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  • Articles  (5,739)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (5,689)
  • 72.20  (30)
  • 73.60  (23)
  • 1985-1989  (4,651)
  • 1950-1954  (1,088)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (5,739)
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  • Articles  (5,739)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transient negative photoconductivity in silicon doped with gold (1987)
    Springer
    Applied physics 43 (1987), S. 205-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.40 ; 72.20 ; 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A transient negative photoconductivity phenomenon observed in silicon doped with gold atoms by an appropriate diffusion condition has been investigated. The transient negative photoconductivity could be observed with a diode doped with gold atoms under intrinsic light-pulse illumination. In the recovery process of the transient negative photoconductivity to a steady-state dark level, two kind of time constants were observed, which may be related with the emission of electrons from gold level. A dependence of the magnitude of the peak value on the ambient temperature was observed; a qualitative explanation is given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00615977
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantum mechanical treatment of the escape probability from traps in thermally stimulated processes (1985)
    Springer
    Applied physics 37 (1985), S. 165-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 71 ; 72.20 ; 78
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In thermally stimulated processes the calculation of the transition probability of a trapped charge carrier into an excited state is based on an atomistic model involving multiphonon processes. The displacement of lattice particles from equilibrium positions gives rise to electron-lattice interaction. As a result the temperature dependence is found to be of non-Arrhenius type except in some limiting cases. The difference of the probabilities for non-radiative transitions, as calculated by the quantum mechanical and by semi-classical methods, is discussed. Thermoluminescence proves to be an example for a non-radiative transition controlled phenomenon and the calculated glow curve differs appreciably from one model to the other. As a result the glow curves calculated in the quantum mechanical concept exhibit shapes which are broadened and shifted to lower temperatures, as compared to that calculated in the semi-classical concept. In turn, the activation energy, as determined by the initial rise method or the method of heating rate variation, is found to be much smaller in the quantum mechanical case.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00617501
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrophotographic multi-layer plates based on vacuum-evaporated cadmium sulphide and polyethylene (1985)
    Springer
    Applied physics 37 (1985), S. 243-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.20 ; 72.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new possibility for using vacuum-evaporated CdS thin films in combination with a suitable organic polymer (e.g., polyethylene) in electrophotography is described. The advantages of a multi-layer type sample are discussed in terms of deep bulk trapping of the photogenerated free carriers, injected in the polymer. A formula is derived, which links the initial rate of surface potential decay with the trapping range in unit fieldμ 0τ. Using it and the data for the initial rates of surface potential decay of two samples (a double-layer and a multi-layer one), the trapping range for the vacuum-evaporated polyethylene films is determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00614824
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Noise current spectrum in submicrometer samples (1986)
    Springer
    Applied physics 41 (1986), S. 197-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.20 ; 72.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The noise current spectral density in submicrometer samples is computed using the Monte Carlo method. The normalized spectral density is found to decrease with sample length and increase with the field. The high-field noise is like shot noise and increases with current in agreement with experimental results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00616840
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Instability of photoexcited electron-hole plasma in short semiconductor structures (1987)
    Springer
    Applied physics 42 (1987), S. 41-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.20 ; 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The instability of the electron-hole plasma produced by continuous photoexcitation in short semiconductor structures is investigated theoretically. The applied electric field is considerably disturbed by photogenerated charge carriers. At a sufficiently intensive photogeneration plasma instability occurs. The frequency of current oscillations due to the instability, as shown by numerical simulation for a GaAs structure, is in the range of 1011–1012s−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00618157
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The electrical properties of doped silicon, grown by Molecular-Beam-Epitaxy (MBE) (1987)
    Springer
    Applied physics 42 (1987), S. 197-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.20 ; 73.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of the Hall coefficients and of the resistivity of MBE-grown Si, doped with P, As, Sb, B, and Ga in the concentration range 1014 to 1020 cm−3, were carried out at 77 K and at 300 K. With the exception of Ga-doped Si, the measured mobilities were close to or higher than those of bulk materials at both temperatures. The Mott metal/non-metal transition has been observed in the present epitaxial materials and the measured values for the critical impurity concentration at which the transition occurs, agree with values reported by other workers for bulk silicon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620599
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrical activation of low-fluence boron implantation in silicon studied by PCV in combination with SIMS (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 45 (1988), S. 77-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 73.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The thermally induced electrical activation of boron implanted in silicon at fluences ≦1013 cm−2 was studied by the combination of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and pulsed capacitance voltage (PCV). After annealing at 900°C for 30 min boron is completely ionized and the contribution of electrically active defects to the electrical profile is negligible. For partly annealed samples (T〈900°C) the degree of electrical activation of boron decreases with increasing boron concentration due to the presence of residual defects. The experimental data can be described qualitatively by the first-order kinetics if the influence of residual crystal defects on the electrical activation is considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00618767
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanism for NonlinearI – V Behaviour and the Temperature Dependence of Threshold Switching in the Se-Te-Sn System (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 46 (1988), S. 299-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The nonlinearI – V behaviour and threshold switching of the bulk Se-Te-Sn system have been experimentally studied at various temperatures. It is observed that the curves are linear for low voltages and become superlinear at higher voltages. After a certain voltageV th, the current through the material shoots to a very high value and the potential across the material drops to a low value. It is also found that there is a decrease in Vh with increase in percentage of tin and temperature. An attempt is made to explain the nonlinearI – V behaviour and threshold switching on the basis of a microcrystallite model. A study of Se-Te-Sn system reveals that our results are in concurrence with the theoretical predictions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01210350
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between optical and structural properties of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (1989)
    Springer
    Applied physics 48 (1989), S. 295-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.40 ; 73.60 ; 78.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A series of experimental studies has been made on the relationship between optical and structural properties of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) prepared under various conditions. It has been clarified by analysing the results that the shape of the energy spectrum near the band edge and the distribution of the valence-band tail states depend primarily on the structural disorder of the Si network in a-Si:H. On the other hand, the total content and the bonding mode of bonded hydrogen have little effects on these electronic properties of a-Si:H. It has also been found that the distribution of the valenceband tail states might be related to other unidentified factor(s) besides the structural disorder. The present results have been compared with those of the previous experimental and theoretical studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00618889
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Theoretical analysis of trapping and recombination of photogenerated carriers in amorphous silicon solar cells (1985)
    Springer
    Applied physics 37 (1985), S. 153-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 86.30 ; 72.40 ; 73.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have made theoretical studies on the trapping and recombination of photogenerated carriers in hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si∶H) p-i-n solar cells. We discuss in detail the following points: 1) The limitations of the assumptions in the previous analysis. It has been clarified that the single-level Shockley-Read-Hall model for carrier recombination and the treatment of trap occupation in terms of quasi-Fermi levels are inadequate for exact analysis. 2) The superlinear dependence of carrier recombination rate on the free-carrier density which can explain the enhancement of photo-induced changes ina-Si∶H under high intensity light. 3) The estimation of capture cross section of the tail states ina-Si∶H. We show that the charged and neutral tail states have rather small capture cross sections of less than 10−16 cm2 and of less than 10−19 cm2, respectively. 4) The effect of the recombination of photogenerated (PG) carriers at the p/i and the n/i interfaces. We estimate the recombination velocityS of PG carriers at these interfaces to be about 103 cm/s. It has been also clarified that the decrease inS is effective to improve the cell performance, especially the open circuit voltage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00617500
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Position dependence of average electron velocity in a submicrometer GaAs channel (1985)
    Springer
    Applied physics 38 (1985), S. 57-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72 ; 72.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Monte Carlo method has been applied to obtain the average electron velocity at different positions of a submicrometer GaAs channel in the presence of a position independent electric field. Velocity-distance curves are presented for channel lengths of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 μm and for lattice temperatures of 300 and 77 K. The curves show significant effects of collisions and boundary conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00618727
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ion beam induced atomic mixing in Fe/Al bilayered samples (1986)
    Springer
    Applied physics 41 (1986), S. 127-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.80 ; 72.15 ; 73.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Atomic mixing of Fe/Al bilayered samples induced by an energetic xenon beam has been studied by RBS-TEM and sheet resistivity measurements. Mixing is detected at 2.5 × 1015 Xe/cm2 and then proceeds up to 2 × 1016 Xe/cm2. A blocking effect of the mixing for larger doses is observed. Homogeneous concentration is not obtained across the sample. Instead a pronounced graded composition is reached. Several explanations of the mixing process and the subsequent blocking effect are suggested: — sharp gradients in the nuclear energy deposition profile which decrease with dose — grain growth phenomena — precipitation of crystalline xenon acting as efficient annihilation sinks for vacancies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00631120
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of surface roughness on the resistivity increase of thin metal films during gas adsorption (1987)
    Springer
    Applied physics 42 (1987), S. 87-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 73.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The resistivity increase of very thin metal films during gas adsorption is stronger than predicted by the commond −1 law. This effect is contributed to surface roughness. A quantitative theory is presented which leads to an additionald −3 term. The theory is checked using literature data obtained for the Ag/O2 system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00618162
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photopyroelectric spectroscopy (P2ES) of electronic defect centers in crystalline n-CdS (1987)
    Springer
