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  • Articles  (41,648)
  • Springer  (39,969)
  • Society of Exploration Geophysicists  (1,679)
  • 1985-1989  (37,078)
  • 1950-1954  (3,187)
  • 1935-1939  (1,383)
  • Geosciences  (23,280)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (18,654)
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  • Articles  (41,648)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Predictors of the peak width for networks with exponential links (1989)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 1-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Width function ; instantaneous unit hydrograph ; peak ; regression ; birth-death process
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We investigate optimal predictors of the peak (S) and distance to peak (T) of the width function of drainage networks under the assumption that the networks are topologically random with independent and exponentially distributed link lengths. Analytical results are derived using the fact that, under these assumptions, the width function is a homogeneous Markov birth-death process. In particular, exact expressions are derived for the asymptotic conditional expectations ofS andT given network magnitudeN and given mainstream lengthH. In addition, a simulation study is performed to examine various predictors ofS andT, includingN, H, and basin morphometric properties; non-asymptotic conditional expectations and variances are estimated. The best single predictor ofS isN, ofT isH, and of the scaled peak (S divided by the area under the width function) isH. Finally, expressions tested on a set of drainage basins from the state of Wyoming perform reasonably well in predictingS andT despite probable violations of the original assumptions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543424
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Technical comments (1989)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 68-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543428
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Single station and regional analysis of daily rainfall extremes (1989)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 281-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Generalised Pareto distribution ; Peaks over threshold ; Probability weighted moments ; Regionalisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A peaks over threshold (POT) method of analysing daily rainfall values is developed using a Poisson process of occurrences and a generalised Pareto distribution (GPD) for the exceedances. The parameters of the GPD are estimated by the method of probability weighted moments (PWM) and a method of combining the individual estimates to define a regional curve is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543461
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Basinwide flood control system by combining prediction and reservoir operation (1989)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 31-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Reservoir operation ; prediction ; Kalman filtering ; flood prevention ; fuzzy control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Japan has traditionally performed flood prevention through the construction and use of dikes, storage reservoirs, and basins which are costly and time consuming options. Another non-structural option is to operate the flood control system appropriately with a view to reducing flood damage. In this paper, a flood control system combining the runoff prediction model in the whole river basin with the reservoir operation is discussed. Different models of the runoff process are introduced in order to compare their accuracies and the computational time for the flood forecasting system. The reservoir operational rule is formulated in terms of fuzzy inference theory. Historical data are applied in a case study for verification of the proposed theories.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543426
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reply (1989)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 69-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543429
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Announcements (1989)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 154-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01544078
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A survey of numerical methods for stochastic differential equations (1989)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 155-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic differential equations ; Stochastic Taylor formula ; Numerical methods ; Simulations ; Strong convergence ; Weak convergence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The development of numerical methods for stochastic differential equations has intensified over the past decade. The earliest methods were usually heuristic adaptations of deterministic methods, but were found to have limited accuracy regardless of the order of the original scheme. A stochastic counterpart of the Taylor formula now provides a framework for the systematic investigation of numerical methods for stochastic differential equations. It suggests numerical schemes, which involve multiple stochastic integrals, of higher order of convergence. We shall survey the literature on these and on the earlier schemes in this paper. Our discussion will focus on diffusion processes, but we shall also indicate the extensions needed to handle processes with jump components. In particular, we shall classify the schemes according to strong or weak convergence criteria, depending on whether the approximation of the sample paths or of the probability distribution is of main interest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543857
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of rainfall-runoff performance using the stochastic integral equation method (1989)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 217-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic integral equation method ; rainfall-runoff models ; confidence interval
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The stochastic integral equation method (S.I.E.M.) is used to evaluate the relative performance of a set of both calibrated and uncalibrated rainfall-runoff models with respect to prediction errors. The S.I.E.M. is also used to estimate confidence (prediction) interval values of a runoff criterion variable, given a prescribed rainfall-runoff model, and a similarity measure used to condition the storms that are utilized for model calibration purposes. Because of the increasing attention given to the issue of uncertainty in rainfall-runoff modeling estimates, the S.I.E.M. provides a promising tool for the hydrologist to consider in both research and design.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543861
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A practical method for outlier detection in autoregressive time series modelling (1989)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 241-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Hat matrix ; Mahalanobis distance ; Additive outliers ; Innovation outliers ; Influential data ; Autoregressive models ; Threshold autoregression ; Lake Huron
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A practical method is developed for outlier detection in autoregressive modelling. It has the interpretation of a Mahalanobis distance function and requires minimal additional computation once a model is fitted. It can be of use to detect both innovation outliers and additive outliers. Both simulated data and real data re used for illustration, including one data set from water resources.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543459
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A stability analysis of the geostatistical approach to aquifer transmissivity identification (1989)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 293-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Confined aquifer ; Transmissivity identification ; Geostatistics ; Inverse problem ; Ill-posedness ; Ill-conditioning ; Stability analysis ; Regularization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In recent years, geostatistical concepts have been applied to the inverse problem of transmissivity estimation from piezometric head data. It has been claimed that such methods overcome various difficulties encountered in other approaches. However, the reconstruction of transmissivity from head measurements is ill-posed as it depends on derivatives of the head field. Consequently, any accurate method for its solution is likely to encounter numerically ill-conditioned systems. This paper reviews the geostatistical approach, and uses the stability analyses of linear algebra to show that, as the amount of available data increases and the discretization of the system is refined, both a numerically ill-conditioned parameter estimation problem and ill-conditioned cokriging equations may appear. Therefore, while the geostatistical approach does have conceptual appeal, it does not avoid the fundamental difficulties arising out of the ill-posed nature of transmissivity identification. Instead, the method is likely to be quite sensitive to these difficulties, so care must be taken in its formulation to minimize their effects. A means to stabilize the geostatistical method is suggested and numerical experiments that highlight key points of our analysis are given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543462
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fitting a stochastic partial differential equation to aquifer data (1989)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 85-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic equations ; irregularly spaced observations ; prediction, interpolation ; random fields
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The steady state two dimensional groundwater flow equation with constant transmissivities was studied by Whittle in 1954 as a stochastic Laplace equation. He showed that the correlation function consisted of a modified Bessel function of the second kind, order 1, multiplied by its argument. This paper uses this pioneering work of Whittle to fit an aquifer head field to unequally spaced observations by maximum likelihood. Observational error is also included in the model. Both the isotropic and anisotropic cases are considered. The fitted field is then calculated on a two dimensional grid together with its standard deviation. The method is closely related to the use of two-dimensional splines for fitting surfaces to irregularly spaced observations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01544074
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stochastic analysis of estuarine hydraulics (1989)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 71-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Hydraulics ; quasilinearization ; simulation ; stochastic ; estuarine system ; Monte Carlo methods ; random differential equations ; parameter uncertainty
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A new methodology is presented for the solution of the stochastic hydraulic equations characterizing steady, one-dimensional estuarine flow. The methodology is predicated on quasi-linearization, perturbation methods, and the finite difference approximation of the stochastic differential operators. Assuming Manning's roughness coefficient is the principal source of uncertainty in the model, stochastic equations are presented for the water depths and flow rates in the estuarine system. Moment equations are developed for the mean and variance of the water depths. The moment equations are compared with the results of Monte Carlo simulation experiments. The results confirm that for any spatial location in the estuary that (1) as the uncertainty in the channel roughness increases, the uncertainty in mean depth increases, and (2) the predicted mean depth will decrease with increasing uncertainty in Manning'sn. The quasi-analytical approach requires significantly less computer time than Monte Carlo simulations and provides explicit
