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  • Articles  (1,154)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (1,154)
  • 1985-1989  (636)
  • 1970-1974  (370)
  • 1965-1969  (148)
  • Medicine  (1,154)
  • Political Science
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • Articles  (1,154)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editorial (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 1-2 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010102
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010101
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The in vivo metabolic degradation of poly (methyl cyanoacrylate) via thiocyanate (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 11-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Methyl α-cyanoacrylate, when implanted subcutaneously in rats and dogs, has been shown to lead to an increase in thiocyanate output in the urine, presumably through the formation of cyanide anions which are subsequently converted to thiocyanate. It is postulated that this reaction may be one of the reactions contributing to tissue necrosis when methyl α-cyanoacrylate is used as a tissue adhesive.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010104
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tissue adhesives and hemostasis-inducing compounds: The alkyl cyanoacrylates (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 3-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In an effort to obtain tissue adhesive monomers which would wet and spread on tissue substrates and be rapidly biodegradable, the branched esters of alkyl α-cyanoacrylates, as well as a 95-5 wt.-% mixture of n-heptyl and methyl α-cyanoacrylate, were studied. The data indicate that alkyl α-cyanoacrylates having branched alkoxy groups appear to be promising in this regard.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010103
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrochemical behavior of metals as stimulus electrodes (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 27-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A theory for the behavior of anodes as stimulus electrodes, particularly as pacemaker electrodes, is presented. Expressions are obtained for the minimum duration and energy of the stimulus. These expressions are applied to that for the dissolution of the anode and transport of the resulting ions in the tissue in order to obtain an estimate of the extent of penetration. Comparison with experimental data indicates good agreement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010106
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New synthetic membranes for dialysis. IV. A copolyether-urethane membrane systemThis investigation was supported by the John A. Hartford Foundation, Inc. and the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases under Contract No. PH-43-66-493. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 17-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: New dialysis membranes, prepared from linear block copolymers, have shown unique separation properties which appear to be based on definite solute-membrane interaction. The synthesis and characterization of block copolyetherurethanes based on poly (oxyethylene glycol) is described.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010105
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Problems of materials in mechanical heart systemsSupported by U.S. Public Health Service Grant HE-06510 and Contract PH-43-66-7. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 33-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Currently available materials for mechanical heart systems are surveyed, particularly with respect to long-term implantation, from the viewpoints of availability and workability, mechanical and biological durability, and compatibility with blood and tissue. Some materials have one or more desirable physical properties, but none offers perfect blood and tissue compatibility. Medical grade Silastic, considered best for blood handling parts, has produced promising results in auxiliary ventricle patency experiments. The insufficient tensile strength of Silastic should be increased, and it may be possible to accomplish this while maintaining the present resilience, elongation, and inertness. No long-term data on thrombus formation are available, but clot-retarding quality is essential and may perhaps be obtained by incorporating heparin. Developments in polymer chemistry may also lead to other surfaces with the requisite mechanical properties with blood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010107
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative studies of cyanoacrylate derivatives in vivoThis paper was read by Dr. Ota at the Japanese Society for Artificial Organs and Tissues in July 1964. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 55-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Seven surgical adhesives were prepared; n-butyl, 2-ethylhexyl, and isopropyl cyanoacrylate monomers and several combinations of ethyl cyanoacrylate and a plasticizer (either di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate or tricresyl phosphate). These were implanted as a thin film over the entire circumference of the adventitia of 48 canine carotid arteries. Vicissitude of cyanoacrylate polymers in vivo and tissue reaction to the polymers were traced for 6 months and investigated histologically. All adhesives tested in this study were insoluble in vivo and more resistant to biodegradation than methyl cyanoacrylate polymer. Tissue reaction against n-butyl, 2-ethylhexyl, or isopropyl cyanoacrylate was essentially the same as against ethyl cyanoacrylate in quality and was not less in degree than ethyl cyanoacrylate in spite of having longer side chains than ethyl radical.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010108
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metallic and plastic prosthetic devices as vascular wall substitutes: Biophysical criteria and methods for evaluationSupported in part by grants No. HE 03879, 07821, 07371, and 10795 from the National Heart Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States Public Service, Bethesda, Maryland. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 83-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Evidence is presented for the view that intravascular thrombosis proceeds via an electrochemical mechanism. It is strongly substantiated by some recent work on electrical wire thrombosis. These experiments show that thrombosis occurs on noble metal electrodes at potentials more positive than 0.3 v (NHE) but tends not to occur on electrodes more negative than this interfacial potential. Further, the same factors which prevent intravascular thrombosis are shown to prevent thrombosis on electrodes maintained at all potentials up to + 1.0v. Thus occurrence or prevention of thrombosis appears related to electrical and electrochemical properties of both blood and blood vessel wall. Methods for the determination of these properties are described and experimental results briefly presented. The studies have proved useful in establishing criteria for the selection of metal and plastic vascular substitutes. A combination of several electrochemical and biophysical criteria have been discovered which aid in the selection of nonthrombogenic vascular substitutes. Unfortunately not all metals which satisfy anti-thrombotic electrochemical criteria are suitable. Many, including magnesium, have cellular and proteolytic destructive characteristics. Certain metals and electrically treated Teflon tubes do not suffer from this defect and have proven useful in preliminary testing.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010110
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improved hemodialysis membranes for the artificial kidneyThis research was supported by the National Institutes of Health, initially by the National Heart Institute under Contract No. PH 43-64-496, and currently by the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases under Contract No. PH 43-66-545. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 67-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A major part of current effort in improving artificial hemodialysis techniques concerns the development of improved membrane structures. Although blood compatibility of membranes is a part of the Battelle program, this discussion is confined to membrane composition, structure, and transport. On the basis of a need for improved hemodialysis techniques, membranes for use in the artificial kidney were prepared and evaluated for urea, creatinine, and uric acid permeability. Water-soluble polymers were crosslinked to form insoluble, but swellable, membranes. Faster metabolic waste transfer than with the conventional cellulosic membranes was obtained with diisocyanate-crosslinked poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) and poly (vinyl pyrrolidone)-dextran membranes and with membranes obtained by crosslinking poly (vinyl alcohol) with polyfunctional aldehydes. Membranes prepared from emulsions of vinyl pyrrolidone-ethyl acrylate and vinyl pyrrolidone-styrene copolymers had exceptionally high urea and creatinine dialysis rates, but were deficient in uric acid transfer. This shortcoming was corrected by incorporating solutes such as sucrose into the membranes followed by leaching. Another important approach concerned the development of a relatively high-strength membrane based on an impermeable nylon resin. Permeability of these membranes which have dialysis characteristics superior to those currently used was obtained through the addition of DMSO and one of several other additives to the coating solution.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010109
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tissue reaction in rabbit muscle exposed to metallic implantsSupported by National Institute of Health Grant AM1625 and reported to the Orthopedic Research Society, Chicago, Illinois, January 1965. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 135-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The tissue reaction to metallic and nonmetallic implants in the back muscles of New Zealand White Rabbits is presented. These reactions are graded and correlated with the trace metal contained around such implanes. Correlations are drawn as to the acceptability of various materials for the manufacture of surgical implants.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010113