    Applied physics 44 (1987), S. 123-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.20 ; 61.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Photopyroelectric spectroscopy (P2ES) of n-CdS single crystals was performed at an open circuit, and in conjunction with photocurrent spectroscopy (PCS) in the presence of an applied ac or dc transverse field. The results showed that P2ES is very sensitive to the presence of deliberately introduced subbandgap defect structures, with the P2E signal dominated by non-radiative de-excitation mechanisms at defect centers. The potential of this technique as a powerful electronic defect diagnostic tool, combined with the overall experimental simplicity, was demonstrated with mm-thick crystals used as received in an open-cell geometry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00626412
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conductivity fluctuations in planar resistors (1987)
    Springer
    Applied physics 43 (1987), S. 93-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.20 ; 73.60 ; 41
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Non-uniform planar resistors are modelled by a small stochastic conductivity pattern superimposed on the constant mean conductivity. At first a theoretical analysis is presented giving the mean square deviation of the resistor current for a given applied voltage. The same problem is then simulated by Monte-Carlo experiments and a good agreement is observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00617959
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fundamental studies and device application of δ-doping in GaAs Layers and in AlxGa1−xAs/GaAs heterostructures (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 45 (1988), S. 233-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.55 ; 68.65 ; 73.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In addition to the realization of atomically abrupt interfaces in III–V semiconductors by molecular beam epitaxy, the confinement of donor and acceptor impurities to an atomic plane normal to the crystal growth direction, calledδ-doping, is important for the fabrication of artifically layered semiconductor structures. The implementation ofδ-function-like doping profiles by using Si donors and Be acceptors generates V-shaped potential wells in GaAs and AlxGa1−xAs with a quasi-two-dimensional (2D) electron (or hole) gas. In this review we define three areas of fundamental and device aspects associated withδ-doping. (i) The prototype structure ofδ-doping formed by a single atomic plane of Si donors in GaAs allows to study the 2D electron gas by magnetotransport and tunneling experiments, to study the metal-insulator transition, and to study central-cell and multivalley effects. In addition, non-alloyed ohmic contacts to GaAs and GaAs field-effect transistors (δ-FETs) with a buried 2D channel of high carrier density can be fabricated fromδ-doped material. (ii) GaAs sawtooth doping superlattices, consisting of a periodic sequence of alternating n- and p-typeδ-doping layers equally spaced by undoped regions, emit light of high intensity at wavelengths of 0.9 〈λ 〈1.2 [μm], which is attractive for application in photonic devices. The observed carrier transport normal to the layers due to tunneling indicates the feasibility of this superlattice as effective-mass filter. (iii) The confinement of donors (or acceptors) to an atomic (001) plane in selectively doped AlxGa1−xAs/GaAs heterostructures leads to very high mobilities, to high 2D carrier densities, and to a reduction of the undesired persistent photo-conductivity. Theseδ-doped heterostructures are thus important for application in transistors with improved current driving capabilities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00615010
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low-temperature fabrication of silicon nitride films by ArF excimer laser irradiation (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 46 (1988), S. 249-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.55 ; 73.60 ; 77.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The low-temperature fabrication of silicon nitride films by ArF excimer laser irradiation has been studied. Two fabrication methods are presented. One is photo-enhanced direct nitridation of a silicon surface with NH3 for very thin gate insulators, and the other is photo-enhanced deposition of silicon nitride films with Si2H6 and NH3 gases for stable passivation films. The ArF excimer laser irradiation dissociates the NH3 gas producing NH and NH2 radicals which proved effective in instigating the nitridation reaction. The quality of both films has been much improved and the growth temperature has been lowered by using laser irradiation. These photo-enhanced processes seem to be promising ULSI techniques because they do not depend on high temperatures and are free from possible reactor contamination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01141590
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of the hot-electron conductivity in semiconductors using ultrafast electric pulses (1989)
    Springer
    Applied physics 48 (1989), S. 245-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Semiconductor response to ultrafast electric pulses was investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The possibilities for hot-electron drift velocity estimation from a pulsed electric conductivity measurement were analysed. An optoelectronic arrangement with time resolution of 20 ps was used to perform such measurements on then-InSb andn-InAs single crystals. Negative differential mobility (n.d.m.) was observed in both semiconductors at high electric fields.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00619393
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of H-dilution on the transport properties of doped a-Si1−x Ge x : H alloys (1989)
    Springer
    Applied physics 49 (1989), S. 165-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.20 ; 72.40 ; 73.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with the optimization of growth conditions for a-Si1-x Ge x :H alloys. It is shown that H-dilution of source gases selectively improves the band transport of electrons without significantly affecting the recombination center density or the band transport of holes. It is further shown that the beneficial effects of H-dilution are most pronounced in alloys with comparable densities of Si and Ge.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00616295
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    AC electrical behaviour of a Pb2CrO5 ceramic sample with surface electrodes (1989)
    Springer
    Applied physics 49 (1989), S. 665-670 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.20 ; 72.40 ; 72.80J ; 77.40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract ac measurements (1 Hz–10 kHz) have been carried out on a Pb2CrO5 ceramic sample (with surface electrodes) at room temperature as a function of voltage and intensity of visible light illuminating the sample. Cole-Cole complex impedance plots show that the electrical behaviour of Pb2CrO5 is strongly modified when the sample is illuminated. The bulk conductance of the sample is found to increase with increasing light intensity indicating that this dielectric material becomes semiconducting due to the photogeneration of free charge carriers in the conduction band. The dielectric constant of the sample is enhanced by illumination probably due to light-dependent space charge effects in a manner where the dielectric's relaxation time (τ=RC=0.7 ms) remains constant with light intensity. On the other hand, both the bulk conductance and geometrical capacitance of the sample have been found to be almost independent of the applied voltage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00616991
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contact versus bulk noise in resistive layers (1985)
    Springer
    Applied physics 36 (1985), S. 183-187 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 02 ; 72.20 ; 72.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract General formulae are derived to calculate the noise generated by a resistor of arbitrary shape. Contact and bulk noise have been taken into account. By calculating a particular example it will be shown that the influence of the contact and bulk noise can be changed by varying the resistor's shape.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00616550
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Passivation of high-resistivity cadmium telluride by hydrogen implantation (1987)
    Springer
    Applied physics 43 (1987), S. 47-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Cadmium telluride crystals grown by the Travelling Heater Method (THM) technique have been implanted with hydrogen using protons from 2 keV to 3 MeV. Electrical measurements indicate drastic changes in the concentration of defects, especially in the 0.15–0.20 and 0.45–0.60 eV bands. However, the modification induced by hydrogen depends on the starting material, implantation and annealing conditions. Furthermore, resistivity and carrier lifetime are also strongly affected by this treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00615205
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrical properties and degradation behavior of hydrogenated amorphous Si alloys for solar cells (1986)
    Springer
    Applied physics 41 (1986), S. 275-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 85.30 ; 86.30 ; 73.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The electrical properties and the degradation behavior of hydrogenated amorphous silicon alloys (a-Si1−x A x : H, with A=C, Ge, B, P) in designs of pin, pip, nin, and MOS structures are investigated by measuring the dark and light I(V) characteristics and the spectral response as well as the space-charge-limited current (SCLC), the time of flight (TOF) of carriers and the field effect (FE). These investigations give an overview of our recent work combined with new results emphasizing the physics of the a-Si:H pin solar cells. We discuss the stabilizing influence on the degradation behavior achieved by profiling the i layers of the pin solar cells with P and B. Two kinds of pin solar cells, namely glass/SnO2/p(C)in/metal and glass/metal/pin/ITO, are investigated and an explanation of their different spectral response behavior is given. SCLC measurements lead to the conclusion that trapping is also involved in the degradation mechanism, as is recombination. TOF experiments on a-Si1−x Ge x : H pin diodes indicate that the incorporation of Ge widens the tail-state distribution below the conduction band. FE measurements showed densities of gap states of about 5×l016cm−3eV−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00616049
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature dependence of AC-photoconductivity of HgI2 crystal (1987)
    Springer
    Applied physics 42 (1987), S. 129-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.20 ; 72.80J ; 70.90
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An ac impedance method has been used to study the electrical properties of an illuminated HgI2 crystal as a function of temperature [10–350 K] and frequency [1–104 Hz]. The complex impedance plane plots enabled us to determine the bulk resistance of the crystal as a function of temperature. Activation energies of [0.08±0.005 eV] and [0.25 ±0.01eV] are then found; they are attributed to acceptor and donor trapping levels, respectively. At temperatures lower than 230 K, a weak temperature dependence of the bulk resistance is observed. This weak dependence is supposed to be due to photoconductivity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00616722
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    Microwave dielectric properties of Ti4+/MgO and Ni2+/MgO (1985)
    Springer
    Applied physics 36 (1985), S. 63-65 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 66 ; 72.20 ; 77.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The dielectric properties of titanium-doped magnesium oxide (Ti/MgO) and nickel-doped magnesium oxide (Ni/MgO) single crystals have been measured in the range of temperature from 300 to 450 K at the microwave frequency of 9.31 GHz. For both crystals the dielectric properties are found similar. From the conductivity data, the activation energy in the measured temperature region has been estimated to be 0.15 eV. The values of the temperature dependence (ε′−1)−1(ε′+2)−1 (∂ε′/∂T) p have been calculated. The data confirms the Bosmann and Havinga postulate that, for materials in which the dielectric constant;ε′ is less than 20 the temperature dependence should be positive.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00616463
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  • 26
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    Hydrogen sulphide doping of GaAs and AlxGa1−xAs grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) (1985)
    Springer
    Applied physics 36 (1985), S. 147-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.55 ; 73.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract H2S gas has been used during molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth of GaAs and Al x Ga1−x As as sulphur vector forn-type doping. Doping efficiencies are less than 10−3 at usual growth temperatures, and are limited by an incorporation competitive surface process, probably 2Ga+H2S→Ga2S+H2. In AlxGa1−x As forx≧0.2 the doping efficiency is further reduced by carrier freeze-out at deep levels. Measured thermal activation energies depend on growth conditions and remain relatively low even up to the direct-indirect bandgap crossover for substrate temperatures in the 585–645