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01544073
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stochastic partial differential equations in groundwater hydrology (1989)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 135-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic partial differential equations ; maximum likelihood estimation ; parameter estimation ; moment equations ; stodhastic contaminant transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Many problems in hydraulics and hydrology are described by linear, time dependent partial differential equations, linearity being, of course, an assumption based on necessity. Solutions to such equations have been obtained in the past based purely on deterministic consideration. The derivation of such a solution requires that the initial conditions, the boundary conditions, and the parameters contained within the equations be stipulated in exact terms. It is obvious that the solution so derived is a function of these specified, values. There are at least four ways in which randomness enters the problem. i) the random initial value problem; ii) the random boundary value problem; iii) the random forcing problem when the non-homogeneous part becomes random and iv) the random parameter problem. Such randomness is inherent in the environment surrounding the system, the environment being endowed with a large number of degrees of freedom. This paper considers the problem of groundwater flow in a phreatic aquifer fed by rainfall. The goveming equations are linear second order partial differential equations. Explicit form solutions to this randomly forced equation have been derived in well defined regular boundaries. The paper also provides a derivation of low order moment equations. It contains a discussion on the parameter estimation problem for stochastic partial differential equations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01544077
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some results comparing Monte Carlo simulation and first order Taylor series approximation for steady groundwater flow (1989)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 179-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Groundwater ; Stochastic ; Monte Carlo simulation ; First order Taylor series approximation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The expected head and standard deviation of the head from the first order Taylor series approximation is compared to Monte Carlo simulation, for steady flow in a confined aquifer with transmissivity as a random variable. Emphasis is on the effect of changes in the covariance structure of the transmissivity, and pumping rates, on the errors in the first order Taylor series approximation. The accuracy of the first order Taylor series approximation is found to be particularly sensitive to pumping rates. With significant pumping the approximation is found to under estimate both the expected drawdown and head variance, and the error increases as the pumping rate increases. This can lead to large errors in probability constraints based on moments from the first order Taylor series approximation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543858
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kalman filter estimation for periodic autoregressive-moving average models (1989)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 227-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Kalman filter ; Maximum likelihood estimation ; Periodic models ; Stochastic hydrology ; Time series analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract An exact maximum likelihood procedure is presented for estimating the parameters of a periodic autogressive-moving average (PARMA) model. To develop an estimator which is both statistically and computationally efficient, the PARMA class of models is written using a state-space representation and a Kalman filtering algorithm is used to estimate the parameters. In order to demonstrate how to fit PARMA models in practice, the most appropriate types of PARMA models are identified for fitting to two average monthly riverflow time series and the new estimator is employed for estimating the model parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543862
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An application of Karmarkar's interior-point linear programming algorithm for multi-reservoir operations optimization (1989)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 17-29 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic optimization ; linear programming ; simplex method ; Karmarkar's method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Optimization of multi-reservoir systems operations is typically a very large scale optimization problem. The following are the three types of optimization problems solved using linear programming (LP): (i) deterministic optimization for multiple periods involving fine stage intervals, for example, from an hour to a week (ii) implicit stochastic optimization using multiple years of inflow data, and (iii) explicit stochastic optimization using probability distributions of inflow data. Until recently, the revised simplex method has been the most efficient solution method available for solving large scale LP problems. In this paper, we show that an implementation of the Karmarkar's interior-point LP algorithm with a newly developed stopping criterion solves optimization problems of large multi-reservoir operations more efficiently than the simplex method. For example, using a Micro VAX II minicomputer, a 40 year, monthly stage, two-reservoir system optimization problem is solved 7.8 times faster than the advanced simplex code in MINOS 5.0. The advantage of this method is expected to be greater as the size of the problem grows from two reservoirs to multiples of reservoirs. This paper presents the details of the implementation and testing and in addition, some other features of the Karmarkar's algorithm which makes it a valuable optimization tool are illuminated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543425
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial rainfall estimation by linear and non-linear co-kriging of radar-rainfall and raingage data (1989)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 51-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Spatial rainfall estimation ; kriging ; ordinary co-kriging ; disjunctive co-kriging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The feasibility of linear and nonlinear geostatistical estimation techniques for optimal merging of rainfall data from raingage and radar observations is investigated in this study by use of controlled numerical experiments. Synthetic radar and raingage data are generated with their hypothetical error structures that explicitly account for sampling characteristics of the two sensors. Numerically simulated rainfall fields considered to be ground-truth fields on 4×4 km grids are used in the generation of radar and raingage observations. Ground-truth rainfall fields consist of generated rainfall fields with various climatic characteristics that preserve the space-time covariance function of rainfall events in extratropical cyclonic storms. Optimal mean areal precipitation estimates are obtained based on the minimum variance, unbiased property of kriging techniques under the second order homogeneity assumption of rainfall fields. The evaluation of estimated rainfall fields is done based on the refinement of spatial predictability over what would be provided from each sensor individually. Attention is mainly given to removal of measurement error and bias that are synthetically introduced to radar measurements. The influence of raingage network density on estimated rainfall fields is also examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543427
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parameter estimation in low order fractionally differenced ARMA processes (1989)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 97-110 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: ARMA processes ; fractionally differencedARMA processes ; long memory ; spectral density ; maximum likelihood estimates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A class of regression type estimators of the parameterd in a fractionally differencedARMA (p, q) process is introduced. This class is an extension of the estimator considered by Geweke and Porter-Hudak. In a simulation study, we compared three estimators from this class together with two approximate maximum likelihood estimators which are based on two separate approximations to the likelihood. One approximation ignores the determinant term in the likelihood and the other includes a compensating factor for the determinant. When the determinant term is included, the estimate tends to be much less biased and is in general superior to the other estimate. The approximate maximum likelihood estimator out performed, by a large margin, the regression type estimators for pureARIMA (0,d,0) processes. However, forARIMA (1,d,1) processes, a regression type estimator turned out to be the best for realizations of length 400 in 3 out of the 5 cases we tried.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01544075
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Basin-scale relations via conditioning (1989)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 111-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Rainfall-runoff models ; random channel network ; regionalization ; flood frequency ; instanteous unit hydrograph
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A rainfall-runoff model is used in conjunction with a probabilistic description of the input to this model to obtain simple regression-like relations for basin runoff in terms of basin and storm characteristics. These relations, similar to those sought in regionalization studies, are computed by evaluating the conditional distribution of model output given basin and storm characteristics. This method of conditioning provides a general way of examining model sensitivity to various components of model input. The resulting relations may be expected to resemble corresponding relations obtained by regionalization using actual runoff to the extent that the rainfall-runoff model and the model input specification are physically realistic. The probabilistic description of model input is an extension of so-called “random-model” of channel networks and involves postulating an ensemble of basins and associated probability distributions that mimic the variability of basin characteristics seen in nature. Application is made to small basins in the State of Wyoming. Parameters of the input variable distribution are estimated using data from Wyoming, and basin-scale relations are estimated both, parametrically and nonparametrically using model-generated runoff from simulated basins. Resulting basin-scale relations involving annual flood quantiles are in reasonable agreement with those presented in a previous regionalization study, but error estimates are smaller than those in the previous study, an artifact of the simplicity of the rainfall-runoff model used in this paper. We also obtain relations for peak of the instantaneous unit hydrograph which agree fairly well with theoretical relations given in the literature. Finally, we explore the issues of sensitivity of basin-scale, relations and error estimates to parameterization of the model input probability distribution and of how this sensitivity is related to making inferences about a particular ungaged basin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01544076
