iteration method is used for the solution of the resulting system of non-linear algebraic equations. Results for the heat transfer and pressure drop coefficients are obtained for tube arrays of pitch ratios of 1·5 and 2·0. Very good agreement of the present results and experimental data obtained in the past is observed up to Reynolds numbers of 1000. It is also observed that the results of the present method show better agreement with the experimental data and that they are applicable for higher Reynolds numbers than results of other studies.
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  • 106
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 9 (1989), S. 1269-1283 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Euler equations ; Real gases ; Local parametrization of the equation of state ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An efficient algorithm is presented for the solution of the Euler equations of gas dynamics with a general convex equation of state. The scheme is based on solving linearized Riemann problems approximately, and in more than one dimension incorporates operator splitting. In particular, only one function evaluation in each computational cell is required by using a local parametrization of the equation of state. The scheme is applied to two standard test problems in gas dynamics for some specimen equations of state.
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  • 107
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 9 (1989), S. 1221-1234 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Biharmonic equation ; Stokes flow ; Simple layer potential ; Method of fundamental solutions ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A novel formulation of the method of fundamental solutions for the numerical solution of plane biharmonic problems, based on the simple layer potential representation of Fichera, is presented. The applicability and accuracy of the method are demonstrated by examining its performance on a set of practical problems arising in Stokes fluid flow.
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  • 108
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 9 (1989), S. 1487-1501 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Viscoelastic fluid ; Polymer flow ; Velocity correction method ; Two-step explicit scheme ; Pressure boundary condition ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The effects of non-Newtonian behaviour of a fluid and unsteadiness on flow in a channel with non-uniform cross-section have been investigated. The rheological behaviour of the fluid is assumed to be described by the constitutive equation of a viscoelastic fluid obeying the Oldroyd-B model. The finite element method is used to analyse the flow. The novel features of the present method are the adoption of the velocity correction technique for the momentum equations and of the two-step explicit scheme for the extra stress equations. This approach makes the computational scheme simple in algorithmic structure, which therefore implies that the present technique is capable of handling large-scale problems. The scheme is completed by the introduction of balancing tensor diffusivity (wherever necessary) in the momentum equations. It is important to mention that the proper boundary condition for pressure (at the outlet) has been developed to solve the pressure Poisson equation, and then the results for velocity, pressure and extra stress fields have been computed for different values of the Weissenberg number, viscosity due to elasticity, etc. Finally, it is pertinent to point out that the present numerical scheme, along with the proper boundary condition for pressure developed here, demonstrates its versatility and suitability for analysing the unsteady flow of viscoelastic fluid through a channel with non-uniform cross-section.
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  • 109
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 9 (1989), S. 1539-1542 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 110
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 257-268 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Turbulence Model ; Finite Difference ; QUICK ; Free Surface Flow ; Channel Expansion ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An application of the depth-integrated k-∊ turbulence model is presented for separated flow in a wide, shallow, rectangular channel with an abrupt expansion in width. The well-known numerical problems associated with the use of upwind and central finite differences for convection are overcome by the adoption of the spatially third-order accurate QUICK finite difference technique. Results show that modification of the depth-integrated k-∊ turbulence closure model for streamline curvature leads to significant improvement in the agreement between model predictions and experimental measurements.
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  • 111
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 303-304 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 112
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 299-302 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Compressible ; Fictitious Gas ; Finite Elements ; Error Estimates ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: We summarize here some theoretical results for fictitious gas regularization of compressible flow and give error estimates for the finite element approximation to the regularized problem.
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  • 113
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 304-305 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 114
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 311-329 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Cavity Flows ; Finite-differences ; Numerical Accuracy ; Velocity Measurements ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A numerical and an experimental study of the flow of an incompressible fluid in a polar cavity is presented. The experiments included flow visualization, in two perpendicular planes, and quantitative measurements of the velocity field by a laser Doppler anemometer. Measurements were done for two ranges of Reynolds numbers; about 60 and about 350. The stream function-vorticity form of the governing equations was approximated by upwind or central finite-differences. Both types of finite-difference approximations were solved by a multi-grid method. Numerical solutions were computed on a sequence of grids and the relative accuracy of the solutions was studied. Our most accurate numerical solutions had an estimated error of 0.1 per cent and 1 per cent for Re = 60 and Re = 350, respectively. It was also noted that the solution to the second order finite difference equations was more accurate, compared to the solution to the first order equations, only if fine enough meshes were used. The possibility of using extrapolations to improve accuracy was also considered. Extrapolated solutions were found to be valid only if solutions computed on fine enough meshes were used. The numerical and the experimental results were found to be in very good agreement.
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  • 115
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 399-401 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 116
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 381-391 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Matrix Iterative Methods ; Strongly Implicit Procedure ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A new method for solving elliptic difference equations is derived based on the strongly implicit method. This parametrized strongly implicit method has three free parameters which may be functions of the field's nodal point. The method has some resemblance to the SOR techniques, but in the present method the off-diagonal entries are also over-relaxed. The main application of this method is for transport equations such as those governing the fluid flow and heat transfer fields.
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  • 117
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 439-442 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 118
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 463-481 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Trailing-edge Flow ; Laminar Flow ; Turbulent Flow ; Generalized Co-ordinates ; Group Finite-element Method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A consistent three-level time-split group finite-element method, suitable for the computation of viscous compressible flows in irregular geometric domains, is described. Exploitation of the group12 formulation permits an accurate and economical algorithm to be developed in a generalized-co-ordinate (ζ,η) space. A variable sweep cycle is used to accelerate convergence to the steady state. The method is demonstrated by computing laminar and turbulent flow past a trailing edge. The method uses an algebraic eddy viscosity model to represent turbulence and produces results in close agreement with the experiments and computations of Viswanath et al8.