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A hydraulic figure-of-merit for heart valve prosthesesResearch supported by The John A. Hartford Foundation, Inc., New York. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 103-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The pressure losses in the currently available prostheses are too high. We believe an excellent way to focus designers' attention upon this fact is to rank the various designs according to their hydraulic efficiency. The proposal of this paper is for pressure drop vs. velocity data (pulsatile flow) to be taken similar to that of Figure 2, so that a pressure loss coefficient, Kv, based upon the valve lumen area can be found for each valve design; further, that this Kv be used to compare and rank the various valve designs. The fact that Kv is a dynamic loss coefficient guides designers toward its improvement, for this compares the prosthesis problem to many “solved” problems (propeller blade profiles, hydrofoil profiles, etc.) which are similar hydraulically. The confusion of the surgeon when confronted with conflicting claims regarding various prostheses would be largely eliminated by acceptance of Kv as a figure of hydraulic merit by those concerned with this aspect of biomedical engineering.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010111
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some problems concerning the assessment of arterial prosthetic materialsThis work was aided by grants-in-aid from the USPHS and the Research Council of the City of New York. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 171-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The problems with the experimental and clinical assessment of arterial prosthetic materals vary from species-transfer of data to vested interests once an implantale device has been perfected for human trail. In spite of all the problems which arise, there has been a steady increase in our knowledge of the basic healing pattern of implanted arterial prostheses and the elaboration of specific paths for improvement of prosthetic design. Further development will be linked closely to the active participation of the biomedical researcher in areas of biophysical and bioengineering investigations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010115
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preliminary considerations for flexural endurance testing of semicrystalline polymers for biomedical materials standards (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 113-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Semicrystalline polymers used as restorative prostheses in the cardiovascular system require more detailed consideration of flexural fatiguing with simple physical characterization and mechanical measurements as one basic means for developing test standards and specification levels for biomedical research materials. Such initial means are considered with polytetrafluoroethylene as a reference polymer nominally inert chemically used to illustrate one approach to assessing morphological and structural changes with a flex tester. Density measurements and void content have been carried out to provide one means of assessment whereby the corresponding crystallinity and permeation can be considered for more detailed correlation to cytological interactions as the polymers are used as replacement components in the cardiovascular system. Progressive flexural cycling up to 106 cycles at a 3 cps rate indicate significant decreases in crystallinity simultaneously with increasing void content. As an accelerated test, the implications for extrapolation to 25-year fatiguing in normal physiological cycling rate are conjectured to provide a starting point for more realistic, cyclic ex vivo screening of biomaterials.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010112
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Textbook of biochemistry (4th edition). E. S. West, W. R. Todd, H. S. Mason, and J. T. Van Bruggen. MacMillan, New York, 1966. 1595 pages. $18.50 (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 175-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010117
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Peptide synthesis. Miklos Bodanszky and Miguel A. Ondetti. Interscience, New York, 1966. 294 pages. $9.50 (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 175-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010116
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010201
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Textbook of medical physiology (3rd edition). Arthur C. Guyton. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1966. 1210 pages. $16.00 (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 176-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010118
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Blood clotting problems in the artificial heart devicesThis work is supported by United States Grant HE 4448 from the National Institutes of Health to The Cleveland Clinic Foundation with Dr. W. J. Kolff as principal investigator. The works on the auxiliary ventricle were done with Dr. Adrian Kantrowitz, Maimonides Hospital supported by U.S. Public Health Service Grant H-6510 (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 151-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The clotting problem inside the artificial heart device is one of the major obstacles standing in the way of a successful long-term implantation of the artificial heart. To date, there have been two artificial heart devices used clinically. One is the auxiliary ventricle and the other is the left heart bypass pump. The former is for permanent implantation and the other is implanted only temporarily. Several experimental results which had contributed to the successful implantation of the auxiliary ventricle are described, especially from the standpoint of avoiding the clotting inside the device. Basic experiments with the left heart bypass pump are also described. The valves are the foremost problem and the next is the junction of the two materials. It is ideal to have a smooth, seamless surface made entirely of one material. It is also necessary to have a flow pattern analysis inside the artificial heart device as well as a clotting pattern analysis. Since the pump oxygenator and heparinization are involved in the procedure, the clotting problems in the total heart experiment are usually less than in the left heart bypass experiments. Our most urgent requirement is the development of new antithrombogenic material. However, even with our present material a large part of the clotting could be avoided if the heart is carefully constructed.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010114
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Velour fabrics applied to medicine (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 179-196 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Warp-knitted velour fabrics of Dacron, nylon, polypropylene, and Rayon have been backed with Silastic to form a laminate. Prior to heat curing, the composite can be molded into many shapes and has been successfully used to line the luminal side of blood pumps and vascular grafts. Prosthetic heart valves are being covered with velour in an attempt to promote a more compatible surface. Velour suture rings are being evaluated as a more efficient anchor for prosthetic heart valves. Silastic tubes with velour bonded to the outer wall have been used to inhibit infection and sinus tract formation where percutaneous lead wires and conduits are necessary. As a flat sheet, the Silastic-velour laminate has been used experimentally as an artificial skin, but the most noteworthy experimental results have been obtained in rats using a double layer of nylon velour, separated by an impermeable layer of poly(vinyl fluoride). Future application will include attempts to anchor artificial limbs via a velour interface and made functional by tendinous attachment.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010202
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth changes in mammalian cell cultures by plastic additives. (effect of triethyl citrate)Presented at the Scientific Session, A.Ph.A. Meeting, Dallas, Texas, April, 1966. This investigation was supported by Grant CA-06120 from the National Cancer Institute, U.S. Public Health Service, Bethesda, Maryland. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 197-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Inhibition of cultured mammalian cell growth was used to examine the biological activity of triethyl citrate, a common plasticizer for poly(vinyl chloride). Cell populations were determined by a sample extraction procedure and measurement of nucleic acid content (total purines and pyrimidines) by its absorbance at 268 mm̈. Triethyl citrate demonstrated strikingly different dose-effect characteristics from its theoretical hydrolysis products (ethanol and citric acid). The inhibitory effects of sodium citrate were reversed by calcium chloride while the action of triethyl citrate underwent little or no change under similar conditions. Triethyl citrate did not appear to produce resistant cell strains in culture but did seem to be degraded with time. Inhibitory action of triethyl citrate was shown to be independent of inoculum size within the ranges utilized in the study. The procedures described appear to have a number of advantages for the biological or toxicological evaluation of ingredients which might be added to a plastic formulation or to contaminates which might enter the plastic during manufacture of the item or device.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010203
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  • 22
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    Studies on the stability and protein adsorption characteristics of heparinized polymer surfaces by radioisotope labeling techniquesThis work supported by National Heart Institute under Contract No. PHS-43-64-496, Dr. Frank Hastings, Monitor. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 239-251 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A series of studies were performed using S35-labeled heparin to determine the amount and the permanancy of heparin grafted onto nonthrombogenic surfaces. The calculated thicknesses of the heparin layers (based on geometrical areas) ranged from 100 to 1500 A. It was shown that the surface having a 100-A layer of attached heparin was nonthrombogenic. The stability of the heparin attached to polypropylene, silicone rubber, hydrin rubber, and graphite-benzalkonium-heparin (GBH) surfaces in distilled water, isotonic saline, and human plasma was measured. The results showed that after exposure to water and saline, the first three surfaces retained most of the attached heparin (〉90%) in contrast to the GBH surface which retained only 31%. After contact with human plasma for 3 hr at 37°C, polypropylene retained 32% and GBH surfaces 19% of the heparin which was initially present. In another series of experiments, the adsorption of P32-labeled proteins onto unheparinized, quaternary ammonium, and heparinized surfaces was measured. The results indicated that the amounts of albumin, Hageman factor, thrombin, and γ-globulin adsorbed onto heparinized surfaces were equal to or greater than the amounts adsorbed onto unheparinized surfaces. The implications of this in terms of the nonthrombogenicity of the heparinized surfaces are discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010205