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  • 20
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    A cross entropy method for flood frequency analysis (1989)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 191-202 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Random variable ; Distribution ; Estimation ; Probability analysis ; Cross-entropy ; Fractile constraints ; Flood
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The cross-entropy method with fractile constraints has been developed to estimate a random variable when the data are a set of independent observations of the variable. The method can claim several advantages over existing methods. It uses a reference distribution like the prior distribution in Bayesian analysis and likewise generates a posterior distribution. The method is of interest, in particular, because it satisfies two fundamental requirements for selfconsistency in the analysis of a probabilistic system based on data: a principle of invariance and a principle of data monotonicity. The method is applied to flood analysis. Robustness of the minimum cross-entropy method is compared with other methods: the methods of moments and the maximum likehood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543859
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    Estimation of flow enhancement in the Kinneret watershed due to cloud seeding (1989)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 203-216 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Cloud seeding ; Rainfall enhancement ; Regression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A comparison is carried out between historical records of the flow measured in Kinneret watershed during and prior to the time of cloud seeding for rainfall enhancement. Precipitation series for the control area of the meteorological experimentation serve as a reference for the comparison. The fluctuations of the flow, which would have occurred unless the effect of the seeding, are estimated by a linear regression on the precipitation as the control. The regression parameters are calibrated separately for the unseeded and for the seeded time series. The model with the parameters calibrated for the unseeded series is applied on the rainfall recorded during the seeded time, and vice versa. The difference between the measured and the computed data is attributed to the effect of cloud seeding. Similar comparisons are carried out with respect to rainfall series recorded at the target area and at the edge of the enhanced area. The results indicate that the flow from the affected sector of the watershed has been enhanced, with respect to the control, by 31×106 m 3/year, at a significance level of 31. This enhancement is 5% of the volume which is generated in that area. The rates found with respect to the rainfall at the edge are higher than those found with respect to the control, while those with respect to the rainfall at the center of the target area are lower.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543860
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A radar-based stochastic model for the time-space arrivals of the rain fields onto a geographical region (1989)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 261-280 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Rain fields ; time-space arrivals ; stochastic model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Rainfall in time at any ground location can be described by the rain intensity distribution over the subtrajectories which are drawn by the ground location point on the radar-detected incremental rain fields (IRFs) that pass over this location. Based on this conceptualization, this study develops a stochastic description of the arrivals of IRF subtrajectories (SIRFs) onto any given set of ground locations over a geographical region. The arrivals of SIRFs is described by a multivariate doubly stochastic Poisson process, excited by the time-space arrival process of IRFs onto the designated geographical region. The arrival process of IRFs is described by a 3-level time-space nonhomogeneous Poisson cluster model. At the primary level of this model are the arrivals of synoptic cyclonic systems; at the secondary level are the arrivals of large mesoscale rain areas (LMSAs) and at the tertiary level are the arrivals of IRFs onto the designated geographical region, all detected by the weather radar. The models are substantiated both by the graphical analysis of rain fields, as detected on a radar scope, and by the statistical analysis of the arrivals data at all of the four levels at three different ground locations over a rectangular geographical region in Northern Kentucky. It is pointed out that a doubly stochastic Poisson process is basically a Poisson cluster process. Hence, the final process of SIRF arrivals onto any ground location may be interpreted as a 4-level Poisson cluster process. Finally, heavy tails in the sample covariance density functions of the IRF and SIRF arrivals are detected. This study shows that the appropriate incorporation of clustering at all observable distinct scales of the rain fields models the heavy tail behavior of the covariance density adequately.
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    Mechanical equipment of the Tikhovsk hydro development on the Kuban River (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 569-572 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Conclusions 1. In connection with the fact that at present very great attention is being given to ecology and, in particular, to the reproduction and protection of fish, two fish locks are provided for at the Tikhovsk hydro development. In comparison with the navigation locks and overflow dam, the fish locks have the most complex and diverse mechanical equipment. Of the total mass of 2560 tons of mechanical equipment of the fish locks accounts for 1130 tons. 2. The fish locks in addition to their main function — forceful transport of fish from the lower to the upper pool — can serve as a natural laboratory for developing ways of attracting various fish species. li]3.|When designing the mechanical equipment of the fish locks, the experience of operating such structures was used.
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    Monitoring the state of the dam of the Sayano-Shushenskoe hydroelectric station (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 573-577 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Conclusions 1. Constant monitoring of the stress-strain state of the Sayano-Shushenskoe gravityarch dam made it possible to substantiate the stages of filling the reservoir during temporary operation of the hydro development without detriment for the reliability of the structure. 2. The results of long-term monitoring of the dam indicates a satisfactory state of the structure at all stages of filling the reservoir and correspondence of the values of the parameters being monitored on site to their design premises (with the exception of stresses near the downstream face). 3. To obtain representative information it is necessary to provide in the design for routine correcting of the layouts of the MMI, particularly embedded instruments, depending on the technology of constructing the structure.
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    Current problems and practice of engineering-geological surveys when designing large reservoirs (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 592-597 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Effective design of facings of blast-formed dams (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 601-605 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Experience in using digital voltmeters in the system measuring the pool levels and head at hydroelectric stations (1989)
    Springer
    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 598-600 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Conclusion The introduction of digital voltmeters as indicating instruments in circuits measuring the pool levels and head make it possible to have convenient information providing accurate reading of the parameters of interest.
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    Causes and character of movements of the loamy sand moraine in the foundation of the Plyavinyas hydroelectric station powerhouse (1989)
    Springer
    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 657-660 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Conclusions Taking into account the available data on the geological structure of the foundation and physical and geological processes occurring, we should not rule out the possibility of new movements of the loamy sand moraine in its right-bank part. Under the established conditions it is necessary to take urgent measures to limit the continuing piping erosion of the Amata-Gauya strata with removal of sand through the vertical drain wells in the area near the station. The most radical solution would be maximum dispersal of water withdrawal with transfer of the center of the discharge zone to a greater distance from the powerhouse and complete cessation of the operation of nearby high-output wells.
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    Behavior of soil under a brief dynamic load (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 638-648 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Conclusions 1. The damping coefficients both of cohesive and noncohesive soils practically do not depend on the state of the soils relative to the limit state almost up to loss of strength by the soil specimen. An increase of the initial lateral pressure and dry density of the noncohesive soil as well as a decrease of the moisture content of cohesive soil noticeably reduce the value of the damping coefficients (from 0.6 to 0.05 for noncohesive and from 0.3 to 0.15 for cohesive). The interval of variations of the damping coefficients obtained under conditions of small values of the initial lateral pressure (within 0.1 MPa) and combined stress state leads to the need for an experimental determination of the damping coefficients, at least for similar conditions. 2. The shear moduli for small values of the initial lateral pressure and under conditions of a combined stress state for cohesive soil depend on the level of the initial lateral pressure and for the noncohesive on the change in the moisture content. In the interval of stresses created in the specimen, when the initial lateral pressure does not exceed 0.098 MPa and the average static stress does not exceed 0.3 MPa, the shear moduli are practically proportional to the average stress. 3. Both volumetric strains and distortional strains under a brief dynamic shear load and under conditions of a combined stress state are far less than the strains from an equal static load. In this case, whereas the volumetric strains in shear for noncohesive soil have the character of compacting, for cohesive soils they are always loosening. 4. The description of the process of soil deformation as a result of a brief dynamic load obtained shows the possibility of determining the nonlinear reaction of soil to this load by means of the linear acceleration method, if the system under consideration can be represented as a system with one degree of freedom.
