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  • Articles  (578)
  • Engineering General  (539)
  • 61.70  (39)
  • 1985-1989  (578)
  • 1950-1954
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (578)
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  • Articles  (578)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied physics 38 (1985), S. 253-261 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 71.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Properties of an aggregate composed of two nearest-neighbour AsGa defects are examined. Such an aggregate behaves like a dimer in which the two constituents are weakly coupled giving rise to a double near-degeneracy of electronic states of the system. The system is unstable against the Jahn-Teller (J-T) distortion that couples pairs of nearly degenerate states. Usually the distortion is stabilized by localization of a single electron, or a pair of electrons, at one of the two AsGa defects. If one of the two electrons is excited into theT 2 resonant state of individual AsGa then the vibronic coupling can be strong, and the resulting J-T effect can give rise to a metastable behaviour of the system. It is argued that the (AsGa)2 aggregate is the best candidate for EL2 centre in GaAs crystals.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 07.75 ; 61.70 ; 79.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The minimum-detection limits achievable in SIMS analyses are often determined by transport of material from surrounding surfaces to the bombarded sample. This cross-contamination (or memory) effect was studied in great detail, both experimentally and theoretically. The measurements were performed using a quadrupole-based ion microprobe operated at a secondary-ion extraction voltage of less than 200 V (primary ions mostly 8keV O 2 + ). It was found that the flux of particles liberated from surrounding surfaces consists of neutrals as well as positive and negative ions. Contaminant species condensing on the bombarded sample could be discriminated from other backsputtered species through differences in their apparent energy spectra and by other means. The apparent concentration due to material deposited on the sample surface was directly proportional to the bombarded area. For an area of 1 mm2 the maximum apparent concentration of Si in GaAs amounted to ∼5 × 1016atoms/cm3. The rate of contamination decreased strongly with increasing spacing between the bombarded sample and the collector. The intensities of backsputtered ions and neutrals increased strongly with increasing mass of the target atoms (factor of 10 to 50 due to a change from carbon to gold). The effect of the primary ion mass (O 2 + , Ne+, and Xe+) and energy (5–10keV) was comparatively small. During prolonged bombardment of one particular target material, the rate of contamination due to species not contained in the sample decreased exponentially with increasing fluence. In order to explain the experimental results a model is presented in which the backsputtering effect is attributed to bombardment of surrounding walls by high-energy particles reflected or sputtered from the analysed sample. The level of sample contamination is described by a formula which contains only measurable quantities. Cross-contamination efficiencies are worked out in detail using calculated energy spectra of sputtered and reflected particles in combination with the energy dependence of the sputtering yield of the assumed wall material. The experimental findings are shown to be good agreement with the essential predictions of the model.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 66.30 ; 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The diffusion of Au in dislocation-free or plastically deformed Si (1011 to 1013 dislocations/m2) was measured with the aid of the spreading-resistance technique. The Au profiles produced indislocation-free Si slices by in-diffusion from both surfaces possess nonerfc-type U shapes as predicted by the so-called kick-out diffusion model. This model is used to calculate the contribution of self-interstitials to the (uncorrelated) Si self-diffusion coefficient,D I SD =0.064×exp(−4.80 eV/kT)m2 s−1, from the present and previous data on the diffusivity and solubility of Au in Si in the temperature range 1073–1473 K. Inhighly dislocated Si the diffusion of Au is considerably faster than in dislocation-free Si. From the erfc-type penetration profiles found in this case, effective Au diffusion coefficients were deduced and combined with data on the solubility of Au in Si. ThusC i eq D i=0.0064 ×exp(−3.93 eV/kT)m2 s−1 was obtained in the temperature range 1180–1427 K, whereC i eq andD i are the solubility and diffusivity of interstitial Au in Si.
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  • 4
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    Applied physics 40 (1986), S. 257-261 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 29 ; 61.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The presence of dislocations in high-purity germanium influences the resolution of radiation detectors made from it. The four dislocation types found with electron microscopy are studied by DLTS to understand their influence on trapping in a γ-ray detector. Only three DLTS bands were found in commercially produced material. Statistical correlation with the detector resolution reported by various detector manufacturers finally yielded useful specifications with respect to the crystallographic perfection to be met in detector grade HP-Ge. The specification limits are discussed in view of the DLTS data.
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  • 5
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    Applied physics 43 (1987), S. 269-274 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.70 ; 61.70 ; 07.77
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Properties and performance of a magnetically-guided, high-intensity, ultra-high-vacuum slow-positron beam are reviewed. Basic positron behaviour in solids is briefly described. Results from various58Coβ + sources in conjunction with a backscattering W(110) moderator are presented. We discuss research applications to probe depth distribution of open-volume lattice defects. Two experimental methods capable of yielding information on defects within ∼500 Å and ∼1 μm from the surface, respectively, are considered. Results are shown on defect distribution in ion implanted metals and semiconductors.
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  • 6
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    Applied physics 42 (1987), S. 193-196 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 66.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this work a Monte-Carlo method of dynamical type is used to simulate the ion-beam mixing of a composite, multilayered target. The calculation refers to a Ni-Ta structure, on a silicon substrate, bombarded with As+ ions and elucidates the effect of the dose and of the target structure on the intermixing of the target constituents.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 73.40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A computer simulation study of space-charge layers at the surface of semiinsulating GaAs containing deep EL2 and Cr centers in bulk is presented. Substantial influence of the deep bulk levels on the main characteristics of the surface space charge layers, is demonstrated. The special features of these characteristics and the conditions of their arising are discussed.
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  • 8
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    Applied physics 46 (1988), S. 73-76 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 78.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Infrared spectra of nitrogen doped Czochralski-grown silicon indicate absorption lines in addition to the well-known lines of local modes of oxygen, carbon and nitrogen centers. The most prominent lines of them can be shown to be correlated with certain oxygen and nitrogen concentrations. These lines are, therefore, thought to arise from N-O complexes and are discussed in the context of an O-induced disturbance of N2-pair vibrations. The results of preliminary investigations on the stability of such complexes are also reported.
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  • 9
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    Applied physics 48 (1989), S. 3-9 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 71
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Molecule-like defects in crystalline semiconductors can display bistable properties when two different structural arrangements are possible for constant charge on the defects. This introductory paper will review the physical and technical aspects of this new field of research. It also includes a detailed presentation of our experimental studies on the recently discovered bistable thermal donor defect in silicon.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 78.30 ; 72.40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Shallow thermal donors are electrically active oxygen-related thermally formed defects observed in oxygen-rich silicon annealed between 300 ° and 600 ° C. Seven donors have been identified with an average central-cell correction of only 5 meV. In view of their molecule-like nature this close agreement to the effective mass theory prediction for a hydrogen-like donor in silicon is of interest. It is shown that these centres are not correlated to the residual impurities phosphorus and boron but rather to the presence of nitrogen. Nitrogen-doped oxygen-rich samples show increased shallow thermal donor growth and a reduction in the growth of other oxygen-related donors in comparison to normally nitrogen-undoped oxygen-rich samples. A reduction in shallow thermal donor concentration at high nitrogen concentrations is reported.
