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  • Articles  (10,095)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (9,556)
  • Engineering General  (539)
  • 42.75
  • Limnology
  • 1985-1989  (5,140)
  • 1970-1974  (3,867)
  • 1950-1954  (1,088)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (10,095)
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  • Articles  (10,095)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The radiation-induced graft copolymerization of methacrylic acid with polyethylene. Ion-exchange properties of the copolymeric composites (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 39-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The study involves the preparation and characterization of a series of polyethylene-g-comethacrylic acid polymers in which the comonomer provides a degree of hydrophilicity to the backbone polymer. Such copolymers have been shown to possess efficient ion-exchange properties with respect to Fe(III) ions, used as a model for general exchange. As such, we have a useful extension to our work on enzyme immobilization and protein separations using this type of support. Grafting was carried out in air and under vacuum. A correlation between the carboxylic acid group content and the extent of grafting was found. Under the conditions employed in our experiments, a maximum in grafting levels was observed when water was used as a continuous medium but not when methanol was included in the solvent assembly. No significant difference was observed between grafting carried out in air and that carried out under vacuum, when aqueous solutions of methacrylic acid were used. The graft copolymers have been shown to be effective in isolating Fe(III) ions and to be amenable to recycling procedures.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370104
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Addition polyimides. II. Synthesis and characterization of bisitaconimide prepolymers (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 127-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: N,N′-bis(3,3′-itaconimidophenyl) sulfone has been synthesized by reacting itaconic anhydride with 3,3′-diamino diphenyl sulfone. The bisitaconimides and the intermediates were characterized by chemical analysis, IR, NMR, TG, and GPC. The degree of polymerization (DP) of the prepolymers of the bisitaconimide was followed by GPC and from the NMR data on vinylidene and aromatic proton ratios. The correlation between DP and intrinsic viscosity of the prepolymers was made use of to determine the Mark-Houwink constants (K and α). The thermal stability and the decomposition kinetics of the prepolymers were evaluated from TG data. The kinetic parameters, viz. energy of activation, E, and preexponential factor A, were computed using four nonisothermal integral equations, and their values are not appreciably affected by the degree of polymerization, within the range studied.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370110
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of MBS emulsion particles in immiscible polystyrene/SAN blends (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 225-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of mixing technique and sequence on the distribution of methacrylated-butadienestyrene (MBS) emulsion particles in immiscible blends of polystyrene (PS) and a styrene/acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) was examined using transmission electron microscopy. The shell of the emulsion particle is essentially poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), which is miscible with SAN but immiscible with PS. In simple thermodynamic terms, the MBS particle should have an affinity for SAN over PS. It was found, however, that the sequence of mixing had a strong influence on the location of the MBS particles. If the PS-SAN interface is established before the addition of the MBS particles, the MBS particles are located exclusively in the SAN phase. If the MBS particles are present at the time the PS-SAN interface is formed, then the particles line up at the interface.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370117
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal degradation of cellulose-containing composites during processing (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 233-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The strength properties of composites made of untreated cellulose fibers and linear low density polyethylene were investigated as a function of processing parameters. Studies have shown that the strength properties of composites increase with processing time and temperature. The increase in strength is accompanied by the appearance of new infrared absorption bands at 1718 and 1735 cm-1. A linear relationship between the absorbance and yield strength of composites indicates that oxidation, possibly directly at interfaces, takes place and enhances adhesion between the cellulose and polyethylene.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370118
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of ultraviolet irradiation on the selective transport of alkali metal ions through 2,3-epithiopropyl methacrylate-methacrylic acid copolymer membrane (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 241-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Cationic exchange membranes were prepared with 2,3-epithiopropyl methacrylate (ETMA)-methacrylic acid (MAc) copolymer. Transport of alkali metal ions against their concentration gradient through the membranes was investigated by using the system which contains HCl (left side) and alkali metal solution including two kinds of alkali hydroxides (right side). The effect of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on the selective transport of alkali metal ions through the ETMA-MAc copolymer membranes was investigated. The membranes were irradiated with a 6-W low pressure mercury lamp at a distance of 10 cm at room temperature in air. The transport selectivity could be increased by using UV-irradiated membranes and the selectivity increased with increasing irradiation time up to 2-3 h, although the transport rate of alkali metal ions decreased with increasing time of UV irradiation. The maximum selectivity of K+/Na+, Na+/Li+, and K+/Li+ were 1.7, 2.0, and 4.2, respectively. In order to explain this phenomena, the effect of UV irradiation on the properties of the membranes was studied. It was concluded that the increase of the selectivity is attributed to the formation of the dense membrane by photocrosslinking of the membrane by UV irradiation.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370119
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In situ determination of calcium carboxymethylcellulose on a cellulose film via ion exchange (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 365-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A simple and rapid ion exchange method is presented for the in situ determination of calcium carboxymethylcellulose (CaCMC) on a cellulose film. The method is based on the ion-exchange reaction between the calcium ion in CMC and a large quaternary ammonium ion, such as hexadecyltrimethylammonium ion, followed by a second ion exchange reaction in which the quaternary ammonium ion is displaced by 3,9-bisdimethylaminophenazothionium ion. The development of a blue color allows for the determination of the CaCMC distribution on the film by using a scanning densitometer. The reasons that CMC prefers a relatively large quaternary ammonium ion to the divalent calcium ion are suggested. This method is also applicable for the determination of sodium carboxymethylcellulose film where it is only necessary to carry out the second ion-exchange reaction. The minimum detection limit for a CaCMC (degree of substitution is 0.7) coating is at least 1 μg/cm2.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370205
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water sorption kinetics in poly(aryl ether ether ketone) (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 381-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of diffusion of water from different activity vapors and liquid phase have been investigated in glassy amorphous poly(aryl ether ether ketcne) (PEEK) films at the temperature of 60°C and in glassy semicrystalline PEEK sheets at different temperatures, respectively. In the case of the amorphous PEEK films (250 μm thick) the data at low activity levels were interpreted by means of a purely Fickian mechanism. At higher activity levels the material has shown the presence of a relaxation process; in this case the data have been interpreted using a model proposed by Berens and Hopfenberg. Equilibrium sorption isotherm is also reported. Liquid water sorption in semicrystalline (30%) PEEK sheets (2 mm thick) has been determined to follow the classical Fickian mechanism. The water uptake values obtained for both amorphous and semicrystalline PEEK, confirm the good moisture and liquid water resistance of this kind of high performance thermoplastic polymer.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370207
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anionic polymerization of styrene: The search for an industrial process (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 393-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Anionic polymerizations were carried out in the laboratory using a CSTR reactor design and conditions typical of current commercial mass polystyrene plants. Polystyrene having excellent color and polydispersity was produced. Polymer quality, styrene conversion, and molecular weight control were all linked to use of polymerization feed of consistently high purity and polymerization in the 90-110°C temperature range. The results of this study clearly show that high quality polystyrene can be made utilizing anionic polymerization chemistry in existing well mixed mass polystyrene reactors of the CSTR design. The key to the successful practice of this technology is the ability to produce consistently high purity polymerization feed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370208
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology of HDPE/(PEC/PS) blends modified with SEBS copolymers (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 403-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In this study, immiscible blends of HDPE and an amorphous glassy polymer were compatibilized with styrene-hydrogenated butadiene block copolymers. The glassy phase consisted of either pure PS or a miscible blend of PS and polyether copolymer (PEC); PEC is similar to poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO). The morphology of these two-phase mixtures depended on physical characteristics of the components and the method of fabrication. Suitable copolymers increased the degree of dispersion and minimized heterogeneities resulting from the inherent incompatibility of the individual phases. Further reduction in the phase size and increased adhesion between the components of modified blends were achieved by increasing the composition of PEC in the glassy phase. It was concluded that favorable exothermic mixing between PEC and PS endblocks of the copolymers provided an additional driving force for compatibilization. Results from dynamic mechanical thermal analysis suggests that penetration by the copolymers into the homopolymer phases is not complete.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370209
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crosslinking of poly(vinyl chloride) with metal oxides, sulfur, and organo sulfur compounds (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 429-442 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The crosslinking of poly(vinyl chloride) in the presence of zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, ethylenethiourea (ETU), tetramethylthiuramdisulfide (TMTD), and sulfur at 160 and 180°C has been studied. The effects of ETU and sulfur on the crosslinking of PVC in the presence of TMTD have been individually studied. It has been found that zinc dimethyldivhiocarbamate (ZnDMDC) is the actual crosslinking agent and heat stabilizer of PVC, formed in the cured polymer mix.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370210