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    Leonid Semenovich Zhivotovskii (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 734-734 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Use of asphalt materials in joining earth dams (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 99-104 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Trash racks with stationary reinforced-concrete crossbar (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 110-114 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Conclusion The design of the rack with stationary reinforced-concrete crossbeams with some improvement of the bar sections and their attachment fittings can be recommended for further use, when this use is justified by a technical and economic comparison with the rack of the traditional design.
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    Proper section of the supply system of locks (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 104-109 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Conclusions 1. For locks with a head not exceeding 1.5 of the initial depth in the chamber it is most expedient to use the simplest supply systems of the lock-head type with filling from under the gate. 2. For heads exceeding the initial depth in the chamber by more than 1.5 times, prevention of the entrainment of air by the flow filling the chamber should be provided. Preference should be given to the scheme with bypass submerged culverts in the upstream head, eliminating air entrainment. 3. An analysis of the laboratory and onsite data shows that complication of the culvert supply systems from a certain level is not paid back by an acceleration of ship passage and improvement of ship mooring. Thus, for locks with a head on the chamber up to 40 m it is recommended to use a scheme with not more than four outlet sections (schemes 4 and 6 in Fig. 5). The ship mooring conditions for such schemes practically do not limit the chamber filling speed. 4. An additional supply system can be used for accelerating the filling of high-head locks. The regime of the combined operation of main and additional supply systems is selected by model investigations.
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    Calculation of the strength and design of welding loops and linear anchor joints in combined precast-in situ reinforced concrete members (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 120-124 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Refined model of the effect of a reservoir on rock foundations of high dams (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 115-119 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Conclusion 1. The basic principles of constructing a model of a permeable rock foundation of dams, taking into account the characteristics of its engineering-geological structure and space-time character of the effect of the reservoir on it, were formulated. 2. Consideration of the entire set of effects on the foundation from the reservoir will make it possible to design an effectively working subsurface contour of dams ensuring reliable operation of the structure. 3. The use of the refined model of a permeable rock foundation when analyzing the results of onsite observations will promote a more complete revelation of the essence of processes in the foundation and will facilitate an explanation of many characteristics of its behavior under the effect of the applied loads and actions.
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    Determination of a rational reduction of water withdrawal for irrigation with consideration of water exchange and water quality (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 194-199 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Conclusions 1. It was shown that the relation between the coefficients of water exchange and water renewal of reservoirs is determined by a transcendental equation, which is expressed by a family of curves on a graph. 2. A test of the hypothesis that the average concentration of admixtures in a valley reservoir with a slow external water exchange is equal to the concentration at its outlet on the basis of on-site data showed a satisfactory convergence of the results. The average errors for the majority of ingredients checked were±5–±10%. With a probability of 0.90 the errors do not exceed±20%. Analytic equations were obtained for calculating the quality of collector-drain waters. A graphic method of calculation is given. A scheme for calculating the rational volume of water withdrawal for irrigation with consideration of the water quality of the water source and drainage waters is given.
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    Hydraulic resistances of deformable channels and their stability criteria (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 220-224 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Evaluation of the margin of strength of concrete of the Sayano-Shushenskoe dam (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 225-233 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Analytic method of hydraulic calculation of eddy shaft spillways (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 214-220 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Conclusions 1. The investigated analytic methods of hydraulic calculation of eddy shaft spillways are based on laws of conservation and, unlike the earlier known ones, take into account not only the size and shape of the water passageway but also contraction of the flow upon entering the spiral chamber from the inlet channel or conduit, hydraulic losses of energy at the entry to the vertical shaft, and the presence here of a zone of equalization of the flow. In calculating the characteristics of the swirled flow over the height of the vertical shaft, its potential energy related to the effect of centrifugal body forces is taken into account. 2. The investigated methods make it possible to obtain the calculated values of hydraulic characteristics of eddy shaft spillways and functions of the variation of the parameters of swirled flows in vertical shafts most closely coinciding with the experimental data. The deviations between experiment and calculation lie within the measurement accuracy. This enables recommending the given methods for practical use when designing eddy shaft spillways and for predicting and analyzing their operation.
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    Hydrological and hydraulic investigations of closure of the angara river at the site of the boguchany hydroelectric station (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 241-247 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Increase of the reliability of polymer coatings of concrete (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 254-257 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Conclusion The investigations and long-term on-site observations made it possible to develop practical recommendations on applying coatings on concrete with the use of polymer compositions with provision of reliability and longevity of the combined work of the concrete and polymer.
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    Selection of the layout of the powerhouse of a pumped-storage station in a drop shaft (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 248-254 
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    Notes: Conclusions 1. The layout of the powerhouse of a PSS in drop shafts with a nonstandard waterway of the pump-turbine with a specific speed of 220 for heads up to 100 m are comparable in their hydraulic, energy, and dynamic characteristics to a standardized waterway, which enables recommending it for use in designs of medium-head PSSs. 2. The use of drop shafts when constructing a PSS on soft ground provides substantial technical-economic advantages of such a variant of the layout of the hydro development.
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    Essence of the coefficient of effective uplift area (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 234-240 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Conclusions 1. It is necessary to distinguish the coefficient of effective area of action of the seeping waterα 2and coefficient of spatial work of the permeable foundationα 2,f . The physical significance of these coefficients is different: The coefficientα 2(2) is a unique geometric characteristic of the flow region of the rock mass and figures into the formulas for determining the SFs (3)–(5); The coefficientα 2,f determines the proportion of the horizontal SFs forming in the foundation and banks of the hydrostatic load on the reservoir bed. The coefficientα 2,f is a unique energy characteristic of the flow region of the mass, giving an idea about the spatial distribution of the potential energy stored in the reservoir. 2. When determining the settlements of the foundation and structure during their monitoring it is necessary to take into account the absolute settlements of the fundamental bench marks of the geodetic network. The value of these settlements can be considerable. For example, the calculated absolute settlement of the fundamental bench marks at a distance of 2.9 km from the Sayano-Shushenskoe dam toward the lower pool was 17.9 mm in 1986. 3. The values of the coefficientα 2,f of the permeable rock mass of the foundation and bank can be determined by measuring the relative settlements of the territory adjacent to the dam, the outer monitored boundary of which is at a distance of 2–3 km from the dam. For this purpose it is recommended to use the derivative of the functionΔU(x) in thex direction [d(ΔU)/dx]. 4. The values of the heads figuring in the formula (11) recommended by SNiP 2.06.06-85 should be taken in increments relative to the natural water level in the river that existed before creation of the reservoir. 5. The values ofα 2,f of the foundation of the Sayano-Shushenskoe dam determined from the results of observations of settlements of the territory adjacent to the dam agree with the recommendations of SNiP. However, with consideration of the great importance of the accuracy of determining surface and seepage forces for ensuring the reliability of a planned structure, it is advisable to supplement the relevant article of SNiP with a more distinct regulation with respect to determination and assignment ofα 2,f .