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  • 11
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    Applied physics 36 (1985), S. 55-61 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Selfquenching of the photocapacitance and of the reverse photocurrent in Schottky diodes made on dislocatedn-type silicon was discovered. A phenomenological model explaining this, rather unexpected, phenomenon is proposed. The model requires an introduction of a new mechanism of diode conductance via dislocation lines. Crucial for this mechanism is the possibility of electron tunneling from dislocation to the conduction band.
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  • 12
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    Applied physics 37 (1985), S. 1-17 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 66.30 ; 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The paper consists of three parts. In the first part we review the basic experimental and theoretical results which shaped our present knowledge on point defects and diffusion processes in silicon. These results concern on one side oxidation effects which established that silicon self-interstitials and vacancies coexist in silicon and on the other side diffusion of gold into dislocation-free silicon which allowed to determine the self-interstitial contribution to silicon self-diffusion and to estimate the corresponding vacancy contribution. In the second part we discuss topics for which an understanding is just emerging within the framework of coexisting self-interstitials and vacancies: reaching of local dynamical equilibrium between self-interstitials and vacancies; rough estimates of the thermal equilibrium concentrations of self-interstitials and vacancies and their respective diffusivities, and finally, various possibilities to generate an undersaturation of self-interstitials. In the third part we examine swirl defect formation in silicon in terms of vacancies and self-interstitials.
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  • 13
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    Applied physics 39 (1986), S. 191-195 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 61.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A surface contamination effect was detected by double-crystal x-ray diffraction analysis of silicon wafers implanted with silicon ions at different doses and energies after annealing at 700 °C. The hypothesis of recoiled oxygen from the native oxide, as the impurity responsible for surface strain, was excluded by x-ray characterization of a series of samples implanted through thermally grown silicon oxides. The surface positions of the strain, resulting from x-ray analysis after 700 °C annealing and the analysis of the electron diffraction patterns, taken on particles originated from precipitation of the impurity by 1000 °C heating, allowed to conclude that the contamination phenomenon is due to iron atoms coming from the ion implanter.
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  • 14
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    Applied physics 39 (1986), S. 183-190 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 61.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The electrical properties and lattice disorders of 50 keV, focused ion beam (FIB) gallium-implanted silicon layers have been investigated as a function of beam scan speed and ion dose. The critical dose for continuous amorphous layer formation is 8 ∼ 10 × 1013 ions/cm2, when the beam scan speed is lowered to about 10−2 cm/s. This is about 1/3 that of conventional ion implantation. The increase in secondary defect formation after annealing is also observed as the beam scan speed decreases under implantation conditions close to the critical dose. However, the effect of high dose rate on the electrical activation of gallium atoms and critical dose reduction is not as significant as with FIB implantation by a lighter ion mass, such as boron. The results are compared with those obtained by conventional ion implantation.
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  • 15
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    Applied physics 44 (1987), S. 123-130 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.20 ; 61.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Photopyroelectric spectroscopy (P2ES) of n-CdS single crystals was performed at an open circuit, and in conjunction with photocurrent spectroscopy (PCS) in the presence of an applied ac or dc transverse field. The results showed that P2ES is very sensitive to the presence of deliberately introduced subbandgap defect structures, with the P2E signal dominated by non-radiative de-excitation mechanisms at defect centers. The potential of this technique as a powerful electronic defect diagnostic tool, combined with the overall experimental simplicity, was demonstrated with mm-thick crystals used as received in an open-cell geometry.
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  • 16
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    Applied physics 43 (1987), S. 117-121 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 73.40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Experimentally observed surface-photovoltage-method (SPV) spectra in the subbandgap energy range are presented for a real (100)GaAs surface, treated with preepitaxial procedures. Conductive, n-type GaAs and semi-insulating GaAs are studied. It is shown that SPV spectra are formed as a result of the simultaneous action of both surface states and deep bulk levels. The spectral shape of the surface-state photoionization cross-section is qualitatively determined. The influence of the deep bulk levels on the SPV spectra is explained, and the photoionization cross-section for both Cr and EL2 levels is qualitatively determined.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 66.30 ; 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In- and out-diffusion experiments of oxygen in silicon indicate the existence of an oxygen-containing species diffusing much faster than interstitial oxygen at temperatures below about 700°C. The formation of oxygen-related thermal donors in the temperature range around 450°C also requires a fast diffusing species. The paper examines the possibility of this fast diffusing species beingmolecular oxygen, as had been suggested earlier. Special emphasis will be placed on experimental results which have become available since that time. These results allow one to relate thermal donor formation to the loss of interstitial oxygen and to oxygen precipitation. The role of carbon is also considered in this context.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 61.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Transient enhanced diffusion of phosphorus in silicon has been investigated for implants below and above the threshold for a complete amorphization. Rapid thermal processes (electron beam) and conventional furnaces have been used for the annealing. In the case of implants below amorphization, a strong enhanced diffusion, proportional to the amount of damage produced, has been observed. The extent of the phenomenon is practically independent of the damage depth position. In contrast to this, the formation of extended defects at the original amorphous-crystalline interface makes the diffusivity strongly dependent on depth in the case of post-amorphized samples. No enhanced diffusion effect is observed if the dopant is confined in the amorphous layer, while a remarkable increase in the diffusivity is detected for the dopant located in the crystalline region beyond the amorphous-crystalline interface. Damage distribution after implantation and its evolution during annealing have been determined by double crystal x-ray diffraction and correlated to anomalous P diffusivity. A qualitative distribution of the interstitial excess in solution in the silicon lattice during annealing is proposed for the two different cases. These point defects, released by the dissolution of the interstitial clusters produced by the implanted ions, have been identified as responsible for the observed enhanced P diffusion.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 06 ; 07 ; 61.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A novel method is presented for measuring the spectral density of resistance fluctuations without the explicit determination of the voltage background noise (Johnson noise, pre-amplifier noise). The output of a standard ac bridge excited by a single-frequency alternating current is demodulated by two phase-sensitive detectors which operate in quadrature. When the phase difference between excitation and detection is properly set, the real part of the cross-spectral density of the two demodulators shows only the spectral density of the resistance fluctuations and not the disturbing background noise. The feasibility of our new method is demonstrated by measurements of 1/f noise of a thin-film A1 sample.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 61.80 ; 78.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Positron-annihilation lifetime and Doppler-broadening measurements are used to investigate defects in silicon irradiated at 373 K with 6 MeV electrons to a dose of 1×l019e/cm2. In the unirradiated silicon sample (p type) a temperature-independent behaviour of the bulk-lifetime is observed in the temperature interval 110–500 K with a constant value of 220±1 ps. The slight effect observed on the S-parameter evolution is explained taking into account the thermal expansion of the lattice. The lifetime results obtained at 80 K and at 300 K after isochronal annealing as well as the behaviour of the intensity of the second lifetime componentI 2 during lifetime measurements below the irradiation temperature in the irradiated silicon sample (n type), clearly indicate the temperature dependent characteristics of the positron trapping cross section σt(T) ∝T n withn= −1.905±0.016. From isochronal annealing results, an annealing stage is observed in which di-vacancies agglomerate into quadri-vacancies. The mean positron lifetime in those quadri-vacancies is 350 ps.
