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  • Articles  (758)
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  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (758)
  • 1985-1989  (654)
  • 1950-1954  (104)
  • Sociology  (425)
  • Computer Science  (333)
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  • Articles  (758)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flexible specialisation, work organisation and skills: approaching the ‘second industrial divide’ (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 4 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Piore and Sabel's concept of flexible specialisation (FS) has initiated a lively debate between‘optimists’,‘pessimists’and ‘sceptics’. The potential impact of FS on work organisation and skills is examined through a review of industry case studies with discussion of the implications for management, government and unions with respect to training policy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1989.tb00106.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trade unions and alternative technology in Scandinavia (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 4 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Scandinavian trade unions have been trying to influence the introduction of new technology in the work process since the early seventies. Recently, the most progressive unions have initiated their own research projects aimed at developing alternative technologies. This article discusses two examples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1989.tb00107.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Legal responses to technological change in Canada (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 4 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Canadian labour laws ban lawful work stoppages while collective agreements are in force. Managerial prerogative generally governs technological change. Employees lawfully enjoy varying, but limited job security. Current laws may not deal adequately with the next wave of technology. Significantly, four jurisdictions provide midcontract arbitration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1989.tb00109.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Restructuring in the West Midlands’clothing industry (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 4 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article reviews the flexible specialisation debate in the context of the clothing industry in the West Midlands. It questions the central importance given to the introduction of technology in the recent restructuring of the industry and argues that such changes do not necessarily benefit the workforce.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1989.tb00108.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determinants of trade union influence over technological change (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 4 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Trade unions have generally found it difficult to exercise influence over the process of technological change and its effect on the conditions and content of work. This article seeks to identify the circumstances under which unions may be able to gain access to the decision-making process and in turn shape the organisational outcomes of new technology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1989.tb00110.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New technology based firms and the emergence of new industries: a reply (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 4 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The article by Claire Shearman and Gibson Burrell which was published in this journal, Autumn 1988 (Vol. 3 No. 2) provoked an immediate response. Here Ray Oakey and Roy Rothwell exercise their right of reply. This is followed by a response from the authors who defend their original article.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1989.tb00111.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A response to Oakey and Rothwell (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 4 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1989.tb00113.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book reviews (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 4 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Book reviewed in this articleThe Japanization of british IndustryTechnological Change at WorkThe Meaning of Work and Technological OptionsManaging the Adoption of New TechnologyThe Individual, Work and Organisation
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1989.tb00114.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New technology and industrial relations (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 4 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article reviews recent studies of new technology and industrial relations and indicates four main areas for future research. The author concludes that more attention should be devoted to the technology itself, and that industrial relations research could usefully incorporate many recent insights and developments in industrial sociology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1989.tb00099.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New technology based firms and the emergence of new industries: reply by Roy Rothwell (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 4 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1989.tb00112.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CAD—The‘Taylorisation’of drawing office work? (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 4 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: CAD has been described as a‘Trojan horse’through which drawing office work will be deskilled. This article rebuts the crude Tayloris-ation thesis which underlines such views and offers an alternative analysis of the effects of CAD.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1989.tb00101.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microelectronics and manpower in China (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 4 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article examines the relationships between microelectronics and manpower in Chinese enterprises in the context of the economic reforms. It focuses on skills and training developments and the potential for technology transfer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1989.tb00100.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Technical change, work organisation and training: some issues relating to the role of market forces (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 4 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Managements often fail to deal with problems of reorganising work to cope with technical change. Nevertheless, it is suggested that skills are becoming more enterprise-specific and that employers should train to satisfy their own needs. While markets help to distribute skills, they do not ensure that sufficient are created.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1989.tb00103.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Technological and organizational change in Canada (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 4 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Numerous studies conclude that technological and organizational innovations are mutually supportive. Yet Canadian evidence shows a relative lack of emphasis on the crucial organizational dimensions of the innovation process. This article examines the results of a survey of technological and organizational change in 1,000 establishments and discusses reasons for the relative neglect of organizational factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1989.tb00102.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New Technology in West Germany: the employment debate (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 4 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: In view of high unemployment, one major issue of concern within the German population is the impact of new technology on the labour market. This article examines the problem of determining and predicting effects of technological change on employment and discusses the development of job structure, work organisation and skill requirements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1989.tb00104.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New technology based firms and the emergence of new industries: some employment implications (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 3 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article challenges conventional theories on the role of NTBFs in the growth of new industries. Its‘community dynamics’approach is an alternative to the SPRU model of‘dynamic complementaries’and argues that while NTBFs are crucial, their capacity for employment generation is low.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1988.tb00092.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book reviews (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 4 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Book reviewed in this articleThe Management of Innovation in High-Technology Small FirmsComputer Chips and Paper Clips Technology and Women's Employment Volume II Case Studies and Policy PerspectivesNew Office Information Technology: Human and Managerial ImplicationsApprasing and Exploring OrganisationsThe Human Side of Advanced Manufacturing Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1989.tb00105.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New technology and job design: the case of CNC (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 3 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article is based on a three-year study of the introduction and use of computer numerically controlled machine tools (CNC) into nine engineering companies. It rejects the view that technology determines job design and instead highlights the role of managerial values and competence and organisations’own structures and practices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1988.tb00093.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Skills and job commitment in high technology industries in the US (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 3 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article, based on a study of workers, engineers and managers in a sample of high technology firms in the US, suggests extensive skill dislocation, labour market segmentation and a lack of participation in production decisions. There is a crisis of organisation and commitment among employees in such firms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1988.tb00094.x