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  • 119
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 502-503 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 120
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 501-501 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 121
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 529-543 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Shallow Water Equations ; Analytic Solutions ; Three-dimensional ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Exact periodic solutions are generated for the 3-D hydrodynamic equations in linearized form. A linear slip condition is enforced at the bottom, based on the velocity at the bottom. It is shown that the bottom stress can be equivalently expressed in terms of the vertically averaged velocity, and expressions for this bottom stress coefficient are derived in terms of the primary parameters of the problem. As a result, the three-dimensional structure may be assembled from conventional solutions to (a) the 1-D vertical diffusion equation; and (b) the 2-D vertically averaged shallow water equations. In the latter, the bottom stress effects are shown to be complex and frequency-dependent, and an additional rotational term is required for their representation.
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  • 122
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 593-596 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this note we show that the numerical solution of the advection-diffusion equation can be improved by considering the asymptotic behaviour of its analytical solution. This is accomplished by including a correction term based on the numerical differentiation of the asymptotic (Pe » 1, Pe being the Peclet number) solution. This correction forces the usual oscillations associated with centred schemes to disappear.
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  • 123
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 601-614 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Finite Elements ; Stokes Equations ; Periodically Constricted Tubes ; Quadrilateral Elements ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The use of the finite element method in solving the problem of flow of a Newtonian fluid in periodically constricted tubes is explored. The performance of eight node serendipity and nine node Lagrangian elements is compared. It was found that the Lagrangian element results in unstable velocity fields when stagnant or recirculation regions are present. This is characteristic of tubes with large expansion zones. The eight node element does not exhibit instabilities. Both elements give accurate pressure fields. This behaviour is contrary to traditional results obtained for flow problems with similar geometrical characteristics. This suggests that the periodicity of the boundary conditions might be the cause of the instabilities in the numerical solution.The use of the continuity equation to simplify the viscous terms in the Stokes equations resulted, in this particular case, in a deterioration of the rate of convergence of the algorithm.
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  • 124
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 627-635 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Pressure Gradient Method ; Unsteady Flow ; Cavity Flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The pressure gradient method using velocity components and components of a pressure gradient as dependent variables has been modified to solve incompressible Newtonian fluid flow problems numerically. Applying this modified method to unsteady-state development of flow in a circular cavity shows that, at least for the case of a low Reynolds number flow, relative errors produced by the proposed method are smaller for most time intervals than those produced by the primitive velocity-pressure variable method and by the standard pressure gradient method. Also it is found that the modified and standard pressure gradient methods can be applied to the unsteady circular cavity flow at a moderate Reynolds number of at least up to 200.
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  • 125
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 615-625 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Incompressible Flow ; Coupled Line Gauss Seidel ; Two Dimensional ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper describes an iterative technique for solving the coupled algebraic equations for mass and momentum conservation for an incompressible fluid flow. The technique is based on the simultaneous solution for pressure and velocity along lines. In a manner similar to ADI methods for a single variable, the solution domain is entirely swept line-by-line in each co-ordinate direction successively until a converged solution is obtained. The tight coupling between the equations that is guaranteed by the method results in an economical solution of the equation set.
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  • 126
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 664-664 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 127
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 666-666 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 128
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 709-725 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Isothermal Laminar Flow ; Finite Elements ; Flow Past a Sphere ; Surface Blowing ; Drag ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Steady, axisymmetric, isothermal, incompressible flow past a sphere with uniform blowing out of the surface is investigated for Reynolds numbers in the range 1 to 100 and surface velocities up to 10 times the free stream value. A stream-function-velocity formulation of the flow equations in spherical polar co-ordinates is used and the equations are solved by a Galerkin finite-element method. Reductions in the drag coefficients arising from blowing are computed and the effects on the viscous and pressure contributions to the drag considered. Changes in the surface pressure, surface vorticity and flow patterns for two values of the Reynolds number (1 and 40) are examined in greater detail. Particular attention is paid to the perturbation to the flow field far from the sphere.
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  • 129
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 745-760 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Dynamic and thermal results for developing laminar pulsed flows in a duct are presented. They have been investigated by means of a finite difference model. This flow is described in terms of an unsteady pulsed flow superimposed on a steady incompressible one with the following main assumptions: a sinusoidal modulation for the pulsation and a uniform wall temperature. Results emphasize the importance of this entry region, where four simultaneous developments occur: steady - dynamic and thermal - and unsteady - dynamic and thermal.
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  • 130
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 805-816 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Diffusion-Convection ; Finite Element Method ; Hermite Interpolation Function ; Numerical Analysis ; Stability ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The paper is concerned with stability and accuracy of an nth order Lagrangian family of finite element steady-state solutions of the diffusion-convection equation, and furthermore is concerned with the stability and the accuracy of on mth kind Hermitian family of finite element solutions. We discuss the stability of the numerical solution based on the fact that the characteristic finite element solution can be expressed approximately as a rational function of cell Peclet number Pec ( = uh/k). Moreover, it is shown that by eliminating derivatives and by using the interpolation method over elements a stable solution is obtained over the domain independent of Pec for P1,3, and for P2,5 the stable solution is obtained for Pec less than 44.4.