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dual function curative for NR (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 443-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Two derivatives of thiocarbamyl sulfenamide containing thiocyclohexyl moiety on sulfenamide nitrogen atom have been synthesized and evaluated for their action as accelerator cum retarder in NR gum stocks.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370211
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compatibility of epoxidized natural rubber with thermoplastic and thermosetting resins (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 453-465 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The compatibility behavior of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) at two different degrees of epoxidation with hydroxyl-containing polymeric resins was investigated. These included Novolac and Resole resins, the cured epoxy of bisphenol A (CER), and phenoxy. For each system, compositions covering the complete range were studied using the dynamic mechanical (DMA), DSC and phase-contrast microscopy techniques. ENR/Novolac blends were compatible, ENR/Resole, and ENR/phenoxy semicompatible, and ENR/CER incompatible. The results were interpreted in terms of the acid character of the aromatic or aliphatic hydroxyl contained in the resin and a predictive compatibility scheme based on copolymer-copolymer miscibility theory was tested.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370212
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural changes and molecular motion of polyacrylonitrile fibers during pyrolysis (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 553-566 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The stabilization process of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fiber is necessary to develop high-performance carbon fiber. This work is concerned with studies of the activation energy of PAN fibers during the stabilization process. A wide-angle X-ray diffractometer combined with a fiber specimen holder for heating was used to measure the activation energy of crystal transition Ec. Ec is almost the same as the activation energy of the cyclization reaction E which is measured by a differential thermal analysis (DTA). The variation of crystal size in PAN fiber and a model of the ladder polymer in stabilized fiber transformed from acrylontrile (AN) units of PAN fiber are discussed also. The crystal size of PAN fiber increases when the thermal treatment temperature is raised. When exposed to temperatures above the crystal degradation temperature Td, the molecular rods of PAN fiber are destroyed completely, and ladder polymer is formed in the ordered phase of the original PAN fiber. The transformation of ladder polymer is initiated in the disordered phase, and then at the boundaries of the ordered phase.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370220
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long term oil-seal embrittlement (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 567-571 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of antioxidant concentration in mineral oil on polychloroprene rubber vulcanizate, based on different types of carbon black, has been studied. This study shows that, with the increase of antioxidant, the percentage volume swelling of the rubber increases, the hardness of the rubber decreases, and the embrittlement time is prolonged. The properties achieved are important for oil seal manufacturers.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370221
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of radiation chemical yields of chlorinated polystyrene derivatives (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 695-705 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A technique for determining radiation chemical yields from lithographic exposure curves for crosslinking type negative electron beam resists has been extended to include polymers with a general Poisson distribution. The technique is applied to several different chlorine-containing styrene-based resists. The radiation yields show good agreement with the differences in lithographic sensitivity and are explained by recent mechanistic studies. Optimal synthetic approaches for preparing this type of resist are described.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370309
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Steady-state and transient behavior of a continuous polyethylene terephthalate condensation polymerization process. I. Melt transesterification stage (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 707-728 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The steady-state and transient behavior of a continuous stirred-tank reactor for melt transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol in the presence of metal acetate catalyst is presented. The kinetic model includes the main transesterification reactions and side reactions leading to diethylene glycol and carboxylic acid end groups. The effect of various reactro operating parameters such as [EG]/[DMT] mole ratio and feed catalyst concentration on the product distribution under steady-state reactor operating conditions is analyzed. The dynamic process model has also been solved and the reactor transients to step changes in various reactor parameters are reported.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370310
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Graphitization studies of cured phenolic resins by high-resolution 13C-cross-polarization magic angle spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 1-14 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: 13C-cross-polarization/magic angle spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy is used to investigate the graphitization process of a pyrolyzed formophenolic resin. The formation of a 2-dimensional graphitelike lattice, growing with the duration of the laser pyrolysis, is shown. A one-parameter-condensation model is used to estimate, from our dipolar-dephasing NMR experimental data, the quaternary-to-tertiary aromatic fraction, the number of condensed aromatic rings (from 10 to 23 units), and the average cluster diameter (from 9 to 14 Å).
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370101
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis, polymerization, and end-use evaluation of 3-pentadecylphenyl acrylate and methacrylate (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 33-37 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Two new polymerizable monomers, namely, 3-pentadecylphenyl acrylate and methacrylate, were synthesized starting from Cashew Nut Shell Liquid. The synthetic method used is simple, and is of general utility. These monomers were homopolymerized by bulk, solution, and emulsion polymerization techniques which yielded moderately high molecular weight polymers that showed promise as pressure-sensitive adhesive.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370103
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aging and performance of structural film adhesives. III. Effect of humidity on a modern aerospace adhesivePresented in part at Polymer 85, Melbourne, Australia, February 1985. (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 15-32 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The aging of an uncured, DGEBA-based commercial film adhesive exposed to high humidity at 40°C was monitored by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), thermal analysis, solubility, flow, and mechanical testing of joints. DGEBA and brominated DGEBA resins, and representative mixes of these were hydrolyzed in vitro. It is suggested that the major reaction at 40°C is polymerization, which is accelerated by moisture and leads to a crosslinked structure different to that resulting from normal cure. The poorer adhesive performance after aging is mainly the result of reduced resin flow during joint formation, although there is some contribution from the hydrolysis of epoxide groups which leads to lower crosslink density in the cured adhesive. The softening point of the uncured material and Tg of the cured material are useful indicators of the quality of this adhesive which, compared to some earlier formulations, has improved resistance to these conditions.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370102
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of nylon 4 through the use of the carbon dioxide/potassium pyrrolydonate catalyst system with and without added 18-Crown-6 ether activator (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 55-64 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The anionic polymerization of 2-pyrrolidone at 40°C via CO2/KOH and CO2/KOH/18-Crown ether catalyst for membrane separation purposes was investigated in detail. The effects of reaction time, CO2 quantity, and potassium hydroxide concentration including crown ether on yield and intrinsic viscosity were also studied. Under the reaction conditions of reaction temperature 40°C, reaction time 24 h, CO2 quantity of 60 s at a constant flow rate of 3.5 L/min and 1.98 mol % Crown ether a maximum yield of 95.36% of nylon 4 polymer with intrinsic viscosity of 3.28 was obtained.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370105
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of some poly(methyl methacrylate)s prepared by emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization in presence of some organic ligands and their nickel complexes (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 65-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The aqueous polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) was studied using sodium bisulfite as initiator in absence and presence of tetraoxalyl urea (TOU), tetraoxalyl thiourea (TOthioU) and tetraoxalyl paraphenylene diamine (TOp-phD). The effect of their nickel complexes on the polymerization rate has also been studied. Ligands with free carboxyl groups have a retarding effect on the polymerization reaction, while their nickel complexes have a catalytic effect. The polymers obtained in presence of nickel complexes were found to have wider molecular weight distribution than those obtained in their absence; this was deduced by thin layer chromatographic analysis in a binary mixture (benzene/methanol). The apparent energy of activation was found to be 5.83 × 104 J/mol, 1.87 × 104 J/mol, 2.11 × 104 J/mol, and 3.95 × 104 J/mol in absence and in presence of 0.5 g of Ni complex of TOp-phD, TOthioU and TOU, respectively.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Thermostability of poly(p-hydroxystyrene) blends with poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) and poly(ethyl oxazoline) (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 573-578 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370222
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    Studies on the synthesis of fiber-forming block copolymers of polyacrylonitrile and poly(ethylene oxide) (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 581-594 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Modified PEO (MW 6000) containing xanthate groups was used for the synthesis of block copolymers of PAN and PEO. Principal parameters affecting the synthesis were examined. To confirm the segmental structure of the obtained products, precipitation fractionation, gel permeation chromatography, infrared, and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance methods were used. The fiber-forming properties were investigated by means of rheological examination of concentrated solutions of PAN-PEO and confirmed by spinning the fibers under laboratory conditions. The physical and mechanical properties of the fibers were also determined.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Diffusion of organic penetrants through low density polyethylene (LDPE) films: Effect of size and shape of the penetrant molecules (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 617-625 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The diffusion coefficient at zero penetrant concentration D0 of dichloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, cyclohexane, benzene, o-xylene, m-xylene, and p-xylene, and n-hexane in LDPE were measured at 25°C, using the desorption method. The D0 values obtained in this way are correlated with the size, shape, and chemical nature of the penetrant molecules. The temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficients of toluene and n-hexane in LDPE are also reported in the limited temperature range of 25-45°C. It indicates that, in spite of a size larger than that of toluene, n-hexane has a lower activation energy of diffusion.