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Small firms, new technology and the division of labour in Japan (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 3 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Here the author examines the problems, in adopting new technology, faced by small firms in Japan's machinery industry. A significant part of the concern about the technology gap between large and small firms is attributed to their respective capacities to recruit and train skilled labour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1988.tb00096.x
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Japanisation of Xerox (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 3 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The impact of Japanese competition has led to attempts by Western organisations to implement elements of Japanese management. The process has been described as‘Japanisation’. Here the authors examine the Japanisation of Rank Xerox and Xerox Corporation. Xerox has benefitted from the learning experience of its Japanese joint venture, Fuji Xerox, and has been described as the most‘Japanised’of Western companies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1988.tb00095.x
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Freeing work from the constraints of location and time (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 3 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Information technology makes possible working patterns with flexibility in location and time. But traditional assumptions of managerial control serve as a strong deterrent. This article deals with these issues through an analysis of interviews at ICL and Texaco UK, with managers and high-level employees who work partially at home. Rank Xerox networkers are used as a point of comparison.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1988.tb00097.x
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book reviews (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 3 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Book review in this ArticleInnovation, Entrepreneurs and Regional DevelopmentThe Challenge of New TechnologyNew Technology and the Process of Labour RegulationWomen and Information TechnologyComputerising work; people, systems design and workplace relationsBenetton: Information Technology in Production and Distribution: a Case Study of the Innovative Potential of Traditional Sectors
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1988.tb00098.x
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The limits to‘Japanisation’—Just-in-Time, labour relations and the UK automotive industry (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 3 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Competition from Japanese manufacturers has been particularly fierce in the automotive industry. Consequently, many British manufacturers are now emulating the production and employment policies of their Japanese rivals. But there are limits to such a process, especially in the sphere of labour-management relations and the control of work.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1988.tb00084.x
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
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    Technology, markets and the design of women's jobs—the case of the clothing industry (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 3 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The clothing industry has been saved largely as a result of the introduction of new technology in response to an increasingly competitive market place. But what affect has this restructuring had upon jobs? We explore how women workers have experienced this change and why policy-making should consider job design.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1988.tb00085.x
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prejudices and wishful thinking about computer aided design (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 3 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The findings from a study of the consequences of the introduction of CAD† on the organisation of work in three Swedish engineering companies are consistent with European empirical research but not with the predictions of either the advocates or critics of the technology. Here the author offers two possible explanations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1988.tb00086.x
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  • 27
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    Confidence, visibility and pressure: the effects of shared information in computer aided hotel management (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 3 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article analyses the use made of computer based information systems in hospitality management. The findings indicate that, rather than replacing the middle management role, computer systems are used as support mechanisms which remove uncertainty associated with decisions based on hunch or inadequate information.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1988.tb00087.x
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  • 28
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    Technology and deskilling: the case of five principal trade areas in New South Wales (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 3 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article summarises features of the current debate over whether new technology upgrades or downgrades skill and knowledge requirements and reports on how 1,700 tradespeople (craftspeople) interviewed in 1983–85 in NSW, substantially reported an upgrading effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1988.tb00088.x
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  • 29
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    Intelligent knowledge based systems (IKBS): organisational implications (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 3 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Many factors other than technology can influence the forms of work organisation at several key stages during the process of change. This article discusses developments in the design of intelligent knowledge-based systems (IKBS) and argues that these new forms of computerisation will undermine the position of a number of management functions in the enterprise.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1988.tb00089.x
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  • 30
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    Blue, white and steel collar: a case study of robot introduction (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 3 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This study describes the human and organizational implications of introducing robots into an Israeli plant. Findings point at several gaps between the perceptions of senior management, middle management and rank and file employees.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1988.tb00090.x
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  • 31
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    Book reviews (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 3 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Book review in this ArticleInformation Technology; A Luddite AnalysisEnterprising InnovationThe Development of High Technology IndustriesUnions, Unemployment & InnovationSDI and Industrial Technology Policy
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1988.tb00091.x
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  • 32
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    Trade unions and new technology in West Germany (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 2 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The attitudes and policy orientations of the West German unions to the development and utilisation of new technologies have changed substantially over the past three decades. Contemporary union policies are more critical and more politically oriented: the changes which they seek, to more successfully influence technological developments, have potentially crucial significance for the future character and stability of the West German industrial relations system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1987.tb00078.x
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  • 33
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    Employment effects of technological change (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 2 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article examines the debate about whether new technology creates or displaces jobs. It emphasises the occupational dimension, in order to assess some of the policies relating to education, training and income distribution. Finally, the role of technological change is examined in terms of the quality of the resulting job structure and the issue of income and skill polarization.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1987.tb00079.x
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  • 34
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    The NGA and the impact of new technology (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 2 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: In the past the NGA dominated the communications world of paper and ink. This domination is being undermined by the micro-processor revolution which is creating an alternative communications world based on electronic devices and in which the NGA presently has little influence. Here the author analyses the strategies and policies adopted by the NGA to retain its influence in the ‘shrinking’communications world of paper and to gain some influence in the new communications.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1987.tb00080.x
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  • 35
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    New technology, innovation and training: an empirical study of selected British firms (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 2 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article is based on a survey of manufacturing sites, and the relation between production innovation and skills provision strategies encountered therein. It discusses the ways in which trends towards process integration and product flexibility are encouraging moves away from the traditional dependence on ‘off-the-shelf’skills recruitment and towards a greater emphasis on training, often of a flexible and cross-disciplinary type.