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
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    Geordnete Kristallisation. Nucleation und Mineralisation (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 213-238 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: 1. With the help of ionotropic gels it is possible to duplicate native structures consisting of two materials, one of them the matrix. 2. Counter-ions combined with the ionic groups on the ordered polyelectrolytes can be exchanged. With certain counter-ions an insoluble, crystalline precipitate is formed immediately after the ion-exchange process as an ordered reaction product, i.e., nucleation. 3. Ionotropic gels were crosslinked through the secondary hydroxyl groups (uronic acid residuals) in such a way that the rate of ion exchange was only slightly lower, that no great shrinkage resulted, and that the pores remained free of extraneous polymers. 4. The microscopic structure of ionotropic gels can be divided into (a) a part with secondary structure with micellar particles and hollow pores and (b) a part with tertiary structure with lamellae and isopores. 5. On crystallization in shrunken gels the crystals enter into the tertiary structure - both intracapillary as well as interlamellar - due to spatial reasons. 6. Through control of the shrinkage of the gels, one can regulate the way in which the ordered crystals enter into the two structures. 7. One can change the size of the crystallites by variation of the degree of crosslinking. The higher the degree of crosslinking, the smaller the crystallite. 8. By treatment with waves of ions one can increase the solid content of the gel to values from 50 to 70%. One obtains gels with a mechanical strength like that of bones, teeth, shells, or pearls. The phenomenon of intramicellar crystallization is reversible. Monovalent counter-ions, as well as H-ions, dissolve and extract the included secondary substance. One then obtains the original crosslinked gel. 10. The gel has always to be formed first. Without the ordered base structure (matrix) one obtains unordered crystallites such as occur in the chalklike fields of the pearl shells.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010204
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Porous plastic prostheses (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 253-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Porous laminates prepared by incorporating a volatile solvent into an epoxy resin system used to impregnate a fabric filler satisfactorily alleviated the problems caused by perspiration in upper extremity prostheses, but did not have sufficient strength for use in artificial legs. A new technique is described which results in a 100% increase in both porosity and strength of porous epoxy laminates. The method consists of impregnation of the fabric with resin and solvent and evaporation of the solvent prior to laying up the laminate. The improvement in properties is ascribed to better control and homogeneity of impregnation.
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    Materials and design consideration for a compact artificial kidney (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 275-284 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A design theory is developed for a compact artificial kidney utilizing microcapsules containing urease, ion exchange resin, and adsorbents for uric acid and creatinine. It is shown that the critical factor is the permeability property of the microcapsule wall and that an artificial kidney 10 cm in length and 2 cm in diameter is feasible.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010208
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    X-ray diffraction evidence for the presence of β(Ag—Hg) in dental amalgam (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 285-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Samples of (Ag + Hg) amalgam and of dental amalgam have been prepared and stored at temperatures of 23, 37.5, and 60°C for various lengths of time up to 10 years. X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy have been employed to determine the approximate increase in the β(Ag—Hg) phase as a result of the γ → β transition in the Ag—Hg system. Data are presented to show that the transition occurs in both systems but much less rapidly in dental amalgam. Increases in storage temperature increase the rate of the transition in both systems.
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    Strain on the framework of a mandibular free-end saddle partial denture under loadPaper presented at 44th General Meeting of the International Association for Dental Research, March 25, 1966, Miami, Florida. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 263-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Strains were determined in a typical mandibular partial denture metal framework of the free-end saddle type. The overall strain patterns were determined using a brittle lacquer coating technique and loads were applied vertically to positions on the saddles. The results from the coating study indicated the area of high strain were just anterior and posterior to the finishing lines. Strain gages were attached to positions anterior and posterior to the finishing lines and the strain was measured at these positions when the saddles were loaded either at a posterior or anterior position at intervals of 2 lb up to 20 lb. When a static load of 20 lb was applied to the posterior of the left saddle a strain of 750 μ in./in. was obtained, which for the alloy used was equivalent to a stress of 22,200 lb/in.2. The amount of strain observed was a function of the length of the saddle, the bulk of the framework, the relation of the site of the gage to the position of loading, the presence of an indirect retainer, and the position of the fulcrum for the loading conditions used.
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    Biomedical engineering education. Miss Josephine N. Martin, Ed. Rimbach Publications, Division of Chilton Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1967. 34. $2.00 (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 299-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010210
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    Masthead (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010301
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    A new method for preparing nonthrombogenic plastic surfaces (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 301-312 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The present paper describes a new technique for preparing the surface of polyethylene and polypropylene plastics for the adsorption of heparin. The procedure consists of exposing the plastic surface to a solution of cationic surfactants at a temperature close to the softening temperature of the plastic. The mechanism of adsorption of the anticoagulant of the surfaces is discussed.
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    Gel-fabric prostheses of the ureter (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 325-336 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In 14 canines the ureter was substituted with a new type of ureteral gel-fabric prosthesis. The prosthesis is a tube of knitted fabric of polyester fiber case in a layer of hydrophilous glycol methacrylate gel. Anastomoses were carried out by inserting the prosthesis ends into the ureter lumen and by suturing the stump of the ureter to a special fixing ring on the prosthesis. Preliminary results of short-term obsevations (4 months) are quite promising. The prosthesis is non-irritating and conducts the urine satisfactorily.
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    Biologic properties and possible uses of polymer-like sponges (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 313-323 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The biologic properties of the sponge-like polymers of ethylene glycol methacrylate gels and their host compatibility have been verified in subcutaneous and intraperitoneal application in rats. All three sample types tested, with different porosities, have been tolerated very well with the receptor and have caused no pathologic reaction. Subcutaneous implants are directly integrated in teh organism, cellular immigration taking place with vascularization of the surface layer of the implantate to a depth of some 500 μ during the second week after implantation, causing the sponge to become an integral component of the surrounding tissues. More substantial differences in the reaction to the presence of implantates of different porosity ahve not been observed. These properties directly predetermine the sponge-like polymers for wider application in plastic and reconstructive surgery. In addition, there is the possibility of utilizing them as an auxiliary surgical material, e.g., for drying and cleaning the operative field, or as operation towels. Good results have been achieved also in mechanically stopping bleeding from parenchymatose organs by application of the sponge foil.
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    Nucleation and mineralization of organic matrices (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 337-354 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Features controlling the initiation of matrix calcification have been investigated in a model system. Two major influences which dominate nucleation are the matrix integrity and the location of certain chemical binding sites. It has been shown that chemical chelating groups can, and do, promote calcification under simulated physiological conditions. Organically bound phosphate does not appear to promote nucleation, suggesting that it is chelation of calcium or other cations which is the initial step in tissue calcification. In the sequence of compounds investigated for nucleation catalysis, those possessing at least three chelating groups and a stereopsecific configuration were effective. The mineral phase forming first in association with the organic matrix is a soft non-apatitic calcium phosphate of Ca/P ratio approximately 1.5. This is the same phase that forms in the absence of organic matrices at physiological pH and is probably the precursor to hydroxyapatite in biological calcification. It is suggested that nucleation catalysts exist both within and outside the collagen fibrillar framework. A possible location of the internal site has been proposed, based on the availability of a capillary channel and chelating ligands, and this postulate is supported by electron microscopic evidence which shows that bone crystals lie within the fibrils, occupying space which terminates in the polar 640 A staining area.