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    The effect of spinning speed and drawing temperature on structure and properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) yarns (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 595-616 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: From an industrial point of view, it is effective to have a relation between process conditions and resulting product properties. In practice there are many possible process conditions, whereas properties are generally interrelated in a complex way. Thus, there is a strong need for a physical understanding of the product properties in terms of process settings. This comprehension should also allow one to predict possible consequences for the properties when new process conditions become available. To obtain that physical understanding for the development of production processes of PET yarns, use has been made of a simple two-phase model of crystalline and amorphous regions. As process parameters the spinning speed and the drawing temperature were chosen. As the drawing temperatures are only known as machine-setting values, they are simply referred to as “low” and “high.” As mechanical properties the shrinkage, modulus, tenacity, and dynamic mechanical behavior are discussed.
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    Influence of inertia and viscoelasticity in entry flows through an abrupt annular contraction (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 627-643 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A numerical simulation of entry flows in an annular die has been undertaken for Newtonian and power-law fluids as well as viscoelastic fluids that exhibit normal stresses in shear flow. Experimentally measured normal stress and viscosity data are included in a simple rheological model. The influence of inertia and viscoelasticity are examined separately as functions of the Reynolds (Re) and Weissenberg (Ws) numbers. It is found that inertia decreases the size of the corner vortices in the reservoir corners which tend to increase rapidly with elasticity level in the absence of inertia. The combined effect of inertia and elastic forces is to first increase the vortex size followed by a decrease at higher Re numbers. The numberical simulations are in qualitative agreement with experimental studies available in the literature.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    Quality assessment of polyester chips and yarn by TMS-2 (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 661-668 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Penetration in polyester chips of different manufacturers and yarn (undrawn and drawn) was studied between 323 and 423 K on a thermomechanical system (TMS-2) using a penetration kit. It was observed that the penetration of the probe varied in the case of chips from manufacturer to manufacturer. The undrawn and drawn yarns from different batches and also within the same batch showed a clear variation in penetration curve, which may be attributed to the degree of crystallization. The same technique can be utilized for an assessment of the quality of yarn in continuous production and for differentiating the manufacturing process of polyester chips.
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    Studies on composites from wood and polypropylenes. II (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 645-659 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Composites of polypropylene (PP) or maleic-anhydride-modified polypropylene (MPP) with refiner ground pulp (RGP) were prepared under various kneading conditions (mixing temperature, rate of rotation, and mixing time) and evaluated for their tensile strength (σmax), break elongation (∊max), and Young's modulus (E). Particularly, for the rate of rotation, fiber length distribution and its fibrillation were investigated in connection with mechanical properties of the composites. Also evaluated in this study was the effect of modifiers of PP on the properties. Modified PP that can be grafted or can have affinity to RGP was proved to improve the tensile strength of the molded composites as the RGP content increases, while the strength was decreased for PP-RGP composite without a modifier. MPP was also evaluated as a compatibilizer for the PP-RGP composites, and a tremendous improvement of tensile strength was achieved with MPP addition of only 2.5%, indicating that MPP can act as a compatibilizer in its system. These lines of evidence is interpreted to be caused from the improvement of the adhesion between RGP and PP through localizing MPP at the interface of these two components.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    Multiple transitions in atactic 1,2-polybutadienes observed from dynamic mechanical and dielectric relaxation data (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 729-736 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Detailed investigation by dynamic mechanical, dielectric and 13C-NMR relaxation spectroscopies over a temperature range from -180 to 100°C reveals the multiple transitions in atactic 1,2-polybutadienes, which are denoted as T11, α, β, γ, and δ in conformity with reducing temperature. The spectroscopic data obtained show that α transition is the glass transition of the samples, β-and γ-relaxations are likely to be related to the flexibility of the main chain and the side chain motion, respectively, and δ loss process seems to be associated with the defects and inhomogeneity in structure. T11 transition observed in the dielectric relaxation spectra may be manifested by the abrupt broadening of the resonance peaks in solid-state 13C-NMR spectra.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Lyotropic liquid crystalline solutions of hydroxypropyl cellulose in water: Effect of salts on the turbidity and viscometric behavior (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 737-749 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Effect of addition of salt on the viscometric behavior of the dilute or concentrated aqueous solution of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) was determined by means of an Ubbelohde or a cone-plate viscometer. That effect on the turbidity of the dilute system was also determined. As salts, NaCl, LiCl, and thiourea were chosen. The turbidity and viscometric behavior for the dilute system, and the viscometric behavior for the concentrated system were greatly affected by salt type and concentration. With increasing NaCl or LiCl concentration, the cloud point decreased, [η] showed a maximum, Huggins' constant k′ showed a minimum, and the shear viscosity for concentrated isotropic solutions showed a maximum. The 45 wt % solution with no salt showed a viscometric behavior which was characteristic of lyotropic liquid crystals; however, with increasing NaCl concentration, a critical temperature at which the shear viscosity showed a maximum with respect to temperature shifted to lower temperature. This behavior was due to an increase in the turbidity, not due to a phase transformation. On the other hand, an addition of thiourea did not affect so greatly the turbidity and viscometric behavior as an addition of NaCl or LiCl did. We speculated different actions of NaCl and thiourea.
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    Influence of coupling agents and treatments on the mechanical properties of cellulose fiber-polystyrene composites (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 751-775 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Wood fibers of aspen in the form of chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP) and Tembec 6816 have been used as reinforcing fillers in different varieties of polystyrene. The tensile strength, elongation, and energy at maximum point, as well as tensile modulus at 0.1% strain is reported. Also revealed is the optimum condition of compression molding. The influence of different coupling agents, such as poly[methylene(polyphenyl isocyanate)], silanes (A-172, A-174, A-1100), and grating on the mechanical properties of composites is discussed. The extent of increase in mechanical properties depends on the weight percentage of fibers, the concentration of coupling agents, and the grafting level (add-on %). Coating followed by an isocyanate treatment appears to be the best treatment. In addition, the isocyanate treatment and grafting are superior to the silane treatment. Experimental results are explained on the basis of possible interactions among cellulose fiber-coupling agent-polymer in the interfacial area.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    Impact fracture behavior of continuous glass fiber-reinforced nylon 6 (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 77-89 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The impact fracture toughness of nylon 6/continuous glass fiber composites at four levels of fiber content has been studied. The composites were produced by anionically polymerizing caprolactam within a glass mat using a vacuum injection technique. Application of linear elastic fracture mechanics to characterize the impact fracture toughness of the composites, using an energy approach (GIC), has been found to be applicable provided that a correction is made for the size of the damage zone. The concept of Jc, fracture energy per unit ligament area, has also been applied to the composites and agreement between GIC and Jc has been found to be reasonably satisfactory. The ratio of crack propagation energy to the total energy absorbed (ductility index) has also been calculated. The ductility index was found to be close to one for the composites, indicating that additional energy is involved in propagating the fracturing cracks probably due to fiber debonding and/or crack blunting and fiber pullout. Fractographic examination of the impact fracture surface confirmed the presence of these features.
