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  • Articles  (17)
  • Microbial biomass  (17)
  • 1985-1989  (17)
  • 1965-1969
  • Geosciences  (17)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • Articles  (17)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbial biomass and mineralization-immobilization of nitrogen in some agricultural soils (1986)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 2 (1986), S. 157-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Available N ; Fumigation method ; N immobilization-remineralization ; Microbial biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The chloroform fumigation-incubation method (CFIM) was used to measure the microbial biomass of 17 agricultural soils from Punjab Pakistan which represented different agricultural soil series. The biomass C was used to calculate biomass N and the changes occurring in NH4 +-N and NO3 −-N content of soils were studied during the turnover of microbial biomass or added C source. Mineral N released in fumigated-incubated soils and biomass N calculated from biomass C was correlated with some N availability indexes. The soils contained 427–1240 kg C as biomass which represented 1.2%–6.9% of the total organic C in the soils studied. Calculations based on biomass C showed that the soils contained 64–186 kg N ha−1 as microbial biomass. Immobilization of NCO3 −-N was observed in different soils during the turnover of microbial biomass and any net increase in mineral N content of fumigated incubated soils was attributed entirely to NH4 +-N. Biomass N calculated from biomass C showed non-significant correlation with different N availability indexes whereas mineral N accumulated in fumigated-incubated soils showed highly significant correlations with other indexes including N uptake by plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257595
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Partitioning of ryegrass residue sulphur between the soil microbial biomass, other soil sulphur pools and ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1987), S. 253-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Lolium perenne ; Microbial biomass ; Mineralization ; Plant residues ; Ryegrass ; Sulphur-35 ; Sulphur pools
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ryegrass shoot residues, labelled with 35S, were added to an S-deficient soil. The transfer of S to the microbial biomass, to the soil S pool extractable by NaHCO3 and to growing ryegrass when present was followed over 34 weeks. After 2 weeks 16% and 15% of the S residue was found in the biomass and in the extractable S pool, respectively. Where plants were grown, they became S-deficient (shoot S 〈0.2%) simultaneously with the biomass showing a marked increase in C:S ratio. This eventually reached 262 from an initial value of 59. Concurrently, the extractable S pool, which included some labile organic S, decreased to 〈0.2 μg g−1 soil. After 34 weeks 27% of the S residue was found in the growing plant, 7% in the biomass and 2% in the extractable S pool. Some mineralization of unlabelled soil organic S was observed during the period of greatest plant growth (8–14 weeks), but not in the absence of plants. A second phase of mineralization occurred between weeks 22 and 34, concurrent with a rise in mean temperature, which was unaffected by the presence of plants or by the size of the microbial biomass. This may have been due to “biochemical” mineralization of ester sulphate. The amount of unlabelled soil S involved in active cycling was estimated to be 11%–13% of the total soil S.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256910
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of 15N-labelled microbial biomass in soil in situ and extraction of biomass N (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 180-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Extractability ratios ; Microbial biomass ; N immobilization-remineralization ; Priming effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A Pakistani soil (Hafizabad silt loam) was incubated at 30°C with varying levels of 15N-labelled ammonium sulphate and glucose (C/N ratio of 30 at each addition rate) in order to generate different insitu levels of 15N-labelled microbial biomass. At a stage when all of the applied 15N was in organic forms, as biomass and products, the soil samples were analysed for biomass N by the chloroform (CHCl3) fumigation-extraction method, which involves exposure of the soil to CHCl3 vapour for 24 h followed by extraction with 500 mM K2SO4. A correction is made for inorganic and organic N in 500 mM K2SO4 extracts of the unfumigated soil. Results obtained using this approach were compared with the amounts of immobilized 15N extracted by 500 mM K2SO4 containing different amounts of CHCl3. The extraction time varied from 0.5 to 4 h. The amount of N extracted ranged from 27 to 270 μg g−1, the minimum occurring at the lowest (67 μg g−1) and the maximum at the highest (333 μg g−1) N-addition rate. Extractability of biomass 15N ranged from 25% at the lowest N-addition rate to 65%a for the highest rate and increased consistently with an increase in the amount of 15N and glucose added. The amounts of both soil N and immobilized 15N extracted with 500 mM K2SO4 containing CHCl3 increased with an increase in extraction time and in concentration of CHCl3. The chloroform fumigation-extraction method gives low estimates for biomass N because some of the organic N in K2SO4 extracts of unfumigated soil is derived from biomass.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00292580