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    The Tomteboda Mail Centre Revisited (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 2 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The first issue of NTWE featured a piece on work organisation at the Swedish Mail Centre at Tomteboda. In the light of a recent visit there, the author responds to that original account.
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    Neo-corporatism and technological change in Australia: an international perspective (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 2 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Industrialised nations have responded to the recent impact of new technology either by planning within a corporatist framework, or by reacting to changes determined by ‘market forces’. Australia is moving from the second to the first strategy because of a combination of political and legal changes, building upon traditional institutions
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    Book Reviews (1987)
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    New technology, work and employment 2 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Book review in this ArticleTechnology and the Human ProspectMachinery of Dominance, Women, Knowledge and Technical Know-howComputer Chips and Paper Clips, Volume 1Gender and the Labour ProcessTowards the Automatic Factory? The Need for TrainingManaging New TechnologyThe Silicon Society
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    Editorial: the NTWE in 1987 (1987)
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    New technology, work and employment 2 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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    Trade union policies on new technology: facing the challenges of the 1980s (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 2 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Although trade unions have generally agreed TUC policy on new technology, they found it difficult to follow policy and make acceptance conditional. Economic circumstances, employer strategies and the structure of trade unions and collective bargaining, constrain the realisation of policy objectives. But there are also weaknesses in the policies themselves and the resources trade unions dedicate to new technology.
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    The technological imperative and the quality of employment (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 2 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article challenges the widespread concept of a ‘technological imperative’which is alleged to lead to greater economic efficiency. The socio-technical model, supported by evidence from past research and recent cases, undermines the validity of the ‘imperative’and presents an alternative based on choices.
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    Flexible manufacturing systems in Britain and the USA (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 2 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Comparing a British with an American Flexible Manufacturing System highlights both differences in de facto and formal work organisation and the separate influence of overall management policies. Contrary to prevailing theories it is the practical resolution of these policies that either stifles or permits polyvalent, ‘autonomous’work-groups.
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    Considerations on the collective dimension of work (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 2 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The introduction of new technologies combined with demanning policies has brought about a greater awareness of the importance of the collective dimensions of work. Research work, in France, has been investigating the notions of ‘work groups’* and ‘collective/group skills’. These are key issues concerned with the mastering of new technologies, and the creation of ‘new forms’of work organization, such as quality circles.
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    Computer technology and the job of the First-Line Supervisor (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 2 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article presents a detailed case study of changes in the job tasks of British Rail yard supervisors under the routine operation of a computerised system of freight information control in order to critically evaluate the claim that computer technology is contributing to the demise of first-line supervisors.
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    Book reviews (1987)
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    New technology, work and employment 2 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Book review in this ArticleSunrise EuropeNEDC Long-term perspectives group, IT Futures: What current forecasting literature says about the social impact of information technologyHuman Factors: Man, Machine and New TechnologyWorking the System: The Shop Floor and New Technology
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    New technology and training: Missed opportunities (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 2 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article identifies the avenues used by UK firms to acquire the work skills needed to operate the new technologies. Having found that retraining is the most popular avenue, the author turns to issues such as who identified the retraining needs, how they were met and with what degree of success. In the process, disturbing tendencies are discovered.
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    Feature—International Industrial Relations Association Seventh World Congress Hamburg, West Germany, September 1986 (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 2 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: As technological change was a main item at the IIRA World Congress the author was invited to write a short report on it for NTWE
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    In this issue (1986)
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    New technology, work and employment 1 (1986), S. 0 
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    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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    The erosion of employment in the UK; the need for a new response (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 1 (1986), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: There has been much speculation about the future of work in moods ranging from euphoria to prophecies of doom. This article attempts to outline the undercurrents of change which will determine the reality behind this debate. It is based on analyses conducted for Work and Society, The Other Economic Summit and the Society for International Development.
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    The social implications of new technology: an unpredictable future (1986)
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    New technology, work and employment 1 (1986), S. 0 
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    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Here the authors summarise the responses to new technology by employers, trade unions and governments from an international perspective and they identify the emerging trends on job displacement, workforce adjustment and new skill requirements in Western industrialised countries.
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    A model for relating technology, organization and employment level: A study of the impact of computerization in the Swedish insurance industry (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 1 (1986), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article investigates effects of computerization in the Swedish insurance industry from 1960–1980. While the technological imperative dictates that many jobs would disappear, it was found that employment actually increased. The authors produce a model relating technology to employment levels and suggest that a range of moderating factors must be considered.