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00624935
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  • 27
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    Single-wafer optical processing of semiconductors thin insulator growth for integrated electronic device applications (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 46 (1988), S. 255-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 73.60 ; 77.50 ; 81.10
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents an overview of the single-wafer optical processing techniques for integrated circuit fabrication with an emphasis on their applications to insulator growth. Rapid thermal growth of various thin homogeneous and heterogeneous dielectrics on silicon substrates including silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, nitrided oxides, and composition-tailored insulators will be described and some electronic device applications of the rapidly grown dielectrics will be examined. Multicycle rapid growth processes have been used for dielectric structural engineering and in-situ formation of thin layered insulators. The compositional depth profiles and the electrical characteristics of devices are controlled through the synthesis of an appropriate sequence of the wafer temperature-vs-time profiles and process gas cycles. The ongoing developments and future prospects of single-wafer rapid processing for advanced microelectronics manufacturing will also be discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01210345
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  • 28
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    Temperature dependence of photodegradation in amorphous hydrogenated silicon (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 46 (1988), S. 5-8 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 73.60 ; 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of steady-state photoconductivity with respect to light-induced defect generation in amorphous hydrogenated silicon (a-Si: H) show that the power index of the time evolution (long-term observation) of the photodegradation is determined by the exposure temperature and the material.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00615129
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  • 29
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    Spatial distribution of impurities in delta-doped n-type GaAs (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 47 (1988), S. 123-129 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 81.10 ; 73.60 ; 75.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Capacitance-voltage (CV) profiling measurements on delta-doped n-type GaAs reveal extremely narrow peaks with a full-width at half-maximum of 40 Å. Comparison of experimental with self-consistently calculated CV profiles demonstrates that Si impurities are localized on a length scale of a lattice constant in delta-doped GaAs. Diffusion and segregation are of minor importance. The basic theory of CV measurements on quantummechanical systems such as delta-doped semiconductors is developed and presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00618876
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  • 30
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    Ground state magnetic properties of ultrathin fcc Fe and Co films on Cu(001) surfaces (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 47 (1988), S. 73-76 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 73.60 ; 75.60 ; 68.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have grown by means of Molecular Beam Epitaxy ultrathin (1 to ∼ 10 ML) films of fcc Fe and Co on a Cu(001) surface, thus stabilizing this high temperature phase of bulk Fe and Co at room temperature. All films, including the single monolayers, are ferromagnetic. The Co films are magnetized in plane, independently on the thickness. Fe films thicker than 2 ML are magnetized along the film normal. Up to now, the statistical uncertainty is still too large to conclusively prove an enhancement of the magnetic moment for the thinnest Co films.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00619700
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  • 31
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    Thermoelectric power of YBa2Cu3Ox in equilibrium with gas phases (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 47 (1988), S. 205-208 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 74.70 ; 72.20 ; 61.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Thermoelectric power (TP) and electrical conductivity (EC) measurements were performed for YEa2Cu3Ox at 1128 K under controlled oxygen partial pressure varying between 50 and 105 Pa. Three regimes are observed for the electrical properties. At low $$p_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } (〈 1.6{\text{ }} \times {\text{ 10}}^{\text{2}} {\text{ }}{\text{Pa}})$$ both TP and EC remain constant with $$p_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } $$ . In the medium range $$(1.6{\text{ }} \times {\text{ 10}}^{\text{2}}〈 p_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }〈 7.6{\text{ }} \times {\text{ 10}}^{\text{3}} {\text{ Pa)}}$$ sharp changes of both electrical parameters occur; TP changes sign from positive above 4×102 Pa to negative below this $$p_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } $$ value. In the high $$p_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } $$ region (〉7.6×103 Pa) TP vs log $$p_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } $$ exhibits two slopes; 5.1 below 1.5×104 Pa and 8.4 above this $$p_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } $$ value. The slopes can be discussed in terms of the defect structure involving singly and doubly ionized oxygen vacancies below and above 7.6×103 Pa, respectively.
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  • 32
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    Electrical properties and thermal conductivity of AgTlTe2 in the solid and liquid phases (1989)
    Springer
    Applied physics 48 (1989), S. 251-253 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of the electrical conductivity, thermelectric power and thermal conductivity of an AgTlTe2 semiconductor in the solid and liquid states were carried out in a wide range of temperatures. In the liquid state the data analyzed in terms of a model developed for the density of states and electrical transport in solid amorphous semiconductors. Positive thermoelectric power suggests a large predominance of holes in electrical transport.
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  • 33
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    Amorphous hydrogenated carbon films on semiconductors (1989)
    Springer
    Applied physics 48 (1989), S. 549-558 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 79.60 ; 73.40 ; 73.60 ; 73.60H ; 71.25M ; 81.15 ; 46.30P
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The interface properties of hydrogenated amorphous carbon films (a-C:H) on Si and GaAs substrates have been studied by in-situ photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. The a-C:H films have been deposited by direct ion beam deposition. Distinct differences in the interface formation have been observed during film depositon on the two substrates. The data clearly reveal a decomposition of the GaAs at the interface which can be related to the reduced adhesion of a-C: H on the compound semiconductor substrate.
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    Transition metal impurities in silicon: New defect reactions (1989)
    Springer
    Applied physics 49 (1989), S. 431-436 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 71.55 ; 66.30 ; 73.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Recent investigations on transition-metal impurities in silicon emphasizing the effect of the combined diffusion of two transition metals are presented and briefly discussed. The electronic properties and basic thermal kinetics are analysed by DLTS. The conversion of a Pd-related multivalent defect atE c-0.35 eV andE c-0.57 eV to the Pd-related defect atE c −0.22 eV is observed, and a Pd-Fe complex level atE c −0.32 eV is identified. The annealing characteristics of the multivalent Rh levels atE c-0.33 eV andE c-0.57 eV are observed, and used to analyse the influence of prior Rh doping on the Au diffusion. A complex formed by the codiffusion of Au and Cu is observed atE v+0.32eV andE v+0.42 eV, and shown to exhibit bistable behavior as does a similarly produced Au-Ni complex observed atE v + 0.35 eV andE v+0.48 eV.
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  • 35
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    Optical, structural, electrical and optoelectronic properties of hydrogenated amorphous Si1−x C x alloy thin films prepared by planar magnetron sputtering method (1985)
    Springer
    Applied physics 38 (1985), S. 37-43 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 73.60 ; 72.40 ; 78.20
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    Notes: Abstract Amorphous Si1−xCx: H thin films were prepared by the rf magnetron sputtering method using a composite target of silicon and graphite. The dependence of the optical, structural, electrical, and optoelectronic properties on the carbon contentx was investigated, by measuring the optical absorption spectra, ir spectra, dark conductivity, photoconductivity and ESCA spectra. The optical gap was found to be unchanged with increasingx below about 0.6, in spite of the increase in the amount of the SiC bond. This is considered to be due to the formation of the carbon clusters. It is found that the photosensitivity shows a maximum at aboutx = 0.2, and is about one order of magnitude larger than the film withx = 0. This is related to the decrease in the dark conductivity, which is ascribed both to the formation of the SiC bond and to the reorganization of the defect-rich structure of sputter-deposited amorphous Si by the addition of about 20% carbon. The photoconductive effect was gradually lost in the range ofx above 0.6. In this range, the optical gap increases rapidly owing to the rapid increase of the SiC bond.
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  • 36
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    Hole initiated impact ionization in indium antimonide (1985)
    Springer
    Applied physics 38 (1985), S. 145-149 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The impact ionization in p-type indium antimonide at 77 K was investigated both experimentally and theoretically. The dc pulse measurements with the time resolution of 50 ps and the high-field Hall measurements produced clear evidence that the impact ionization inp-InSb is initiated by equilibrium holes. The calculated hole generation rate gives good agreement with the experimental results.
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  • 37
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    On the origin of the hot-electron instabilities inn-InSb at crossed electric and magnetic fields (1986)
    Springer
    Applied physics 39 (1986), S. 135-139 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Coherent current oscillations with frequencies of several hundreds of megahertz and microwave generation at frequencies up to 40 GHz were investigated in then-InSb samples subjected to crossed electric and magnetic fields. They are shown as being caused by electric field redistribution and negative differential mobility in high-field regions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00616831
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  • 38
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    Validity of quasi-static capacitance-voltage measurements applied to hydrogenated amorphous silicon diodes (1986)
    Springer
    Applied physics 40 (1986), S. 171-176 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 73.60 ; 71.20 ; 86.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have reexamined the validity of quasi-static capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements when applied to hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si: H) diodes. Displacement currents with the application of a linear ramp voltage to an a-Si:H Schottky diode exhibit a slow response with time constants ranging 0.1–1 s which cannot be measured completely by the conventional measurements. The measured capacitance and the effective density of gap states obtained from the measurement depend on the timing of current observation even when the small value of the order of 0.01 V/s is chosen for the ramp rate. We propose a possible means to realize the true quasi-staticC-V measurement of a-Si:H diodes.
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  • 39
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    MITATT mode in DDR heterostructure Impatt (1987)
    Springer
    Applied physics 42 (1987), S. 303-309 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.20 ; 79.20 ; 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Large signal characterisation of double heterostructure DDR Impatt diode has been carried out in the millimeter-wave range considering the MITATT mode of operation. The structure of the device is p+-p2-p1-n1-n2-n+ where impact ionisation and tunneling takes place in the p1-n1 region. In this study we have considered two well-known heterostructures, e.g., InP/GaInAs/InP and InP/InGaAsP/InP and one nonconventional structure GaAs/InP/GaAs. The theoretical results of the performances of these devices as regards of output power, efficiency, and negative conductance revealed that the structures are quite promising as the source of power in the millimeter-wave range. The analysis may be used for other mm wave DDR heterostructure Impatts.