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid and sensitive determination of microbial activity in soils and in soil aggregates by dimethylsulfoxide reduction (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 349-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Dimethylsulfoxide reduction ; Microbial activity determination ; Soil aggregates ; Arginine ammonification ; Microbial biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Based on the reduction of dimethylusulfoxide (DMSO) to dimethylsulfide (DMS) by microorganisms, a simple, rapid, sensitive and inexpensive method for the determination of microbial activity in soil samples was developed. When DMSO was added to samples, DMS appeared immediately in the gas phase, which was quantitatively analyzed by gas chromatography. The DMS liberation rate was constant for several hours. The reaction immediately starts and its linearity indicate that neither the physiological state nor the number of organisms were changed by the assay. DMSO reduction is widespread among microorganisms; out of 144 strains tested (both fungi and bacteria) only 5 were unable to carry out this reaction. The reaction in soil samples was strongly inhibited by toluene, cyanide, azide, or by fumigation, but was considerably stimulated by glucose. These findings demonstrate that the reaction was due to the activity of microorganisms. The DMSO reduction in different soil samples was significantly correlated with arginine ammonification and heat output (r〉0.9). A good correlation was observed with the organic-matter content (r = 0.74), but not with microbial numbers, clay content, or the pH of the soil. Standard deviations of less than 10% were routinely found. Furthermore, the method is sufficiently sensitive to allow measurements of activity in very small samples (〈 0.1 g). For example, a microbial activity profile can be established for a single soil aggregate, revealing marked differences in activity on the outside and in the interior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263168
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbial activity and nutrient dynamics in earthworm casts (Lumbricidae) (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1987), S. 230-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Earthworm casts ; Microbial respiration ; Microbial biomass ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Aporrectodea caliginosa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Microbial respiration, microbial biomass and nutrient requirements of the microflora (C, N, P) were studied in the food substrate (soil taken from the upper 3 cm of the mineral soil of a beech wood on limestone), the burrow walls and the casts of the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa (Savigny). The passage of the soil through the gut caused an increase in soil microbial respiration of about 90% over a 4-week period. Microbial biomass was increased only in freshly deposited casts and decreased in aging faeces to a level about 10% lower than in soil. Microbial respiration of the burrow walls was only increased over a shorter period (about 2 weeks). The microflora of the soil and the burrow walls was limited by P, whereas in earthworm casts, microbial growth was limited by the amount of available C. In aging faeces the P requirement of the microflora increased and approached that of the soil. Immobilization of phosphate in earthworm casts is probably caused by mainly abiotic processes. C mineralization by soil microflora fertilized with glucose and P was limited by N, except in freshly deposited casts. Ammonium, not nitrate, was responsible for this process. N dynamics in earthworm casts are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256906
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Active organic matter distribution in the surface 15 cm of undisturbed and cultivated soil (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 271-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial biomass ; Mineralizable N ; Nutrient cycling ; Chloroform fumigation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Organic-matter dynamics near the soil surface influence plant nutrient supplies. To evaluate the effects of cultivation on active soil organic-matter distribution in the surface 15 cm, we measured total organic C, Kjeldahl N, microbial biomass C and N (chloroform fumigation), respirable C and mineralizable N (aerobic incubations) in 1-cm layers from 0–10 cm and in 2.5-cm layers from 10–15 cm in adjacent areas of undisturbed (shortgrass steppe) and cultivated (four years wheat-fallow rotation) Ascalon sandy loam soil (Aridic Argiustoll). The active organic matter was highly concentrated in the surface centimeter of undisturbed soil. In undisturbed soil, microbial biomass C and N concentrations were more than five times greater at 0–1 cm than at 2–15 cm. Respirable-C and mineralizable-N concentrations (20-day incubations) were 8 and 18 times greater at 0–1 cm than at 2–15 cm. Below 3 cm, the concentrations were equal in both cultivated and undisturbed soil. Cultivation reduced the average concentrations at 0-15 cm of microbial biomass C and N by 62% and 32%, and of respirable C and mineralizable N by 71% and 46%, by reducing the concentrations at 0-1 cm to levels comparable to the 2- to 15-cm layers of the undisturbed soil. Decreases after cultivation ensued from disrupting the surface 1-cm layer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00266490
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-term tillage and rotation effects on soil microbial biomass, carbon and nitrogen (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1987), S. 265-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial biomass ; Tillage ; Rotation ; Carbon ; Nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three mollisols, typical of the Palouse winter wheat region of eastern Washington and northern Idaho, were analyzed for microbial biomass, total C and total N after 10 years of combined tillage and rotation treatments. Treatments included till, no-till and three different cereal-legume rotations. All crop phases in each rotation were sampled in the same year. Microbial biomass was monitored from April to October, using a respiratory-response method. Microbial biomass, total C and total N were highest under no-till surface soils (0–5 cm), with minimal differences for tillage or depth below 5 cm. Microbial biomass differences among rotations were not large, owing to the relative homogeneity of the treatments. A rotation with two legume crops had the highest total C and N. Microbial biomass was significantly higher in no-till surface soils where the current crop had been preceded by a high-residue crop. The opposite was true for the tilled plots. There was little change in microbial biomass over the seasons until October, when fresh crop residues and rains had a strong stimulatory effect. The seasonal pattern of biomass in no-till surface soils reflected the dry summer/winter rainfall climate of the region. The results of this study show that numerous factors affect soil microbial biomass and that cropping history and seasonal changes must be taken into account when microbial biomass data are compared.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256912
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbial biomass and activity in urban soils contaminated with Zn and Pb (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 9-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Soil respiration ; ATP ; Heavy metal effects ; Dormant population ; Microbial biomass ; Urban soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of heavy metals on microbial biomass and activity were investigated in 30 urban soils, contaminated mainly with Zn and Pb to different extents, in terms of the physicochemical and biological characteristics of the soils. Evaluated by simple and multiple regression analyses, the microbial biomass was not affected significantly by easily soluble Zn + Pb (extractable with 0.1 NHCI). The biomass was accounted for as a function of cation exchange capacity (CEC), total organic C and the numbers of fungal colonies present (R 2 = 0.692). Carbon dioxide evolution from soils, which reflected microbial activity, was studied on soils incubated with microbial-promoting substrates (glucose and ammonium sulfate) or without. Carbon dioxide evolution was negatively related to Zn+Pb, and this inhibitory effect of the metals was greater in the soils incubated with substrates. Carbon dioxide evolution in soils with substrates was closely related to Zn+Pb, bacterial numbers and the numbers of fungal colonies (R 2 = 0.718). Carbon dioxide evolution in soils without substrates was accounted for as a function of Zn + Pb, biomass and the C/N ratio (R 2 = 0.511). Using these relationships, the effects of heavy metals on soil microorganisms are discussed in terms of metabolically activated and dormant populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257913
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Folsomia candida (Collembola) on the microbial biomass in a grassland soil (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 138-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Folsomia candida ; Collembola ; Microbial biomass ; CO2 evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of the presence of Folsomia candida on substrate-induced respiration, CO2-C evolution, bacterial count and NH 4 + -N were investigated in a grassland soil. Differences in these parameters, with the exception of NH 4 + , were correlated with the age of the collembolan Folsomia candida. In the presence of juvenile animals total CO2-C evolution was enhanced, but substrate-induced respiration and the bacterial count were unchanged. In fumigated soil with imagos, substrate-induced respiration and the number of bacteria were increased, but total CO2-C evolution was unaltered. Different food selection strategies between adults and juvenile animals may explain the results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00292572