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    Immobilization of poly(ethylene oxide) on poly(ethylene terephthalate) using a plasma polymerization process (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 91-107 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) has been covalently immobilized on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films using a radio frequency glow discharge polymer deposition process, followed by chemical coupling. Amino or hydroxyl groups were introduced onto the surface of the PET by exposing the films to allylamine and allyl alcohol plasmas. These functional groups were activated with cyanuric chloride, and then they were reacted with PEO. ESCA and water contact angle studies were used to characterize the surfaces of these films during the different stages of the reaction. The films containing the higher molecular weight PEO exhibited an increase in the —C—O— peak of the Cls ESCA spectrum and an increase in oxygen content on the film surfaces. Increasing the molecular weight of the PEO attached to the PET also resulted in an increased wettability of the films.
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    Diffusional aspects for the chlorination of the sulfonated poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) resin beads (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 109-125 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The diffusional process in the chlorination of sulfonated poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) bead was investigated through a general model as well as direct observation with electron microprobe. Two modes of diffusion, namely the pore diffusion and gelular permeation, were analyzed by two system parameters through a two-phase model. The effective pore and gelular diffusivities estimated from the x-ray energy-dispersive analysis data on the chlorine profile and the conversion suggest that, even for the same crosslinking, the diffusivity of chlorine in the gelular bead is larger by several orders of magnitude than that for the gelular microparticle in the macroreticular bead.
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    Suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride. I. Influence of viscosity of suspension medium on resin properties (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 145-166 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride is studied in a bench-scale reactor adequately reproducing reaction conditions and resin properties of industrial relevance. The evolution of particle morphology is analyzed at different stages of conversion, and a model for particle formation is verified. The influence of viscosity of the suspension medium is analyzed in relation to molecular weight distribution and particle morphology.
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    Bonding a HTPB liner to modern rocket case materials (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 167-171 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Methods for bonding propellants based on HTPB (hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene) to modern rocket motor case materials have been studied. Thus a typical rocket propellant liner, based on HTPB, was adhesion tested to various polymer materials and to an aluminum alloy. The polymer materials are an epoxy resin and composite materials, based on epoxy-poly(ether sulfone), poly(ether ether ketone), poly(amide imide), and poly(phenylene sulfide). With proper surface treatment, excellent results were obtained at separation tests for all materials with cohesive failure in the liner.
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    Influence of emulsifiers on film formation from cellulose acetate latexes. Modeling approach to the fate of emulsifiers in highly plasticized films. II (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 173-182 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Experimental results on the redistribution of sodium dodecyl sulfate in cellulose acetate membranes produced from latexes (Part I) are interpreted in terms of a framework involving both thermodynamic (affinity of the components, composition) and kinetic (plasticizer evaporation rate) parameters. Two situations were examined, corresponding to liquid-liquid and liquid-solid phase separation. The proposed model better accounts for the observed phenomena than more classical views about the fate of emulsifiers.
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    Miscibility in poly-p-phenylene terephthalamide/nylon 6 and nylon 66 molecular composites (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 201-213 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Miscibility and crystallization of poly-p-phenylene terephthalamide (PPTA)/nylon 6 and nylon 66 composites prepared by coagulation of isotropic ternary sulfuric acid solutions were studied. The apparent crystallinity of nylon 6 and nylon 66 in molecular composites was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The solvation of nylon 6 crystals in PPTA matrix was observed when the PPTA content exceeds 70 wt%. Cross-hydrogen bonding seems to be responsible for the virtual disappearance of nylon 6 crystals. Specific interaction between PPTA and nylon 6 macromolecules and phase separation during thermal treatment has been discussed.
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    Structural features of poly(alkylene ether carbonate) diol oligomers by capillary gas chromatography (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 183-200 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A series of poly(ethylene ether carbonate) diol oligomers were synthesized from ethylene carbonate (EC) using various catalysts and low EC:initiator molar ratios. The structures of these oligomers have been studied by alkaline degradation to the poly(ethylene glycol)s, which make up their backbone, followed by capillary gas chromatographic (CGC) analysis. Comparisons of CGC traces before and after hydrolysis indicate which volatile components contain carbonate moieties. Some poly(ethylene glycol)s were not chemically bound into the polymer backbone and were analyzed directly by CGC. Based on the combination of analytical techniques developed in this study, it is possible for the first time to establish the approximate composition of a given poly(ethylene ether carbonate) diol. A typical composition made using a sodium stannate trihydrate catalyst consists of (1) an oligomeric portion which is a copolymer of carbon dioxide and poly(ethylene glycol)s and (2) a monomeric portion which consists mostly of diethylene glycol with lesser quantities of monoethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 1,4-dioxane and unreacted ethylene carbonate.
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    A model for service life of polyethylene pipe exhibiting ductile-brittle transition in failure modeThe Gas Research Institute makes no warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of this report, and assumes no liability for use of the information disclosed in this article. (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 215-224 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This article proposes a model for predicting failure time of stressed polyethylene pipe materials that exhibit a failure mode transition from brittle to ductile as stress is increased. The model is based on data obtained using the constant tensile load (CTL) test and takes into account stress-versus-failure-time behavior in both brittle and ductile regimes, as well as in the transition regime. The model permits quantification of the ductile-brittle transition behavior not only from the standpoint of the location of the transition but also its breadth. It is illustrated that knowledge of these two separate parameters opens new avenues for understanding the molecular basis of the transition process. This research was conducted under the sponsorship of the Gas Research Institute.
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    Mixing characteristics of urethane based materials and polyurea in RIM (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 251-266 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: To facilitate the study of new reaction injection molding (RIM) materials on a practical scale, a lab-scale mini-RIM machine was constructed. This machine is capable of delivering up to approximately 250 cc of material at rates of up to 125 cc/s. The RIM machine was first tested with conventional materials such as crosslinked and linear polyurethanes. The effect of varying the nozzle Reynolds number upon the adiabatic temperature rise corresponded to the results reported in previous works. Following this verification, two developmental materials, a polyurethane/polyester interpenetrating polymer network and a polyurea, were examined. The polyurea material showed a very strong dependency on mixing up to a Reynolds number above 400. The 75/25 PU/PEster reaction exotherms also showed a dependency upon mixing. However, this dependency is noticeable only in the polyester portion of the reaction, which can be attributed to the mixing sensitivity of the redox-type initiators used.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370120
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    Correlated color temperature detection of radiation damage in thermoplastic polyurethane (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 283-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The correlated color temperature change in a polymer was used as a technique to determine the degree of damage sustained due to radiation exposure. This technique shows fair agreement with the swelling technique. These two methods were used to detect radiation damage in four thermoplastic polyurethane grades of different hardness. Polymers that possess higher amounts of isocyanate groups give better resistance to radiation than to lower isocyanate-content polymers.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370122
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    Characterization of poly(3,3-bisethoxymethyl oxetane) and poly(3,3-bisazidomethyl oxetane) and their block copolymers (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 267-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The homopolymers, poly(3,3-bisethoxymethyl oxetane) (polyBEMO), poly(3,3-bisazidomethyl oxetane) (polyBAMO), and triblock copolymers based on these homopolymers and a statistical copolymer center block composed of BAMO and 3-azidomethyl-3-methyl oxetane AMMO were synthesized and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, modulus-temperature, optical microscopy, membrane osmometry, and solution and melt viscosity. The values of K and a for the Mark-Houwink equation were found to be 7.29 × 10-3 mL/g and 0.80, respectively, for polyBEMO at 25°C using number-average molecular weights. Glass transition temperatures were in the range -25 to -40°C and melting temperatures were between 65 and 90°C for all polymers. The melting temperature was found to increase as expected with molecular weight. Melt viscosities of triblock copolymers with polyBAMO end blocks were at least an order of magnitude lower than those with polyBEMO end blocks and clear optically, suggesting that the polyBAMO-based triblock copolymers formed one phase in the melt, while the polyBEMO-based triblock materials (milk white) phase separated. The addition of filler raised the melt viscosity to a level between that predicted by the Guth-Smallwood and the Mooney equations.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370121