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    Effect of transverse discontinuous structures on the stability of pebble beaches (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 258-261 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Conclusions 1. Despite their openness, transverse discontinuous structures have a “jetty” effect. 2. Discontinuous structures formed by two rows of rectangular support masses connected by longitudinal beams have the strongest effect on the dynamics of a pebble beach. 3. It can be recommended to use circular supports with a diameter of not more than 2 m arranged in one row at a distance of at least 6 m from one another for constructing hydraulic structures intersecting pebble beaches.
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    Equipment and stands for manufacturing metal products of hydroelectric stations (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 273-278 
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    Experience in using detrital dolomites for constructing earth dams (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 268-272 
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    Properties of asphaltic concrete of diaphragms and facings of rockfill dams (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 262-268 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Conclusions 1. A study of the strength and deformation properties of asphaltic concrete is necessary for analyzing the stress-strain state of dams with asphaltic concrete diaphragms. The properties of asphaltic concrete substantially depend not only on composition but also on temperature. The results obtained make possible an evaluation of the main deformation and strength properties of asphaltic concrete, diaphragms, and facings of dams in relation to composition and temperature at early design stages. 2. To obtain generalized indices of properties in relation to composition and temperature of asphaltic concrete, all experiments were conducted on the basis of the mathematical theory of design of experiments. Each experiment had threefold replication. 3. The experiments showed that the angle of internal friction for 7% bitumen in excess of 100% of the mineral part is practically independent of temperature. The strength of the material increases due to cohesion, which with a drop of temperature from 200 to 10 increases about fivefold. 4. Investigation of the deformation properties of asphaltic concrete showed that the modulus of volume changeE 0 forσ=0.1 MPa varies by 4–7 times depending on the temperature.
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    Location of trash racks on underground pressure conduits of hydroelectric stations (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 278-287 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Conclusions 1. Unsubmerged tower intakes with their large height are complex in design, especially in seismic regions, and are labor-intensive in their construction and operation. 2. Submerged tower intakes are less labor-intensive and are sufficiently reliable in the case of a low rubbish content of the reservoir. 3. Bank intakes with their large depths are insufficiently reliable owing to the impossibility of using known trash-cleaning devices, and also due to the fact that the rubbish striking the inclined rack cannot slide down or be thrown off by the opposite pressure occurring upon a change in the load on the unit. 4. The underground location of trash racks with hydraulic flushing is the most promising in the case of a deep headwater tunnel.
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    Effect of a free surface on the formation of a wave bed of a channel flow (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 293-297 
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    Spillways of high-head hydroelectric stations concerning P. R. Khlopenkov's suggestions on increasing the operating efficiency of spillways of high-head hydroelectric stations [1–3] (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 298-300 
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    On the efficiency of constructing hydroelectric stations and experience of operating the Sayano-Shushenskoe hydropower complex (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 301-304 
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    Analysis of the relationship for determining the bed load in sand channels (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 288-292 
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    Notes: Conclusion The results of the analysis showed that in flatland rivers with a sand channel withu *≥u *0 where movement of the bed load is realized mainly in the form of steep waves and ripples [5], for determining the bed loadq bd GGI's relationship (1), in whichq bd is represented as a function of the height of the bed formsh w, should be used. This relationship gives results substantially differing from the results calculated by relationships in whichq bd is expressed as a function of the size of the sediment particlesd (8), (9) and valid for conditions not characteristic of sand channels of flatland rivers. Whenu *t ≤u *〈u *0, when there is still no mass traction of all fractions of the channel deposits, the Einstein (8) or Paintal (15) relationships are more substantiated for all channels, but for practical calculations for sand channels of flatland rivers one can assume thatq bd=0 whenu *〈u *0.
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    Organizational and technological modeling of works at construction sites with the use of personal computers (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 309-311 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Use of the energy of small rivers and irrigation systems in the Kirgiz SSR (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 304-308 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Conclusions 1. Kirgizia has a dense network of small and average rivers, small reservoirs and irrigation canals having considerable resources of water energy, the tapping of which is possible by constructing small hydrostations. 2. Natural, resource, and economic factors, as well as the experience gained in hydropower construction, make it possible to launch the construction of small hydrostations on a wide scale in the republic. 3. An evaluation of the technical and economic indices of small hydrostations and their comparison with the general industry indices confirms their high cost effectiveness. 4. A determination of the economic potential of the entire drainage system and development of schemes of using the energy of all small streams, reservoirs, and irrigation canals are the substance of further investigations.
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    The Aral Sea and the ecological situation in Central Asia and Kazakhstan (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 319-325 
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    Problems of the Aral Sea and region (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 325-328 
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    Development and introduction of the OHTPI-2 optimal hydraulic transport performance indicator (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 312-318 
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    Notes: Conclusions 1. The engineering personnel of the trust Gidromekhanizatsiya and experimental industrial enterprise Promgidromekhanizatsiya were able to develop an optimal hydraulic transport performance indicator (OHTPI-2) based on monitoring the soil sediment layer in a pipeline and consistency of the soil—water mixture by the conductometric method. 2. The installation of the OHTPI-2 on a dredge makes it possible to inform the operator about attaining and maintaining optimal saturation of the mixture with soil for the given concrete conditions. An increase of productivity and reduction of energy expenditures by 18% were achieved during the test. For effective use of the indicator it is necessary to instruct the dredge personnel in the rules of operating the device and selecting the dredging regime. 3. By means of the indicator it is possible to check the optimality of the existing parameters of hydraulic transport — head, flow rate, and diameter of the pipeline and their correspondence to the particular soil conditions. 4. The indicator of the soil sediment level in the pipeline can be used for monitoring the soil level and liquid phase in a vessel. 5. It is necessary to continue works on improving the indicator for its combination with other monitoring and calculating instruments.
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    Evaluation of the effect of bank storage on the hydropower indices of a hydroelectric station (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 329-333 
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    Notes: Conclusions 1. In the practice of hydropower calculations the effect of the component of bank storage of surface runoff on the hydropower indices of a hydrostation is insufficiently studied. 2. The article proposes an approach to an evaluation of the effect of bank storage on hydropower indices of a hydrostation in the absence of detailed investigations of the hydrogeological structure of the territory directly adjacent to the reservoir, which has a sufficient accuracy and can be recommended for use at preliminary design stages.
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    Effect of heated waters of the Tripol'e thermal power station on the sanitary and hydrobiological characteristics of the Kanev reservoir (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 340-344 
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    Substantiation of land protection in the lower pools of hydroelectric stations (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 345-347 
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    State of the contact of concrete with rock under the upstream faces of dams (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 334-340 
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    Notes: Conclusions 1. The state of the “rock—concrete” contact under the upstream faces of dams can serve as a criterion of their safety. Its disruption with opening of a fracture should be considered a defect of the structure, the initial stage of the second limit state. 2. When designing concrete dams on high-modulus rock foundations (more than 7000 MPa) it is necessary to perform a check calculation of shear stability in the presence of an open contact with consideration of an increase of uplift and to provide special design measures and appropriate methods of performing works. In our opinion, it is advisable to revise the allowances of SNiP 2.06.06-85 with respect to the depth of the tensile zone in the contact section. 3. The investigated problem requires a further thorough study and is the key problem in the theory of the limit state of concrete dams working in accordance with the scheme of the two-dimensional problem. The mechanism of disturbance of the contact in the foundation of arch dams is liable also to a special investigation.