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  • 21
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    Applied physics 47 (1988), S. 205-208 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 74.70 ; 72.20 ; 61.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Thermoelectric power (TP) and electrical conductivity (EC) measurements were performed for YEa2Cu3Ox at 1128 K under controlled oxygen partial pressure varying between 50 and 105 Pa. Three regimes are observed for the electrical properties. At low $$p_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } (〈 1.6{\text{ }} \times {\text{ 10}}^{\text{2}} {\text{ }}{\text{Pa}})$$ both TP and EC remain constant with $$p_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } $$ . In the medium range $$(1.6{\text{ }} \times {\text{ 10}}^{\text{2}}〈 p_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }〈 7.6{\text{ }} \times {\text{ 10}}^{\text{3}} {\text{ Pa)}}$$ sharp changes of both electrical parameters occur; TP changes sign from positive above 4×102 Pa to negative below this $$p_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } $$ value. In the high $$p_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } $$ region (〉7.6×103 Pa) TP vs log $$p_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } $$ exhibits two slopes; 5.1 below 1.5×104 Pa and 8.4 above this $$p_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } $$ value. The slopes can be discussed in terms of the defect structure involving singly and doubly ionized oxygen vacancies below and above 7.6×103 Pa, respectively.
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  • 22
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    Applied physics 48 (1989), S. 431-436 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.20J ; 61.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A spectroscopic analysis by the light-beam-induced-current technique has been carried out to study the electrical properties of stacking faults in Czochralski silicon subjected to internal gettering treatments. By changing the wavelength of the light beam probing the sample, we have obtained the depth profiling of the stacking fault electrical activity. Occurrence of minority carrier recombination and generation processes at some stacking faults, corresponding, respectively, to dark and bright levels in a grey-shade imaging, has been observed. The presence of fixed charges at the defect-silicon matrix interface is hypothesized as a possible cause of the observed images.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 66.30 ; 61.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We proposed a model to correlate, in a continuous manner, the composition dependence of electrical properties and the progressive extension of clusterization when the substitution rate increases in a fluoride anion excess CaF2-type solid solution of M1−xM x ′2+α F2+αx(α=1,2,3). A new classification of clusters is given based on the presence or absence of coexistence between two types of interstitial fluoride ions. The second part of the paper is devoted to the representation of the sum of interstitial fluoride ionsn F int and the sum of vacancies in normal sitesn □ according to the general equationy=(mx 3+λqx)/(x 2+q). This model allows us to correlate the structural and electrical properties of a large number of solid solutions with fluorite-type structure.
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  • 24
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    Applied physics 49 (1989), S. 33-40 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 66.30 ; 81.40 ; 81.60 ; 61.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The potential application of ion implantation to modify the surfaces of ceramic materials is discussed. Changes in the chemical composition and microstructure result in important variations of the electrical and catalytic properties of oxides.
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  • 25
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    Applied physics 36 (1985), S. 213-216 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 71.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract By photocapacitance technique, applied to n-type LEC-grown GaAs, two energy levels:E v +0.45 eV andE c −0.75 eV are identified, for the first time, as being associated with the EL2 trap. As follows from the analysis of photo-EPR results on highly resistive GaAs crystals, the same energy levels can be attributed to the arsenic antisite defect, AsGA. In view of these findings, it is argued that the occupied EL2 level corresponds to the neutral charge state of AsGa defect.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.10 ; 61.70 ; 64 ; 77 ; 81.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The existence of one-dimensional regular arrays of antiphase domain boundaries has been confirmed in tin-substituted PZT ferroelectrics of ABO3 perovskite structure (Pb0.99{[(Zr1−y Sn y )1−x Ti x ]0.98Nb0.02}O3,x=0.03 and 0.04,y=0.20) by means of electron diffraction and lattice imaging. Calculation has been made of the number of satellite spots in the diffraction patterns and their positions determined. They coincide well with the electron diffraction patterns experimentally obtained. The finding proves the relative elongation in one dimension of the ferroelectric unit cell caused by a parallel array of electrical dipoles, as compared to the cell of an anti-parallel array of dipoles.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 78.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract By component analyses of positron lifetime spectra in quenched gold, it was found that positrons are strongly trapped by stacking fault tetrahedra (SFT) at which the lifetime is about 160 ps remarkably smaller than that for monovacancies (∼200 ps) or divacancies (∼220 ps). Positron lifetimes at small vacancy clusters were also estimated in relation to the nucleation process of SFT, with the aid of computer simulation of kinetics of vacancy clustering during quenching and on subsequent isochronal annealing. The results show that large atomic relaxation occurs in small vacancy clusters among which pentavacancies have the largest open-space, thereby having the lifetime of about 230 ps larger than that of trior tetra-vacancies (∼160ps). It is also suggested that tetra- and penta-vacancies act as prenuclei for stable nuclei of SFT consisting of six or more vacancies.
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  • 28
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    Applied physics 39 (1986), S. 65-66 
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    Keywords: 61.70
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Vacuum-prepared multi-layer Cu films have been studied by x-ray diffraction to detect the averaged dislocation density and distribution. There are very few stacking faults and a very small degree of texture in the films.
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  • 29
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    Applied physics 39 (1986), S. 83-90 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.50 ; 61.70 ; 68.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Results are discussed of a study by means of high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM), electron diffraction, optical diffraction and image simulation of twinning in very high dose phosphorus ion-implanted (011) silicon wafers. Except for twins on the (111) planes (i. e.,Σ3 boundaries) andΣ9 boundaries, also regions showing, in the high-resolution image, a threefold periodicity are frequently observed. It is demonstrated that the diffraction pattern and the image of such regions can be explained by the overlap of twinned grains. Interpretation by the presence of polytypes of silicon is excluded. The possibility to image twins on inclined (111) planes is discussed.