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    Announcement (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 369-369 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010307
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    Masthead (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820010401
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    Effect of varying electrolyte concentration on in vitro streaming potentials across canine aortae and carotid arteriesPaper presented at the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Meeting (Abstract No. 1646), April 1967. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 355-367 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Knowledge of the characteristics of the blood-intima interface is important because it leads to information concerning (a) the normal antithrombotic mechanism (b) nature of interreactions between blood and intima (c) testing and selection of vascular wall substitutes which are antithrombotic and inhibit clotting. A technique for obtaining the electrical interfacial characteristics of blood vessel walls is by measuring streaming potentials. Experiments described in the present work are extensions of original in vivo streaming potential measurements. In vitro streaming potentials were measured across fresh canine aortae and carotid arteries using Krebs saline serum substitute, logarithmically varying both internal and external electrolyte concentrations. Positive streaming potentials were measured indicating that the blood vessel wall is negatively charged. Streaming potentials increased linearly with increasing flow rate, decreased with increasing internal electrolyte concentration, decreased with increasing external electrolyte concentration, and reversed, becoming positive, with aging of exteriorized artery. Thus the electrical characteristics of the blood vessel wall are dependent on an ionic balance between the blood vessel wall, flowing blood stream, and external environment. The information demonstrates the importance of electrochemical and physicochemical phenomena in the structure and function of the vascular interface and helps explain in vivo conditions conducive to or inhibitory of intravascular thrombosis.
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    Tissue reaction after implantation and in situ polymerization of hydrophilic gel (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 387-394 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The authors followed the tissue response of a new plastic tube composed of neutral hydrophilic gel, after implantation in the subcutis of rats. They further studied tissue reaction when gel rods were connected by polymerization in situ. After implantation, the gel tubes developed a fine encapsulation but no inflammatory response. The gel rods were connected “end to end” by means of a drop of the polymerizing mixture. The healing proceeded in the same manner with the exception that minute granules of macrocellular elements were formed in the ligament surrounding the polymerization mixture remnats. According to these results, the neutral hydrophilic gel has proved to be a suitable material for implantation.
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    Preliminary clinical trials of a new oral adhesive bandage (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 371-386 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A new intraoral adhesive bandage composed of gelatin, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and polyisobutylene backed by a layer of polyethylene film was used by 148 investigators in 1468 patients. The bandage adhered well to the fixed mucosa of the palate, gingiva, and teeth. It adhered less satisfactorily to the loose mucosa of the cheek and floor of the mouth. It did not adhere very well to the tongue. The duration of adhesion of the bandage was at least 5 hr in approximately 87% of all treated cases, and it remained in place for 9-51 hr for more than 50% of all treated patients. Tolerance of the application was good or excellent in 75% of all cases. There was no irritation attributable to the bandage in any patient. The bandage provided an effective means of protecting the vital repair mechanism of a wound during the early hours after extraction. The results of these trials indicate that the new adhesive bandage is safe and that it provides effective cover and protection of wounds and lesions of the mucous surface up to 24 hr.
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    Experimental anastomoses of small arteries employing alkyl-cyanoacrylates (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 395-404 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Sutured, stapled, and methyl- or thickened n-pentyl-2-cyanoacrylate-adhered end-to-end arterial anastomoses were compared in two series of 10 dogs, employing the three 4-mm diameter terminal branches of the aorta for these comparisons. Patency rate, speed of construction, and gross and microscopic appearances were employed as criteria for evaluation. In a series of adult white rabbits the same criteria were applied to compare sutured and thickened n-pentyl-2-cyanoacrylateadhered end-to-end anastomoses of the 2-mm diameter abdominal aorta. Anastomoses adhered with methyl-2-cyanoacrylate were significantly more often thrombosed than any other variety; a marked inflammatory response followed application of this material. Thickened n-pentyl-2-cyanoacrylate adhesive was well tolerated, and the results obtained with this material were equivalent to those obtained by suturing or stapling in the dog, or by suturing in the rabbit.
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    Corrosion rate measurements in vivo (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 405-414 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Corrosion resistance is particularly important in medical treatments requiring implantation of metallic objects in the human body. Unfortunately, weight loss measurements and other conventional corrosion testing techniques are insufficiently sensitive and difficult to adapt to in vivo environments. The linear polarization technique can be used to remotely meaure the corrosion rates of metals implanted in tissue using needle probes. The principles of this technique are reviewed and the results of tests performed on steel, cobalt, and molybdenum implanted in experimental animals are discussed.
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    Confirmation of the presence of β(Ag—Hg) in dental amalgam (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 415-425 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The presence of the β1 phase in dental amalgam after 60°C heating has been confirmed by x-ray diffraction, metallography, microhardness tests, and electron beam analysis. It appeared that the γ1 → β1 transformation began at preferred sites, believed to be possibly areas deficient in Hg, and grew outward from these sites. Even after heating for nearly a year, however, some γ1 still remained in the sample.
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    Masthead (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820020101
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    Antithrombogenic effect of a graphite, benzalkonium chloride, and heparin coating on a flexible polyvinyl chloride plastic implant in the rabbit (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 427-432 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In vivo and in vitro experiments described herein have demonstrated that the GBH coating is antithrombogenic when placed on PVC, as tested in the blood system of rabbits for periods up to 2 weeks. In vitro clotting times cannot be correlated with the in vivo thrombogenicity of the same implants. For example, dog and man have very similar in vitro clotting times, but very dissimilar in vivo prosthetic thrombosis problems. In vivo and in vitro tests are for the most part not comparable in that they do not measure the same things. However, both in vivo and in vitro tests proved the GBH-treated vinyl to be antithrombogenic. It may be concluded from the available data that a flexible plastic can be treated with GBH and become antithrombogenic for a practicable period of time.
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    Toxicologic aspects of implantsPresented to the 7th International Conference on Medical and Biological Engineering, Stockholm, Sweden, August, 1967. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 433-449 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Man-made polymeric materials are being utilized in a number of devices which will be implanted into animals and humans for various periods of time. The diversity of materials and the introduction of new materials into the medical and paramedical professions appear to be increasing at an accelerated rate each year. Even though great advancements have been made by the biomedical engineer and the surgeon in designing and implanting a prosthetic device in the body, less emphasis apparently has been given to the possible or potential hazardous aspects of the material. An implantable material may initiate a body response in two general ways: (1) release of an ingredient from the material to the biological environment and (2) alteration of the material by the biological environment, leading to degradation of the material with its various consequences. If serious future hazards are to be kept to a minimum, greater emphasis must be placed on well-designed toxicity studies of materials which, in turn, could lead to standardized materials for implants.
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    Metallurgical analyses of failed orthopedic implants (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 1-22 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Several metallic orthopedic implants which failed in service and for which the medical histories are known are comprehensively examined using metallographic techniques and electron microprobe analyses to determine the causes of failure. The results indicate that fatigue is a major cause of failure and that, in all probability, the fatigue is initiated by poor design or poor material.