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  • 40
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    The pre-exponential factor of the escape probability in thermally stimulated processes (1987)
    Springer
    Applied physics 43 (1987), S. 29-35 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 71 ; 72.20 ; 78
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The pre-exponential factor of the transition probability of a trapped charge carrier into an excited state is evaluated from two different approaches. The semi-classical treatment based on a thermodynamical concept involves the calculation of the vibrational entropy change from the partition sum. The quantum-mechanical treatment deals with non-radiative transitions due to electron-phonon coupling. The factor is found to be explicitely dependent on both the temperature and the lattice vibration frequencies represented by a single Einstein oscillator. In addition, the results from different concepts show similar behaviour. As a consequence the effect of lattice vibrations on the position as well as on the shape of glow peaks in thermally stimulated measurements are investigated on a simple phenomenological base. The analysis of some experimental results can be performed in accordance with the theoretical predictions.
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  • 41
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    Temperature dependence of dielectric behaviour of illuminated HgI2 (1987)
    Springer
    Applied physics 43 (1987), S. 61-63 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.20 ; 72.80J ; 70.90
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The real part of the dielectric constant was studied in the temperature range of 340 to 10 K, and at frequencies that range from 1 to 104 Hz. The dipole contribution to the dielectric constant has been found at temperatures lower than 110 K while the space-charge contribution due to the increase of crystal defects is dominant at temperatures higher than 290K.
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  • 42
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    Toward molecular electronics (1987)
    Springer
    Applied physics 43 (1987), S. 139-141 
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    Keywords: 85.40 ; 72.20 ; 76
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A polarized N-O bond behaves as an intramolecular p-n junction. Their rectifying properties have been found in 1,3-dimethylisoxasole, 1-phenylsydnone, and 1-(4-methylphenyl)sydnone molecules based on H1-NMR data.
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  • 43
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    Phase formation and redistribution of Xe implanted in the Ni-Si system after fast melting and solidification (1987)
    Springer
    Applied physics 44 (1987), S. 279-284 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 81.40 ; 72.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The behaviour of Xe implanted at the Ni-Si interface and irradiated with Nd-laser pulses is studied in details and compared with Xe implantation into NiSi2 and into pure Si. Ion beam mixing followed by laser irradiation is able to form good quality epitaxial NiSi2 layer on Si. An inward segregation of Xe is observed with retention of Xe at a depth of 30 nm inside pure silicon. Implantation of Xe into NiSi2 or pure Si causes broadening and loss of Xe, as generally observed for implantation into pure materials. The different behaviour of Xe at the Si/NiSi2 interface must thus be ascribed to peculiar characteristics of the interface itself.
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  • 44
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    Threshold switching effects in AgTlSe2 and CuTlSe2 films (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 46 (1988), S. 113-117 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Switching effects in AgTlSe2 and CuTlSe2 chalcopyrite semiconductors films have been investigated. The threshold switching voltage was found to increase linearly with the thickness, moreoverV th increases exponentially with the temperature. The rapid transition between the highly resistive and conductive states was attributed to an electrothermal origin from Joule's heating of a current channel.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00615918
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  • 45
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    Hydrogenated amorphous silicon films obtained by a low pressure dc glow discharge (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 46 (1988), S. 207-213 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.40 ; 72.20 ; 78.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Films of a-Si: H have been deposited by means of a dc hot cathode discharge of SiH4 with electrostatic confinement at a pressure as low as 0.4 Pa. The plasma used is quite quiescent as has been observed by means of reproducible Langmuir probe measurements. Substrates have been placed at different locations in between the electrodes, some of them facing the anode and the others facing the cathode. Films deposited on substrates facing the cathode present a granular, non-columnar, structure, an IR spectrum with only SiH absorption peaks, and a very low photoresponse. Films deposited on substrates facing the anode have a similar IR spectrum but are homogeneous, have lower hydrogen content, and present a high photoresponse. The optical absorption coefficientα shows in all samples theαnE=C(E−E0) x behaviour, but with exponentx=3 and notx=2 as is usually considered in a-Si∶H.
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  • 46
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    Low-temperature fabrication of silicon nitride films by ArF excimer laser irradiation (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 46 (1988), S. 249-253 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.55 ; 73.60 ; 77.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The low-temperature fabrication of silicon nitride films by ArF excimer laser irradiation has been studied. Two fabrication methods are presented. One is photoenhanced direct nitridation of a silicon surface with NH3 for very thin gate insulators, and the other is photo-enhanced deposition of silicon nitride films with Si2H6 and NH3 gases for stable passivation films. The ArF excimer laser irradiation dissociates the NH3 gas producing NH and NH2 radicals which proved effective in instigating the nitridation reaction. The quality of both films has been much improved and the growth temperature has been lowered by using laser irradiation. These photo-enhanced processes seem to be promising ULSI techniques because they do not depend on high temperatures and are free from possible reactor contamination.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01210344
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  • 47
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    Single-wafer optical processing of semiconductors: Thin insulator growth for integrated electronic device applications (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 46 (1988), S. 255-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 73.60 ; 77.50 ; 81.10
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents an overview of the single-wafer optical processing techniques for integrated circuit fabrication with an emphasis on their applications to insulator growth. Rapid thermal growth of various thin homogeneous and heterogeneous dielectrics on silicon substrates including silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, nitrided oxides, and composition-tailored insulators will be described and some electronic device applications of the rapidly grown dielectrics will be examined. Multicycle rapid growth processes have been used for dielectric structural engineering and in-situ formation of thin layered insulators. The compositional depth profiles and the electrical characteristics of devices are controlled through the synthesis of an appropriate sequence of the wafer temperature-vs-time profiles and process gas cycles. The ongoing developments and future prospects of single-wafer rapid processing for advanced microelectronics manufacturing will also be discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01141591
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  • 48
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    Mechanism for nonlinearI-V behaviour and the temperature dependence of threshold switching in the Se-Te-Sn system (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 46 (1988), S. 299-303 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The nonlinearI–V behaviour and threshold switching of the bulk Se-Te-Sn system have been experimentally studied at various temperatures. It is observed that the curves are linear for low voltages and become superlinear at higher voltages. After a certain voltageV th, the current through the material shoots to a very high value and the potential across the material drops to a low value. It is also found that there is a decrease inV th with increase in percentage of tin and temperature. An attempt is made to explain the nonlinearI–V behaviour and threshold switching on the basis of a microcrystallite model. A study of Se-Te-Sn system reveals that our results are in concurrence with the theoretical predictions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01141596
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    Quantitative characterization of chaotic instabilities in semiconductors (1989)
    Springer
    Applied physics 48 (1989), S. 181-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.20 ; 72.70 ; 06
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A method for quantitative characterization of chaotic dynamical systems is discussed. An electronic instrument for determining the number of independent variablesk *, involved in the motion, is described. It allows one to obtain these in real time from a single observable. The suggested technique has been applied to quantification of strange attractors underlying chaotic instabilities in semi-insulating GaAs∶Cr, and n-Ge, irradiated with high energy electrons. In n-Ge, for instance, the measured numbersk * range from 2 to 4 depending on control parameters. These measurements reveal the highly deterministic nature of the observed chaotic oscillations. The physical mechanisms responsible for the current instabilities and chaotic behaviour are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01141282
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    Electrical conduction in Cu/Mn multilayer films (1989)
    Springer
    Applied physics 49 (1989), S. 273-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 73.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Metallic superlattices of copper and manganese have been synthesized on glass and mica substrates by a sequential evaporation technique. The electrical resistivity and the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of layered Cu/Mn has been studied for various thicknesses (d) in the range 2–6 nm by varying the number of double layers (n) from 5–35. The transition from a negative to positive TCR has been observed ford 〉5 nm. The thickness dependence of room temperature resistivity (ϱ RT) and TCR shows oscillatory behaviour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00616854
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    Chemical etching of poly(ethylene terephthalate) filaments (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 19-33 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Chemical etching of poly(ethylene terephthalate) filaments with aqueous methylamine has revealed a complex stress - cracking behavior, which varied with orientation and thermal crystallization conditions. The appearance of both longitudinal and transverse cracks, can be explained on the basis of the existence of two types of domains, where the stresses are preferentially concentrated. They are explained on the basis of Prevorsek's structural model. In heat-set fibers, there exists a skin to core differentiation in the internal stress distribution. The crack pattern also varied depending on whether the fibers were heat-set in the taut or slack conditions. This chemical etching technique can prove to be a very useful tool, for the study of the internal stress distribution induced in fibers by various fabrication processes or post mechanical deformations.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300102
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    Simulation of ARB type reversible step growth polymerization in semibatch reactors (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 445-460 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The polymerization of ARB type reversible step growth polymerization in semibatch reactors has been simulated. It is assumed that the condensation byproduct W and the monomer P1 both can vaporize, but P1 is refluxed back to the reactor. Raoults law as well as Flory-Huggins theory have been used to account for vapor-liquid equilibrium. The degree of polymerization, μn, and the polydispersity index DN have been computed for various situations. The results are found to be most sensitive to the total pressure and the equilibrium constant. A limiting total pressure history PT(T) has been obtained, going below which does not help to increase μn. The final set of equations incorporate both equalities as well as inequalities, and a simple and efficient computational scheme has been suggested to solve them.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300201