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    Applied physics 40 (1986), S. 101-107 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 66.30 ; 8
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus has a considerably less steep concentration profile than arsenic. Therefore phosphorus is considered as an alternative dopand for soft drain concepts in future MOS devices. In-diffusion of phosphorus starting from a high surface concentration generatesexcess point defects which diffuse into the depth of the crystal and lead to a tail in the phosphorus concentration profile by considerably enhancing the phosphorus diffusion in this region. It is also well known that the interface between silicon and a non growing oxide acts as a sink for excess point defects. Since source/drain areas of MOS transistors are surrounded by gate and isolation oxides, the question arises how the resulting excess point defect distribution may influence the lateral and vertical diffusion profile of phosphorus and hence the channel length and the junction depth of the source/drain region in a MOS device. We extended the one-dimensional Fair-Tsai model of phosphorus diffusion into two dimensions and incorporated that the interface between silicon and a gate oxide acts as a sink for excess point defects and modifies their distribution. The appropriate code was implemented in the two-dimensional process simulation program LADIS. Based on this extended model two-dimensional simulations of phosphorus drains have been performed and compared to experimental results and to results from other numerical models. It turns out that the presence of the gate oxide reduces the tail in the phosphorus concentration profile, considerably in lateral direction and less pronounced in vertical direction. Limitations of the model will be discussed in detail.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.70 ; 61.70 ; 07.77
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A slow-positron source has been installed in the therminal of an electrostatic 6.5 MeV accelerator and provides a monoenergetic positron beam in the few-MeV range. It will be used to operate a “fast” positron lifetime spectrometer based onβ + γ coincidences. The properties of the beam, the expected performance of the spectrometer, its advantages over conventionalγγ lifetime measurements, a number of intended applications, as well as recent positron-electron scattering experiments and plans for positron channelling and channelling-radiation studies are outlined.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 74 ; 61.14 ; 61.70
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Electron diffraction and high resolution electron microscopy have been applied to study Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8 and Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10. The structures only differ in the thickness of the perovskite lamellae and have tetragonal basic unit cells witha=0.385,c=2.93 nm anda=0.385,c=3.58 nm, respectively. A modulation with wave vectors in (100)* and (010)* planes occurs in both compounds. This modulation of which the intensity is somewhat sample dependent is much weaker than in the Bi compounds and disappears irreversibly upon heating of the specimen. Intergrowth of lamellae of different phases does occur, although not as frequently as in the Bi compounds.
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    Applied physics 49 (1989), S. 413-424 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 66.30 ; 61.70 ; 85.80 ; 65.50
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We review investigations of Cd1−xPbxF2 superionic properties and show examples of applications of these crystals. Results of a study of thermodynamic, electrical and Raman-scattering properties of Cd1−xPbxF2 crystals are presented. These crystals can be used to construct reversible electrochemical cells.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.60 ; 85.80 ; 61.70
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    Notes: Abstract The electrochemical characteristics and structural changes associated with discharge and charge of several tungstic acids such as H2WO4 and H2WO4 · H2O have been investigated. The suitability of these substances as new cathode materials for nonaqueous lithium batteries has been assessed. H2WO4, having only coordinated water molecules, showed a discharge capacity of about 410 Ah kg−1 of acid weight and a discharge potential around 2 V vs. Li/Li+. This capacity was much higher than the 40 ∼ 180 Ah kg−1 of anhydrous WO3. H2WO4 showed a good charge-discharge cycling behavior at a capacity below 1e −/W. However, the formation of a stable phase such as Li2WO4 during the cyclings limited the cycling number. In addition, the crystal structure of H2WO4 changed from orthorhombic to tetragonal during discharge, but the original layered lattice was kept on discharge to 1.5e −/W. On the other hand, a significant decrease in the layer spacing of H2WO4 · H2O took place with discharge, due to the direct interaction between the interlayer water molecule and the lithium inserted between the layers. In this paper, in particular, the effect of the coordinated and hydrated water molecules in the acid structure on the electrochemical behavior is discussed.
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    Applied physics 49 (1989), S. 25-31 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 81.20 ; 66.30 ; 72.60 ; 61.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Zirconia-titania-yttria oxide solutions are novel mixed-electrical conductors in which both oxygen-ions and electrons are mobile. A determination of their electrical properties is necessary for an evaluation of their potential applications. Single-phase oxide solutions have been prepared and characterized. Phase studies indicates extensive solid solution of titania into zirconia stabilized with 12 mol % yttria. The observed decrease in lattice parameter with increasing titania concentration in these oxide solutions indicates that titanium cations substitute for the zirconium cations in the fluorite lattice. The lattice and grain-boundary electrical conductivities have been determined using impedance spectroscopy at temperatures between 400 and 950 °C.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 77.40 ; 61.70 ; 66.30
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    Notes: Abstract The fluorides of the rutile structure are relatively simple ionic materials with tetragonal symmetry for which the dominant intrinsic defect has not been established. The present experiments involve low-temperature dielectric relaxation measurements on Er3+-and Y3+-doped MnF2 single crystals. Unexpectedly, dielectric loss peaks were observed at cryogenic temperatures, involving very low activation energies,E. For both dopants a prominent peak is observed for samples oriented parallel to thec-axis withE ∼ 6 meV and in perpendicular orientations withE=37 meV for Er3+ and 46 meV for Y3+ doping. Such lowE-values are probably too small to be controlled by lattice migration of a defect. Rather, we expect that they are due to a very low symmetry configuration created when the ions near the defect move “off symmetry” to a more stable configuration. Computer simulation calculations have been carried out which are much improved over early studies of this system in terms of the code used and the F-F interatomic potentials. The results show that the energy per defect for the anion Frenkel (1.53 eV) is lower than that of the Schottky (1.99 eV). It was also shown that the fluorine interstitial, Fi, adopts a split-interstitial form. This defect associates strongly with trivalent dopants Er and Y to produce a low symmetry dipolar structure with the necessary off-symmetry configuration to explain the experimental findings. Since there is no alternative way to explain these low temperature relaxations in terms of impurities associated with Mn vacancies, as would be required by the Schottky model, we conclude that these experiments serve to establish the nature of the intrinsic defect in MnF2 as anion Frenkel.
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    Applied physics 49 (1989), S. 149-155 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 61.80
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The annealing behavior of secondary defects generated in 2 MeV B- and P-, and 1 MeV As-implanted (100) Si with a dose of 5×1014 ions/cm2 has been investigated after rapid thermal annealing (RTA) treatment using cross-sectional TEM observations. The results are compared with ones obtained by furnace annealing (FA) treatment. RTA is more effective than FA for the defect density reduction of deep defects existing beyond 2 μm depths from the surface in B- and P-implanted layers. However, when a dislocation loop diameter is close to the substrate surface, as in the case of As implantation, the loops climb up to the surface by 1250 °C RTA. Moreover, repeated RTA is effective for the suppression of secondary defect growth in B- and P-implanted layers, while there is no difference in defect density or configuration for As implantation between repeated and simple RTA.