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    Change in zeta potential of polar plastics by electrical polarization (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 43-49 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Tubing made of a polar plastic, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, was electrically polarized while heated. The zeta potential of tubes polarized negatively inside was consistently higher than that of unpolarized tubes. Tubes polarized positively had a much smaller and variable change in zeta potential. The change is apparently not related to the formation of electrets, but may be due to the orientation of pre-existing dipoles.
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    Phenols and blood coagulation (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 23-42 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The effect of phenol and certain phenyl compounds on the different stages of the blood coagulation and fibrinolytic mechanism is investigated. Phenol has a complex action on blood coagulation. In an optimal concentration of 0.3% it produced a definite, though suboptimal platelet factor 3 activity, evolved factor XII, accelerated thrombin-fibrinogen interaction, retarded clot retraction, enhanced the action of streptokinase on plasminogen, and inhibited plasmin. In addition, in the absence of factor XIII and calcium, it increased the solubility of fibrin in urea. Phenyl acetaldehyde, benzyl benzoate, and styrene (phenyl ethylene) accelerated stypven clotting time and thrombin-fibrinogen reaction. Unpolymerized styrene and phenyl ethanol specifically inhibited the action of plasma thromboplastin, formed in a system lacking in factor VIII or IX. A study is also reported on the changes responsible for the stabilization with phenol of brain thromboplastic activity. The action is not purely bactericidal, but is dependent on the presence of brain tissue particles in suspension. The contribution of platelets to plasma thromboplastin formation is examined in the light of these investigations, showing the ability of phosphorus-free compounds to supply a platelet-like activity.
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    The behavior of biological materials at different sites of implantation (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 81-88 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Adult albino rabbits were implanted with disks of 316 and 304 stainless steel in the subperiosteum of the anterior calvarium and the left mandible and in the left paravertebral and thigh muscles. The corresponding opposite sites were sham operated. The histopathological slides revealed that there was variation in thickness of the membrane in sections of both the paravertebral and thigh muscles; one side showing greater reaction than the other, which corresponded with the appearance of the implants. Sections of the calvarium revealed minimal bone and soft tissue reaction, although the implants showed corrosion compatible with soft tissue sites. The mandibular sections revealed extensive bone tissue reactions with minimum masseter muscle reactions, but the appearance of the implants due to corrosion was different than those of all other sites. Moderate eosinophilic infiltration was observed in sections containing deposits of corrosion products.
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    Discussion of correlations of blood coagulation with surface properties of materials (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 89-93 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An alternate correlation of blood coagulation time with surface properties of solids is proposed in that the work of adhesion is used rather than the surface free energy. The overall quality of the two correlations is about the same, but the new method does allow the important data point for glass to also be included. Possible useful future work of this type is discussed.
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    The search for correlation between electrokinetic phenomena and blood thrombus formation on implant materials (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 51-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Bioelectric charge transfer at the blood-wall interface may be a crucial factor affecting thrombosis on implant materials. A program of studies was conducted to determine the electrokinetic and other physical properties of a wide spectrum of materials including organic polymers, metals, inorganics, heterogeneous compounds, and animal tissue. From these tests, materials were selected for in-vivo cannulation experiments. In this manner, a search was made to find a correlation between surface charge characteristics and thrombosis on cardiovascular implant materials. It was found that materials exhibiting a substantial positive charge were prone to rapid thrombosis. No clear correlation can be stated, as yet, regarding the thrombogenecity of highly charged negative surfaces or slightly charged surfaces. However, many heterogeneous materials have exhibited prolonged in-vivo patency. It appears necessary to isolate surface effects from volumetric effects to seek the role of bioelectric charge transfer in blood thrombus formation.
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    Segmented polyurethane: A polyether polymer. An initial evalution for biomedical applications (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 121-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A segmented polyurethane elastomer, originally developed for elastic thread, is now being used for molded prostheses. Chemical, mechanical, and biological properties are described. Hydrolytic stability of this polymer is compared to that of a polyester urethan. Experience with the material used in components of an experimental heart-assist pump has shown excellent flex endurance, wear resistance, and intravascular acceptability.
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    Oral and cutaneous tissue reactions to injected fluid silicones (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 131-143 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: During the period covered by this investigation, toxicological studies were carried out in hamsters and rabbits. The results of injections, subcutaneously and in the buccal pouch of hamsters, indicated that the silicones used were nontoxic, non-absorbable, and well encapsulated by connective tissue elements with moderate tissue reaction. Further studies of various combinations of roomtemperature vulcanizing silastics indicated similar reactions when injected submucosally in the alveolar ridges and palate of rabbits. The injected materials remained in situ in the injected submucosal area and became well encapsulated by the proliferation of connective tissue and collagenous fibers. There was no evidence of macrophages or foreign body giant-cells in and around the proliferating connective tissue capsule. There were no macroscopic or microscopic signs of tumor formation. The encapsulated masses did not elicit bone resorption when localized adjacent to bone tissue.
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    The electrochemical properties of dental amalgam (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 95-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The effects of variations in composition and processing on the open-circuit electrode potentials measured as a function of time of amalgams made from silver-tin, silver-tin-copper, silver-tin-zinc, and silver-tin-copper-zinc alloys have been determined at 37°C in distilled water, in saline solution, as well as in acetate and citrate solutions buffered to pH values of 3, 7, and 10. The electrochemical potentials of the alloys measured as a function of time in neutral acetate solutions show anodic polarization from an initial cathodic potential value of approximately 0.1 v with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode to a constant potential level depending upon alloy composition. In neutral acetate solution the potential-time curves of silver-tin amalgams with 7:5 mercury to alloy ratio show a rapid anodic polarization from an initial anodic potential value of 0.28 v to a minimum value of 0.05 v at approximately 1 hr followed by a potential reversal to a plateau value of 0.40 v. For 7:5 amalgams in neutral acetate solutions increases in both the trituration time and in the severity of processing deformation cause a small increase in initial potential, with a decrease in anodic polarization, while an increase in amalgam age lowers both the initial potential value and the longer-time potential plateau. Increasing the mercury content of the amalgam to a 2:1 ratio decreases the rate of potential reversal from the minimum, whereas decreasing the ratio to 4:5 decreases the amount of depolarization from the minimum value. The effects of copper and zinc additions to silver-tin alloys are mixed. In neutral acetate solution the 7:5 ratio amalgams from silver-tin-copper alloys show anodic polarization from the same initial value as the silver-tin amalgams, followed by a region of decreased polarization. Both silver-tin-zinc and silver-tin-copper-zinc alloys exhibit a much higher initial anodic potential (0.78 v), and following the achievement of the potential plateau have a slow anodic polarization to the long-time potential value shown by silver-tin amalgam. Three commercial alloy amalgams were studied in neutral acetate solution. The two amalgams containing zinc have a potential behavior similar to that of the experimental zinc-containing amalgam; the non-zinc amalgam shows a rapid anodic polarization from an initial anodic potential value of 0.24 v, a minimum at 1 hr, and a reversal to the long-time potential values of 0.40 v shown by the zinc-containing amalgam.
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    Cutaneous absorption of N-alkyl α-cyanoacrylate (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 157-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Three monomers, β-14C-tagged methyl, n butyl, and n-heptyl α-cyanoacrylate, have been applied to intact skin and split-thickness skin-graft donor sites on rats. The data indicate that the urinary 14C activity is in the order: methyl 〉 n-butyl or n heptyl. Also, the urinary activity, when the monomers are applied to the split thickness skin graft donor sites, is approximately threefold greater than when the monomers are applied to intact skin. The conclusion is that the application of cyanoacrylate monomer to the skin is not only topical in nature, but may involve the internal milieu as well.