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    Double exposure stabilization of positive photoresist (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 547-555 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Positive photoresists appeared to be the most promising material in VLSI microfabrication for ten or more years from now. Thus, processing know-how needs to be accumulated continuously. This work deals with thermal characteristics of positive photoresist. The following facts were declared experimentally. The quinone diazide, photosensitizer, was thermally decomposed at around 140°C to release N2. Simultaneously the surface layer of resist film was changed into innert state, called as ‘husk’, with low gas permeability and high chemical resistance. These thermal changes in resist film affect the photoresist to SiO2 adhesion. In this work a noble process, named double exposure stabilization, is developed to get sufficient chemical resistance and good adhesion simultaneously.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300208
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    Annealing of polypropylene/poly(ethylene-co-propylene) blend. II. Influence of the structure and properties of poly(ethylene-co-propylene) and blended polyethylene on impact strength (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 497-513 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of annealing on the impact strength of PP/poly(ethylene-co-propylene) (PEP) and PP/PEP/PE blends was studied with regard to the structure of PEP and the polyethylene crystallinity. The tensile impact strength of annealed blends was remarkably affected by the PEP structure such as molecular weight and comonomer composition and the annealing temperature, while the brittle temperature was scarcely affected. For the PP/PEP/PE blends, annealing at temperatures above the melting point of PE lowers the tensile impact strength in a similar manner as the PP/crystalline PEP blend. These phenomena were explained on the basis of the deformation mechanism presented in the previous article, that is, a thicker interfacial layer of PP and PEP forms by means of annealing to increase the energy needed to deform the interface. By using a scanning electron microscope, the transition layer was observed at the interface between amorphous PEP and PE in the PP/amorphous PEP/PE blend after etching with nitric acid. The formation of a thicker transition layer between amorphous PEP and PE and a sizeable increase in PE particle size by annealing was observed. The phenomena should be correlated with the impact sensitivity, especially tensile impact strength, in the PP/crystalline PEP and PP/amorphous PEP/PE blends. A reasonable explanation of the microstructure in PP/PEP blends has been developed in terms of comonomer composition and melting property of PEP.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300205
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    The effect of alkali salt on solvent-polyacrylonitrile interaction (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 667-673 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In solvent spinning of polyacrylonitrile from DMF or DMSO, it is observed that complete removal of solvent is rather difficult. It is shown that addition of Lithium salt, e.g., lithium bromide to the solution before casting a film helps in removing the solvent easily. The probable mechanism of the action of lithium salt in solvent removal is investigated, and it has been shown that the formation of coordinate linkage with the ion stops solvent bonding.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300216
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    No2-initiated polymerization of acrylamide in dimethylsulfoxide (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 723-729 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: NO2-initiated polymerization of acrylamide in dimethylsulfoxide was carried out. The dependence of monomer, initiator concentrations, and temperature on polymer yield and initial rate of polymerization was studied. The overall activation energy of polymerization was calculated to be about 15 kcal mol-1. The copolymerization of acrylamide with methyl methacrylate was also studied. The kinetic mechanism of polymerization was proposed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300220
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    Overall NCO/OH ratio and microphase separation in urethane elastomers (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 761-768 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Several polyurethanes were prepared from poly(ethylene adipate) glycol, 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), and 1,4-butanediol. The overall NCO/OH ratio was allowed to vary from 0.94 to 1.21. Thus, the obtained elastomers differed in the amount of allophanate groups and perfection of microphase separation. These effects were studied by dielectric and pulsed NMR techniques. The results show that quite subtle effects concerning molecular mobility and its restriction due to interfacial region, perfection of the separation, and inadequacy of thermomechanical measurements can be investigated in the presented way.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Dielectric behavior of wood-polystyrene composite (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 799-804 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dielectric phenomena for alder wood natural and modified with polystyrene were studied. Temperature dependences of the complex permittivity components of these materials were obtained for the temperature interval from 100 to 450 K at the frequencies of measuring electric field of 420 Hz, 2 kHz, and 10 kHz. The changes in structure of wood cell walls were found, detected as an increase in number of polar functional groups taking part in the relaxation processes and as a partial freezing of conformational degrees of freedom of macromolecule fragments carrying these groups. The origin of the structural changes can be the efect of wood substance swelling caused by polystyrene, which penetrates the composite cell walls.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300228
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    Mechanisms of antioxidant action: Transformations involved in the antioxidant function of zinc dialkyl dithiocarbamates. I (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 789-797 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The antioxidant mechanism of zinc dialkyl dithiocarbamate is examined in detail in model compounds. The kinetics of the reaction of zinc dialkyl dithiocarbamate with hydroperoxides were studied in inert and oxidizable substrates. A typical electron donor antioxidant and a base (CaCO3) were found to inhibit the peroxide decomposition. The oxidation products of the Zinc II complex appear to be quite different from those of the nickel II and iron III complexes. Two processes are involved in the antioxidant function of the zinc complex: The first is a free radical decomposition of the peroxides, which predominates at molar cumene hydroperoxide (CHP)/zinc diethyl dithiocarbamate (ZnDEC) ratios of 10 or less. At higher molar ratios an ionic reaction predominates, although there is a radical contribution at all ratios. Thiocarbamoyl disulfide does not seem to be formed as an intermediate from ZnDEC during the ionic process.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300227
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    Characterization of Na ion-sensitive solvent polymeric membranes based on a neutral carrier (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 487-496 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The states in the surface and the bulk phases of Na ion-sensitive polymeric membranes based on a synthetic carrier were investigated using SEM, IR, 13C-NMR, and GC. The 13C-NMR study revealed that conformation change of the carrier took place when the carrier was incorporated into the membrane phase. From SEM, IR, and 13C-NMR experiments with a deteriorated membrane, the conformation change of the carrier was proposed as one of the deterioration factors other than the decrease in the diffusion coefficient of the carrier in the membrane phase.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300204
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    Stabilization of nigeria natural (havea) rubber with bound antioxidant added as masterbatch (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 571-580 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Nigeria natural rubber concentrates in a newly synthesized antioxidant were added as conventional additives for normal natural rubber. The natural weathering, thermal and photooxidative protective performance of the adduct were examined by measurement of the carbonyl index and induction periods. From the results obtained, it is concluded that the addition of this new antioxidant in the form of masterbatch appears to be a better practical way of incorporating it into natural rubber simply by dilution of natural rubber. The bound stabilizers were found to be resistant to leaching.
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    The unfolding model for the representation of the mesophase layer in composites (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 621-645 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The adhesion between matrix and inclusions (fibers or particulates) in a composite material is one of principal factors characterizing the mechanical and physical behavior of the modern composite materials. All theoretical models describing these substances neglect to consider the influence of the boundary layer developed between phases during the preparation of the composite. In this paper, two versions of a theoretical model were introduced for the evaluation of this mesophase layer. It had been shown that this thin layer influences considerably the physical properties of the composite. It was assumed that the physical properties of the mesophase unfold from those of the hard-core fibers to those of the softer matrix. Thus, a multicylinder model was assumed, improving the classical two-cylinder model introduced by Hashin and Rosen for the representative volume element of the composite. Based on thermodynamic phenomena appearing at the glass transition temperatures of the composite and concerning the positions and the sizes of the heat-capacity jumps there, as well as on the experimental values of the longitudinal elastic modulus of the composite, the extent of the mesophase and the mechanical properties of the composite may be accurately evaluated. These versions of model are based on a previous one concerning a multilayer model, but they are considerably improved, in order to take into consideration, in a realistic manner, the physical phenomena developed in fiber-reinforced composites.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300214
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    Pore size evaluation for fine porous freeze-dried cellulose acetate membrane by gas separation (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 695-707 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The pore size for a fine porous freeze-dried cellulose acetate membrane was evaluated by gas separation methods, where the Present-deBethune equation was applied. Separation coefficients were referred to the calculated value for each pore size from this equation. Nuclepore, Millipore VS, and Millipore VC, whose pore sizes were already known by bubble point method, were tested for this method. Pore diameters for this cellulose acetate membrane, thus determined, were about 25 and 40 Å from Ar-Kr and N2-Kr separation systems, respectively, which agreed well with the results from electron microscope (50 Å) and N2 gas permeability (50 Å). However, it is impossible to apply this method to He gas separation, since He gas permeability is higher than the expected value as Knudsen flow, which indicates that some channels are existing in this membrane, where He gas is more permeable than the other gases.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    Solution-induced changes in the properties of polyethylenes (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 731-740 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The chain entanglement states in high density, linear low density, and low density polyethylenes (HDPE, LLDPE, and LDPE) have been modified by recovering the polymers from solutions in trichlorobenzene (TCB) and p-xylene. In the thermodynamically good solvent, TCB, the entanglement density is assumed to be sharply reduced, a condition which is carried over to the corresponding solids. These display transient, but large increments in tensile moduli, slight changes in stress at rupture, and decreases in dynamic mechanical parameters and in elongation at rupture. Scanning calorimetry also shows these solids to have reduced crystallinity. Much smaller property modifications are noted in corresponding samples recovered from p-xylene. This liquid is a poorer solvent, particularly for HDPE and LLDPE. The results indicate that property modifications due to deliberate changes in the entanglement states of the polymers are a general phenomenon in the polyethylenes, and the magnitude of property changes depends on parameters of the molecular weight distribution. Chain branching does not seem to be a leading factor in the sensitivity of properties to modifications in the entanglement states. The property modifications produced by the present solution treatments are viewed as guides to the magnitude and duration of shear refining effects to be expected in HDPE, LLDPE, and LDPE polymers.