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    Applied physics 49 (1989), S. 171-179 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 74.70 ; 61.70 ; 63
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A phenomenological macro-resonance-cell description of bonding in high-T c oxide superconductors based on some common structural features is proposed. In this description, the oxidation states of the cations on the lattice frame are assumed to be oscillating. The oxygen atoms are described as being in a “breathing mode” and coupling is assumed to exist between the CuO2 layers and the boundary (capping) layers in these quasi two-dimensional systems. The variation ofT c for different materials is attributed in part to the relative effectiveness of the coupling between different kinds of boundary layer(s). Peierl's deformation or Jahn-Teller effect assisted by lattice softening and possibly magnetic ordering is discussed in relation to high-T c superconductivity in these oxides.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 66.30 ; 61.70 ; 82.45
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    Notes: Abstract The dc electrical conductivity of rare-earth doped ceria has been measured as a function of temperature (300–600 K) and composition (0.05–15 mol% M2O3) on using the complex impedance technique. Five dopants have been selected, yttrium and the lanthanides Yb, Gd, Nd, and La. For all of them, the variations of the activation energy versus dopant concentration are similar and characterized by the existence of a minimum. This peculiar property can be understood if attractive interactions between immobile dopant ions and mobile oxygen vacancies are taken into account. From an analysis of the experimental results, it is concluded that this interaction extends at least to third or fourth nearest neighbors depending on the size and the electronic configuration of the dopant ion.
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  • 40
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 245-255 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Orthogonal Body-Fitted Grid ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The procedure proposed is based on the solution by finite difference means of a set of Laplace's equations, by the application of a relaxation method.The curvilinear orthogonal grid so generated is fitted to a 2-D physical domain with closed boundary and the contribution of the present work consists in the arbitrary choice of grid points on two adjacent boundaries, in order to achieve the desired density of grid points where the geometry of the boundaries varies rapidly.The method proposed is rapid and stable. Some characteristic examples are finally presented.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 281-292 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Finite Elements ; Steady Flow ; Navier-Stokes equations ; Multiplier Methods ; Pseudo-Time-Iteration Method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper a fully explicit finite element method (FEFEM) is presented for solving steady incompressible viscous flow problems. This full explicitness is achieved by combining the multiplier (or augmented Lagrangian) method with a pseudo-time-iteration method. FEFEM needs no global matrix at all and is of great advantage to large-scale problems because they can be solved within the limit of core memory.The optimum choice of a time increment and a penalty parameter is discussed and the driven cavity flow at a Reynolds number of 1000 is computed with a refined mesh (60 × 60 elements).
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 293-297 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Transport Equation ; Polynomial Initial Conditions ; Convergence ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 331-345 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Turbomachines ; Design ; Finite Element ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper the development of a compatible mixed design and analysis method is presented for the quasi-three-dimensional finite element blade-to-blade program FINSUP. The method consists of two parts. The first is concerned with a method of modelling changes to a blade shape using a surface transpiration model. The second is concerned with determining the relationship between the displaced blade surface and the surface velocity distribution. It is shown that with the Newton-Raphson procedure adopted in the method a very efficient manner of introducing the design option is possible. As a consequence the resulting program is fast and completely interactive. A number of examples are given to illustrate how the mixed design and analysis mode can be used in practical blade design.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 357-380 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Iterative Methods ; Implicit Procedures ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A general implicit (GI) method for solving iteratively the algebraic system arising from a finite difference approximation of an elliptic partial differential equation is formulated. Under certain assumptions this method can be reduced to the already known implicit techniques. It is shown that the GI method has a very special physical meaning when solving fluid flow problems. It is shown also how this method can be optimized to achieve the maximum rate of convergence. Finally it is shown how this new strategy is applied by solving some classical numerical fluid dynamics problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 402-403 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 47
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 405-425 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: DuFort-Frankel ; Saul'ev ; Instability ; Sea Model ; Hydrodynamic ; Three-dimensional Time-splitting ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A three dimensional hydrodynamic sea model of an arbitrary sea area is formulated using sigma co-ordinates in the vertical. The solution of the equations using finite difference grids in the horizontal and the vertical is described.Discretization of the vertical viscosity term in the hydrodynamic equations using the DuFort-Frankel and Saul'ev methods is developed. Some numerical instabilities occur with the DuFort-Frankel method which can be overcome by splitting the hydrodynamic equations into equations describing the mean flow and equations describing the deviations from it. The computational advantages of solving these equations with different time steps are discussed.The accuracy and stability of the various methods is demonstrated for wind induced flow in a simple rectangular basin having dimensions representing the North Sea.
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  • 48
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 483-500 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Three-dimensional Vortex flow ; Pseudo-unsteady Euler Equations ; Finite Volume ; Multiple Grid ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The unsteady Euler equations are numerically solved using the finite volume one-step scheme recently developed by Ron-Ho Ni. The multiple-grid procedure of Ni is also implemented. The flows are assumed to be homo-enthalpic; the energy equation is eliminated and the static pressure is determined by the steady Bernoulli equation; a local time-step technique is used. Inflow and outflow boundaries are treated with the compatibility relations method of ONERA. The efficiency of the multiple-grid scheme is demonstrated by a two-dimensional calculation (transonic flow past the NACA 12 aerofoil) and also by a three-dimensional one (transonic lifting flow past the M6 wing). The third application presented shows the ability of the method to compute the vortical flow around a delta wing with leading-edge separation. No condition is applied at the leading-edge; the vortex sheets are captured in the same sense as shock waves. Results indicate that the Euler equations method is well suited for the prediction of flows with shock waves and contact discontinuities, the multiple-grid procedure allowing a substantial reduction of the computational time.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 515-528 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Solution Adaptive ; Grids (SAG) ; Mesh Generation ; Techniques ; Burgers Equation ; Falkner-Skan Equation ; Viscous Aerofoil Flows ; Navier-Stokes Equations ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A solution adaptive grid (SAG) method which redistributes the nodal points of a function according to its curvature is presented. A single, user-selected step parameter, P, is available for controlling the maximum step size, allowing the application of the technique to a wide variety of problems. Three test cases are cited: (1) the 1-dimensional inviscid Burgers equation, (2) the Falkner-Skan equation and (3) the finite-volume form of the Navier-Stokes equations for transonic aerofoil flows. In all three cases, significant solution improvement in terms of accuracy and convergence acceleration were achieved.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 561-575 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Cavity Flow ; Incompressible Flow ; Control-Volume Formulation ; Navier-Stokes Equations ; QUICK ; Convection Scheme ; Taylor-Görtler Vortices ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Previous three-dimensional simulations of the lid-driven cavity flow have reproduced only the most general features of the flow. Improvements to a finite difference code, REBUFFS, have made possible the first completely successful simulation of the three-dimensional lid-driven cavity flow. The principal improvement to the code was the incorporation of a modified QUICK scheme, a higher-order upwind finite difference formulation. Results for a cavity flow at a Reynolds number of 3200 have reproduced experimentally observed Taylor-Görtler-like vortices and other three-dimensional effects heretofore not simulated. Experimental results obtained from a unique experimental cavity facility validate the calculated results.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 599-600 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 597-598 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 665-666 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 667-683 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Laminar Flows ; Complex Geometry ; Numerical Methods ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper reports on the outcome of a workshop of the IAHR Working Group on Refined Modelling of Flows on the subject of computing laminar flows in complex geometries. Flow inside a channel with a smooth expansion was chosen by the organizers of the workshop as a suitable test case for assessing the capabilities of current numerical methods. The results obtained by fifteen participant groups are presented and compared against a suitable benchmark solution. The most important considerations that emerged at the workshop are briefly reported and the conclusions arising from an analysis and comparison of the various solutions are finally provided.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 761-762 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 57