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    Utilization of polyelectrolyte complexes in biology and medicine (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 145-155 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Polyelectrolyte complexes are ionic hydrogels formed by the coreaction of two oppositely charged, strongly ionized polyelectrolytes. While insoluble in simple solvents and infusible, these polymers can be fabricated into membranes, fibers, and other shaped articles by casting from ternary solvents. Homogeneous membranes are optically clear, amorphous structures in which the equilibrium gel water content can be controllably varied from ca. 30-90%. The net ion-exchange capacity of the membrane can be varied from zero to ca. 2.0 meq/g, either cationic or anionic. Homogeneous membranes are characterized by unusually high water and gas permeabilities and permeabilities to water and soluble solutes which can be controlled by adjustment of gel water content and ion-exchange capacity. Anisotropic membranes can also be prepared which are high flux molecular ultrafilters for solutes as small as sucrose. The anisotropic membranes have found widespread use in biology for fractionation, concentration, and purification of biopolymers. Homogeneous membranes show promise as analogues for biological membranes. A number of applications are being evaluated in medicine and surgery. These include: vascular grafts, antithrom-bogenic coatings for plastic prostheses, contact lenses, corneal implants, and surgical adhesives. In addition, polyelectrolyte complex membranes are showing considerable promise for artificial kidneys and blood oxygenators.
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    Determination of residual ethylene oxide in catheters by gas - liquid chromatography (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 165-171 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A quantitative method for determining residual ethylene oxide in plastic and rubber catheters using gas-liquid chromatography has been developed. Tests on ethylene oxide stabilized catheters indicated that the amount of ethylene oxide in the catheters decreased as a function of aeration time up to 48 hr. After this period, a steady concentration of ethylene oxide in the catheters appeared to have been reached up to one week's testing.
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    Hollow fiber membrane oxygenator (1971)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 5 (1971), S. 135-148 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Hollow fibers have been produced and evaluated for use as membrane oxygenators in an artificial heart device. Gas permeable capillaries now commercially available are unsuitable for this use because of: (1) low percent open cross-sectional area, (2) large internal diameter, and (3) high cost. A number of polymers were initially selected for evaluation because of their reported high gas permeabilities. Those selected include a number of rubbers of various compositions, certain poly-α-olefins and an experimental thermoplastic silicone rubber copolymer. These materials were first evaluated as flat membranes (films) for their gas permeabilities and also for ease of preparation in hollow fiber form. Hollow fibers were prepared from the most promising of those studied, poly-4-methylpentene-1 and the thermoplastic polydimethylsiloxane copolymer. Fibers, ranging in the size from 30 to 300 μ ID, were spun with open cross-sectional areas of 40-65%. Oxygen and carbon dioxide permeabilities measured on these fibers were compared to that of SilasticDow Corning medical grade poly (dimethylsiloxane). rubber membranes. These permeabilities range from 1/20 that of Silastic rubber for unmodified poly-4-methylpentene-1 to 2/3 for the thermoplastic silicone copolymer. Modification of poly-4-methylpentene-1 has made it possible to increase it's permeability by tenfold, while still maintaining physical properties necessary to spin and fabricate this material.
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    Announcements (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 183-184 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820020117
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    Masthead (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820020201
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    Semipermeable aqueous microcapsules (artificial cells). V. Permeability characteristicsSupported by grants from the Medical Research Council of Canada. (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 187-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A rapid mixing and sampling technique was used to study the permeability characteristics of semipermeable aqueous microcapsules (artificial cells). Urea, creatine, creatinine, uric acid, glucose, sucrose, and salicylic acid equilibrated rapidly across nylon microcapsules of 207 μ diameter (e.g., T 1/2 for urea of 3.4 sec). From these results the permeability constants were calculated (e.g., P for urea of 2 × 10-4 cm/sec). Very much the same permeability constants were found for collodion microcapsules. The equivalent pore radius of the membrane of the nylon microcapsules were estimated to be 18 A.
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    Purchase specifications for biomedical materials. I. Sheet or film of polytetrafluoroethylene plastic (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 209-214 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The critical need for purchase specifications for implantable biomedical materials is the focus of this contribution. The elements in development of such specifications are presented with specific reference to a widely used high polymer, polytetrafluoroethylene. A specification for sheet or film of this plastic, as instituted by a major urban hospital, is presented in detail.
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    Implantation of autologous tissue fragments in velour fabric used to line cardiovascular prostheses: An in vivo culture system to produce cellular blood-prosthesis interfaces (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 201-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Previous observations of pseudointimal organization within impermeable cardiovascular prostheses indicated that rapid spontaneous healing was dependent upon proximity of host vascular tissue at the suture line. Autologous connective tissue fragments were prepared from skeletal muscle biopsies by blender-mincing muscle tissue. The fragments were embedded in the fabric used to line the inner wall of arterial prostheses. A tightly fitting piston was drawn through the prosthesis, forcing the suspended tissue fragments to flow around the piston and become entwined in the loops of the velour fabric. The arterial prostheses prepared in this way were inserted as replacements for segments of canine abdominal aorta. This in vivo culture system supported cellular proliferation and pseudointimas healed uniformly. Pseudointimas of paracorporeal pumps in operation for as long as 5 weeks did not show signs of healing. The same principle of filtration of tissue fragments into a lining fabric was applied to diaphragms of left ventricular bypass pumps. This type of paracorporeal pump supported in vivo culture of implanted fragments.
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    Surgical suture-canine tissue interaction for six common suture types (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 215-230 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Maximum extraction stress and integrated extraction work were measured for sutures implanted for 3, 7, and 14 day periods. Six common non-absorbable sutures, representative of braided and monofilamentary forms, were implanted subdermally and were used for cutaneous incision closure with purebred pointer dogs. The data show: (1) Braided sutures, polyester/Teflon, silk-type B, and silk-silicone interacted with peripheral tissue to a significantly greater degree than the monofilamentary types, nylon, polypropylene, and polyethylene; (2) polyester-Teflon braided suture interacted to a lesser degree than the other braided sutures; (3) the relatively intense interaction of plain silk and silicone-treated silk appears to reflect the combined effects of mechanical aspects of braiding and of biochemical response; and (4) all braided sutures swelled over the implantation periods with as much as a 70% increase in diameter after 14 days for silk.
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    Use of spongy hydron in plastic surgery (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 237-243 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A hydrophilic plastic material (USA trademark Hydron), developed by Wichterle and Lím, was used as a sponge for augmentation of breasts in the clinic for plastic surgery. The preparation of the prosthesis and the operational procedures are described.
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    Enzyme entrapment within hydrophobic and hydrophilic matrices (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 231-235 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: ATP-diphosphohydrolase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin have been insolubilized by lattice-entrapment using hydrophilic polyacrylamide gel and hydrophobic Silastic matrices. The entrapped enzymes were stable and unaffected by washing or wet storage. Thermal inactivation properties of polyacrylamide-entrapped ATP-diphosphohydrolase were different from those of the same enzyme in solution. Several substrates were used for each of the proteolytic enzymes. Esterase activities of both trypsin and chymotrypsin were unaltered by entrapment within Silastic. The entrapment of enzymes and other active proteins is potentially of consequence in continuous-flow substrate conversion systems. Silastic with a surface proteolytic activity derived from an entrapped enzyme is of possible medical utility for implantation elements.