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  • 131
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 132
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 685-707 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Navier-Stokes Problem ; Monochromatic Dynamic Behaviour ; Uzawa Algorithm ; Darcy's Law ; Conforming Finite Element Methods ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper computations in the two dimensional case of a harmonic Navier-Stokes problem with periodic boundary conditions are presented. This study of an incompressible viscous fluid leads to a non-symmetric linear problem (very low Reynolds number). Moreover unknown functions have complex values (monochromatic dynamic behaviour). Numerical treatment of the incompressibility condition is a generalization of the classical treatment of Stokes problem. A mixed formulation, where discrete pressure plays the role of Lagrange multipliers is used (Uzawa algorithm).Two conforming finite element methods are tested on different meshes. The second one uses a classical refinement in the shape function: the so-called bulb function. All computational tests show that the use of a bulb function on each element gives better results than refinement in the mesh without introducing too many degrees of freedom. Finally numerical results are compared to experimental data.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 762-762 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 134
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 763-783 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Solenoidal Vector Fields ; Fast Poisson Solvers ; Boundary Integral Methods ; Far Field Approximations ; Navier-Stokes Equations ; Capacitance Matrices ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: We develop a new method for the efficient calculation of solenoidal vector fields on general regions. The method takes advantage of fast direct methods and uses boundary integral equations to satisfy boundary conditions. For the latter we give an effective scheme for computing far-field boundary influences (based on discrete charges). Examples and numerical results are given. The method is applicable to incompressible Navier-Stokes calculations.
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  • 135
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 957-980 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Gas-liquid Flows ; Laminar Boundary Layers ; Heat and Mass Transfer ; Numerical Methods ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The two-dimensional, laminar boundary-layer equations of heat, mass and momentum at a smooth, phase-changing, gas-liquid interface are solved numerically by the Keller Box method. The gas and liquid regimes are embedded in a single marching scheme which computes interfacial parameters implicitly. Results of both self-similar and non-similar boundary-layer computations are presented and effects of mild pressure gradient, a mean current in the liquid, and free-stream vapour concentration on the interfacial parameters are analysed.In order to assess the accuracy of the method, several self-similar problems are solved by Runge-Kutta integration and results are compared to those obtained by the finite-difference scheme. Agreement is excellent in all cases.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 1035-1045 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Laminar Boundary Layer ; Splines ; Incompressible ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An inverse method is presented which accurately determines the pressure distribution for assigned wall shear in a two-dimensional, laminar, incompressible boundary layer. The method reformulates the mechul function scheme of Cebeci and Keller to produce a stable solution in the marching direction and to increase accuracy in the normal direction. In the reformulation a modified pressure gradient parameter variation in the normal direction is used in conjunction with three-point backward differences for streamwise derivatives and fourth-order accurate splines for normal derivatives. The resulting spline-finite difference equations are solved by Newton-Raphson iteration together with partial pivoting. Numerical solutions are presented for self-similar and non self-similar flows and compared with published results.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 47-48 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 21-34 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The Asymptotic Finite Element method for improvement of standard finite element solutions of perturbation equations by the addition of asymptotic corrections to the right hand side terms is presented. It is applied here to 1-D and 2-D diffusion-convection equations and to non-linear similarity equations. Excellent results were obtained without the a priori use of special trial and test functions. Theoretical expectations were confirmed.
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  • 139
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 140
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 49-64 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Turbulence Modelling ; Large Eddy Simulation ; Filtering ; One-dimensional Scalar Transport ; Burgers' Flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This is the first of two articles intended to develop, apply and verify a new method for averaging the momentum and mass transport equations for turbulence. The new method is based on Gaussian filtering in both the spatial and temporal domains. Application is made to the problem of momentum and scalar transport in a one-dimensional transient Burgers' flow field. No actual calculations, with the averaged equations, are presented in this paper. However, an ‘exact’ solution of the one-dimensional flow situation is presented as an economical tool for verifying the performance of the different turbulence models. In the second paper calculations are performed with the averaged one-dimensional equations on coarse grids, and the results are compared to the exact or fully simulated data with a statistical verification procedure.
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  • 141
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 83-100 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Flow ; Gas ; Numerical ; One-dimensional ; Pipeline ; Unsteady ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The unsteady frictional flow of a compressible fluid generated in a long pipeline after an accidental rupture is of considerable interest to the offshore gas industry. It answers several important questions concerning safety and pollution, e.g. the flow rate at the broken pipe end.Laboratory tests cannot simulate the rather complex phenomenon satisfactorily. The problem is highly non-linear and no general analytical solution is yet known.In this study, based on computational fluid dynamics, the simplifying assumptions of isothermal and low Mach number flow often applied in the case of unsteady compressible flows in pipelines, have not been used.Owing to the choking condition (Ma=1) which prevails for some time at the broken end. and the cumulative effect of friction over the 145 km long pipeline, we obtain (∂p/∂x)t→-∞. This analytically established singularity leads to numerical difficulties which seriously affect the accuracy. For short tubes (such as shock tubes) this negative feature is much less severe. Special procedures were necessary to keep the accuracy within the chosen limit of 1 per cent.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 155-163 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper is intended to provide some background to a number of widely used methods for solving the Navier-Stokes and Euler equations. The difference between coupled and uncoupled iterative schemes is discussed together with methods for solving the equations. Methods covered include time marching (both explicit and implicit), pressure correction and a Newton-Raphson technique. The relationship between the methods is illustrated.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 275-290 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Separated flow past a circular cylinder is computed from two finite-difference Navier-Stokes models. Stream functions are calculated using a successive-over-relaxation (SOR) procedure. Alternating-direction-implicil (ADI) and ‘upwind’ directional difference explicit (DDE) numerical schemes for solving the vorticity-transport equation are compared. The ‘upwind’ differencing technique produces artificial viscosity which damps the wake and suppresses vortex shedding. It is shown to be unreliable and so the ADI approach is recommended.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 315-316 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 145
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 351-364 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Pressure Gradient Method ; FEM ; Unsteady Flow ; Cavity Flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A pressure gradient method employing pressure gradients as dependent variables is applied to a finite-element-method flow analysis for a two-dimensional incompressible Newtonian fluid flow. In a numerical analysis, a triangular element is adopted, a velocity vector and a pressure gradient vector being assigned as dependent variables at the nodal points. Velocity and pressure gradient are interpolated linearly in space, and a discretizing formulation can be made using a suitably selected weighting function. An example of application is shown for an unsteady-state development of a recirculating circular cavity flow, the numerical results to which are in good agreement with those obtained analytically or by other numerical means.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 403-404 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 147
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 459-477 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Multigrids ; Laminar Flow ; Sudden ; Expansions ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The performance of a recently developed calculation procedure for steady incompressible flows is assessed in a variety of three-dimensional sudden expansion type flows representative of those encountered in several types of industrial equipment. The calculation procedure, called here BLIMM (for block-implicit multigrid method), is based on a coupled solution of the three-dimensional momentum and continuity equations in primitive variables, using the multigrid technique. Different Reynolds numbers and finite difference grids are considered for each flow situation. The rates of convergence and the computational times are reported for each case.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 445-458 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The analysis presented herein deals with the evaluation of pressure and temperature fields which are generated in thin fluid films of varying thickness. The particular problem of a misaligned journal bearing has been studied by solving simultaneously the Reynolds and energy equations, which also include the effects of viscous dissipation and the variation of fluid viscosity with temperature.The method has been used to predict pressure and temperature fields as well as global performance parameters for a typical journal bearing operation.