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 727-744 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Shallow Water Equations ; Boundary Fitted Grids ; Comparison of Boundary Fitted Grid Model with x-y Cartesian Grid Model ; Annular Ring Solutions ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Many problems of applied oceanography and environmental science demand the solution of the momentum, mass and energy equations on physical domains having curving coastlines. Finite-difference calculations representing the boundary as a step function may give inaccurate results near the coastline where simulation results are of greatest interest for numerous applications. This suggests the use of methods which are capable of handling the problem of boundary curvature.This paper presents computational results for the shallow water equations on a circular ring of constant depth, employing the concept of boundary fitted grids (BFG) for an accurate representation of the boundary. All calculations are performed on a rectangle in the transformed plane using a mesh with square grid spacing. Comparisons of the simulations of transient normal mode oscillations and analytic solutions are shown, demonstrating that this technique yields accurate results in situations (provided that there is a reasonable choice of grid) involving a curved boundary. The software developed allows application to any two-dimensional area, regardless of the complexity of the geometry.Simulation runs were made with two co-ordinate systems. For the first system, the grid point distribution was obtained from polar co-ordinates. For the second one, grid point positions were calculated numerically, solving Poisson's equation. It was found that small variations in the metric coefficients do not deteriorate the accuracy of the simulation results.Moreover, comparisons of surface elevation and velocity components at grid points near the inner and outer radii obtained from an x-y Cartesian grid model with the BFG simulation were made. The former model produced inacccuracies at grid points near boundaries, and, owing to the large number of mesh points used to yield the necessary fine resolution, the computation time was found to be a factor of three higher.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 785-803 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Variable Penalty Method ; Penalty Finite Element Analysis ; Rotating Flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A new scheme is applied for increasing the accuracy of the penalty finite element method for incompressible flow by systematically varying from element to element the sign and magnitude of the penalty parameter λ, which enters through ∇.v + p/λ = 0, an approximation to the incompressibility constraint. Not only is the error in this approximation reduced beyond that achievable with a constant λ, but also digital truncation error is lowered when it is aggravated by large variations in element size, a critical problem when the discretization must resolve thin boundary layers. The magnitude of the penalty parameter can be chosen smaller than when λ is constant, which also reduces digital truncation error; hence a shorter word-length computer is more likely to succeed. Error estimates of the method are reviewed. Boundary conditions which circumvent the hazards of aphysical pressure modes are catalogued for the finite element basis set chosen here. In order to compare performance, the variable penalty method is pitted against the conventional penalty method with constant λ in several Stokes flow case studies.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 831-845 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Non-Newtonian ; Finite Element Method ; Optimal Control ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Modern lubricants often exhibit shear-thinning due to the presence of high molecular weight polymers as additives. Therefore the influence of such non-Newtonian effects on the performances of lubricating systems must be predicted. The corresponding fluid film flow is governed by a non-linear partial differential equation, which generalizes the classical Reynolds equation. Having prescribed adequate boundary conditions, this equation is solved by a finite element method with optimal control. The problem of the square slider bearing lubricated by the Rabinowitsch fluid is solved in order to test the accuracy of the numerical scheme. The pressure and velocity fields are given and compared with the corresponding ones obtained for the Newtonian fluid.
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  • 61
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 911-928 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Incompressible ; Finite Elements ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: We present a numerical procedure to eliminate internal nodes from elements designed to approximate incompressible flow problems. We compare six elements in academic and industrial like flow problem and we discuss their relative qualities. A surprising conclusion is that richer elements may behave less well than simple ones if a good enforcement of incompressibility is not maintained.
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  • 62
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 940-941 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 63
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 929-938 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Non-Newtonian Fluid Flow ; Nine-Node Lagrangian Element ; Broyden's Method ; Frontal Method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: When the Galerkin finite-element method with a nine-node isoparametric Lagrangian element is applied to solve non-Newtonian fluid flow problems, a considerable amount of computing time is required to solve the discretized non-linear system of equations by Newton's method. A method proposed by Broyden has been modified to compute the Jacobian matrix associated with Newton's method. This modified Broyden's method can be combined with the frontal method to efficiently solve the linearized finite-element equations during the iteration. Numerical results of a sample problem concerning the determination of the pressure-drop/flow-rate relationship for power-law fluids in rectangular ducts show that the application of this new method can reduce computing time substantially.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 995-1013 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Boussinesq Approximation ; Porous Media ; Finite Element ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The regions of applicability of the Boussinesq approximation are investigated for natural convection in a fluid-saturated porous medium. A perturbation method is used to assess the relative importance of individual terms in the differential equations which describe the natural convection process. Specific limits to the validity of the Boussinesq approximation are identified for water and air. For water, it is shown that the restrictions imposed by the classical Boussinesq approximation can be relaxed by allowing for the variation of thermophysical properties with temperature while still retaining the incompressible form of the continuity relation. Results of the analysis are verified through numerical calculations performed for steady natural convection in a planar, water-saturated porous region.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 981-993 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Finite Element Method ; Velocity Correlation Method ; Density Flow ; Density Flume ; Linear Interpolation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A finite element method is proposed for the analysis of density flow which is induced by a difference of density. The method employs the idea that density variation can be pursued by using markers distributed in the flow field. For the numerical integration scheme, the velocity correction method is successfully used, introducing a potential for the correction of velocity. This method is useful because one can use linear interpolation functions for velocity, pressure and potential based on the triangular finite element. The final equations can be formulated using the quasi-explicit finite element method. A flume in a tank with sloping bottom has been analysed by the present method. The computed results show extremely good agreement with the experimental observations.