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    Plastics in surgery. B. Bloch and G. W. Hastings. Charles C. Thomas, Publisher, Springfield, III. 1967, 187. $10.75. Illus. (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 279-279 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820020210
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    Elemental carbon as a biomaterial (1971)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 5 (1971), S. 41-47 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Advanced forms of elemental carbon were identified as potential implantable prosthetic materials and a study was conducted to determine specific applications. A survey of the carbon industry established material sources and specifications on available types of material. Specimen materials were supplied to several research organizations for in-vivo evaluation and produced acceptable results. Specific designs have been generated for a broad range of implantable prosthetics and prototypes have been provided for preliminary evaluation. The feasibilty of an organic mechanical attachment between cortical bone tissues and elemental carbon has been successfully demonstrated.
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    Initial surface interaction of blood and blood components with Al2O3 and TiO2 (1971)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 5 (1971), S. 69-89 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The success of material implants in the vascular system has been limited by the fact that the intial events of blood coagulation on foreign material surfaces are not understood. Many materials have been evaluated in the search for a suitable implant material in this system. Recent success of porous ceramic materials in bone-ceramic compatibility studies stimulated the feeling that these materials should be tested in other body tissues such as the blood.Ceramic disks of Al2O3 and TiO2 were evaluated using a contact angle measurement technique to determine the characteristics of these material surfaces before and after exposure to a blood environment. This technique involved measuring the contact angle of sessile drops of various liquids on these surfaces with a microscope fitted with a goniometer eyepiece. By plotting these contact angles according to the procedure of Zisman, the characteristics of the surfaces could be evaluated.The clean ceramic disks were found to be extremely wettable even after exposure to a physiological saline environment. On exposure of these disks to a blood environment, it was observed that some type of film was adsorbed from the blood onto the ceramic surface during the initial minutes of exposure. This film had wetting characteristics consistent with layers of fibrinogen.
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    Skeletal extension of limb prosthetic attachments-problems in tissue reaction (1971)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 5 (1971), S. 143-159 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The skeletal attachment of a limb prosthesis approaches two specific and separate problems in tissue reaction to prosthetic materials: Skeletal fixation and trancutaneous interface.The skeletal fixation problem must be looked upon as a method to distribute the stress concentration of prosthetic material in such a manner so that living tissue is not embarrassed by prolonged excessive pressures. One must consider the functional mechanical stresses separate from the toxicological reaction of living tissues to prosthetic materials. Our current experience identifies the fact that vitreous carbon is extremely benign from the standpoint of living tissue reaction. Moreover, when placed in the configuration of irregular surfaces, it apparently encourages bone growth contiguous with the material. To this point, however, the reaction of living material to broad surfaces contiguous with vitreous carbon has not placed under concentration of functional stresses. Porous ceramic to this date has not supplied an appropriate answer to this problem.Transcutaneous perforation is available in the clinical sense only when a method can be presented which requires no specific hygiene and dressing. No drainage at all must be the rule at a transcutaneous perforation. Vitreous carbon in our experience so far has made contiguous epithealization feasible down the neck of a skin perforation. Four millimeters, from our experience, seems to be an appropriate location of epithelial downgrowth before transition into non epithealized connective tissue is available. The use of fixation skirts is felt to be necessary to provide stable, transcutaneous perforation.This paper presents evidence of the favorable tissue reaction both from a skeletal and cutaneous standpoint to vitreous carbon materials. A specific design for the successful skeletal fixation limb prosthesis is as yet not currently available and must await further clinical experience with human skin reaction to transcutaneous devices.
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    Ceramics in surgery (1971)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 5 (1971), S. 231-249 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A study has been made of the ceramic-epoxy composite “Cerosium.” Experiments were conducted to evaluate the tissue reaction to such material and the extent of bonding established between ceramic and the tissues in which it was implanted. It was found that this material was well tolerated by the body and obtained definite fixation within the tissues when implanted into both bone and tendon. This occurred, however, not by the active infiltration of tissue but by fibrous encapsulation and it is recommended that for more meaningful stabilization, material of larger pore size is required.When Cerosium was implanted into the knee joints of rabbits, it was found to be unsuitable for intra-articular use because of the abrasive effect on the opposing cartilage and bone surfaces and the susceptibility of the material itself to abrasive wear. Furthermore, a full mechanical evaluation of standard specimens of Cerosium showed it to be degraded within the body due to a breakdown of the impregnating polymer.Ceramic-epoxy composites require a strong matrix and a totally stable impregnating material. While mechanically suited to replacing weight bearing surfaces, a smooth surface glaze is essential to avoid abrasive effects upon the opposing bone surface. Further investigation is required before these materials can be fully accepted into the armamentarium of the implant surgeon.
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    Ceramic tooth implants (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 281-296 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: For many years man has engendered the idea of replacing lost or unserviceable teeth with natural or artificial substitutes has, however, only recently been shown to offer a viable alternative to externally attached prostheses. Ceramics were selected which have demonstrated compatibility with long bones and optimization of the ceramic properties was undertaken. Implants were made in the jawbones of adult dogs. Both tooth root replicas and crown-root combinations were employed. Anchorage of the implants was found to range from stable attachment to rapid exfoliation. The calcium aluminates were found to possess barely adequate mechanical strengths.This research suggests that these ceramics can function as effective tooth roots if the proper designs and surgical techniques are employed. Sufficient evidence of tissue compatibility has been amassed to warrant further study.
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    Bioceramics and dentistry (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 333-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Metals and polymers have received considerable attention with respect to their potential use in human implantation. Serious study of the ceramics for this purpose has only recently begun. Materials for implantation in any body site must meet certain requirements. Each class of material has been found to have some highly desirable properties as well as some undesirable characteristics. Materials for use in dental implantation, particularly for the replacement of individual teeth, are subjected to environmental factors not generally existent in other implantation sites. Preliminary studies of the ceramics have suggested that, from the physiologic standpoint, they may be the best implantable substitute for hard tissues (bones and teeth) yet achieved. There are, however, many questions remaining to be answered concerning the selection of the most suitable material, its fabrication, and the reaction of tissues to it. These questions should serve to indicate future areas of exploration.
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    Development of ceramic and ceramic composite devices for maxillofacial applicationsThese have been supported by Contract Numbers DADA 17-69-C-9118 and DADA 17-69-C-9181, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Dental Research Division, Colonel Robert M. Johnson, Chief. (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 345-361 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Ceramic and ceramic composite materials and devices were developed for specific maxillofacial applications. These applications included: (1) Replacement of hard tissue voids in low stress areas with a phosphate-bonded alumina-foamed ceramic and a calcium aluminate-bonded alumina foam; (2) development of porous ceramic-coated metallic devices for stabilization of mandibles with avulsed segments; (3) development of implantable ceramic tooth roots onto which more or less conventional crowns may be mounted.Efforts to date have been rewarding. Using the rhesus monkey for all experimental implant work, incorporation of porous ceramic foam prostheses to eliminate maxillary defects has been accomplished. Also, we have succeeded in stabilizing the mandible where segments of from 3 to 8 mm were removed. Bridging of the gap with new bone occurred within 6 weeks resulting in a total regeneration of the resected area with restoration of normal mandibular function. Finally, implantable tooth roots were developed. Three different surface treatment techniques have been used on a basic high-density alumina core. The first is a high-density matt finish which can only permit a fibrous tissue attachment or bony approximation but no ingrowth. The second is a porous alumina coating intended to permit bone ingrowth. The third is a rough surface consisting of particles of alumina sintered to the surface to maximize the bone/ceramic interface shear strength potential. Implantations of both anterior and posterior tooth roots with all three surface configurations have been successful for periods of up to six months.