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    Percolation conductivity in Nafion membranes (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 769-780 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This article deals with the method of determination of a threshold volume fraction of the conductive phase within perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer Nafion. Experiments have been performed with the commercial Nafion-120 and Nafion-427 membranes equilibrated with concentrated sodium chloride and sodium hydroxide solutions at 353 K. It has been stated that the insulator-to-conductor transition in membranes occurs at the critical volume fraction of the conductive phase (Vc) equal to 0.1. The same Vc has been estimated for a geometrical cluster-network model. Lower than the theoretical Vc for a classical dense-packed-hard-sphere model (Vc = 0.15), the volume fraction for the membranes is caused mainly by channels connecting the ionic clusters. The critical exponent t has been calculated for both membranes and found to be equal to 1.6 for Nafion-120 and 1.5 for Nafion-427. Both these constants correspond to those theoretically predicted for 3D systems. The ratios of sodium ion mobility in the internal membrane solution to its mobility in the equilibrating NaCl or NaOH solutions (u+/u+) are below unity, and they are dependent on the nature and concentration of the electrolyte.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300225
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    The viscoelastic properties of rubber-resin blends. I. The effect of resin structure (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 805-814 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blends of elastomers with the proper concentration of appropriate low molecular weight resins exhibit performance as pressure sensitive adhesives. Viscoelastic properties, which may be related to adhesive performance, were measured on 1:l blends of rubber and resin using a mechanical spectrometer. Significant differences in viscoelastic properties were observed depending upon the resin structure. On plots of G′ and tan δ vs. temperature, the addition of a compatible resin produces a pronounced shift of the tan δ peak to a higher temperature and reduces the modulus in the rubbery plateau. An incompatible resin results in a minor shift in the tan δ peak of the elastomer along with the appearance of a second peak at higher temperature, attributed to a second phase which is predominantly resin. Also, the modulus is increased in the rubbery plateau. A polystyrene resin, Mw about 900, is shown to be incompatible with natural rubber but compatible with styrene-butadiene rubber. A cycloaliphatic poly(viny1 cyclohexane) resin, Mw about 650, prepared by hydrogenating the polystyrene resin, is compatible with natural rubber, but incompatible with styrene-butadiene rubber. An alkyl-aromatic poly(tert-butylstyrene) resin, Mw about 850, which is intermediate in aromaticity between the aromatic polystyrene resin and the cycloaliphatic poly(viny1 cyclohexane) resin, is compatible with both natural rubber and styrene-butadiene rubber. Therefore, the structure of the resin is very important in adjusting the viscoelastic properties of a rubber-resin blend to achieve pressure sensitive adhesive performance.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300229
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    Thermal degradation of liquid polysulfide polymers: Pyrolysis-GC-MS and thermogravimetric studies (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 855-873 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The thermal decomposition of Thioped, a liquid polysulfide polymer based on dichloroethyl formal, was studied using pyrolysis-GC-MS. The nature and composition of the products of pyrolysis at 358 and 485°C are given. A striking feature of the product analysis is the presence of several disulfide compounds only at the higher decomposition temperature. The pyrolysis-GC of other liquid polysulfide polymers (LP-2, LP-32, LP-3, and LP-33) showed that molecular weight had only marginal effect on the product composition. Ionic and radical mechanisms were considered to account for the product formation. Isothermal and dynamic thermogravimetric studies were carried out to differentiate between the two mechanisms. The results were found to be in agreement with a free radical mechanism, with cleavage of the formal C—O linkage as the preferred mode of initiation. The overall activation energy for the decomposition was found to be 190 kJ mol-1.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300233
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    Biodegradation of gelatin graft copolymers. IV (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 915-924 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Gelatin graft copolymers of different compositions were tested for microbial susceptibility in a synthetic medium with pure cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Serratia marcescens. The percent weight losses were recorded over 6 weeks of incubation period in nitrogen-free and nitrogen-rich media. The relationship between [log(rate)] during the first week of the test period and composition of the grafted samples showed a linear behavior. There was no difference in the aggressivity of these bacterial strains. Nitrogen analysis data and pH measurements of the media seem to reinforce our earlier observations. Soil burial tests also indicate degradation of polymer samples under natural weathering conditions. This article also summarizes the salient features of our series of investigations.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300303
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    Removal of nonionic surfactant by systems based on polystyrene-polyoxyethylene block copolymers (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 985-996 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Three polystyrene (PS)-polyoxyethylene (POE) block copolymers were synthesized: S-114 and S-123 as copolymers of POE-PS-POE type, and S-61-10 as that of type. Although the copolymers themselves did not remove nonionic surfactant, polyethylene glycol mono-p-nonylphenyl ether (NP, n = 10), in water, the copolymers, which were supported on activated alumina, removed the surfactant. The removal rates of NP by the copolymers supported on the alumina were compared. The effect of initial concentration of NP and the effect of the amount of supported copolymer on the amount of NP removed were studied. The Freuindlich adsorption isotherm was observed between the residual concentration of NP and the amount of NP removed. In the three copolymers supported on the alumina, the amount of removal per unit mass was the greatest for the S-61-10.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300309
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    Curing reaction of elastomers with triazine thiols and sulfen amides (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1049-1063 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Curing reaction of elastomers with triazine thiols and sulfen amides in the presence of ZnO and stearic acid was investigated for curing parameters and curing mechanism. The curing parameters such as curing rate, induction period, and curing efficiency were influenced by the pKa of thiol groups in triazine thiols and amines corresponding in sulfen amides, by the steric hinderance of 6-substituted groups in triazine thiols and on amino groups in sulfen amides, by the molar ratio of sulfen amides to triazine thiols, and by the reacting positions and the properties of elastomers. Triazine thiols acted as curing agents. Sulfen amides played two important roles in curing elastomers with triazine thiols. They gave poly(triazinyl disulfide) which is a curing precursor. Curing activators are formed in the reaction of the precursors, sulfen amides, and ZnO. The activators react with elastomers to give crosslinks, pendants and triazine dithiols or triazinyl disulfide oligomers. The pendants react with sulfen amides to give the crosslinks. The triazine thiols or triazinyl disulfide oligomers react with sulfen amides to reproduce the curing precursors. The structure of crosslinks is estimated to be
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300314
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    Development and evaluation of a novel binder based on natural rubber and high-energy polyurethane/composite propellants (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1095-1112 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Hydroxyl terminated natural rubber (HTNR) was prepared by the depolymerization of masticated natural rubber in the presence of H2O2 in toluene. Probable mechanisms leading to the formation of side reaction products are proposed based on the analytical data. A comparative study of some formulation variables was made for their effect in improving the flow characteristics and mechanical properties of an aluminized polyurethane (PU) propellant system based on HTNR. This PU system has also been compared for its theoretical performance characteristics with some other state-of-the-art systems.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300317
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    The solubility of gases and volatile liquids in polyethylene and polyisobutylene at elevated temperatures (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1145-1165 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The solubility of gases and volatile liquids in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and polyisobutylene (PIB) at elevated temperatures has been correlated, using the experimental data available in the literature. In the present study, a Henry's constant Kp at a total pressure of approximately 1 atm defined as P1 = KPV10, where P1 is the partial pressure of the solute in the vapor phase and V10 is the solubility (cm3 solute/g polymer at 273.2 K and 1 atm), is correlated for nonpolar solutes with the following expressions: (1) For LDPE, ln(1/KP) = -1.561 + (2.057 + 1.438ω) (Tc/T)2; (2) For PIB, ln(1/Kp) = -1.347 + (1.790 + 1.568ω) (Tc/T)2, in which ω is the acentric factor and Tc the critical temperature of the solute. In obtaining the above correlations we have used 27 solutes covering 115 data points for LDPE, and 18 solutes covering 148 data points for PIB. We have calculated values of 1/Kp from the literature data reported in terms of the retention volume (Vg0), weight-fraction Henry's constant (H1), activity coefficient at infinite dilution (Ω1∞), Flory-Huggins interaction parameter (χ), or V10/P obtained from high pressure sorption experiments. The correlations obtained in this study permit one to estimate with reasonable accuracy the solubility of gases and volatile liquids in either LDPE or PIB, with information on the acentric factor (ω) and critical temperature (Tc) only. The relationship for LDPE is also applicable for solubilities in high-density polyethylene. Relationships for the heat of vaporization of solutes from infinitely dilute LDPE or PIB solutions are also derived from the temperature variation of 1/Kp.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300320
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    Preparation of high modulus polyethylene sheet by the roller-drawing method (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1241-1255 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The high density polyethylene (HDPE) sheets were drawn through a pair of heated rollers. The process, referred to as roller drawing, was found to be useful for producing high modulus and high strength HDPE sheets. The higher draw ratio could be obtained for the HDPE sheet with lower molecular weight and narrower molecular weight distribution. The Young's modulus and the breaking strength reached 43 GPa and 0.67 GPa, respectively, at the highest draw ratio. The measurements of wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) pole figures revealed that the crystallographic a-, b-, and c-axes were oriented to the normal direction (ND), the traverse direction (TD), and the drawing direction (DD), respectively. The small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) of the roller-drawn HDPE sheets with draw ratio higher than 7 exhibited two intensity maxima on the meridian, suggesting the presence of the two-phase structure in which crystalline and amorphous regions are stacked alternately along DD. The relationship between mechanical properties and microstructure was discussed on the basis of the concept of the formation of amorphous tie molecules in the interfibrillar and intercrystallite regions.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300328
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    Ferrocene-bound polyester resins (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1309-1320 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Seven ferrocene-bound polyester resins were prepared from fumaric acid and diethylene glycol in the presence of different ferrocene derivatives. To accomplish the incorporation of the organometallic moiety into the polyester resin chain, the cyclopentadienyl rings of ferrocene were substituted in the 1,1′ positions with reactive functional groups. The ferrocene derivatives used were: 1,1′-bis(1-hydroxyethyl) ferrocene 1, 1,1′-ferrocene dicarboxylic acid 2, and 1,1′-ferrocene diacetic acid 3. The incorporation of an organometallic complex significantly increased the rate of the polyesterification process. In order of increasing rate enhancement, the effect was 2 〈 3 〈 1. The effectiveness of ferrocene derivatives chemically incorporated into the polyester backbone during copolymerization with styrene was studied by monitoring the gel time, cure rate, and the resin properties. The efficiency of the copolymerization reaction of ferrocene-bound polymers with styrene decreased in the order 1 ≥ 3 〉 2. Mechanisms to account for these results are presented. Some of the strength related properties were also studied.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300333
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    Electrical resistivity of a polyamide-epoxide copolymer (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1321-1322 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300334