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production of root-derived material and associated microbial growth in soil at different nutrient levels (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1987), S. 126-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Residual soil 14C ; Microbial biomass ; Root-derived organic matter ; Fluorescent pseudomonads ; Rhizosphere ; Nutrient levels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Maize plants were grown for 42 days in a sandy soil at two different mineral nutrient levels, in an atmosphere containing 14CO2. The 14C and total carbon contents of shoots, roots, soil and soil microbial biomass were measured 28, 35 and 42 days after germination. Relative growth rates of shoots and roots decreased after 35 days at the lower nutrient level, but were relatively constant at the higher nutrient level. In the former treatment, 2% of the total 14C fixed was retained as a residue in soil at all harvests while at the higher nutrient level up to 4% was retained after 42 days. Incorporation of 14C into the soil microbial biomass was close to its maximum after 35 days at the lower nutrient level, but continued to increase at the higher level. Generally a good agreement existed between microbial biomass, 14C contents and numbers of fluorescent pseudomonads in the rhizosphere. Numbers of fluorescent pseudomonads in the rhizosphere were maximal after 35 days at the lower nutrient level and continued to increase at the higher nutrient level. The proportions of the residual 14C in soil, incorporated in the soil microbial biomass, were 28% to 41% at the lower nutrient level and 20%6 – 30% at the higher nutrient level. From the lower nutrient soil 18%6 – 52%6 of the residual soil 14C could be extracted with 0.5 N K2SO4, versus 14%6 – 16% from the higher nutrient soil. Microbial growth in the rhizosphere seemed directly affected by the depletion of mineral nutrients while plant growth and the related production of root-derived materials continued.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257647
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Root activity and carbon metabolism in soils (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1988), S. 71-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Root activity ; Rhizosphere ; C metabolism ; Microbial biomass ; Microbial activity ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two different soils were amended with 14C-labelled plant material and incubated under controlled laboratory conditions for 2 years. Half the samples were cropped with wheat (Triticum aestivum) 10 times in succession. At flowering, the wheat was harvested and the old roots removed from the soil, so that the soil was continuously occupied by predominantly active root systems. The remaining samples were maintained without plants under the same conditions. During the initial stages of high microbial activity, due to decomposition of the labile compounds, the size of the total microbial biomass was comparable for both treatments, and the metabolic quotient (qCO2-C = mg CO2-C·mg−1 Biomass C·h−1) was increased by the plants. During the subsequent low-activity decomposition stages, after the labile compounds had been progressively mineralized, the biomass was multiplied by a factor of 2–4 in the presence of plants compared to the bare soils. Nevertheless, qCO2-C tended to reach similar low values with both treatments. The 14C-labelled biomass was reduced by the presence of roots and qCO2-14C was increased. The significance of these results obtained from a model experiment is discussed in terms of (1) the variation in the substrate originating from the roots and controlled by the plant physiology, (2) nutrient availability for plants and microorganisms, (3) soil biotic capacities and (4) increased microbial turnover rates induced by the roots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260736
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbon and nitrogen accretion and dynamics in volcanic ash deposits from different subarctic habitats (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1988), S. 79-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial biomass ; Mineralization ; Nitrification ; Subarctic ; Volcanic ash