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    Modernization of the hydromechanical equipment of the Chirkey hydroelectric station (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 353-355 
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    Quantitative assessment of the reliability of dams (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 361-367 
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    Conditions of converting a hydroelectric station with horizontal bulb units to a hydroelectric station-pumped-storage station regime (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 348-352 
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    Notes: Conclusions 1. On-site investigations of the equipment of the Kiev HES confirmed the possibility in principle of realizing the suggestion on converting the horizontal bulb units to a HES-PSS regime in the presence of a cascade of reservoirs with impounded pools. 2. The most acceptable and reliable method of starting horizontal units with a submerged waterway is frequency starting from adjacent machines with power consumption with the runner blades turned not more than 0.15PP n . 3. Constant operation of standard horizontal bulb units in pump regimes is difficult owing to the high level of hydrodynamic loads on their operating components. 4. With consideration of the acute need for mobile regulating facilities, it is necessary to recommend the accelerated reconstruction of operating bulb units for operation in the reverse regime at heads of 7–12 m and their experimental operation. 5. Pump regimes at hydrostations have a sanitizing effect on biological processes in reservoir.
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    Characteristics of a sediment-laden flow in a canal and calculation of reliability (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 367-375 
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    Monitoring and management of the construction of an earth embankment by means of a computer-based varying numerical model (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 376-378 
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    Kinematic characteristics of flows in transition sections of unlined canals (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 356-359 
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    Notes: Conclusions 1. In the case of a nonprismatic form of the cross section of a canal on transitions the form of the free surface is determined by the slope of the bottom of the transition (sustaining or adverse), and the rate of contraction or expansion of the channel affects mainly the steepness of the particular type of curve of the free surface of the flow, as well as its dimensions along the length of the canal. 2. In the case of transitions of a canal from narrow and shallow to wider and deeper, for all variants of the change in the angle of expansion and, consequently, sustaining slope of the bottom of the transition there are extremely unfavorable hydraulic conditions of the flow on the transition and in the downstream stretch of the canal, which is determined at the entrance of the transition by separation of the boundary layer from the bulk of the flow with the formation of a nonworking zone with reverse currents along the banks on a length of more than 30B 1. 3. On transitions with an adverse slope of the bottom, the length of the transition is determined by the angle of expansion of the sides of the transition. On transitions with a sustaining slope of the bottom, their length is determined by the slope of the bottom. 4. In the case of joining canals with a transition gradually expanding in plan and an adverse slope of the bottom, it is recommended to take an angle of expansion of the sides of 4–6°. 5. In the case of joining canals with a transition gradually narrowing in plan and a sustaining slope of the bottom, the necessary length of the transition is determined by the ratio of the widths of the upstream and downstream stretches of the canal, as well as by the difference in the maximum depths of these sections, making possible a determination of the slope of the bottom of the transition and its length (Fig. 5). 6. It is recommended to design transitions within stronger soils.
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    Effect of breakers on blocks of coastal protection structures (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 379-383 
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    Notes: Conclusions 1. Blocks in fill experience a maximum force effect under conditions of wave action close to resonance when tan ϕ0(h/gT 2)−1/2=4.4–7, in which case the stability coefficient acquires a minimum value. 2. Formula (19) recommended for calculating the characteristic size of a block D (or the mass of a block d=0.52 ρmD3) satisfactorily agrees with the laboratory and actual data and advantageously differs from the suggestions known from the literature.
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    Dissipation of increased turbulence of a flow in a bottom hydraulic jump (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 390-395 
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    One-dimensional mass transport in streams with abrupt changes in concentration at the initial site (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 384-389 
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    Notes: Conclusions Prediction of the sediment concentration and degree of pollution of river waters in time at various distances from an intake or from the place of an accidental release of wastewaters is important in those cases when downstream of this place there are water intakes for supplying the population with potable water. In such cases the accomplishment of predictive calculations for evaluating the possible increase of the degree of pollution of the water-supply source by means of relationships (9), (19), and (20) is the basis for preventing the entry into the intake supply region of waters with increased values of the sediment concentration or pollutants by activating standby units at treatment plants: infiltration basins or decontamination tanks.
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    Designs of inlet works at the intersection of a canal with a stream (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 396-399 
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    Calculation of the longitudinal flow velocity field in the cross section of cylindrical channels (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 400-405 
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    Dispersion relation for waves on a current nonuniform in depth (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 405-410 
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    Mechanotron transducer of transverse velocity fluctuations of the oncoming flow (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 415-417 
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    Pressure of an ice field on vertical supports during horizontal movements (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 410-414 
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    Notes: Conclusions 1. The results presented indicate the effectiveness of mathematical modeling when studying the interaction of structures with ice. 2. The ice loads substantially depend on the strength characteristics of ice. In particular, the angle of internal friction of ice and the ratio of the tensile and compressive strengths have a considerable effect on the loads. This circumstance, not taken into account when analyzing the results of experiments and observations, can lead to a substantial scatter in the values of kv. 3. A description of the physical and mechanical characteristics of ice by two parameers, the uniaxial compressive and bending strength, as is done in the existing building codes, is insufficient. Consideration of at least two more parameters, ϕ and Rt/Rc, considerably changes the range of possible values of the calculated load (Fig. 3). 4. The values of the crushing factor for large b/h can be determined approximately from the graphs in Fig. 3. The values of Fmin/Fmax and Δt are calculated by formula(3) and the graph in Fig. 4.
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    Ecologically pure conversion of the energy of air, river, and ocean currents (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 433-445 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Conclusions 1. Renewable energy sources (primarily the energy of air, river, and ocean currents) are available on the earth and in the territory of the USSR in such amounts which make it possible to completely meet the needs of the population of the earth or such a country as the USSR in the foreseeable future. 2. It is advisable to construct the use of the energy of air, river, and ocean currents not on principles of the maximum local harnessing of power with a maximum efficiency but on the principles of small changes in the natural conditions realized with a maximum economic advantage. The energy of renewable sources is so great and so distributed in time that its use in relatively small local doses but in combination with others can give a necessary and sufficient solution of the energy problem. 3. The new schemes of orthogonal power-producing units developed and tested can be used effectively for converting the energy of wind and river and ocean currents.
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    Effect of wind waves on hydropower equipment of tidal power stations (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 445-449 
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    Notes: Conclusions Owing to sufficiently intense damping of wind waves with depth (especially of more frequently observed short and small waves), the power oscillations of the TPS unit will be considerably smaller than could be expected with a simple comparison of the wave height with the operating head. On the basis of a prediction of the power oscillations of the unit, a conclusion will subsequently be made about the power fluctuations of the station and about the effect of wind waves on the production of TPSs.