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    Preparation of barium titanate-polypyrrole compositions and their electrical properties (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 289-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370123
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    Application and development of synthetic polymer membranes. II. Separation of aqueous ethanol solution through poly(tert-butyl methacrylate-co-styrene) membranes (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 299-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Separation of aqueous ethanol solution was carried out by pervaporation using a membrane which consisted of common polymer membranes. A membrane obtained from poly(tert-butyl methacrylate-co-styrene) was effective for a selective separation of ethanol from aqueous ethanol solution by pervaporation technique. The pervaporation ethanol-water mixture through the present membranes was analyzed as a solution-diffusion process, on the assumption that the both diffusion coefficients of each component are an exponential function of ethanol concentration.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370201
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    Tensile properties and morphology of the dynamically cured EPDM and PP/HDPE ternary blends (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 317-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The tensile properties and morphology of the polyolefin ternary blends of ethylenepropylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM), polypropylene and high density polyethylene were studied. Blends were prepared in a laboratory internal mixer where EPDM was cured in the presence of PP and HDPE under shear with dicumyl peroxide (DCP). For comparison, blends were also prepared from EPDM which was dynamically cured alone and blended with PP and HDPE later (cure-blend). The effect of DCP concentration, intensity of the shear mixing, and rubber/plastics composition was studied. The tensile strength and modulus increased with increasing DCP concentration in the blends of EPDM-rich compositions but decreased with increasing DCP concentration in blends of PP-rich compositions. In the morphological analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the small amount of EPDM acted as a compatibilizer to HDPE and PP. It was also revealed that the dynamic curing process could reduce the domain size of the crosslinked EPDM phase. When the EPDM forms the matrix, the phase separation effect becomes dominant between the EPDM matrix and PP or HDPE domain due to the crosslinking in the matrix.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370202
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    Photochemical surface modification of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 335-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: To elucidate the role of chemical interactions in the promotion of metal-polymer adhesion, a poly(ethylene terephalate)/copper system was studied. Surface photografting of unsaturated monomers containing different chemical functional groups onto a three-mil poly(ethylene terephthalate) film provided a means of examining a variety of copper-polymer interfaces. Initial graft verification was accomplished via contact angle measurements. Adhesion strengths to vacuum-deposited copper were determined using 90° peel tests. Graft analysis, as well as investigation of the interfacial interaction between copper and the grafted moieties, was accomplished using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370203
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    Scratch resistant low friction/low surface energy coating for silicon substrate (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 349-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A smooth, ultrathin film of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) on a silicon substrate has been prepared by spin-coating. This film gives a 0.06 dynamic coefficient of friction against paper, the lowest value ever reported for polymer-paper sliding pairs. The value is only about one-third of the coefficient of friction (0.21) between polytetrafluoroethylene and paper. The coating is not scratchable by sliding a stainless steel stylus over the surface with a pressure greater than 3.6 × 1010 dyn/cm2. The film displays a surface tension of 20.5 dyn/cm. It is stable in water and propylene glycol. The film is an effective and durable solid lubricant. The surface characteristics of a spray-coated PDMS and a plasma-copolymerized thin film of perfluoropropane and 3,3,3-trifluoropropylmethyldimethoxysilane have also been investigated. Both films show much lower scratch resistance, weaker adhesion to the silicon substrate, and higher friction. The plasma film yields the same surface tension as the spin-coated PDMS. Its surface energy, however, increases after soaking in water or propylene glycol. The exceptionally low friction and the unusually high scratch resistance of the ultrathin film of PDMS are attributed to the absence of deformation and tearing components and a low adhesion components in the sliding friction mechanism.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370204
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    Improvement of various properties of fiber surfaces containing crosslinked polyethylene glycols (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 371-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Modification of a variety of fabric and fibrous surfaces was achieved by insolubilization thereon of crosslinked polythylene glycols (called POLYTHERM) to impart several useful properties: thermal storage and release, improved resiliency and resistance to oily soiling, static charge, pilling, wear life, and marked increases in hydrophilicity among them. Moreover, these improved properties were durable because up to 70% of the crosslinked polyol was retained after 50 launderings. Such modification was achieved by using average molecular weights of the polyols ranging from 600 to 20,000 by crosslinking with polyfunctional methylolamides (such as DMDHEU) in the presence of acid catalysts by a conventional pad-dry-cure textile finishing procedure. The role of crosslink density of the polyol in determining textile properties was determined by evaluation of films derived from crosslinking the polyols and comparison of selected properties.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370206
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    Ductile transition in nylon-rubber blends: Influence of water (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 479-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: On nylon 6 and nylon 6/EPDM blends the influence of water on the glass transition temperature, mechanical properties, and the ductile transition temperature was studied. Blends of 10% and 20% were prepared with a particle size of 0.3 μm and the tensile properties, flexural moduli, torsion moduli, and notched izod impact strength were studied as functions of water concentration. The ductile transition temperature in polyamides can be lowered by plasticizing the nylon and by a rubber particle-induced process; both processes show some synergistic effects.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370214
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    Crosslinking of polypropylene-polyethylene blends by peroxide and the effect of pentaerythritol tetrallyl ether (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 467-478 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Crosslinking of polypropylene-polyethylene (PP-PE) blends involving 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90% of PP with dicumylperoxide (DCP) or tert-butyl perbenzoate (TBPB) and in the presence of coagent pentaerythritol tetrallyl ether (PETA) was investigated at 180°C. It was found that at lower concentrations of peroxide alone (e.g., 2.5% of DCP) only PE component is crosslinked in all compositions of PP-PE blends. In the crosslinking of PP-PE 50:50 with 4% of TBPB, insoluble gel was obtained, which contained 13% PP and 87% PE. If 2% PETA was also used, the portion of PP in gel increased to 39%; the total yield of gel in PP-PE blend increased from 50 to 70%. The lower crosslinking efficiency of coagent PETA in the PP-PE blends compared with PP alone is associated with better solubility of the coagent in the PE phase in contrast to the PP phase. The coagent does not particularly raise the crosslinking efficiency of peroxide in PE, but increases it in the PP phase. A remarkable decrease in melting temperature and temperature of crystallization of both polymer components depending on peroxide concentration was found by calorimetric measurements.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370213
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    Solubility properties of poly(1,1-difluoroethylene) in dipolar aprotic solvents (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 487-498 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A screening study of the solubility of poly(1,1-difluoroethylene) (PVF2, M̄w = 2 × 105) at room temperature in a wide variety of dipolar aprotic species has facilitated the discovery of a series of new solvents (N-methyloxazolidone, cyclic-substituted ureas) and rationalization of the data in a two-dimensional solubility map involving their dipole moment, μ, and their hydrogenx-bond-accepting (HBA) power β (Taft solvatochromic parameter). This map may be used as a predictive tool for the research of new functional classes of solvents, such as N-substituted mixed amideester of phosphoric acid or N-substituted sulfurous diamides. The variations of the intrinsic viscosity of the polymer with solvent polarity may be quantitatively analyzed using a linear multiparametric correlation which emphasizes the two opposite contributions of cavitation effects (Hildebrand solubility parameter δ) and of polymer-solvent interactions (β) on the coil expansion: [η] (dL.g-1) = 0.792 - 1.2 × 10-3δ2(J.cm-3) + 1.59 β. Finally, 1,3-dimethyl-2-oxo-hexahydropyrimidine (N,N′-dimethylpropylene urea) leads to the highest value of the refractive index increment (dn/dc = -0.065 mL.g-1 at λ = 632 nm), and thus appears as the best solvent for light-scattering measurements.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Optimal compositions of molded phenolic resins and its properties (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 499-512 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Phenolic resins [commercial (CP), pure (PP), and woodflour-filled (WP)] containing different levels of hexamine, were evaluated in terms of curing behavior as well as thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties. The degree and rate of curing increase markedly with the rise of the hexamine content; however, the dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and dissipation factor decrease gradually. Dielectrical values decrease with the increase of the applied frequency. When the ratios of hexamine to phenolics are increased, samples become harder and experience increased molding shrinkage. With the increase of molding time or temperature, the surface hardness and molding shrinkage improve. The optimal hexamine contents of WP and PP are determined with respect to the above properties.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370216