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  • 149
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 479-493 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Gravity Waves ; Kantorovich Method ; Mesh Effects ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Numerical computations of non-linear gravity waves are presented and the effects of mesh variations on the results are discussed.Waves are regarded as two-parameter families (λ,A)Q of arbitrary discharge Q, and computations are carried out using a new Kantorovich algorithm.Mesh effects are to a large extent dependent on the particular wave region under consideration. Three such regions are identified and typical examples are computed and discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 395-401 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Computer Extended Series ; Gas Centrifuge Theory ; MACSYMA ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Linearized, multidimensional, thermally driven flow in a gas centrifuge can be approximately described in regions away from the ends by Onsager's homogeneous pancake equation.1 Upon reformulation of the general problem, we find a new, simple and rigorous closed form, analytical solution by assuming a special separable solution and replacing the usual Ekman end cap boundary conditions with idealized impermeable, free slip boundary conditions. Then the flow may be described by an ordinary differential equation with solutions in terms of simple, classical functions. By identifying a small parameter, say ∊, defining the semi-long bowl approximation, and assuming a power series expansion in ∊, a sequence of asymptotic approximations to the master potential is obtained. Not surprisingly, the leading order term involves the well known ‘long bowl’ solution. Using the so-called ‘solving’ property of the 1-D pancake Green's function,2 we determine the next higher order solution. This recursive process is carried out on the computer to find all the terms up to O(∊4).Consequently, the solution of some complex rotating, viscous, heat conducting flow problems that normally require large mainframe computers can be better understood.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 409-426 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Non-linear ; Newton-Raphson ; Linearization ; Incompressible ; Line Solver ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The solution of the full non-linear set of discrete fluid flow equations is usually obtained by solving a sequence of linear equations. The type of linearization used can significantly affect the rate of convergence of the sequence to the final solution. The first objective of the present study was to determine the extent to which a full Newton-Raphson linearization of all non-linear terms enhances convergence relative to that obtained using the ‘standard’ incompressible flow linearization. A direct solution procedure was employed in this evaluation. It was found that the full linearization enhances convergence, especially when grid curvature effects are important.The direct solution of the linear set is uneconomical. The second objective of the paper was to show how the equations can be effectively solved by an iterative scheme, based on a coupled-equation line solver, which implicitly retains all the inter-equation couplings. This solution method was found to be competitive with the highly refined segregated solution methods that represent the current state-of-the-art.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 495-496 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 497-505 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Shallow Water Equations ; Finite Differences ; Irregular Boundaries ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Propagation of periodic waves in the vicinity of irregular saw-tooth shaped boundary in finite difference models is investigated. The reflection of an incoming wave from a single saw-tooth boundary is found to be accompanied by a phase shift. It is shown that any wave mode propagating along such a boundary is trapped and decays in the direction normal to the boundary. A wave propagating along a channel with saw-tooth shaped lateral boundaries is influenced by the trapped waves, which leads to a reduction of the phase velocity. Phase velocities obtained from the present normal mode analysis are compared to velocities in numerical experiments. The agreement is excellent.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 585-586 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 641-657 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: It is well known that explicit methods are subject to a restriction on the time step. This restriction is a drawback if the variation of the solution in time is so small that accuracy considerations would allow a larger time step. In this case, implicit methods are more appropriate because they do allow large time steps. However, in general, they require more storage and are more difficult to implement than explicit methods. In this paper we propose a technique by which it is possible to stabilize explicit methods for quasi-linear hyperbolic equations. The stabilization turns out to be so effective that explicit methods become a good alternative to unconditionally stable implicit methods.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 939-940 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 677-713 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Orbital flow past a cylinder is relevant to offshore structures. The numerical scheme presented here is based on a finite-difference solution of the Navier-Stokes equations. Alternating-directional-implicit (ADI) and successive-over-relaxation (SOR) techniques are used to solve the vorticity-transport and stream-function equations. Theoretical simulations to low Reynolds number flows (up to 1000) are discussed for cases involving uniform flow past stationary and rotating cylinders and orbital flow past a cylinder. The separation points for cylinders that are rotating or immersed in an orbital flow are deduced from velocity profiles through the boundary layer using a hybrid mesh scheme. During the initial development of orbital flow surface vorticity on the impulsively started cylinder dominates the flow. A vortex then detaches from behind the cylinder and establishes the flow pattern of the orbit. After some time a collection of vortices circles the orbit and distorts its shape a great deal. These vortices gradually spiral outward as others detach from the cylinder and join the orbital path.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 131-153 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Finite Elements ; Transient Flows ; Three-dimensional Flows ; Natural Convection ; Interfaces Oscillatory Flows ; Crystal Growth ; Semiconductors ; Gallium Arsenide ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: We study the transient motion of the solidification front during the growth of semiconductor crystals in the horizontal Bridgman geometry. The calculation is based on a two-dimensional flow. We use finite elements which deform with the motion of the interface. The energy equation is coupled with the isothermal constraint of the interface in an implicit transient algorithm. Several examples show the oscillatory motion of the interface caused by the periodic flow of the melt, and they reveal the importance of the growth rate on the shape of the interface.