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    Pluralist beliefs about new technology within a manufacturing organization (1986)
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    New technology, work and employment 1 (1986), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: There is little systematic survey evidence so far on the attitudes and beliefs of those involved with new technology in small batch manufacturing. Here the authors present findings on the responses of management, trade unions and employees in an Advanced Manufacturing Technology (AMT) work environment.
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    Industrial relations policies in high technology firms (1986)
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    New technology, work and employment 1 (1986), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: ‘High Technology’ firms constitute a significant growth sector in the UK. Such firms are often assumed to be non-union, with a paternalist style of management, providing a striking contrast to traditional industrial relations practices. Here the author assesses the current evidence.
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    The work research unit and its role in change (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 1 (1986), S. 0 
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    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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    Codetermination and technological change in the German automobile industry (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 1 (1986), S. 0 
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    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article examines how works councils in the West German automobile industry have influenced management approaches to technological change in three firms. The authors argue that while the post-war industrial relations consensus in Germany can be increasingly questioned, car-makers in the English speaking countries have important lessons to learn from their German counterparts.
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    Information technology and employment in local government: the quantitative and qualitative effects on jobs in the late 1980s (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 1 (1986), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: New technology is increasingly being introduced into local government. Using a case study of a shire local authority, the author argues that information technology has already affected employment levels and has enhanced management efficiency.
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    In this issue (1986)
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    New technology, work and employment 1 (1986), S. 0 
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    Dans ce numéro (1986)
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    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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    Editorial (1986)
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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    Book reviews (1986)
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    New technology, work and employment 1 (1986), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Book review in this ArticleThe Management Implications of New Information Technology N. Piercy (ed.)High Technology Small Firms — Innovation and Regional Development in Britain and the United States R. OakeyFuture Work James Robertson Maurice Temple SmithTechnology, Work and Industrial Relations Russell D. Lansbury and Edward M. DavisReport of the Committee of Inquiry into Labour Market Programs Australian Government Publishing Service CanberraJapanese Employment and Employee Relations: An Annotated Bibliography Bill Ford, Millicent Easther and Ann Brewer Australian Government Publishing Service, CanberraTechnology and the Workforce: An Annotated Bibliography Bill Ford, Margaret Coffey and Dexter Dunphy Technology Research Unit, New South Wales Ministry of TechnologyTechnological Change: The Tripartite Response, 1982–85 Hedva Sarfati and Margaret CoveWork in the 1980s. Emanicipation and Derogation Bengt Ove Gustavsson, Jan Ch. Karlsson & Curt Räftegård
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    The need for skills in the factory of the future (1986)
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    New technology, work and employment 1 (1986), S. 0 
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    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The ‘automated factory’ as the culmination of ingenuity has fascinated engineers and social visionaries (albeit for different reasons) for a considerable period. This article discusses the skill requirements of advanced automated production.
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    Opening the black box: the relation between technology and work (1986)
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    New technology, work and employment 1 (1986), S. 0 
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    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article argues that social scientists need to develop a detailed understanding of ‘technology’, and its relationship to social variables, if the full impfication of new technologjes is to be adequately investigated. Material from research on telephone exchange modemisation in British Telecom is used to develop such an approach.
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    Labor and training issues in advanced technology industrial development (1986)
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    New technology, work and employment 1 (1986), S. 0 
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    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The United States, together with other advanced industrial societies is having to address the skill and training requirements which stem from occupational change as a result of technological innovation. This article examines the major labor questions for policy-makers in the USA now and in the near future.
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    Skill, deskilling and new technology in the non-manual labour process (1986)
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    New technology, work and employment 1 (1986), S. 0 
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    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article discusses the concept of skill and, using material from case studies on non-manual work, suggests that the microelectronic technology may have implications for work and skills that in each case will depend on a combination of social and technological factors.
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    Unions and new technology in Australia (1986)
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    Notes: The Australian trade union movement has identified new technology as a major issue for the 1980s and beyond. This article examines ACTU policy on technological change in the light of the experience of two large Australian unions.
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    Drawing the line: Computer-Aided Design and the organisation of the drawing office (1986)
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    New technology, work and employment 1 (1986), S. 0 
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    Notes: Draughtsmen could until recently legitimately be seen as a ‘white-collar craft’ group. This article examines the degree to which Computer-Aided Design is fragmenting the cohesiveness of the drawing office, and thus threatening to undermine the craft control which has been the basis of the strength of the union, AUEW/TASS.
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    National ideology, technology and employment: the construction industry in Singapore (1986)
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    New technology, work and employment 1 (1986), S. 0 
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    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: An understanding of the changes taking place in Singapore's construction industry is not achieved simply by reference to ‘technological imperatives’. Changes in technology, work patterns and employment are closely bound up with the ideological orientations of the ruling elite. This article analyses these changes and examines the implications for the workforce.
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    Research on the implications of new technology for manpower and skills: some methodological considerations (1986)
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    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This paper examines two approaches to the study of the implications of technological change for manpower and skill requirements. One is based on the development of taxonomies to classify different levels of automation of industrial processes. The other is based on the study of the competitive dynamics within industrial sectors.