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    Blends of imidized acrylic polymers with SAN copolymers and with PVC (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 513-525 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A series of imidized acrylic polymers of varying structural composition generated by reaction of methylamine with poly(methyl methacrylate) were blended with a range of styrene/acrylonitrile or SAN copolymers (0-33% AN) and with poly(vinyl chloride). On the basis of glass transition behavior determined by differential scanning calorimetry, some but not all imidized acrylic structures were found to be miscible with PVC and with SAN copolymers within a limited window of AN levels. Acid functionality in the imidized acrylics appears to hinder their miscibility with SAN rather significantly and with PVC to a lesser extent. Miscible SAN blends showed lower critical solution temperature behavior whereas miscible blends with PVC did not up to the highest attainable temperatures. The composition factors that influence the phase behavior are described and interpreted in terms of possible mechanisms.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370217
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    Quick determination of dielectric anisotropy of paper sheets by means of microwaves (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 527-540 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper deals with a new type of method for determining the complex dielectric constant at microwave frequencies in about 30 s. This method determines the dielectric anisotropy and refractive index for optically opaque paper sheets. The dielectric anisotropy ascribable to the local motions of cellulose molecules is supported by electron microscopic observations and mechanical anisotropy. The angular dependence of the complex dielectric constant gives the degree of molecular orientation and the distribution of cellulose molecules in paper sheets. The direction of the average orientation of molecular chains can be inferred from the anisotropic data. It is also suggested that the cellulose molecules should be oriented on an average in the direction of long axis of pulp fibers. The accumulation of data for complex dielectric constant and refractive index at microwave frequencies gives an important chart for manufacturing the functional paper corresponding to needs.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370218
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    The effect of modification on structure and dynamic mechanical behavior during the processing of acrylic fiber to stabilized fiber (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 541-552 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers pretreated with potassium permanganate have reduced the time required for stabilization, and also improved mechanical properties of the resultant carbon fibers. In this study, the effect of modification on the stabilization process and the dynamic mechanical properties of PAN fibers have been examined. The beta peak appeared at about 125°C on the loss tangent curves caused by molecular motion in the PAN fiber. Appearing at about 254°C, the alpha peak is attributed to chemical reactions and molecular motion in the formation of the crystalline phase of stabilized fibers. The alpha peak of the modified PAN fiber had lower absorption and had a smaller peak in the temperature range of 212-239°C. This indicated that potassium permanganate acts as a catalyst to lower the reaction temperature by about 20°C of the initial cyclization reaction. The dynamic storage modulus analysis indicated that modified PAN fibers have a lower initial transition temperature and that formation of the ladder polymer is gradual and steady.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370219
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    Measurements of residence time distribution for the peroxide degradation of polypropylene in a single-screw plasticating extruder (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 681-693 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Measurements of the residence time distribution (RTD) in a single-screw plasticating extruder were carried out during experimental studies of the peroxide-initiated controlled chemical degradation of polypropylene (PP). A radioactive tracer method was employed, and the effect of screw speed, temperature, and reaction on the RTD was examined. An increase of the peroxide concentration resulted in a broader distribution whereas an increase of the extrusion temperature was found to result in a narrower distribution. Use of low screw speeds simply increased the time delay through the extruder without affecting considerably the breadth of distribution. Results obtained from the present experiments were compared with several theoretical models.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    ESCA and other morphological investigations of the brittle failure caused by an environmental stress cracking (ESC) of a HDPE milk crateIPCL Communication No. 121. (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 669-679 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The causes of a drastic reduction in the service life of a HDPE milk crate have been investigated. The mechanism and the type of crate failure have been deduced from a detailed morphological examination of its fracture surface as well as the interior. Various factors responsible for a rapid failure of the milk crate have been identified. An ESCA study of ESC of weathered milk crate surfaces revealed the presence of heavy oxidative degradation on the surface and a diffusion-controlled oxidation mechanism being operative in successive inner layers. The brittleness of this surface layer and formation of sharp cracks therein have been exhibited in SEM micrographs. Optical micrographs clearly show the presence of a surface layer, formed due to degradation, which is nonspherulitic and thus identifiable from the bulk, which is imperfectly spherulitic. Evidence for a migration of polymer additives from bulk to the surface is provided by the ESCA data and the SEM micrographs. DSC thermogram of the microtomed surface layer reveals bimodal endothermic peaks attributed to two phases present in the surface layer - one original phase and the second being degradation-induced. The formation of this brittle surface layer and its effect on the long-term fracture performance of milk crates are discussed, and suggestions for improving their durability are given.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Fatigue Strength Calculation. Von A. Buck Materials Science Surveys, Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland, 1988, 467 Seiten, 17,5 × 24,5 cm (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. A13 
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890200208
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    Merkblatt DVS 0918. Unterpulverschweißen von Feinkornbaustählen. 10 Seiten, 1988, DM 36.- (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. A13 
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890200210
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    Veranstaltungen (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. A58 
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890200602
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    Jahrestagung '89 der Automobilbauer (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. A2 
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890200102
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    Masthead (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989) 
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890201001
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    Verfahren und Produkte (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. A107 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890201004
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    Bericht (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. A10 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890200202
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    An optical Strain Measurement Facility for damage mechanics investigations on composites (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. 344-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Optische Dehnungsmeßeinrichtungen als Hilfsmittel schadensmechanischer Untersuchungen an FaserverbundwerkstoffenZur Unterstützung experimenteller Untersuchungen im Rahmen eines Schadensmechanik-Programms für CFK-Verbundwerkstoffe wurde ein schnelles berührungsloses Dehnungsmeßverfahren nach dem Prinzip der Lichtbeugung entwickelt, das für Steifigkeitmessungen und Ermittlung von Dehnungsverteilungen sowohl bei statischer als auch bei Schwingbelastung geeignet ist. Sowohl das Meßprinzip und die Präparation geeigneter Beugungsgitter als auch der mechanische, optische und elektronische Aufbau werden ausführlich beschrieben. Es werden einige Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen von Dehnungsverteilungen in gekerbten und ungekerbten CFK-Laminaten bei statischer und bei Schwingbelastung vorgestellt und diskutiert.
    Notes: In order to support experimental studies for a damage mechanics research program on CFRP composites a fast contactless strain measurement facility based on light-diffraction has been developed. It can be utilized in static and fatigue investigations of materials for stiffness measurements and evaluations of local strain distributions in one plane. The principle of measurement and grating preparation techniques as well as mechanical, optical and electronical set-up are described here in detail. Some results of strain field investigations on notched and un-notched CFRP-laminates under static and fatigue load are presented and discussed.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890201010
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    Verbundwerkstoffe - Stoffverbunde (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. 368-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890201013
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    Verfahren und Produkte (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. A116 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890201104
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    Laser treatment of materials. Edited by Barry L. Mordike. Proceedings of a symposium organized by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Metallkunde (DG), 1986, under the direction of Prof. Dr. Barry L. Mordike. 480 pp., numerous diagrams, illustrations, and tables. Subject index. All papers published in English. Hardcover 16 × 23.5 cm., DM 145.- ISBN 3-88355-1 (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. A120 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890201108
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    Untersuchungen zum Einfluß der Probendicke auf das Verformungs- und Bruchverhalten bauteilähnlicher Großzugproben (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. 384-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Influence of specimen thickness on the deformation and fracture behaviour of wide platesThe influence of specimen thickness on the deformation behaviour and the load bearing capacity has been investigated with large scale double-edge-notched-tension-specimens (DENT). The difference of the state of stress can be modelled by simplifications (plain strain, plain stress). Equations for the calculation of plastic limit loads taking into account the defect ratio a/W have been derived based on analytical, numerical and experimental investigations. Already existing equations may lead to unsafe prediction in special situations. The difference between plastic limit and maximum load is smaller for the thicker specimens due to higher toughness requirements. The toughness requirements have been quantified for the DENT-specimens using the J-integral analysis. The requirements mainly depend on the overall dimensions (W, B), the thickness ratio (B/W) and the defect ratio (a/W).