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 861-882 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Three Dimensional Flow ; Turbine Draft Tube ; Curvilinear Co-ordinates ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The three-dimensional turbulent flow in a curved hydraulic turbine draft tube is studied numerically. The analysis is based on the steady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations closed with the κ-ε model. The governing equations are discretized by a conservative finite volume formulation on a non-orthogonal body-fitted co-ordinate system. Two grid systems, one with 34 × 16 × 12 nodes and another with 50 × 30 × 22 nodes, have been used and the results from them are compared. In terms of computing effort, the number of iterations needed to yield the same degree of convergence is found to be proportional to the square root of the total number of nodes employed, which is consistent with an earlier study made for two-dimensional flows using the same algorithm. Calculations have been performed over a wide range of inlet swirl, using both the hybrid and second-order upwind schemes on coarse and fine grids. The addition of inlet swirl is found to eliminate the stalling characteristics in the downstream region and modify the behaviour of the flow markedly in the elbow region, thereby affecting the overall pressure recovery noticeably. The recovery factor increases up to a swirl ratio of about 0·75, and then drops off. Although the general trends obtained with both finite difference operators are in agreement, the quantitative values as well as some of the fine flow structures can differ. Many of the detailed features observed on the fine grid system are smeared out on the coarse grid system, pointing out the necessity of both a good finite difference operator and a good grid distribution for an accurate result.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 941-941 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Separable Basis ; Tensor Product ; Vectorized code ; Finite Element ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Many fluid flow problems of current interest occur in domains that are mappable to a rectangle or a box; conformal mappings are particularly useful in this regard. We are concerned here with the efficient solution of such problems using finite elements. The central issue is the element choice, and this issue is addressed in terms of operation counts, computer memory and I/0 requirements, and the extent to which code vectorization is possible. It is concluded that rectangular (box) elements generally lead to more efficient algorithms that triangular (tetrahedral) elements. A synthesis of algorithms, based on bilinear (trilinear) elements, is presented. The algorithms have the attributes of simplicity, accuracy, stability and straightforward incorporation of boundary conditions. For bilinear and trilinear elements, it is found that product and first-derivative terms are well-handled by the Galerkin FE method, but that it is advantageous to go outside of the Galerkin framework when treating second-derivative terms. It is particularly important to consider the form of the governing equations, vis-à-vis the choice of staggered, non-staggered and/or mixed-order elements, and to choose an appropriate time scheme. The described techniques have been successfully applied to a variety of problems in regular domains, including the solution of the three-dimensional time-dependent hydrostatic primitive equations; these are stiff and include first and second derivative terms, non-linearities and variable coefficients due to a conformal mapping.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 69-85 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Stokes Problems ; Pressure ; Pressure Potential ; Incompressible ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In general Stokes problems, no boundary conditions exist for the pressure. But pressure is an L2(Ω) function and can uniquely be represented as the divergence of a precisely defined vector field. In the 2-D case, this vector field can in turn be represented as the sum of a gradient (of a pressure-potential) and the curl of a second scalar potential. The latter potential is entirely determined by the first one. A variational equation is obtained for such pressure potential class, which exists and is uniquely characterized. This variational problem is well-posed. Finite element approximations can easily be realized and ensure high convergence rates for the L2(Ω) norm of the pressure.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 337-351 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Compact Differences ; Modified Equation Methods ; Reaction-Diffusion Equations ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A system of reaction-diffusion equations which governs the propagation of an ozone decomposition laminar flame in Lagrangian co-ordinates is analysed by means of compact operators and modified equation methods. It is shown that the use of fourth-order accurate compact operators yields very accurate solutions if sufficient numbers of grid points are located at the flame front, where very steep gradients of temperature and species concentrations exist. Modified equation methods are shown to impose a restriction on the time step under certain conditions. The solutions obtained by means of compact operators and modified equation methods are compared with solutions obtained by other methods; good agreement is obtained.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 408-408 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 166
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    Keywords: Finite Element Method ; Rotating Fluid Mechanics ; Slip Flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Linearized multidimensional flow in a gas centrifuge can be described away from the ends by Onsager's pancake equation. However a rotating annulus results in a slightly different set of boundary conditions from the usual symmetry at the axis of rotation. The problem on an annulus becomes ill-posed and requires some special attention. Herein we treat axially linear inner and outer rotor temperature distributions and velocity slip. An existence condition for a class of non-trivial, one-dimensional solutions is given. New exact solutions in the infinite bowl approximation have been derived containing terms that are important at finite gap width and non-vanishing velocity slip. The usual one-dimensional, axially symmetric solution is obtained as a limit. Our previously reported finite element algorithm has been extended to treat this new class of problems. Effects of gap width, temperature and slip conditions are illustrated. Lastly, we report on the compressible, finite length, circular Couette flow for the first time.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 291-303 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Gas Flow Pipe ; Finite Element ; Transient ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A finite element method is developed to solve the partial differential equations describing the unsteady flow of gas in pipelines. Excellent agreement is obtained between simulated results and experimental data from a fullscale gas pipeline. The method is used to describe very transient flow (blowout), and to determine the performance of leak detection systems, and proves to be very stable and reliable.