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary C and N pool sizes and rates of mineralization were studied in volcanic-ash deposits found in different subarctic habitats in southwestern Alaska. Surface ash samples were taken from white-spruce, alder, and moist- and dry-tundra habitats and were analysed for total and microbial C and N. C and N dynamics were studied using a 28-day aerobic laboratory incubation, with weekly measurement of evolved CO2 and determination of inorganic-N pools initially and after 10 and 28 days. Total and microbial C and N and cumulative respired CO2 all followed a similar pattern among the different habitats, with the moist-tundra habitat having the highest values and the spruce site the lowest. The size of the microbial biomass C and N pool in the spruce habitat was among the lowest reported for any ecosystem. Little net N mineralization occurred in the spruce-forest and dry-tundra ash over 28 days. Ash from the moist-tundra habitat immobilized a significant amount of N during the first 10 days of incubation, yet showed a large net release of N after 28 days. In contrast, the ash from the alder site exhibited net mineralization after both periods, with N production after 28 days being about 3.5 times that after 10 days. In addition, the alder-habitat ash was the only soil that showed net nitrification. Rates of total C and N accretion in the tundra and alder habitats were rapid relative to rates found for primary successions. The results of this study show that habitat has a profound effect on C and N cycling in subarctic environments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260737
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbiological characterization and nitrate reduction in subsurface soils (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 197-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Soil profiles ; Subsurface ; Microbial biomass ; Bacteria ; Microbial activity ; CO2 evolution ; Nitrate reduction ; N2O evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two borings (20 m depth) were performed in a sandy-clayey soil over a limestone bed and in a sandy soil with lumps of clay in some depths. Bacteria were found in the deeper soil layers of both profiles. The methods used to detect bacteria were those normally used for topsoil layers, plate counts of bacteria, ATP content, and direct microscopy. Measurements of CO2 evolution showed that the potential for bacterial activity was present in all depths of the two profiles. However, the activity was strongly dependent on the presence of easily available organic C. An indication of the denitrification potential was obtained by measuring the N2O evolution. Under aerobic incubation without the addition of glucose, N2O was detected only in the topsoil. When glucose was added to the soil samples, N2O was found at a low level in the deeper soil layers. Under anaerobic incubation, N2O was detected in all deeper layers, and increased markedly when glucose was added to the soil samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00266479
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbial biomass and mineralizable nitrogen distributions in no-tillage and plowed soils (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1987), S. 68-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial biomass ; Potentially mineralizable nitrogen ; Long-term tillage ; No tillage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Distribution of soil microbial biomass and potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMN) in long-term tillage comparisons at seven sites in the United States varied with tillage management and depth in soil. Microbial biomass and PMN levels of no-tillage soils averaged 54% and 37% higher, respectively, than those in the surface layer of plowed soil. Biomass and PMN levels were greatest in the surface 0 to 7.5-cm layer of no-tillage soil and decreased with depth in soil to 30 cm. Biomass and PMN levels of plowed soil, however, were generally greatest at the 7.5 –15 cm depth. Microbial biomass levels were closely associated with soil distributions of total C and N, water content, and water-soluble C as influenced by tillage management. Potentially mineralizable N levels in soil were primarily associated with distributions of microbial biomass and total N. Absolute levels of PMN and microbial biomass and the relative differences with tillage management were dependent on climatic, cropping, and soil conditions across locations. The additional N contained in soil biomass and PMN in the surface 0–7.5 cm of no-tillage compared with plowed soils ranged from 13 to 45 and 12 to 122 kg N/ha, respectively, for 6 of 7 locations. Fertilizer placement below the biologically rich surface soil layer and/or rotational tillage may improve short-term nitrogen use efficiency and crop growth on reduced-tillage soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264349