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    Optical characterization of solid-state coextruded PET (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 251-262 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate) has been solid state coextruded to a series of draw ratios up to 4.4 at 50, 60, 70 and 90°C. These uniaxially drawn samples have been examined by optical microscopy and light scattering and for increases in crystallinity and birefringence as a function of draw ratio and draw temperature. The birefringence for PET may be among the highest yet reported - 0.21.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300120
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    The mechanism of cellulose alkalization in the isopropyl alcohol-water-sodium hydroxide-cellulose system (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 263-277 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The mechanism of cellulose alkalization in isopropyl alcohol (IPA)-water-sodium hydroxide system was studied from the viewpoint of the selective distribution of sodium hydroxide between cellulose and the medium, and of the lattice transition of cellulose. A mixture of IPA, water, and sodium hydroxide spontaneously separates into two layers, i.e., the upper layer solution (ULS) consists of IPA, water, and a small amount of sodium hydroxide and the lower one (LLS) consists of sodium hydroxide, water, and a very small quantity of IPA. The role of the ULS and the LLS was distinctive. The ULS has a function to distribute sodium hydroxide with water in cellulose uniformly according to the distribution equilibrium between ULS and cellulose, and the ULS recovers sodium hydroxide with water from the LLS as the distribution equilibrium shifts in the alkalization of cellulose. The concentration of sodium hydroxide in the LLS and that of IPA in the ULS exerts an influence on the lattice structure of alkali cellulose. During the transformation from cellulose I to alkali cellulose, decrystallization does not occur. Some portion of alkali cellulose reverted to cellulose I by regeneration.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    Mercerization of cellulose. II. Alkali-cellulose intermediates and a possible mercerization mechanismPresented in part at the 1983 International Dissolving and Specialty Pulps Conference, Boston, MA, April 1983. (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 325-332 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Continued study of the five crystalline Na-celluloses, previously shown to occur as intermediates during the mercerization of cellulose and exhibiting two types of crystallographic fiber repeats, further indicates that they fall into three classes based on their unit cells and NaOH contents. In one class are Na-celluloses I and III, both containing up to 34% NaOH; in the second class are Na-celluloses IIA and IIB, marked by ca.15 Å fiber repeat and containing up to 65% NaOH; and in the third class is Na-cellulose IV which is likely to be a hydrated form of cellulose II. Na-cellulose I was found to be the common first alkali-cellulose structure produced in the NaOH treatment of both cellulose I and cellulose II. Further study of this conversion step suggested a mercerization mechanism in which the alkali begins the conversion of cellulose to Na-cellulose I in the amorphous parts of the fiber. The conversion of the parallel-chain cellulose I structure to an antiparallel one is likely to occur already in this first step.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Physiorheological characterization of a carbon/epoxy prepreg system (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1847-1857 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A model epoxy matrix resin was analyzed using differential scanning calorimetric and rheological techniques. The data was used to construct a time-temperature-phase transformation diagram to investigate the thermoset curing phenomena. Experimental techniques were developed to generate similar data on a carbon/epoxy prepreg material. The data were then compared to study the effects of the presence of the reinforcement on the processing characteristics of the epoxy matrix resin.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300506
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    Morphology of latex particles formed by poly(methyl methacrylate)-seeded emulsion polymerization of styrene (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1903-1926 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(methyl methacrylate)-polystyrene composite particle latexes were prepared by poly(methyl methacrylate)-seeded emulsion polymerization of styrene employing batch, swelling-batch, and semibatch methods. The changes in particle morphology taking place during the polymerization reaction were followed by electron microscopy. Anchoring effect exerted by ionic terminal groups introduced by ionic initiator was found to be the main factor in controlling the particle morphology. The polymer particles obtained by oil-soluble hydrophobic initiators such as azobisisobutyronitrile and 4,4′-azobis-(4-cyanovaleric acid) gave the inverted core-shell morphology. Water-soluble hydrophilic initiator, K2S2O8, also gave the inverted core-shell morphology. However, in this case the occurrence of the halfmoonlike, the sandwichlike, and the core-shell morphologies were also observed depending upon the polymerization conditions. The distribution of terminal —SO4- groups on the surface area of polystyrene particles could be controlled by initiator concentration and polymerization temperature. Viscosity of polymerization loci dictated the movement of polymer molecules, thus causing the unevenness of particle shape and phase separation at high viscosity state. Viscosity was controlled by the styrene/poly(methyl methacrylate) ratio, the addition of a chain transfer agent or a solvent which is common to polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate).
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300510
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    Heterogeneous structure of cis-isoprene rubber and oligodiene diisocyanate blendsCorrected proofs received January 30, 1985 (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1927-1934 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The structural peculiarities of cis-1,4-isoprene rubber, oligodiene diisocyanate, and derivative of phenol-formaldehyde resin blends have been studied by WAXS and SAXS methods and electron microscopy. It has been demonstrated that the addition of modifiers and further thermal treatment under conventional curing conditions change considerably the microheterogeneous structure and morphology and contribute to the improvement of the short-range order in the rubber matrix.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300511
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    Analysis of swelling of crosslinked rubber gel with occlusionsCorrected proofs received February 17, 1985 (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1969-1988 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The contribution of the occluded polystyrene in the crosslinked rubber gel to the overall swelling has been determined theoretically and experimentally. Theoretical calculation consists of modification of the Flory-Rehner equation. The equation describes the swelling of a crosslinked polymer network in the presence of a solvent. Calculation procedures are discussed which enable one to determined the crosslink density (molecular weight between crosslinks) of the rubber network from experimentally determined swelling index and % gel measurements. The inverse calculation procedure is also described. That is, knowing the crosslink density and the amount of occlusions as determined from kinetic considerations, one can calculate the swelling index. Theoretically and experimentally determined swelling index are in excellent agreement.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300515
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    Phase separation in the synthesis of styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers with di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate as diluent (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2065-2074 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Phase separation by suspension copolymerization of styrene-divinylbenzene (DVB) with di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DOP) as diluent was investigated using equilibrium swelling, swelling rate, apparent densities, and mercury porosimetry. The copolymer prepared in the absence of DOP is heterogeneous, showing that a phase separation exists in the polymerization system, and, in the presence of DOP, the propagating copolymer separates earlier. Furthermore, with increasing amounts of DVB, phase separation occurs earlier than gelation, which causes a sudden increase in the amount of pores about 200-500 Å in diameter corresponding to the interstices between the microspheres.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300523
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    Properties of ultraviolet cured polydimethylsiloxane-urea acrylates (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2115-2135 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A series of polydimethylsiloxane-urea acrylate prepolymers was synthesized by reacting aminopropyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (ATPS) with isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (IEM). The oligomers were cured using ultraviolet radiation in the presence of different reactive diluents. Three systems were prepared with varying ATPS soft segment molecular weight. All of the samples were transparent. However, microphase separation was indicated by the observation of two glass transition temperatures attributed to separate ATPS and IEM/reactive diluent phases. Increasing ATPS molecular weight led to a lower rubbery phase transition temperature and a smaller rigid phase volume fraction. These effects were reflected in lower modulus and tensile strength at room temperature, and higher elongation at break. An increase in the reactive diluent content resulted in an increase in Young's modulus and the ultimate tensile strength of these materials. Increasing reactive diluent content caused the rubbery phase transition peak to decrease in magnitude without changing its position and shifted the hard segment transition to higher temperature. The tensile strengths and moduli of these materials were higher than those reported in the literature for other polydimethylsiloxane and urethane acrylate materials.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300527
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    Nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of wool fibers in a single step relaxation test (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2195-2206 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Experimental data and their analysis are presented on the nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of wool fibers in extensional stress-relaxation up to strains of 18.5%. The analysis, assuming a two-phase structure for the fiber, consists of superimposing the experimental curves onto the master curve for the nonaging material by multiplicative scaling and shifting on the logtime scale. The scaling and shift factors reflect the strain induced phase changes of the morphological components. Though different in their physical nature, these transitions show the same strain dependence.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300532
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    Alkaline hydrolysis of ethyl acrylate-acrylonitrile-divinylbenzene copolymer beadsCorrected proofs received January 30, 1985 (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1741-1752 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This article deals with the alkaline hydrolysis of ethyl acrylate-acrylonitrile-divinylbenzene copolymer beads. Chemical changes during hydrolysis were evaluated by means of determination of total weight exchange capacity and of infrared spectroscopy. The influence of reaction temperature, concentration of the hydrolytic agent, degree of copolymers crosslinking as well as the influence of particle size upon the rate of hydrolysis were studied as a function of time. The mathematical and statistical calculations of experimental data were carried out. With respect to time dependence of hydrolysis of the copolymer functional groups, the average values of reaction rate constants as well as the values of assumed diffusion coefficients were calculated. The analysis is based on partial linearization of experimental results by means of semilogarithmic transformation. The empirical relations expressing dependences of reaction rate constants and of diffusion coefficients on conditions of hydrolysis were determined.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300438
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    Solubility of nonpolar and slightly polar organic compounds in low-density polyethylene by inverse gas chromatography with open tubular column (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1815-1826 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) with open tubular column was used to determine low pressure solubilities of 13 organic solutes in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) for temperatures from 50 to 175°C. Based on the principle of corresponding states, two simple correlation equations were developed for estimation of the solubility of nonpolar and slightly polar solutes in rubbery and molten LDPE.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300503
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    Rhodium complexes as catalysts for hydrosilylation crosslinking of silicone rubber (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1837-1846 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Vulcanization of silicon rubber compound based on polysiloxanes containing vinyl and Si-H groups catalyzed by [RhCl(CO)2]2, [RhCl(C2H4)2]2, [RhCl(1,5-COD)]2, [RhCl(NBD)]2, RhCl[P(C6H5)3]3, and Rh(acac)3 (1,5-COD = 1,5-cyklooktadiene, NBD = norbornadiene, acac = acetylacetonate) has been studied in dependence on the catalyst, solvent, and reaction conditions. The course of vulcanization as well as the crosslinking density of the vulcanizate and the content of sol indicate that the above catalysts are comparable to and in some cases even better than the widely used hexachloroplatinic acid.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300505