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  • 168
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 169
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 581-601 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Navier-Stokes Problem ; Augmented Lagrangian Method ; Uzawa Algorithm ; Conforming Finite Element Methods ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An application and an extension (to complex variables) of the classical augmented Lagrangian method is performed. Finite element computations are realized in the two-dimensional case of an harmonic Navier-Stokes problem with periodic boundary conditions. A formulation (extended from the traditional Stokes problem) involving a simple Lagrangian, solved by the Uzawa algorithim, was previously used.1 This treatment proved unsatisfactory for large frequencies. The efficient and well-known augmented Lagrangian technique solved by the Uzawa algorithm is used to overcome these shortcomings. Other, better techniques could be used. Nevertheless the simple method used here is efficient. Moreover the numerical implementation needs little memory storage, which is an important factor in this particular case. The well-known conditioning technique employed is shown to be well-adapted in this case, a fact which emerges from the study of the non-symmetric problem involved. Finally, many tests, computations and experimental data are presented.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 603-619 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: PLM Scheme ; Rotating Flow ; Supersonic Flow ; Numerical Calculation ; Shock Wave ; Unsteady Compressible Euler Equations ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The piecewise linear method (PLM) based on time operator splitting is used to solve the unsteady compressible Euler equations describing the two-dimensional flow around and through a straight wall inlet placed stationary in a rapidly rotating supersonic flow. The PLM scheme is formulated as a Lagrangian step followed by an Eulerian remap. The inhomogeneous terms in the Euler equations written in cylindrical coordinates are first removed by Sod's method and the resulting set of equations is further reduced to two sets of one-dimensional Lagrangian equations, using time operator splitting. The numerically generated flow fields are presented for different values of the back pressure imposed at the downstream exit of the inlet nozzle. An oblique shock wave is formed in front of the almost whole portion of the inlet entrance, the incoming streamlines being deflected towards the higher pressure side after passing through the oblique shock wave and then bending down to the lower pressure side. A reverse flow appears inside the inlet nozzle owing to the recovery pressure of the incoming streams being lower than the back pressure of the inlet nozzle.
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  • 171
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 719-731 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Multigrid Method ; Flow Separation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The splitting difference scheme is used to study flow separation. Flows behind a circular cylinder are computed as a model problem. In view of the nature of the flow, the variables are transformed. The boundary condition for the pressure is given from an intermediate velocity. The free-slip velocity boundary conditions on the rigid wall are given by interpolation. The multigrid algorithm is applied to the pressure iteration. We also choose better initial values for the model problem by means of the multigrid algorithm idea.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 759-760 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 857-867 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Mixed Convection ; Taylor Vortices ; Rotating ; Annulus ; Bifurcation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A numerical study has been conducted to determine the heat transfer characteristics and flow patterns which develop around a rotating, heated vertical cylinder enclosed within a stationary concentric cylinder. A tall annulus (aspect ratio of 10) with fixed, adiabatic horizontal end-plates and a radius ratio of 0·5 has been considered. Furthermore, the effect that the introduction of buoyancy forces by heating the inner cylinder has on the development of the Taylor vortex flow is examined. It is observed that the formation of the Taylor vortices is delayed until the rotational parameter σ = Gr/Re2 has a value below unity for any given Reynolds number Re which is above the critical value Recrit for the formation of Taylor vortices in an isothermal flow. Also, the Taylor cells first appear at the top of the annulus. As σ is gradually decreased below unity, bifurcations to other states are observed. The final structure of the secondary flow is noticeably distorted in the mixed-convection mode, with the size of the Taylor cells varying greatly along the height of the annulus. This distortion diminishes as σ is further decreased, until the isothermal flow pattern is nearly recovered below σ = 0·01.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 987-987 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 1053-1075 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: ALE Method ; Incompressible Viscous Flow ; Velocity Correction Method ; Free Surface ; Linear Interpolation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper, free surface flow problems involving large free surface motions are analysed using finite element techniques. In solving these problems an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) kinematical description of the fluid domain is adopted, in which the nodal points can be displaced independently of the fluid motion. This formulation leads to an easy and accurate treatment of fluid-fluid interfaces, and greater distortions in the fluid motions can be handled than would be allowed by a purely Lagrangian method.This paper describes the basic methodology, presents finite element approximations and discusses such matters as stability, accuracy and rezoning. The generality and the advantage of the present method are discussed, and its versatility is demonstrated through a few numerical experiments.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 911-917 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Finite Difference ; Square Driven Cavity ; Conjugate Gradient Method ; BID Method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A first biharmonic boundary value problem is obtained by combining the coupled steady-state Navier-Stokes equations in their stream-function-vorticity formulation. This biharmonic boundary value problem is solved by a fast biharmonic solver developed by the authors wherein the idea of preconditioned conjugate gradient method is used. The biharmonic driver (BID) method using this solver has been found fast converging, and produces accurate results up to moderately large Reynolds numbers. Also, the mesh size does not affect the convergence rate.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 953-984 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Navier - Stokes equations ; Lagrangian method ; Finite element method ; Galerkin formulatiion ; Linear interpolation ; Free surface ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A new Lagrangian finite element formulation is presented for time-dependent incompressible free surface fluid flow problems described by the Navier-Stokes equations. The partial differential equations describing the continuum motion of the fluid are discretized using a Galerkin procedure in conjunction with the finite element approximation. Triangular finite elements are used to represent the dependent variables of the problem. An effective time integration procedure is introduced and provides a viable computational method for solving problems with equality of representation of the pressure and velocity fields. Its success has been attributed to the strict enforcement of the continuity constraint at every stage of the iterative process. The capabilities of the analysis procedure and the computer programs are demonstrated through the solution of several problems in viscous free surface fluid flow. Comparisons of results are presented with previous theoretical, numerical and experimental results.