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    Principles of optimization of the design of the Turukhan hydroelectric station development (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 418-432 
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    Notes: Conclusions 1. The Turukhan hydrostation on the Lower Tunguska River with an elevation of the NPL of 200 m, installed capacity of 20 million kW, and average annual production of 46 billion kW·h can have a very favorable effect on the power industry and economy of the country as a whole: along with high energy and technical-economic indices and with no negative ecological and social consequences from its construction, it will offer the exceptional possibility of creating a state strategic energy reserve amounting to 30–40 billion kW·h. 2. The principles of optimal design of the Turukhan hydroelectric station development, presuming: passage of the flow during construction along the river channel; elimination of the construction of tunnels; a two-row arrangement of the units of a powerhouse at the dam; use of lean rollcrete; conduction of concreting under artificial microclimate conditions; high rate of concreting; and filling of the reservoir as the structures are constructed, provide the obtainment of the design production of 46 billion kW·h in the 13–14th year from the start of construction with optimal indices of construction with respect to cost, labor expenditures, time, and also energy production in the construction period. 3. Disregard of the principles of optimal design in the Turukhan HES project will lead to an increase of the cost and time of its construction. 4. A reduction of the NPL of the Turukhan HES to 140 m and its construction in phases with a NPL of the first phase of 140 m is not advisable as it will lead to the loss of tens of billions of rubles due to underproduction of electricity and to the loss of the possibility of creating an energy reserve. 5. Felling of the forest in the reservoir zone by the usual methods is unprofitable, it should be carried out by means of floating logging complexes, and the conditions of filling the reservoir are quite favorable for their operation. To avoid multibillion losses from the underproduction of electricity, filling of the Turukhan reservoir can in no case be made dependent upon forest felling. The two variants of the Turukhan HES development proposed in this work have indisputable advantages in comparison with Lengidroproekt's main variant and they should be accepted for further design development.
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    State of hydropower installations in Armenia after the Spitak earthquake (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 450-455 
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    State of the hydraulic structures in the zone of influence of the Spitak earthquake (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 456-459 
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    Ecological aspects of environmental protection in designing reservoirs (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 460-466 
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    Notes: Conclusion The state of the ecosystems of water objects (both rivers and lakes) is determined not only by their hydrological and other parameters but primarily by the method of dealing with them, i.e., method of management. Under present-day conditions, i.e., in the established system of water use and at the present level of the anthropogenic load, neither a river nor a lake, no matter what primal purity they originally had, can withstand the powerful pressure of pollutants in the case of maintaining in the future the utilitarian and unsound principle of using water objects as recipients of wastewaters and other pollutants.
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    Water storage at pumping stations — A standby of flexible capacities (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 475-478 
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    Notes: Conclusions 1. The use of large pumping stations operating in load-regulator and pumped-water storage regimes is prospective for increasing flexible capacities in electric power systems. 2. Batch-produced axial-flow pumps of type OP-6 and OP-10 have good performance characteristics in the turbine regime, providing a storage efficiency of 0.50–0.65 at the same rotational speed in the pump and turbine regimes and an efficiency equal to 0.56–0.75 with the use of speed regulators.
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    Optimization of control of long-term operating conditions of hydroelectric stations with special reference to the Angara-Enisei cascade of hydroelectric stations (1989)
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    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 471-474 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Conclusions 1. To increase the effectiveness of using water and energy resources by cascades of reservoirs, it is necessary to develop “Basic Principles of Using Water Resources” not for single reservoir, but for the entire cascade as a whole. This conclusion should be applied to all operating cascades of HESs. 2. To increase the firm winter output of the Angara-Enisei cascade of HESs, it is expedient to convert the operation of the Krasnoyarsk HES to a compensated regime. 3. The effect from the compensated operating regime of the Krasnoyarsk HES will increase with development of the cascade, with construction of the Boguchany and Middle Enisei HESs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01439516
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    Combined removal of sediments from the Chiryurt reservoir (1989)
    Springer
    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 467-470 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-1468
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Conclusions 1. Intense passage of the sediment deposits washed from the upstream stretches of the reservoir through the cut was observed. In the cut itself or in the immediate vicinity of its outlet, 13,000 m3 of sediments was deposited, the remainder was discharged by the through-flow into the downstream pool. 2. The cut made was not curvilinear in plan as was intended, and therefore its expected intensive erosion by the flow did not occur. The exception was the inlet stretch of the cut, where its erosion and widening by about 10 m occurred. 3. An increase of the cross-sectional area of the reservoir due to the cut leads to some decrease of the level of the flushing flow in the main channel and increases its slope on the upstream stretch of the reservoir, increasing the flow velocity and effectiveness of erosion of the sediments. Furthermore, the directions of the flow velocities partially changed in the region of the cut, which intensified the effect of erosion of the sediments. 4. Gradual erosion of the island of sediment deposits cut off by the cut from the left-bank mass of sediments was observed during flushing and subsequent operation of the reservoir. 5. It is better to use diesel dredges for making cuts, which, with their self-contained power supply makes it possible to operate on any stretch of the reservoir at a sufficient distance from the bank. 6. The cost effectiveness of combined removal of sediments can be estimated by comparing the cost of conducting it with the cost of removing sediments by hydraulicking as the cheapest of the presently known methods. For conditions of the Chiryurt reservoir the effectiveness was 0.9 ruble/m3 of sediments being removed for the particular flushing under consideration.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01439515
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  • 85
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    Investigation of the deformability of a real link of the precast concrete-encased steel penstock of the Zagorsk pumped storage station (1989)
    Springer
    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 479-484 
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    ISSN: 1570-1468
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Conclusions 1. Tests confirmed the reliability of the work of the reinforced concrete-encased steel design of the link of the penstocks of the Zagorsk pumped-storage station in the range of pressures up toP=1.4 MPa. The lining of the link and hoop reinforcement of the inside and outside rows take the tensile load in the elastic stage. 2. The allowable opening of cracks for reinforced concrete-encased designs of a penstock with an inside sealing lining in the range of pressures up to 1.6 MPa with a width of the cracka c ≤0.2 mm does not exceed the standard requirements. 3. The test of a particular link showed that with loading by an internal pressure the lining takes 30%, the reinforcement of the inside row 23%, and the reinforcement of the outside row 47% of the external load. 4. The tests confirmed the complete correspondence of the work of the link to the design data and earlier investigations carried out in a range of pressures exceeding the operating pressure by 30%.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01439518
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  • 86
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    Sergei Aleksandrovich Berezinskii (1989)
    Springer
    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 495-495 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-1468
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01439521
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  • 87
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    Hydraulic model studies of the main radial gates of navigation of locks (1989)
    Springer
    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 484-489 
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    ISSN: 1570-1468
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Conclusion The required increase of the pulling force of the main hoisting-falling radial gate of a navigation lock in its emergency operating regime in comparison with the normal regime depends on the designs and dimensions of all elements of the gate framework. Therefore, a gate should be designed on the basis of primarily the need to ensure its reliable operation in an emergency regime as the most severe one. The value of the pulling force when lifting the gate into running water can be preliminarily estimated by a hydraulic calculation, but owing to its dependence on many factors difficult to take into account it should be checked by model investigations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01439519
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  • 88
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    Criterion of stability of a uniform laminar flow in pipes (1989)
    Springer
    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 490-494 
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    ISSN: 1570-1468
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Conclusions The universality for pipes with a different cross-sectional form and with a different roughness of criterion (8) of the stability of laminar flow, originally established by the author for circular pipes with various roughness, was shown on the basis of experimental data of a wide range.