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 943-955 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Finite Element ; Reservoir ; Hydrostatic Pressure ; Numerical Accuracy ; Stratified Flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Experiences relating to the application of finite element models for laterally averaged stratified flow are discussed and modifications to the basic approach are suggested that alleviate these difficulties. An example problem is used to demonstrate the revised model and to make a preliminary assessment of the hydrostatic pressure assumption when applied to reservoir analysis.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 1047-1057 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Transonic Flow ; Modified Potential ; Finite Elements ; Non-isentropic Flow ; Conservative Method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The classical potential formulation of inviscid transonic flows is modified to account for non-isentropic effects. The density is determined in terms of the speed as well as the pressure, which in turn is calculated from a second-order mixed-type equation derived via differentiating the momentum equations.The present model differs in general from the exact inviscid Euler equations since the flow is assumed irrotational. On the other hand, since the shocks are not isentropic, they are weaker and are placed further upstream compared to the classical potential solution. Furthermore, the streamline leaving the aerofoil does not necessarily bisect the trailing edge.Results for the present conservative calculations are presented for non-lifting and lifting aerofoils at subsonic and transonic speeds and compared to potential and Euler solutions.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 35-45 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Vorticity-Potential ; 3-D Body-Fitted Grid ; Navier-Stokes ; Internal Flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An improved Vorticity-Potential method is presented for the numerical solutions of three-dimensional duct flow problems. The solution procedure requires first a potential solution. Then the viscous effects are added through the vorticity transport equation. By using body-fitted coordinates, the method is applied to simulate the incompressible laminar flows in a square elbow and in a twisted square elbow.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 101-102 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 113-127 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Wind Engineering ; Control Volume Method ; Wind Flow Simulation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The steady Navier-Stokes equation is solved to simulate the wind-flow environment of three-dimensional configurations of buildings. The method assumes an incident wind described by a power-law velocity profile. A new method for controlling the two-part nested solution iteration is introduced. The simulation is compared to some published wind-tunnel measurements.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 257-258 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 75
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 165-172 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Pressure Oscillations ; Driven Cavity ; Boundary Data ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The 8-node (serendipity) velocity basis with C° bilinear pressure is a popular element but has been observed to yield poor pressures. We present some details of numerical experiments that indicate the local nature of the error and the effects of mesh refinement, increasing Reynolds number and regularity of the data. This leads to a strategy for appropriately modifying the data near the corners that is effective in improving the computed pressure approximation.
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  • 76
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 219-227 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Water Waves ; Bifurcation ; Non-linear ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: We are concerned with the numerical computation of progressive free surface gravity waves on a horizontal bed. They are regarded as families of bifurcation branches (λ,A)Q of constant discharge Q.Numerically we determine two transition values Q1 and Q2 with corresponding transition bifurcation branches that classify waves into three disjoint branch sets B1, B2 and B3. Their members are families of waves (λ,A)Q satisfying the conditions 0〈Q2 ≤Q12, Q12 〈Q2 ≤Q22 and Q22 〈Q2 〈B/27, respectively.The bifurcation patterns are analysed in some detail from the computed bifurcation diagram, which shows that in B1 bifurcation is to the left and the amplitude A increases as the wavelength λ decreases; in B2 bifurcation is to the right and turning points are observed nearly at breaking point. In B3 bifurcation is to the right and A increases monotonically with λ.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 496-496 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 78
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 291-304 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Grid Generation ; Numerical Methods ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An efficient and versatile algebraic grid generation technique is presented for generating grid points in irregularly shaped and time-varying spatial domains. The method presented is based on the ‘two-boundary technique’ of Smith. The usefulness and the feasibility of the grid generation technique were demonstrated by (1) generating grid points inside one of the combustion chambers of a motored two-dimensional rotary engine and (2) obtaining numerical solutions for the flow field inside one of those combustion chambers.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 883-894 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Convective Instability ; Orr-Sommerfeld Equation ; Optimal Control ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The Orr-Sommerfeld equation is solved numerically for a layer of liquid film flowing down an inclined plane under the action of gravity using the sequential gradient-restoration algorithm (SGRA) The method consists of solving the governing equation as it is a Bolza problem in the calculus of variations. The neutral stability curves, eigenvalues and eigenfunctions to the stability problem can be determined simultaneously during the process.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 927-937 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Two-equation Turbulence Model ; Separated Flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An implicit two-equation turbulence solver, KEM. in generalized co-ordinates, is used in conjunction with the three-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes solver, INS3D, to calculate the internal flow in a channel and a channel with a sudden 2:3 expansion. A new and consistent boundary procedure for a low Reynolds number form of the κ-ε turbulence model is chosen to integrate the equations up to the wall. The high Reynolds number form of the equations is integrated using wall functions. The latter approach yields a faster convergence to the steady-state solution than the former. For the case of channel flow, both the wall-function and wall-boundary-condition approaches yield results in good agreement with the experimental data. The back-step (sudden expansion) flow is calculated using the wall-function approach. The predictions are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 715-731 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Viscous Flow ; Array of Cylinders ; Numerical Methods ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The unsteady two-dimensional flow around an array of circular cylinders submerged in a uniform onset flow is analysed. The fluid is taken to be viscous and incompressible. The array of cylinders consists of two horizontal rows extending to infinity in the upstream and downstream directions. The centre-to-centre distance between adjacent cylinders is fixed at three diameters, and the rows are staggered. Advantage is taken of spatially periodic boundary conditions in the flow direction. This reduces the computational domain to a rectangular region surrounding a single circular cylinder. Two cases, for Reynolds numbers of 1000 and 10,000, are presented.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 769-787 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Turbulent Boundary Layer ; Kκ-ε Model ; Dorodnitsyn Finite Element ; Heat Transfer ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The use of finite element methods for turbulent boundary-layer flow is relatively recent and of limited extent.1 In the present study, we extend the group variable approach of Fletcher and Fleer2,3 to treat turbulent boundary layer flows with heat transfer using a two-equation turbulence model. The main concepts in the formulations include a Dorodnitsyn-type transformation which uses a velocity component as the transverse variable, a ‘variational’ formulation for the transformed equations using special test functions and development of a two-equation turbulence model in terms of the turbulent kinetic energy and turbulence dissipation rate as additional field variables. Several numerical test cases have been examined comparing the results with finite difference calculations and comparing the two-equation turbulence model with an algebraic turbulence model.
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 191-193 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Finite Elements ; Interface Penalties ; Viscous Flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this note, we apply a finite element stream function formulation with inter-element penalties to the Navier-Stokes equations. The approach is an extension of a technique previously introduced for Stokes, flow. The solution is obtained by iterative linearization using successive approximation, and results for a standard numerical test case are given.