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    COACH: A tutor based on active schemas (1986)
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    Computational intelligence 2 (1986), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The Coach system, a computer simulation of a human tutor, was constructed with the goal of obtaining a better understanding of how a tutor interprets the student's behavior, diagnoses difficulties, and gives advice. Coach gives advice to a student who is learning a simple computer programming language. Its intelligence is based on a hierarchy of active schemas that represent the tutor's general concepts and on more specific information represented in a semantic network. The coordination of conceptually guided and data-driven processing enables the Coach system to interpret student behavior, recognize errors, and give advice to the student.
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    Learning rules for graph transformations by induction from examples (1986)
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    Computational intelligence 2 (1986), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The input to the described program, in learning mode, consists of examples of starting graph and result graph pairs. The starting graph is transformable into the result graph by adding or deleting certain edges and vertices. The essential common features of the starting graphs are stored together with specifications of the edges and vertices to be deleted or added. This latter information is obtained by mapping each starting graph onto the corresponding result graph. On subsequent input of similar starting graphs without a result graph, the program, in performance mode, recognizes the characterizing set of features in the starting graph and can perform the proper transformation on the starting graph to obtain the corresponding result graph. The program also adds the production to its source code so that after recompilation it is permanently endowed with the new production. If any feature which lacks the property “ordinary” is discovered in the starting graph and only one example has been given, then there is feedback to the user including a request for more examples to ascertain whether the extraordinary property is a necessary part of the situation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1986.tb00084.x
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    Possible events, actual events, and robots (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 1 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: To plan means reasoning about possible actions, but a robot must also reason about actual events. This paper proposes a formal theory about actual and possible events. It presents a new modal logic as a notation for this theory and a technique for planning in the modal logic using a first-order theorem prover augmented with simple modal reasoning. This avoids the need for a general modal-logic theorem prover. Adding beliefs to this theory raises an interesting problem for which the paper offers a tentative solution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1985.tb00059.x
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    Spatiotemporal inseparability in early vision: centre-surround models and velocity selectivity (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 1 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Several computational theories of early visual processing, such as Marr's zero-crossing theory, are biologically motivated and based largely on the well-known difference of Gaussians (DOG) receptive-field model of retinal processing. We examine the physiological relevance of the DOG, particularly in the light of evidence indicating significant spatiotemporal inseparability in the behaviour of retinal cell types. From the form of the inseparability we find that commonly accepted functional interpretations of retinal processing based on the DOG, such as the Laplacian of a Gaussian and zero crossings, are not valid for time-varying images. In contrast to current machine-vision approaches, which attempt to separate form and motion information at an early stage, it appears that this is not the case in biological systems. It is further shown that the qualitative form of this inseparability provides a convenient precursor to the extraction of both form and motion information. We show the construction of efficient mechanisms for the extraction of orientation and two-dimensional normal velocity through the use of a hierarchical computational framework. The resultant mechanisms are well localized in space-time and can be easily tuned to various degrees of orientation and speed specificity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1985.tb00062.x
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    Explicitly biased generalization (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: During incremental concept learning from examples, tentative hypotheses are formed and then modified to form new hypotheses. When there is a choice among hypotheses, bias is used to express a preference. Bias may be expressed by the choice of hypothesis language, it may be implemented as an evaluation function for selecting among hypotheses already generated, or it may consist of screening potential hypotheses prior to hypothesis generation. This paper describes the use of the third method. Bias is represented explicitly both as assumptions that reduce the space of potential hypotheses and as procedures for testing these assumptions. There are advantages gained by using explicit assumptions. One advantage is that the assumptions are meta-level hypotheses that are used to generate future, as well as to select between current, inductive hypotheses. By testing these meta-level hypotheses, a system gains the power to anticipate the form of future hypotheses. Furthermore, rigorous testing of these meta-level hypotheses before using them to generate inductive hypotheses avoids consistency checks of the inductive hypotheses. A second advantage of using explicit assumptions is that bias can be tested using a variety of learning methods.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1989.tb00317.x
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    Knowledge acquisition by incremental learning from problem-solution pairs (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper describes LEW (learning by watching), an implementation of a novel learning technique, and discusses its application to the learning of plans. LEW is a domain-independent learning system with user-limited autonomy that is designed to provide robust performance in realistic knowledge acquisition tasks in a variety of domains. It partly automates the knowledge acquisition process for different knowledge types, such as concepts, rules, and plans. The inputs to the system, which we call cues, consist of an environmental component and of pairs containing a problem and its solution. Unlike traditional forms of “learning from examples”, in which the system uses the teacher's answer to improve the result of a prior generalization of an example, LEW treats the problem-solution or question-answer instances, i. e., the cues themselves, as the basic units for generalization.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1989.tb00316.x
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    Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1989.tb00319.x
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    An investigation of modal structures as an alternative semantic basis for epistemic logics (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: In the past, Kripke structures have been used to specify the semantic theory of various modal logics. More recently, modal structures have been developed as an alternative to Kripke structures for providing the semantics of such logics. While these approaches are equivalent in a certain sense, it has been argued that modal structures provide a more appropriate basis for representing the modal notions of knowledge and belief. Since these notions, rather than the traditional notions of necessity and possibility, are of particular interest to artificial intelligence, it is of interest to examine the applicability and versatility of these structures. This paper presents an investigation of modal structures by examining how they may be extended to account for generalizations of Kripke structures. To begin with, we present an alternative formulation of modal structures in terms of trees; this formulation emphasizes the relation between Kripke structures and modal structures, by showing how the latter may be obtained from the former by means of a three-step transformation. Following this, we show how modal structures may be extended to represent generalizations of possible worlds, and to represent generalizations of accessibility between possible worlds. Lastly, we show how modal structures may be used in the case of a full first-order system. In all cases, the extensions are shown to be equivalent to the corresponding extension of Kripke structures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1989.tb00318.x