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    Sergei Mitrofanovich Slisskii (1989)
    Springer
    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 496-497 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-1468
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01439522
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  • 90
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    Progressive layouts, designs, and technologies in constructing the main structures of the underground complex of the Khudoni hydroelectric station (1989)
    Springer
    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 499-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-1468
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01432057
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  • 91
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    Service spillway of the Kambarata No. 1 hydroelectric station (1989)
    Springer
    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 505-509 
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    ISSN: 1570-1468
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Conclusions 1. The use of the scheme of a tunnel spillway with dissipation of energy inside the conduit in a shaft stilling basin under conditions of the Kambarata No. 1 hydrostation makes it possible to reduce the volume of earthworks and concrete in comparison with alternative variants and to protect the downstream stretch of the river valley from collapse of the slopes and substantial erosion of the channel. 2. Investigations confirm the efficiency, reliability, and safety of the spillway and all its components.
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  • 92
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    Damming the Vakhsh River channel at the site of the Rogun hydroelectric station (1989)
    Springer
    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 510-513 
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    ISSN: 1570-1468
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Conclusions 1. The use of material in the form of large-block elements, short and long, when damming mountain rivers with considerable falls on the embankment exceeding 5–10 m makes it possible to construct a damming embankment of a compact profile with minimum consumption of material, with the predominant use of elements in the form of concrete cubes weighing 10 tons as the most technological and effective. 2. The use of these bundles has presently become possible owing to the presence of modern powerful equipment. With the proper level of organization of the works, this equipment can carry our damming without special complications in the shortest possible time.
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  • 93
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    Effect of construction works on the geological environment in the stretch of the dnestr hydro development (1989)
    Springer
    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 517-523 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-1468
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01432061
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  • 94
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    Use of loams for hydraulic filling of the upstream blanket of the Baipaza hydroelectric station (1989)
    Springer
    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 514-517 
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    ISSN: 1570-1468
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Conclusions 1. On the basis of the experience in conducting the works and investigations it was established that it was expedient to construct the blanket in the upstream pool of the Baipaza hydrostation from loam of a local borrow pit in a mixture with gravel and pebbles hydraulically filled under water. The advantages of the given technology consist in the comparatively small labor intensity and cost of performing the hydraulic filling works and a high level of their mechanization. 2. Placing of a gravel-pebble mixture with loam promotes acceleration of the consolidation process and provides stability of the surface of the blanket. 3. It is recommended to check the quality of the hydraulically filled blanket and technology of performing the works with the use of a set of portable instruments for conducting investigations.
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  • 95
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    Determination of the temperature component of movements of an arch dam from geodetic measurements (1989)
    Springer
    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 523-526 
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    ISSN: 1570-1468
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01432062
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  • 96
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    Installation of service flowmeters on hydraulic turbines (1989)
    Springer
    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 527-532 
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    ISSN: 1570-1468
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Conclusions 1. The relative method of measuring the flow rates of water through a turbine is realized by simple means and provides a sufficient accuracy for the needs of hydrostation operation. 2. Further works of design organizations, operating services, and manufacturing plants is necessary for increasing the reliability of the entire flow-rate measuring system. 3. The operating staffs of hydrostations need to be materially encouraged to use the discharge efficiently for producing electricity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01432063
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  • 97
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    Reconstruction of the guard walls of locks on the Oka River (1989)
    Springer
    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 538-542 
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    ISSN: 1570-1468
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Conclusions The guard walls of the locks in the form of a continuous vertical wall of Larsen steel sheet pile anchored by metal rods to reinforced-concrete anchor slabs under favorable geological conditions (absence of rocks and very bouldery soils) are quickly and easily constructed. They are durable, economical, and simple to operate. A shortcoming of such guard walls is that Larsen stel sheet piles are scarce.
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  • 98
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    Operating experience and reliability assessment of elements of pumping stations (1989)
    Springer
    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 532-537 
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    ISSN: 1570-1468
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Conclusions 1. An analysis of the causes of failures of PUs from the standpoint of reliability theory enbles design and operating organization to increase the probability of no-failure operation by revealing and reconstructing limiting elements. 2. An evaluation of the intensity of the thermal effect of solar radiation on the concrete of water-supply structures of PSs with consideration of seasonal and daily maxima of the effect of insolation showed that in July–August consideration of insolation adds to the daily mean ambient temperatures up to 10–15°C. This value must be taken into account when predicting cavitation phenomena in pumps. 3. Daily variations of the intensity of insolation affect the stress-strain state of the structures, increasing during the growing season the compressive stresses on surfaces exposed to the sun, which also must be taken into account when designing and operating hydraulic structures of PSs. The absolute maxima of the temperature of the pumped water and cavitation phenomena occur in the evening. The simplest measure reducing the variation of the intensity of insolation is to paint white the exposed surfaces of the intake of the PS, thereby reducing Ks in formula (4). 4. The new layouts of the structures and devices improve the hydraulic conditions of the supply of water to the PUs, facilitate the removal of sediments and driftwood, and reduce the production costs of the water being pumped.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01432064
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  • 99
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    Microprocessor-based diagnostic device for protecting the generator-transformer unit from a single-phase ground fault (1989)
    Springer
    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 549-552 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-1468
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Conclusions 1. A microprocessor-based device was developed for checking (measuring) the level of the insulation resistance of the stator winding of a unit in the range 0.5–500 MΩ and absorption coefficient in the range 1–10 with output of the measurement results to a digital indicator. 2. All measurements are taken on a stopped or operating unit in a semiautomatic regime after pushing a button on the face panel of the device. It is possible to use the device as part of a process control system or in a diagnostic system with automatic control from a computer. 3. The device underwent a check on the units of the Skhodnya and Chirkey hydrostations, where it showed good results. It is suggested that it be introduced.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01432067
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  • 100
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    Hydrological regime of the foundation of the Charvak dam after ten years of operation (1989)
    Springer
    Power technology and engineering 23 (1989), S. 542-548 
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    ISSN: 1570-1468
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Conclusions 1. The complex natural conditions and characteristics of the operating regime of the Charvak reservoir determined the duration and complexity of the process of the formation of the hydrogeological (hydrodynamic, temperature, hydrochemical) regime in the dam foundation and abutment. 2. The process of restructuring of the natural hydrogeological conditions, which began with the start of the staged filling of the reservoir in 1970, developed in subsequent years with a variable intensity, determined by the values of the annual increase and drawdown of the head on the dam, and originally had an unsteady cyclic character in which a recurrence of the main characteristics of the seepage flow was not observed from cycle to cycle at comparable elevations of the upper pool level. The extent and rate of the changes that occurred gradually decreased. 3. By the end of the period under consideration, after 10 years of permanent industrial operation of the dam at high reservoir levels, relative stabilization of the hydrodynamic, temperature, and hydrochemical regimes of the subsurface waters in the stretch of the hydro development with approach to a steady cyclic type is observed. 4. The process of a gradual increase of the difference of heads and the general nonunformity of its reduction on the curtain also, apparently, stabilized at the attained level. No substantial change in the established picture of the distribution of heads is expected. The curtain is gradually limiting seepage in the foundation and abutments of the dam, which is indicated by the relative stability of the discharge of the drainage devices of the hydro development. The general hydrogeological conditions that have formed after 10 years of operation of the Charvak dam are evaluated as normal, do not at present arouse apprehension, but require constant checking and continuous systematic observations of the seepage processes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01432066
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