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 1035-1052 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Non-Newtonian Flows ; Viscoelasticity ; Maxwell Fluids ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A finite element method for the simulation of viscoelastic flows has been developed. It uses a weak formulation of the method of characteristics to treat the viscoelastic constitutive law. Numerical results in a 4:1 contraction are presented and are discussed with respect to previous computations. New phenomena are put in evidence and new questions are opened in this already controversial problem.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 1077-1092 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Floating Point Arithmetic ; Rounding Errors Accuracy ; Linear Algebra ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Several techniques for experimental determination of floating point precision in practical computations are examined, and applied to linear algebra algorithms. These techniques are simple enough to be directly applicable to existing production codes, requiring a very limited amount of software on many machines, and yet they yield interesting information on the numerical precision of a computation.Our choice of linear algebra algorithms includes a direct solver (namely the MA32 program from the Harwell Library) and several variants of preconditioned conjugate gradients (the methods DIAG, INV, MINV and POL of Reference 1). The results may be of interest as method selection criteria, and thus complement Mflop performance data available from several sources.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 1191-1209 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Helmholtz Decomposition Euler Finite Element Transonic Rotational Potential Stream Vector ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper we study the validation of the new formulation (potential-stream vector) of the steady Euler equations in 2-D/3-D transonic lifting regime flow. This approach, which is based on the Helmholtz decomposition of a velocity vector field, is designed to extend the potential approximation of Euler equations for severe situations such as high transonic or rotational subsonic flows. Different results computed by a fixed point algorithm on the stream vector correction are shown and discussed by comparing them with those obtained by the full potential approach.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 1299-1300 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 183
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 1277-1297 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Review Article ; Industrial Flow ; Finite Element ; Turbulent Flow ; k-ε Turbulence Model ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper is an expanded version of that delivered at the recent Sixth International Symposium on Finite Element Methods in Flow Problems, Antibes, France. It begins by reviewing the role of the finite element method (FEM) in turbulent flow simulation during recent years. The difficulties in incorporating sufficiently general descriptions of turbulence (i.e. two-equation models) into successful finite-element-based Navier-Stokes codes are examined and analysed in some depth. Current progress by various workers in overcoming these difficulties is reviewed and, by concentrating on one particular approach, it is demonstrated that the FEM has now matured into a powerful and flexible tool for solving two-dimensional turbulent flows of industrial complexity. The applications presented highlight those features which render the FEM attractive in this field (viz., minimal false diffusion, arbitrary local refinement, boundary fitting capabilities and non-structured grids). Finally, the prospects and challenges for the future are briefly discussed. In particular, the urgency and difficulty of constructing a competitive three-dimensional capability which preserves these features is examined.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 1343-1355 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Non-linear Wave Diffraction ; Offshore Structure ; Artificial Open Boundary Radiation Condition ; FDM ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The present paper describes a numerical model for predicting the non-linear wave forces exerted on large coastal or offshore structures. The interaction is calculated from a known initial condition corresponding to still water in the immediate vicinity of the structure. A prescribed incident wave of large amplitude approaches the structure. The boundary constraints on the free surface are considered in the fully non-linear versions. Not far away from the structure, an artificial open boundary is considered with a suitable description of the radiation boundary condition for an incident wave propagating inwards, and in addition the scattering wave being absorbed. The finite difference method and time stepping are adopted for numerical calculation in the present model. For illustration the wave forces on a surface-piercing vertical cylinder subjected to two different incident wave trains were evaluated. Reasonably good agreement could be obtained between the numerical results and the analytical solution given by Isaacson.1.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 247-281 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Natural convection ; Finite element method ; High Rayleigh number ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Finite element predictions of two-dimensional laminar natural convection in a partially divided rectangular cavity at high Rayleigh number are presented. The walls are differentially heated, the horizontal surfaces are insulated and the cavity contains a partial vertical divider which is centrally located and whose height is varied. Detailed results are presented for an aluminium half-divider in water for Rayleigh number up to 1011 and compared directly with recent experiments in a cavity of aspect ratio 1/2. The predicted flow and heat transfer are in good agreement with the measurements and confirm the existence of a high Rayleigh number regime with characteristic behaviour that differs significantly from that found at lower Rayleigh number. In addition, the effects of the divider height, the divider conductivity, the fluid Prandtl number and the cavity aspect ratio are studied. The results show that a direct simulation of the complex flow and heat transfer that occurs in partially divided cavities is possible for realistic physical conditions.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 365-366 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 659-669 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Magnetohydrodynamics ; Homotopy ; Quasi-Newton ; Rotating disk ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper studies the effects of a circular magnetic field on the flow of a conducting fluid about a porous rotating disk. Using modern quasi-Newton and globally convergent homotopy methods, numerical solutions are obtained for a wide range of magnetic field strengths, suction and injection velocities and Alfven and disk speeds. Results are presented graphically in terms of three non-dimensional parameters. There is excellent agreement with previous work and asymptotic formulae.