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890201111
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    Information (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. A128 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: No Abstracts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890201204
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    Veranstaltung (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. A132 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: No Abstracts.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890201207
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    DECHEMA Kolloquien 1990 (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. A134 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: No Abstracts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890201210
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    Explosive Compaction of powders, principle and prospects (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. 410-415 
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The explosive compaction method consisting of a cylindrical container surrounded by a proper type and amount of explosive is an inexpensive method to achieve high densities close to theoretical density. The explosive's parameters have to be adjusted to the type of the powder to be compacted. The required explosive's pressure is linearly related to the Vickers hardness of the metal powder particles. If higher pressures are applied, an “explosive liquid phase sinter” - process can be achieved, allowing the welding of individual particles. The residual properties of the material are characterized by a high defect structure and by dislocation densities and subgrain sizes comparable to those after heavy plastic deformation. The same is true of compacted ceramic powders. Enhanced sinter reactivity, chemical and catalytic reactivity may be the result of high values of stored energy observed in the ceramic materials, shock wave treated under conditions of explosive compaction. The properties of materials produced by shock-wave synthesis or by shock-wave transformation are also determined by a high-density defect structure.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890201213
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    Nachrichten (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. A76 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890200704
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    Einfluß der verwendeten Kohlenstoff-Sorten bei der Herstellung von dispersionsgehärteten Al-Al4C3-Werkstoffen auf deren Eigenschaften (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. 226-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890200707
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    Neue Schriften (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. A115 
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890201103
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    Veranstaltungen (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. A114 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890201102
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    Analysen-Service (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. A120 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890201109
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    Verhalten von Gasturbinenschaufelwerkstoffen bei mechanischer Langzeitbeanspruchung unter Heißgaskorrosion. Teil 2: Metallkundliche Nachuntersuchungen (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. 369-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Behaviour of gas turbine blade materials under mechanical long term loading and hot gas corrosion. Part 2: Metallographical and microanalytical investigationsResults of metallographical and microanalytical investigations on selected specimens after mechanical long term creep and LCF-loading under hot gas corrosion conditions will be presented. Uncoated and MCrAlY or Al-diffusion coated specimens of the polycristalline materials IN-738 LC and IN-939 and the single crystal alloys M 002 mod., CM-SX-6 and B 1914 were investigated. The corrosion attack increases with increasing impurities of the hot gas. Internal nitridation and sulphidation of base material or coating is observed after deterioration of the protective scales rich in Cr2O3 and/or Al2O3.
    Notes: Es werden Ergebnisse metallkundlicher Nachuntersuchungen an ausgewählten Proben nach mechanischer Langzeitbeanspruchung durch Zeitstand- und LCF-Belastung unter Heißgaskorrosion mitgeteilt. Untersucht wurden unbeschichtete sowie durch MCrAlY- und Al-Diffusionsschichten geschützte Proben der polykristallinen Werkstoffe IN-738 LC, IN-939 und der Einkristallwerkstoffe M 002 mod., CM-SX-6 und B 1914. Der Korrosionsangriff nimmt erwartungsgemäß mit steigender Verunreinigung des Heißgases zu. Nach Zerstörung der Cr2O3- und/oder Al2O3-reichen Deckschichten kommt es zur inneren Nitrierung und meist auch inneren Sulfidierung von Grundwerkstoff bzw. Beschichtung.
    Additional Material: 30 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890201110
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    Auszug aus dem Veranstaltungskalender der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Materialkunde e.V. (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. A126 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: No Abstracts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890201202
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    Verfahren und Produkte (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. A132 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: No Abstracts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890201208
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  • 83
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    Laserdrahtbeschichten (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. 405-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Verschleißschutzschichten können mit dem Laser in Kombination mit einem thermischen Spritzprozeß oder direkt durch Pulvereinspritzen in den Laserstrahl aufgebracht werden [1]. Eine interessante Alternative kann hier das Laserdrahtbeschichten sein. Die hier vorgestellte Studie gibt einen Abriß über erste Erfahrungen mit diesem Verfahren. Dargestellt sind die wichtigsten Verfahrensparameter und Auswirkungen auf die Bauteiloberfläche und den Beschichtungswerkstoff in Röhrchendrahtform. Als Laserstrahlquelle wurden CO2 - Laser unterschiedlichen Modetyps eingesetzt (TEM00, Multimode) um die Eignung für das Drahtbeschichten zu untersuchen. Die Auswertung der Laserversuche wurde hinsichtlich Auftragsdicken, Spurbreiten und Bearbeitungsgeschwindigkeit durchgeführt.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890201212
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    Plasma-CVD (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. 429-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Plasma CVDCVD process temperatures can be lowered by use of a plasma enhanced deposition. Plasma CVD processes with their specific advantages will gain an increasing importance for mechanical engineering. This paper gives an overview about the basic principles, the effect of process parameters and the feasibilities of these techniques for titanium based hard coatings. The necessity of further research and the main topics of process development will be stated.
    Notes: CVD Beschichtungsprozesse Können durch eine Plasmaaktivierung zu niedrigeren Temperaturen verschoben werden. Die Plasma CVD Verfahren werden mit ihren spezifischen Vorteilen zukünftig für den allgemeinen Maschinenbau eine wachsende Bedeutung erlangen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die Grundzüge des Prozesses, der Einfluß der Prozeßparameter und die Möglichkeiten des Verfahrens am Beispiel der titanhaltigen Beschichtungen vorgestellt. Die daraus resultierenden notwendigen Forschungsaktivitäten geben einen Hinweis auf zukünftige Entwicklungen.
    Additional Material: 27 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890201216
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    Simulation investigations of the position of Fatigue Fracture Plane in materials with biaxial loads (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. 132-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In the paper three methods of determination of the expected fatigue fracture plane position under random triaxial stress state have been presented. They are: weight function method, variance method and damage cumulation method.The weight function method for biaxial cyclic loadings has been analysed with digital simulation. The fatigue fracture plane position has been determined with mean values of the direction cosines of principal stress axes. Averaging has been done at angle values with use of weights. Eleven various weights have been presented and their usability has been analysed on the basis of experimental results obtained by Rotvel, and Nishihara-Kawamoto. The weights with good agreement of results of simulation tests and experiments have been shown.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890200405
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    Beitrag zur Festigkeitssteigerung von Hochtemperaturgelöteten Titanwerkstoffen (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. 125-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Contribution to the Strength Increase of High Temperature Brazed Titanium MaterialsPure titanium and the titanium alloys TiAl6V4 and TiV 8 Cr 6 Mo 4 Zr 4 Al 3 were high temperature brazed with the filler metal CuTi30. The structures of the brazed seams have been analysed by optical microscopy and scanning electron beam microscopy. Moreover, the tensile strength of the brazed joints was examined at room temperature. The joints brazed in vacuum or under controlled atmosphere as well as those brazed in air came up to 95° of the tensile strength of the base materials. The results are discussed with regard to the influence of the brazing process on the microstructure and the mechanical properties of the base material.
    Notes: Es wurden an Reintitan und den Titanlegierungen TiAl6V4 und TiV 8 Cr 6 Mo 4 Zr 4 Al 3 mit dem Lot CuTi30 Hochtemperatur-Lötverbindungen hergestellt. Das Lötnahtgefüge ist lichtmikroskopisch und rasterelektronenmikroskopisch untersucht worden. Weiterhin wurde das Festigkeitsverhalten der gelöteten Verbindungen im Zugversuch bei Raumtemperatur geprüft. Die im Vakuum oder unter Schutzgas als auch an Atmosphäre hergestellten Verbindungen erreichen bis zu 95° der Zugfestigkeit des Grundwerkstoffs. Die Ergebnisse wurden unter Berücksichtigung der Beeinflussung des Gefüges und der mechanischen Eigenschaften des Grundwerkstoffs durch den Lötprozeß diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890200412
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    Masthead (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989) 
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890200301
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    Neue Bücher und Schriften (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. A26 
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890200309
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    Bewertung von Eigenspannungen bei quasistatischer und schwingender Werkstoffbeanspruchung - Teil III (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. 82-91 
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 39 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890200313
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    Veranstaltungen (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. A34 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890200403
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    Werkstoffe und Anwendung (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. A37 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890200406
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  • 92
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    Nachrichten (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. A36 
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890200413
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  • 93
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    Veranstaltungen (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. A45 
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890200502
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  • 94
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    Simulation investigations of the position of Fatigue Fracture Plane in materials with biaxial loads (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. 153-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890200509
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  • 95
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    Fracture Toughness Measurements on silicon carbide (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. 148-153 
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Rißzähigkeitsmessungen an SiliziumkarbidAn drei verschiedenen SiC-Materialien wurden Rißzähigkeitsmessungen an Biegeproben mit durchgehender Sägekerbe mit Chevron-Kerbe sowie mit Knoop-Rissen durchgeführt. Die unterschiedlichen Prüfmethoden und die damit erhaltenen Resultate werden verglichen und spezielle Effekte wie das Rißausheilen und die Wechselwirkung der Rißflächen diskutiert.