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    Matrix viscoelasticity: Controlling factor in the rubber toughening of epoxy resins (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1875-1891 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Our limited success in toughening methylene dianiline (MDA)-cured Epon 828, using varying rubber types, led to a study of the role of the matrix viscoelasticity in the toughening process. Two rubber types, with different interfacial bonding capabilities, poly(n-butyl acrylate)/15 wt % acrylonitrile/2 wt % acrylic acid and poly(n-butylacrylate)/15 wt % acrylonitrile, were incorporated into systems containing varying amine concentrations to control crosslink density. Impact strengths of controls and rubber-modified compositions increased with excess amine concentrations up to 70%. The impact strengths for the poly(n-butyl acrylate)/15 wt % acrylonitrile/2 wt % acrylic acid rubber-modified compositions were greater than their equivalent controls, with the effect being greater at a lower crosslink density. This study confirmed that the matrix viscoelasticity is the controlling parameter in the toughening process. The degree of rubber-epoxy interfacial bonding is also an important parameter to consider, if the matrix viscoelasticity permits toughening. A modified stress response model was used to explain the toughening phenomenon.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300508
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    Selective etching of polyolefines. I. Isotactic polypropyleneCorrected proofs lost in transit. (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1949-1961 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of isothermal etching of isotactic polypropylene samples having different thermal treatment was studied using a mixture of concentrated sulfuric or 85% o-phosphoric acid with various amount of potassium permanganate. The course of etching was confronted with morphological features of the etched surface. It was shown that on a macroscopical scale the etching proceeds in an indiscriminate way, whereas on a scale of the basic structural elements - lamellae - it proceeds through stages of selective etching. Selective etching of isotactic polypropylene using mentioned etchants was successfully applied for morphology investigation of various kinds of surfaces.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300513
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  • 91
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    The effect of heat on the molecular weight of poly(ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate) adhesive (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2863-2867 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Steel-steel ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesive bonds have been thermally aged and the polymeric material isolated from the glue line. Molecular weight measurement by gel permeation chromatography suggest that a significant degree of post-curing occurs followed by a slight decrease in molecular weight. This decrease in molar mass is not considered large enough to explain the observed decrease in bond strength. It is postulated that poly(ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate) undergoes thermal degradation in a manner similar to that reported for poly(methyl methacrylate). The loss in bond strength is thought to be due to the disruption of the polymer-metal interface by monomer molecules produced during the thermal depolymerization.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300713
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  • 92
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    Effects of various factors on the formation of high molecular weight polyamic acid (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2883-2905 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The reaction of pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and aromatic diamine in an aprotic solvent such as dimethylacetamide (DMAc) gives a solution of poly(amic acid). The effects of certain variables on the polymerization and some additives on the stability and imidization of the poly(amic acid)s were studied. It was found that the addition of PMDA portionwise to the solution of diamine always keeps the excess diamine in solution and enables one to obtain the highest molecular weight of poly(amic acid). When the addition process was reversed, either by the change or dehydration of solvent, a high molecular weight was not attained. The inevitable water in the solvent or the reaction medium is the major factor, and the more the water content in the solvent or the reaction medium, the larger is the probability of destruction of PMDA during the reaction and hence low molecular weight is obtained. If very pure monomers were used in the polymerization, the 1:1 of molar ratio is the optimum value. Excess diamine or dianhydride results in the exchange reaction with poly(amic acid) and causes a rapid degradation of polymer chain. This exchange reaction was proved by NMR measurements. The presence of electrophilic agents or the nucleophilic agents containing active protons in the poly(amic acid) solution promotes the decomposition of polymer and causes the brittleness of polyimide film in the curing process. Using acetic anhydride (A) to convert the poly(amic acid) to polyimide, pyridine (P) can protect the polymer chain from the nucleophilic attack by the anhydride. The mixture with proper ratio of A/P (1/1-15/1) can be used as good dehydrating agents.Meanwhile, according to the results to the results of experiments, we suggested the probable reaction mechanisms about how the water, amine, and anhydride destroy the polyamic acid chains.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300715
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  • 93
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    Relationships between structure and mechanical properties of rubber-modified epoxy networks cure with dicyanodiamide hardener (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2955-2966 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Epoxy network systems based on DGEBA and dicyanodiamide (DDA) and modified with a low molecular weight rubber (CTBN) were prepared and characterized. The kinetics of the adduct formation is followed using GPC analysis. The phase separation of the rubber phase is evidenced with DSC and SEM for all samples up to 20% CTBN. The GPC analysis of the soluble fraction demonstrates a chemical modification of the network. The mechanical properties and specially the impact strength behavior are enhanced with CTBN, but exhibit a maximum for 15% CTBN. In connection with SEM of fracture surfaces, these results are discussed and both modification of the rubber morphology and decrease in crosslinking density are taken into account.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300719
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    Effect of coagulation medium on properties of sulfonated polyvinylidene fluoride membranes (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 3009-3022 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The performance and the structure of sulfonated polyvinylidene fluoride membranes prepared in different coagulation media were investigated. Several pure organic compounds and mixtures of some of them with water were used as coagulation media. The membrane were tested in an ultrafiltration laboratory unit with dextran aqueous solutions. The overall structure of the membranes was examined with the aid of the scanning electron microscope. The effect of temperature of the coagulation medium on the properties of the membranes were also investigated.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300723
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    The differential viscometer. II. On-line viscosity detector for size-exclusion chromatography (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 3037-3049 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The new technique of differential viscometry measures directly the specific viscosity of a solution by subtracting the contribution of solvent in a balanced capillary bridge. The present work adapts the differential viscometry principle to the design of a viscosity detector for use in size-exclusion chromatography. It is shown that the resulting viscosity detector possesses excellent sensitivity and baseline stability with a minimum detectable specific viscosity of 2.7 × 10-5. The viscosity detector can be operated together with a refractive index detector to determine the intrinsic viscosity of polymer solute fractions as they elute from the SEC column. The bandspreading of the viscosity detector is compared to the refractive index detector by measuring the peak width of a compound having a single discrete molecular weight. The peak width at half-height was 0.29 mL for the viscosity detector and 0.25 mL for the refractive index detector.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300725
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  • 96
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    Photodegradation kinetics of methyl salicylate in poly(methyl methacrylate) (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2721-2721 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300638
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  • 97
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    Graft copolymerization onto rubber. VII. Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto rubber using potassium peroxydisulfate catalyzed by silver ion (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2753-2759 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto natural rubber (NR) was carried out varying the concentration of monomer, initiator, thiourea, and silver nitrate over a wide range. The grafting reaction was temperature-dependent. From the Arrhenius plot, the overall energy of activation was computed. A suitable reaction scheme and rate expression for the rate of polymerization was suggested.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300704
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  • 98
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    Electronic Resource
    Antiinflammatory polymer-bound steroids for topical applications. I. Synthesis and characterization (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2761-2778 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Covalent binding of hydrocortisone and dexamethasone to hydrophylic biocompatible macromolecular carriers through hydrolizable carbonate linkage was investigated according to two complementary strategies. (a) Radical copolymerization of hydrocortisone-21C-vinylcarbonate with N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP,60°C), or N-[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]acrylamide (THMMA, 50°C) in dimethylacetamide solution: In spite of a nearly zero reactivity ratio for the steroid monomer which behaves as a degradative transfer agent - CT ∼ 5.7 × 10-2 and 6.8 × 10-3 for NVP and THMMA, respectively-this process may afford fairly high molecular weight polymers (M̄w ≃ 104-105) with high enough hydrocortisone content (0.03-0.10 mole.fraction). (b) Condensation of the hydrocortisone or dexamethasone-21C-chloroformates onto poly(oxyethylene glycol) (M̄n = 6220) or hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC, M̄w = 1.35 × 105) in tetrahydrofuran solution (30°C): This straightforward process is of low efficiency (yields 〉50%), and only HPC derivatives show good chemical homogeneity.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300705
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  • 99
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    Electronic Resource
    Aromatic ionomer membranes. I. Physical and mechanical properties (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2821-2836 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The physical properties of a new class of ionomers comprising a semirigid polyphenylene ether backbone were investigated. The material was studied principally in the form of films of ca. 150 μm micrometers in thickness. The study focused on material of 600 equivalent weight. Torsion pendulum results showed a significant increase in the glass transition temperature of the ionomer relative to that of its ester precursor but gave no evidence of ionic clustering. Stress-strain studies performed both in water and in 20% KOH solution at 80°C indicated that the mechanical properties of the material remain stable under these conditions. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to investigate both the high temperature behavior and the water uptake of the ionomer films. The behavior of this ionomer at high temperature and in an alkaline solution is of particular interest in view of the possible use of these films as separators in an alkaline electrolysis cell.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300709
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  • 100
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    Electronic Resource
    Carbon-13 NMR characterization of DGEBPA epoxy resins (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2853-2862 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has been used to investigate the structure and character of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBPA) epoxy resins more thoroughly than previously reported in the literature. It is shown that spectra, when run under quantitative conditions, can detect the loss of epoxides at the end groups by reactions such as hydrolysis. The products of acid hydrolysis of a DGEBPA resin are observed and assigned. It is further shown that the possibility of epoxide hydrolysis and impurities or structural irregularities can lead to inaccuracies in epoxy equivalent weight (EEW) calculations using a previously reported methodolgy. A new method is employed which can take into account loss of end group epoxides. Part of this new method consists of a measure of the epoxide to end group ratio (EER) which sheds light on the final possible quality of the cured resin. The EER value is shown to be in many ways more informative than the EEW measure which has the built-in assumption that there is an epoxide group for each end group.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300712
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