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    Expressing unrestricted grammars by extended definite clause grammars (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A definition of extended definite clause grammars and their relationship to unrestricted grammars are presented. A method for translating extended definite clause grammars describing unrestricted grammars into executable prolog programs is given. Three different parsing techniques are presented, and for each a complete presentation of how to incorporate unrestricted grammars in the actual formalism is done. Extended definite clause grammar is a powerful formalism usable for specifying grammars in natural language processing systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1989.tb00322.x
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    Qualitative data modeling: application of a mechanism for interpreting graphical data (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper describes a qualitative technique for interpreting graphical data. Given a set of numerical observations regarding the behaviour of a system, its attributes can be determined by plotting the data and qualitatively comparing the shape of the resulting graph with graphs of system behaviour models. Qualitative data modeling incorporates techniques from pattern recognition and qualitative reasoning to characterize observed data, generate hypothetical interpretations, and select models that best fit the shape of the data. Domain-specific knowledge may be used to substantiate or refute the likelihood of hypothesized interpretations. The basic data modeling technique is domain independent and is applicable to a wide range of problems. It is illustrated here in the context of a knowledge-based system for well test interpretation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1989.tb00320.x
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    Curved Mondrians: shading analysis of patterned objects (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Most shape-from-shading methods assume that surface reflectance is constant within large image regions. This assumption is violated in natural scenes with objects made from different materials. We present a more general method for recovering shape from shading, assuming that surfaces are smooth and albedo is piecewise constant, as would be the case if a Mondrian image was painted on a smooth curved surface. Our method is based on combining Brooks and Horn's method for shape recovery with the recovery of albedo using stochastic relaxation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1989.tb00321.x
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    Use of multilayer networks for the recognition of phonetic features and phonemes (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Artificial neural networks capable of doing hard learning offer a new way to undertake automatic speech recognition. The Boltzmann machine algorithm and the error back-propagation algorithm have been used to perform speaker normalization. Spectral segments are represented by spectral lines. Speaker-independent recognition of place of articulation for vowels is performed on lines. Performance of the networks is shown to depend on the coding of the input data. Samples were extracted from continuous speech of 38 speakers. The error rate obtained (4.2% error on test set of 72 samples with the Boltzmann machine and 6.9% error with error back-propagation) is better than that of previous experiments, using the same data, with continuous Hidden Markov Models (7.3% error on test set and 3% error on training set). These experiments are part of an attempt to construct a data-driven speech recognition system with multiple neural networks specialized to different tasks. Results are also reported on the recognition performance of other trained networks, such as one trained on the E-set consonants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1989.tb00323.x
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    Likelihood, probability, and knowledge (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The modal logic LL was introduced by Halpern and Rabin as a means of doing qualitative reasoning about likelihood. Here the relationship between LL and probability theory is examined. It is shown that there is a way of translating probability assertions into LL in a sound manner, so that LL in some sense can capture the probabilistic interpretation of likelihood. However, the translation is subtle; several more obvious attempts are shown to lead to inconsistencies. We also extend LL by adding modal operators for knowledge. This allows us to reason about the interaction between knowledge and likelihood. The propositional version of the resulting logic LLK is shown to have a complete axiomatization and to be decidable in exponential time, provably the best possible.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1989.tb00325.x
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    A model for reasoning about persistence and causation (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Reasoning about change requires predicting how long a proposition, having become true, will continue to be so. Lacking perfect knowledge, an agent may be constrained to believe that a proposition persists indefinitely simply because there is no way for the agent to infer a contravening proposition with certainty. In this paper, we describe a model of causal reasoning that accounts for knowledge concerning cause-and-effect relationships and knowledge concerning the tendency for propositions to persist or not as a function of time passing. Our model has a natural encoding in the form of a network representation for probabilistic models. We consider the computational properties of our model by reviewing recent advances in computing the consequences of models encoded in this network representation. Finally, we discuss how our probabilistic model addresses certain classical problems in temporal reasoning (e. g., the frame and qualification problems).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1989.tb00324.x
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    Constructive belief and rational representation (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: It is commonplace in artificial intelligence to divide an agent's explicit beliefs into two parts: the beliefs explicitly represented or manifest in memory, and the implicitly represented or constructive beliefs that are repeatedly reconstructed when needed rather than memorized. Many theories of knowledge view the relation between manifest and constructive beliefs as a logical relation, with the manifest beliefs representing the constructive beliefs through a logic of belief. This view, however, limits the ability of a theory to treat incomplete or inconsistent sets of beliefs in useful ways. We argue that a more illuminating view is that belief is the result of rational representation. In this theory, the agent obtains its constructive beliefs by using its manifest beliefs and preferences to rationally (in the sense of decision theory) choose the most useful conclusions indicated by the manifest beliefs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1989.tb00311.x
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    Comments on Cheeseman: why plausible reasoning ≠ Bayesian inference (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 4 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1988.tb00103.x
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    Probability theory versus procedural pessimism (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 4 (1988), S. 0 