    Notes: The fracture toughness of three SiC-materials was determined using specimens with straight-through notches and Chevron notches as well as specimens with Knoop-indentation cracks. The different procedures and results are compared and special effects such as crack-healing and crack surface interactions are discussed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890200508
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  • 96
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    Festigkeitsuntersuchungen an einzelnen Fasern im REM (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. 142-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations of Strength Behaviour of Various Single Fibres carried out in the SEMA new module specially designed for testing the tension of single fibres with an extremely small diameter of only a few micrometers for use in a Scanning Electron Microscope, is introduced. The physical data are surveyed using stress-strain diagrams. At the same time the change of the microstructure can be examined at 10 000 times magnification in-situ. The measurable stress scale ranges from 10-5 N to 0.4 N. In addition to this the strength behaviour under high temperature conditions may be studied by heating the fibres punctually up to 2500°C. The results of the measurement are presented using stress-strain diagrams and picture series demonstrating the changes of the microstructure.
    Notes: Es wird ein neu entwickelter Meßmodul vorgestellt, der es ermöglicht, Zugversuche an einzelnen Fasern mit Durchmessern von wenigen Mikrometern im Raster-Elektronenmikroskop durchzuführen. Die physikalischen Kenndaten werden anhand von Spannungs-Dehnungs-Diagrammen aufgenommen, gleichzeitig kann in-situ die Veränderung der Mikrostruktur bei bis zu 10 000facher Vergrößerung beobachtet werden. Der meßbare Kraftbereich erstreckt sich von 10-5 N bis 0,4 N. Zusätzlich kann das Festigkeitsverhalten bei hohen Temperaturen durch punktuelle Heizung bis zu 2500°C studiert werden. Die Meßergebnisse werden anhand von Spannungs-Dehnungs-Diagrammen sowie durch Photoserien der Mikrostrukturänderungen dargestellt.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890200507
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  • 97
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    Optimization of Surface Morphology and tool material for tin (PVD) efficiency in a given tribo-system (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. 166-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Optimierung der Oberflächenmorphologie in Werkzeugmaterial für TiN-Leistungsfähigkeit in gegebenem Tribo-SystemAnwendung von harten Schichten in schon optimierten Tribo-Systemen in Industriebetrieben ist ein interdisziplinäres Problem. Für hohe Leistungsfähigkeit muß ein Tribo-System soviel wie möglich gut kontrollierbare Parameter beinhalten. Heutige technologische Prozesse und Test-Resultate zeigen, daß wie für richtig gewählte harte Schichten bei gegebenem Tribo-System schon einige generelle Regeln erstellen können. Unsere eigene Entwicklung von harten Schichten und Erfahrungen in mehr als 200 Betrieben mit verschiedenen Produkten ist die Basis für unsere Tätigkeit auf diesem Gebiet. Das gibt uns genügend statistische Daten zur Erstellung von ersten generellen Regeln. Für unsere Analysen verwenden wir SEM, Dünn-Film-X-Ray-Technik, AES-Tiefen-Profile, Talysurf, optische Mikroskopie, STEM mit EDAX und Metallographie. Als Werkzeugmaterialien haben wir HSS, HSS-Co, ASP/PM und HM untersucht, die Beschichtung war generell nur mit TiN ausgeführt.Folgende Parameter wurden untersucht: Stöchiometrie auf verschiedenen Werkzeugmaterialien, Oberflächentopographie der Werkzeuge und die Beschichtung auf diesen, Mikrohärte von Werkzeugen, erstellte Oberflächenqualität und Optimierung von Werkzeugstandzeit, Produktivität und Zuverlässigkeit von TiN-beschichteten Werkzeugen im industriellen Einsatz. Alle diese Daten wurden gegen bekannte, früher erzielte Ergebnisse verglichen und haben zur Erstellung dieser Regeln gedient.
    Notes: Introduction of hard coatings in an already optimized tribo-system in industrial conditions represent an interdisciplinary problem. For high efficiency, tribosystem must include as many as possible well controlled parameters. Today process technology and performance experiences offers indication that for the properly chosen hard coating, one can derive for a given tribo-system some general rules. Our own development of hard coatings and experience with TiN coatings in more than 200 factories of various production is a basis of this work in which we analyse those parameters of each tribo-system studied, that gave us sufficient statistics to derive first general rules in this field. For our analysis we use SEM, thin film X-ray technique, AES depth profiling, Talysurf profiler, optical microscopy, STEM with EDAX and metallography. As tool materials we studied HSS, HSS-Co, ASP and hard metals, while coating was only TiN.The following items were investigated: stoichiometry on various tool materials; topography of tool surface and coating on it; defects on original surfaces; microhardness on tools; quality of produced surfaces and optimization of tool life; productivity and reliability of TiN coated tools in industrial conditions. All these data were compiled to other references and used as basis to derive general rules.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890200511
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    Schweißtechnische Forschungsberichte Band 22. H. Westendorf. Rechnerische Simulation stabilen Rißwachstums in inhomogenen elastischplastischen Materialien. 142 Seiten, 1988. DM 48,- (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. A64 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890200609
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  • 99
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    Einflüsse von Reihenfolge und Teilfolgeumfang der Beanspruchungen auf die mit Ermüdungsfunktionen berechnete Lebensdauer (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. 187-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Effects of Loading Sequences and Size of Repeated Stress Block of Loads on Fatigue Life Calculated using Fatigue FunctionsIt is well-known that collective form, stress intensity and loading sequence of individual stresses as well as size of repeated stress blocks can influence fatigue life, significantly. The basic variant of the consecutive Wöhler curve concept will permit these effects to be involved into fatigue life computation. The paper presented will demonstrate that fatigue life computations using fatigue functions reflect the loading sequence effect with multilevel loading precisely and provide reliable fatigue life data. Effects of size of repeated stress block and loading sequence on fatigue life as observed with block program tests can be reproduced using the new computation method.
    Notes: Man weiß, daß Kollektivform, Beanspruchungsintensität und Reihenfolge der einzelnen Beanspruchungen sowie der Umfang der periodischen Teilfolgen die Lebensdauer bei Blockprogrammversuchen signifikant beeinflussen können. Die Basisvariante des Folge-Wöhler-Kurven-Konzepts erlaubt die Einbeziehung dieser Einflüsse in die Lebensdauerberechnung. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird gezeigt, daß die Lebensdauerberechnungen mit Ermüdungsfunktionen den Reihenfolge-Effekt bei Mehrstufenbelastungen richtig widerspiegeln und treffsichere Lebensdauerwerte liefern. Die bei Blockprogrammversuchen beobachteten Einflüsse von Teilfolgeumfang und Reihenfolge auf die Lebensdauer sind mit Hilfe des neuen Berechnungsverfahrens nachvollziehbar.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890200612
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    Entstehung, Ausbildung und Wachstum von Rissen bei chloridinduzierter Spannungsrißkorrosion hochlegierter StähleAuszug aus der Dissertation des erstgenannten Verfassers, TH Darmstadt, D 17, demnächst. (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 20 (1989), S. 220-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19890200706
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