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal changes and the effects of fertiliser on some chemical, biochemical and microbiological characteristics of high-producing pastoral soil (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 328-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Carbon-dioxide production ; Climatic factors ; Microbial biomass ; Microbial nitrogen ; Mineral N flush ; Nitrogen mineralisation ; Pasture production ; Seasonal changes ; Water-soluble carbon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A 2-year study (1983–1984 to 1984–1985) was conducted to estimate temporal and seasonal changes and the effects of fertiliser on some soil chemical, biochemical and microbiological characteristics. The soil used was a Typic Vitrandept under grazed pasture. Soil samples were taken regularly to a depth of 75 mm from paired unfertilised and fertilised (500 kg ha− 30% potassic superphosphate) plots. Except for organic C, fertiliser had little or no effect on the characteristics measured. Organic C averaged about 9.2% in unfertilised soil and was about 0.3% higher in the fertilised soil. The size of the microbial biomass fluctuated widely in the 1st year (3000 μg C g−1 in February to 1300 μg C g−1 in September) but there was less variation in the 2nd year (range 1900 μg C g−1 to 2500 μg C g−1 soil). CO2 production values (10- to 20-day estimates averaged 600 μg of CO2-C g−1 soil) were generally higher in spring compared to the rest of the year. Water extractable C increased over winter and declined through spring in both years (range 50 μg C g−1 soil to 150 μg C g−1 soil). Mineral-N flush values were higher in summer (300 μg N g−1 soil) and lower in winter months (200 μg N g−1 soil). The pattern of variation of microbial N values was one of gradual accumulation followed by rapid decline. This rapid decline in values occurred in spring and autumn (range 130–220 μg N g−1 soil). N mineralisation and bicarbonate-extractable N showed no clear trend; these values ranged from 100–200 and 122–190 μg N g−1 soil, respectively. There was a significant correlation (0.1%) between N mineralisation and bicarbonate-extractable N in the late summer-autumn-early winter period (February–August) in both years but not in spring. These results and their relationships to climatic factors and rates of pasture production are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261022
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sensitivity analysis of critical parameters in microbial maintenance-energy models (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 7-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial biomass ; Maintenance energy ; Carbon flux ; Mechanistic model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Overestimates of microbial biomass and high maintenance rates have caused calculations of annual maintenance requirements to exceed annual C inputs to soil ecosystems. An integrated approach is needed to resolve this inconsistency in the literature. In the present study a mechanistic model for soil microbial systems was used to calculate the maintenance-energy requirements of the soil microbial biomass. This model is base on product formation rather than substrate use and describes an active and sustaining population, with cryptic growth and necromass recycling. Several assumptions, such as death rates, the percentage of active population, and the yield, are required to calculate the maintenance energies, and the sensitivity of these estimated parameters on the maintenance-rate calculation was tested. The total biomass and the yield factor had the greatest effect on the calculated maintenance value. The fraction of active organisms, the death rates, and the different maintenance values for each population had little effect on the maintenance value.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260509
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of ecophysiological maintenance carbon requirements of soil microorganisms in a dormant state (1985)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 1 (1985), S. 81-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Dormant populations ; Maintenance carbon requirements ; Microbial biomass ; Biomass carbon loss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An experimental approach was attempted for determining the maintenance carbon requirements of the dormant microbial biomass of two agricultural soils (I, II) and one, forest soil (III). The amount of carbon needed for preventing microbial-C loss during incubation expressed as coefficient m (mg glucose-C·mg-1 biomass-C·h-1) was 0.00031, 0.00017 and 0.00017 h-1 at 28°C and 0.000043, 0.000034 and 0.000016 h-1 at 15°C for soils I, II and III, respectively. Depending on the temperature, the determined m values of the dormant population were two to three orders of magnitude below known values from pure cultures or m values of metabolically activated biomasses under in situ conditions. Corresponding microbial-C loss quotients were comparable to the observed maintenance coefficients but were always above m. The metabolic quotient q for CO2 (mg CO2-C·mg-1 biomass-C·h-1) of the dormant populations in the three soils tested was at q = 0.0018 h-1 (22°C) one order of magnitude below metabolically activated cells but did not correspond to the low maintenance values determined, which implies that in addition to possible utilization of native soil organic matter dormant biomasses must largely have an endogenously derived respiratory activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255134
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