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  • 88
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    Keywords: Computer Extended Series ; Rotating Fluid Mechanics ; MACSYMA ; Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: We have reformulated the general problem of internal flow in a modern, high speed gas centrifuge with sources and sinks in such a way as to obtain new, simple, rigorous closed form analytical solutions. Both symmetric and antisymmetric drives lead us to an ordinary differential equation in place of the usual inhomogeneous Onsager partial differential equation. Owing to the difficulties of exactly solving this sixth order, inhomogeneous, variable coefficient ordinary differential equation we appeal to the power of perturbation theory and techniques. Two extreme parameter regimes are identified, the so-called semi-long bowl approximation and a new short bowl approximation. Only the former class of problems is treated here. The long bowl solution for axial drive is the correct leading order term, just as for pure thermal drive. New O(1) results are derived for radial, drag and heat drives in two dimensions. Then regular asymptotic, even ordered power series expansions for the flow field are carried out on the computer to O(ε4) using MACSYMA. These approximations are valid for values of ε near unity. In the spirit of Van Dyke, one can carry out this expansion process, in theory, to apparently arbitrary order for arbitrary but finite decay length ratio. Curiously, the flows induced by axial and radial forces are proportional for asymptotically large source scale heights, x*. Corresponding isotope separation integral parameters will be given in a companion paper.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 277-289 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Large eddie simulation ; Spectral methods ; Computer simulation of flows ; Distorted geometries ; Coordinate transformation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Turbulence is essentially four-dimensional in character, and requires the corresponding treatment of the well-known Navier-Stokes equations. However, this has only been possible over the past twenty years and then by using the largest computers available. Interest is now turning from the initial, mainly smooth channel, simulations to geometries of eventual engineering significance. This paper reports a new code using the spectral methods of Orszag, but also incorporating a novel generalized co-ordinate transformation approach.Initial predictions for smooth channels agree well with published data. For distorted geometries, the initial velocity field has considerable influence on the success of the simulations. This is accommodated by gradual (step) changes towards the required distortion, so that the initial velocity field for the ‘new’ geometry is the final field from the previous step. Examples are given of different two-dimensional channel geometries achieved, and these include the successful prediction of recirculating flows.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 155-173 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Cavity Flow ; Three-dimensional ; Primitive Variables ; Navier-Stokes Equations ; Boundary-fitted Co-ordinates ; SIMPLE Solution Scheme ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The problem of three-dimensional laminar natural convection in a vertical enclosure with an inner square rod is treated by a numerical method in boundary-fitted co-ordinates. The inner and outer cylinders are heated and cooled, respectively, to maintain different constant surface temperatures. The horizontal enclosure surfaces are maintained at adiabatic conditions. The Prandtl number is that of air, 0·703, and the Rayleigh numbers span the conduction, transition and boundary layer regimes of flow. The radius ratio is 1, and the aspect ratio (cylinder length divided by maximum annular gap) is 1. The results of the study provide data useful in the design and performance assessment of nuclear reactor spent fuel shipping casks.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 395-406 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Computational methods ; Pipelines ; Pressure Transients ; Waterhammer ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper investigates the application of the centre implicit method for the determination of the pressure transient in a pipeline, and compares the results with those obtained using the method of characteristics and an experimental investigation. The study shows that there are unique values for the stability criterion (ratio of the linear and time increments) and the artificial viscosity term (a damping factor) used in the numerical computation. The time step and the number of nodes required for the accuracy of the method have been considered. The centre implicit method can be readily adapted to transient flow with variable wave speed provided the established conditions are used.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 465-488 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Free Surface Flow ; Curvilinear Co-ordinates ; Three-dimensional ; Finite volume ; Mesh adaptive technique ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Numerical simulation of open water flow in natural courses seems to be doomed to one- or two-dimensional numerical simulations. Investigations of flow hydrodynamics through the application of three-dimensional models actually have very few appearances in the literature. This paper discusses the development and the initial implementation of a general three-dimensional and time-dependent finite volume approach to simulate the hydrodynamics of surface water flow in rivers and lakes. The slightly modified Navier-Stokes equations, together with the continuity and the water depth equations, form the theoretical basis of the model. A body-fitted time-dependent co-ordinate system has been used in the solution process, in order to accommodate the commonly complex and irregular boundary and bathymetry of natural water courses. The proposed adaptive technique allows the mesh to follow the movement of the water boundaries, including the unsteady free-water surface.The primitive variable equations are written in conservative form in the Cartesian co-ordinate system, and the computational procedure is executed in the moveable curvilinear co-ordinate system. Special stabilizing techniques are introduced in order to eliminate the oscillating behaviour associated with the finite volume formulation. Also, a new and comprehensive approximation for the pressure forces at the faces of a control volume is presented. Finally, results of several tests demonstrate the performance of the finite volume approach coupled with the adaptive technique employed in the three-dimensional time-dependent mesh system.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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  • 93
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 319-335 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper presents a numerical solution of the transport equation for heat and species in complex three-dimensional spaces. The solution domain of the equation is transformed into a cube, as also is the governing equation; the resultant equation is solved in the transformed space via a finite difference technique. The validity of the developed computer code is tested by predicting test cases for which either analytical or reliable experimental results exist. Results are also presented for the rate of convergence of the method and the computer storage requirements, from which the validity, the flexibility and the economy of the developed method are proved for flows in real three-dimensional complex terrains.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 94
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 371-394 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Consistent Flux ; Heat Flux ; Derived Quantities ; FEM ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A consistent, accurate and reasonably simple method of obtaining derived quantities when the conventional Galerkin finite element method (GFEM) is used to obtain the primary quantities is defined and demonstrated, both theoretically and numerically.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 95
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    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 453-464 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Boundary Fitted Co-ordinate System ; Shallow Water Equations ; Rotating Containers ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Numerical solutions are often inaccurate because conventional co-ordinate systems do not represent the complex physical boundaries accurately. In the present work, the numerical solution of linear shallow water wave equations has been obtained by transforming the physical domain into a rectangular computational domain using elliptic differential operators. This work is part of a programme to develop three-dimensional body-fit grid systems for environmental flows. Solutions have been obtained for a cylindrical container and also a parabolic container. The initial conditions chosen are the ones for which analytical solutions exist. The numerical solutions compare well with analytical solutions.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 96
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 533-533 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 97
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    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 535-550 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Slosh ; Cylindrical Container ; Free Surface ; Volume of Fluid ; Numerical Method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In a previous work we solved numerically the steady-state motion of an ideal fluid that fills a moving cylindrical container with partitions, and were able to compute the equivalent moments of inertia.Here we extend this work in two steps. First we introduce time dependence and then free surfaces, and are able to compute the transient motion of the fluid not filling the container. The main body of the work has to do with the treatment of free surfaces. Our approach is an extention to three dimensions of the volume of fluid method of Hirt and Nichols. The solution algorithm is outlined, and two examples that demonstrate its capability are presented.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 98
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 649-649 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 650-651 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
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    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 1405-1406 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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