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    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1988.tb00105.x
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    OBADE: cognitive modelling with objects (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 4 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: We realize a computer simulation of children's reasoning in arithmetic word problem solving. The model parses the terms provided to the system in natural language and, while it performs this task, it tries to build its representation of the described situation by the way that the child elaborates a mental problem representation. This image results from three components: semantic knowledge, text comprehension process, and problem-solving strategies.We emphasize the adequacy, on one hand, between the knowledge representation and manipulation by an object formalism and, on the other hand, between the structure and the use of knowledge interacting in this application.The specific aspect of our model is that the internal representation is realized in an object-oriented language whose main properties are accurately exploited. This choice allows one to combine the descriptive characteristics of each piece of knowledge with its implication in the progress of the process.The program is supported by the analysis of individual protocols of some children: they allow us to hypothesize on the way the children modify their problem representation during the solving task.We describe the main objects of the model. Then we simulate on the terms of a problem, the way that the process is driven by expectations of contextually relevant information.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1988.tb00117.x
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    On the consistency of knowledge bases: the COVADIS system (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 4 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: It is currently thought in the knowledge-based systems (KBS) domain that sophisticated tools are necessary for helping an expert with the difficult task of knowledge acquisition. The problem of detecting inconsistencies is especially crucial. The risk of inconsistencies increases with the size of the knowledge base; for large knowledge bases, detecting inconsistencies “by hand” or even by a superficial survey of the knowledge base is impossible. Indeed, most inconsistencies are due to the interaction between several rules via often deep deductions. In this paper, we first state the problem and define our approach in the framework of classical logic. We then describe a complete method to prove the consistency (or the inconsistency) of knowledge bases that we have implemented in the COVADIS system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1988.tb00119.x
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    On fuzzy syllogisms (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 4 (1988), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper provides a systematic treatment of possibly imprecisely or vaguely specified numerical quantifiers in default syllogisms, following an approach initiated by Zadeh. The obtained propagation rules are derived from simple properties of relative cardinality or, equivalently, conditional probability. Uncertainty in the description of numerical quantifiers is handled using possibility theory and, particularly, fuzzy arithmetic. The advantages of this default reasoning method are its ability to model any kind of quantifier and to build new defaults by chaining existing ones, in a rigorous manner. This approach also emphasizes the difference between two types of uncertain pieces of knowledge, i.e., conjectures versus general rules.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1988.tb00120.x
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    Towards an analyzer (parser) in a machine translation system based on ideas from expert systems (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 4 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: GETA (Groupe d'études pour la traduction automatique) is a research team working basically in the domain of machine translation. GETA's software system, ARIANE-78, has been tested over various pairs of relatively unrelated languages. Being a product of the late seventies, the system misses out on some of the artificial intelligence technology, particularly that of the eighties. Nevertheless, GETA carries out some research related to artificial intelligence within a general effort to bring improvements to the current system. This paper reports on an effort to embed such work within the framework of an entirely new system based on ideas from expert systems, significantly departing from the methodology of the current system (and that of other currently implemented machine translation systems). The proposed architecture aims for total modularity and flexibility and some degree of intelligence.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1988.tb00121.x
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    A question-answering system for the French Yellow Pages (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 4 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper describes a dialogue-based system which is intended as an intelligent natural language interface to the French Yellow Pages. We do not assume that the user knows how the Yellow Pages are organized, and we paraphrase his request, if necessary, so as to better search for the desired information. We do, however, assume that the reason the user is on line is to find an address and phone number for some supplier.There are three basic modules used in our system: parser, dialogue manager, and generator. The first two exist (and are constantly being extended); the generation module is still only a set of functional specifications which will be outlined later in this article.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1988.tb00122.x
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    Logical omniscience, semantics, and models of belief (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 4 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Logical omniscience may be described (roughly) as the state of affairs in which an agent explicitly believes anything which is logically entailed by that agent's beliefs. It is widely agreed that humans are not logically omniscient, and that an adequate formal model of belief, coupled with a correct semantic theory, would not entail logical omniscience. Recently, two prominent models of belief have emerged which purport both to avoid logical omniscience and to provide an intuitively appealing semantics. The first of these models is due to Levesque (1984b); the second to Fagin and Halpem (1985). It is argued herein that each of these models faces serious difficulties. Detailed criticisms are presented for each model, and a computationally oriented theory of intensions is presented which provides the foundation for a new formal model of belief. This formal model is presented in a decidable subset of first-order logic and is shown to provide a solution to the general problem of logical omniscience. The model provides for the possibility of belief revision and places no a priori restrictions upon an agent's representation language.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1988.tb00087.x
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    The consistency of syntactical treatments of knowledge (How to compile quantificational modal logics into classical FOL) (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 4 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The relative expressive power of a sentential operator □α is compared to that of a syntactical predicate L(‘α’) in the setting of first-order logics. Despite well-known results by Montague and by Thomason that claim otherwise, any of the so-called “modal” logics of knowledge and belief can be compiled into classical first-order logics that have a corresponding predicate on sentences. Moreover, through the use of a partial truth predicate, the standard modal axiom schemata can be translated into single sentences, making it possible to use conventional first-order logic theorem provers to directly derive results in a wide class of modal logics.