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 615-616 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 617-641 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Higher order ; Boundedness ; Convective transport ; Curvature ; Finite difference ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The paper describes a new approach to approximating the convection term found in typical steady-state transport equations. A polynomial-based discretization scheme is constructed around a technique called ‘curvature compensation’; the resultant curvature-compensated convective transport approximation is essentially third-order accurate in regions of the solution domain where the concept of order is meaningful. In addition, in linear scalar transport problems it preserves the boundedness of solutions. Sharp changes in gradient in the dependent variable are handled particularly well. But above all, the scheme, when used in conjunction with an ADI pentadiagonal solver, is easy to implement with relatively low computational cost, representing an effective algorithm for the simulation of multi-dimensional fluid flows. Two linear test problems, for the case of transport by pure convection, are employed in order to assess the merit of the method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 933-942 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Least squares ; Finite elements ; Non-linear ; Hyperbolic ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A class of stable least-square finite element methods for non-linear hyperbolic problems is developed and some exploratory studies made. The methods are based on modifying the L2-norm of the. residual and a related approximation to the H1-norm of the residual. The effect of the additional terms in these residual functionals is to introduce a dissipative effect proportional to the solution gradient. This acts to stabilize the solution for non-linear hyperbolic problems which generate shocks. Numerical results for a one-dimensional nozzle and shock tube problem demonstrate the accuracy and stability of the method. Results are for an implicit scheme and calculations for linear, quadratic and cubic elements are given.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 559-578 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Boundary-type finite element method ; Helmholz equation ; Mild-slope equation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The boundary-type finite element method has been investigated and applied to the Helmholz and mild-slope equations. Four types of interpolation function are examined based on trigonometric function series. Three-node triangular, four-node quadrilateral, six-node triangular and eight-node quadrilateral elements are tested; these are all non-conforming elements. Three types of numerical example show that the three-node triangular and four-node quadrilateral elements are useful for practical analysis.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 599-612 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Navier-Stokes ; Boussinesq ; Bernoulli ; Vorticity ; Potentials ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A formulation based on three scalar functions or potentials is applied to analyse the Navier-Stokes and Boussinesq equations in three dimensions. In this formulation an explicit expression for the pressure exists, the so-called generalized Bernoulli equation. Therefore the scalar functions formulation may be considered as a generalization of the well-known potential flow and Bernoulli theory for irrotational fluid motion. The many advantages of this formulation applied to three-dimensional Navier-Stokes and Boussinesq flow will be discussed, and a numerical example is given as an illustration.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 194
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 671-686 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Multigrid ; Pressure correction ; Navier-Stokes ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The behaviour of the pressure correction method is studied for the solution of the incompressible steady-state Navier-Stokes and continuity equations in a rotating cylindrical-polar co-ordinate system, the specific problem being that of laminar source-sink flow between two corotating discs. Modifications to improve the linearization and the handling of the rotation terms are introduced, and we compare three extended pressure correction schemes and also the use of a multigrid algorithm in part of the calculation procedure as a linear solver.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 195
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 1291-1318 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: SHARP simulation ; Third-order upwinding ; Monotonic differencing ; High convection ; Resolution of discontinuities ; Wiggles eliminated ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: For steady multi-dimensional convection, the QUICK scheme has several attractive properties. However, for highly convective simulation of step profiles, QUICK produces unphysical overshoots and a few oscillations, and this may cause serious problems in non-linear flows. Fortunately, it is possible to modify the convective flux by writing the ‘normalized’ convected control-volume face value as a function of the normalized adjacent upstream node value, developing criteria for monotonic resolution without sacrificing formal accuracy. This results in a non-linear functional relationship between the normalized variables, whereas standard methods are all linear in this sense. The resulting Simple High-Accuracy Resolution Program (SHARP) can be applied to steady multi-dimensional flows containing thin shear or mixing layers, shock waves and other frontal phenomena. This represents a significant advance in modelling highly convective flows of engineering and geophysical importance. SHARP is based on an explicit, conservative, control-volume flux formulation, equally applicable to one-, two-, or three-dimensional elliptic, parabolic, hyperbolic or mixed-flow regimes. Results are given for the bench-mark purely convective oblique-step test. The monotonic SHARP solutions are compared with the diffusive first-order results and the non-monotonic predictions of second- and third-order upwinding.
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
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  • 196
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 1349-1360 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Eulerian-Lagrangian methods ; Navier-Stokes equations ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper an explicit Lagrangian approach to advective and diffusive term treatment has been derived to improve the stability and to reduce the artificial diffusion of a finite difference scheme for convection-diffusion equations. This concept is then applied to discretize the convective and viscous terms in the Navier-Stokes equations. The pressure gradient and the velocity divergence are discretized by implicit finite differences in such a way that the resulting velocity field is exactly discrete divergence-free at all times. The stability of the method is shown to become less restrictive as the Reynolds number increases. At large time steps the artificial viscosity also reduces and higher accuracy is obtained. Moreover, the present algorithm is so devised as to take full advantage of vector computations in view of a possible implementation of it on an array computer. The performance of the method is illustrated by the numerical solution obtained for the cavity flow problem at high Reynolds numbers.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 197
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 1367-1388 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Laminar boundary layer ; Splines Incompressible ; Inverse and direct methods ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A unified approach is presented for solving the two-dimensional incompressible boundary layer equations. Solutions are obtained for direct and inverse options using the same equation formulation by a simple interchange of boundary conditions. A modified form of the mechul function scheme obtains inverse solutions with specification of transformed wall shear, skin friction coefficient or displacement thickness distributions. Direct solutions may be obtained without altering the block tridiagonal structure of the system by simply requiring no corrections on the streamwise pressure gradient parameter. Fourth-order spline discretization approximates normal derivatives with two- and three-point backward differences approximating streamwise derivatives, yielding a fully implicit solution method. The resulting spline/finite difference equations are solved by Newton-Raphson iteration together with partial pivoting. The results of the study demonstrate the importance of proper linearization of all equations. The successful use of spline discretization is also tied to the use of strong two-point boundary conditions at the wall for cases involving reversed flow. Numerical solutions are presented for several non-similar flows and compared with published results.
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  • 198
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 1467-1468 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 199
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 1491-1511 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Glass process engineering ; Melting ; 3D finite elements ; FIDAP ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Traditionally glass process problems have been studied using laboratory and two-dimensional computer simulation techniques to quantify the melting, cooling and distribution of the molten glass and its quality. Although these approaches are adequate for a large number of simple glass systems, there are processes with asymmetric geometries and operating conditions which cannot neglect the effect of the third dimension. During the past few years, with the advent of commercial parallel processors and corresponding software, extensive progress has been made with the implementation of full three-dimensional glass flow simulations. Several development applications using FIDAP will be illustrated for electric melters, circular refiners and contoured forehearths. The discussion will cover the problem set-ups, mesh generation, solution strategy, post-processing and results. The advantages and developmental needs of FIDAP will be highlighted from the point of view of applied glass process engineering.
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  • 200
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 1588-1588 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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