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    Learning and discovery: one system's search for mathematical knowledge (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 4 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The Graph Theorist, GT, is a system that performs mathematical research in graph theory. From the definitions in its input knowledge base, GT constructs examples of mathematical concepts, conjectures and proves mathematical theorems about concepts, and discovers new concepts. Discovery is driven both by examples and by definitional form. The discovery processes construct a semantic net that links all of GT's concepts together.Each definition is an algebraic expression whose semantic interpretation is a stylized algorithm to generate a class of graphs correctly and completely. From a knowledge base of these concept definitions, GT is able to conjecture and prove such theorems as “The set of acyclic, connected graphs is precisely the set of trees” and “There is no odd-regular graph on an odd number of vertices.” GT explores new concepts either to develop an area of knowledge or to link a newly acquired concept into a pre-existing knowledge base. New concepts arise from the specialization of an existing concept, the generalization of an existing concept, and the merger of two or more existing concepts. From an initial knowledge base containing only the definition of “graph,” GT discovers such concepts as acyclic graphs, connected graphs, and bipartite graphs.
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    Automatic program debugging for intelligent tutoring systems (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Program debugging is an important part of the domain expertise required for intelligent tutoring systems that teach programming languages. This article explores the process by which student programs can be automatically debugged in order to increase the instructional capabilities of these systems. The research presented provides a methodology and implementation for the diagnosis and correction of nontrivial recursive programs. In this approach, recursive programs are debugged by repairing induction proofs in the Boyer-Moore logic. The induction proofs constructed and debugged assert the computational équivalence of student programs to correct exemplar solutions. Exemplar solutions not only specify correct implementations but also provide correct code to replace buggy student code. Bugs in student code are repaired with heuristics that attempt to minimize the scope of repair.The automated debugging of student code is greatly complicated by the tremendous variability that arises in student solutions to nontrivial tasks. This variability can be coped with, and debugging performance improved, by explicit reasoning about computational semantics during the debugging process. This article supports these claims by discussing the design, implementation, and evaluation of Talus, an automatic debugger for LISP programs, and by examining related work in automated program debugging.Talus relies on its abilities to reason about computational semantics to perform algorithm recognition, infer code teleology, and to automatically detect and correct nonsyntactic errors in student programs written in a restricted, but nontrivial, subset of LISP. Solutions can vary significantly in algorithm, functional decomposition, role of variables, data flow, control flow, values returned by functions, LISP primitives used, and identifiers used. Solutions can consist of multiple functions, each containing multiple bugs. Empiricial evaluation demonstrates that Talus achieves high performance in debugging widely varying student solutions to challenging tasks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1987.tb00169.x
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    An architecture for a self-improving instructional planner for intelligent tutoring systems (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 3 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Machine instructional planners use changing and uncertain data to incrementally configure plans and control the execution and dynamic refinement of these plans. Current instructional planners cannot adequately plan, replan, and monitor the delivery of instruction. This is due in part to the fact that current instructional planners are incapable of planning in a global context, developing competing plans in parallel, monitoring their planning behavior, and dynamically adapting their control behavior. In response to these and other deficiencies of instructional planners a generic system architecture based on the blackboard model was implemented. This self-improving instructional planner (SUP) dynamically creates instructional plans, requests execution of these plans, replans, and improves its planning behavior based on a student's responses to tutoring. Global planning was facilitated by explicitly representing decisions about past, current, and future plans on a global data structure called the plan blackboard. Planning in multiple worlds is facilitated by labeling plan decisions by the context in which they were generated. Plan monitoring was implemented as a set of monitoring knowledge sources. The flexible control capability for instructional planner was adapted from the blackboard architecture BB1. The explicit control structure of SUP enabled complex and flexible planning behavior while maintaining a simple planning architecture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1987.tb00170.x
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  • 96
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    Meaning representation in Montague grammar and situation semantics (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 3 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper compares certain aspects of situation semantics and Montague grammar and points out some issues related to natural language programming. It provides and introduction to certain basic concepts of situation semantics and makes some tentative claims about possible advantages of situation semantics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1987.tb00172.x
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  • 97
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    A critique of pure reason (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 3 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1987.tb00183.x
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  • 98
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    The myth of the one true logic (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 3 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1987.tb00187.x
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  • 99
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    Logic and explanation (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 3 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1987.tb00188.x
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  • 100
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    Commentary on McDermott (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 3 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1987.tb00200.x
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