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    Masthead (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820060201
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    Co-permeant enhancement of drug transmission rates through silicone rubber (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 3-14 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In vitro transmission rates of benzocaine were measured to determine the feasibility of augmenting the permeability of silicone rubber implants by introduction of co-permeant plasticizers into the systems. It was shown that permeation can be enhanced or inhibited depending on the co-permeant used, including increased mass transfer of methylene blue, previously reported to be a non-permeant. Factors influencing such potentiation or diminution are thought to be solubility relationships among all components present, diffusivity, molecular volumes and mobilities of the co-permeants, hydrogen bonding capabilities, and potential for internal segmental motion of polymeric plasticizers.
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    Hypoeutectic gold-cobalt alloys for dental castingsPresented at the Forty-eighth General Meeting of the International Association for Dental Research, Dental Materials Group, New York, N.Y., March 18, 1970. (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 25-32 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Hypoeutectic alloys of the Au-Co system were studied for use in dental castings. Microhardness and tensile data were determined for annealed and aged alloys of compositions from 0.5 to 10 at. % Co in Au. Maxima for this alloy of HK 119, elongation 23% in 10 mm, yield strength of 185 MN/m2 (0.2% offset) and tensile strength of 257 MN/m2 occurred following aging at 350°C for 15 min. The system is considered promising for use as a dental casting gold alloy.
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    An enzyme histochemical approach to the evaluation of polymers for tissue compatibility (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 105-113 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Nine samples of plastic, including PVC stabilized with various amounts of organotins, silicone rubber, PTFE, polyethylene, polypropylene, and a U.S.P. negative control high density polyethylene, were implanted in rat gluteal muscle. Frozen sections were cut in a cryostat microtome and treated for enzyme histochemical reactions. These included succinic dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, aminopeptidase and adenosine triphosphatase. The results illustrate that enzyme histochemical data can be of value in supplementing other methods in the evaluation of polymers for tissue compatibility.
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    Masthead (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820060301
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    The role of the porcelain inlay in restorative dentistry (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 405-441 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Porcelain inlays coupled by a silane treatment to composite resins which were used as cementing media and in turn retained by an undercut were evaluated as to their marginal integrity and retention against conventionally restored teeth. These included restorations in teeth with undercuts of resins, composites, and porcelain inlays cemented with zinc oxyphosphate cements.The evaluations were determined by isotope penetration during thermal cycling (180 cycles from 12 to 50°C), scanning electron microscopy of sectioned restorations, and mechanical pull tests.The results showed improved retentive qualities and markedly improved resistance to marginal penetration. Improved adaptation of the composite to the tooth surface was produced by the mechanical action of seating the porcelain inlay.
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    Antithrombogenic cellulose filmPaper presented at the AIChE Materials Conference, March 31-April 4, 1968, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 429-441 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A careful solvent-exchange procedure followed by liquid-phase reaction of ethyleneimine with cellulose film in a nonpolar solvent provides an effective method of uniformly aminoethylating cellulose. The protonated aminoethyl groups on the cellulose can then ionically bind heparin, a blood anticoagulant. Heparinized aminoethylated cellulose tubing at low levels of aminoethylation (ca. 0.2-0.3% nitrogen) exhibited excellent antithrombogenic properties as well as excellent mechanical strength properties. The in vitro tests demonstrated indefinitely long whole-blood clotting times with normal thrombin times. In the in vivo experiments, the heparinized aminoethylated cellulose tubing provided extended patency when implanted intravascularly in the regions of low blood flow rate (infra renal inferior vena cava of dogs). A principal use of this film is in the artificial kidney.
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    In vivo testing of silicone rubber joint implants for lipid absorptionThis study was supported by a grant from the John A. Hartford Foundation, Inc. (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 193-199 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Silicone rubber implants removed from patients undergoing revision arthroplasty were examined for breakage and cracks and analyzed for lipid content. No relationship was observed between lipids extracted from the implants and the implantation time. Neither was the absorption of lipids and the incidence of breakage of the implants found to be related. Various factors contributing to the possible failure and breakage of the joint implants are discussed.
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    The complex factors in tooth implantation (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 297-310 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The criteria for an ideally successful tooth implant should inlcude: (1) stable physiologic retension, (2) non-toxicity, (3) durability and sound function in the oral cavity, (4) non-carcinogenicity, and (5) esthetic satisfaction.Many complex factors such as the anatomic site itself (the tooth socket), proper healing of the periodontium, viability of the periodontal membrane in tooth reimplants, the oral microbial flora, the general health of the implant recipient, non-traumatic occulsion, physical and chemical properties of artificial implant material, and adequate stabilization influence the success of a tooth implant.Initial results demonstrate that ceramic (calcium aluminate) tooth implants with a 50 to 75-μ porosity appear to more promisingly meet the criteria for successful artificial tooth implantation than implants fabricated from plastic (polymethylmethacrylate), which produced osteomyelitis in 5/21 jaw block specimens in baboons with complete lack of true periodontal attachment between alveolar bone of the implant socket and the plastic tooth implant, shown microscopically and ultramicroscopically.
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    Interfacial stress in porcelain bodies bonded to metal prosthetic restorations (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 395-404 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820060109
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    Screening and evaluation of materials for thromboresistance (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 49-58 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Two methods are described for evaluating the thromboresistance of materials available as tubing. In the first method lengths of the tubing containing canine blood were incubated at 37°C, opened at timed intervals and examined for clots. For all materials tested, mean clotting times ranged from 5.2 min for glass to 〉 300 min for silicone rubber treated with GBH, TDMAC-heparin or TDMAN-heparin. For most materials, in vitro clotting times ranged from 20 to 60 min. Further testing in vitro indicated that heparin was more firmly bound to silicone rubber as TDMAC-heparin than as GBH. In the second method, short segments of tubing were surgically placed within the femoral veins of anesthetized dogs, examined for patency after 2 hr, removed and examined for thrombi. None of the materials tested appeared completely thromboresistant by the 2 hr in vitro method. Tubes of glass or unheparinized materials were usually completely occluded at the end of the test; silicone rubber treated with TDMAC-heparin apperared relatively thromboresistant. Results of in vitro and in vivo testing were generally in good agreement and were consistent with the known thromboresistant properties of materials.
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    An improvement in the method of vena cava ring implantations (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 143-144 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820060212
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    Inorganic heparin complexes for the preparation of nonthrombogenic surfaces (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 115-141 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The surfaces of many plastics and other materials of interest in the fabrication of implants can be made nonthrombogenic by treating them with an inorganic heparin complex (IHC) system consisting essentially of a soluble metal salt, a solvent, and heparin. During complexing, the metal salt polymerizes at the same time it is trapped in the collapsing matrix of the surface; the entrapped inorganic polymer then reacts with heparin, probably by chelation. Treatment with an IHC system is not known to alter the mechanical or physical properties of the treated material. If desired, the surface can be made radiopaque by incorporating bismuth chloride or other contrast salts during complexing. After treatment, the surface can be autoclaved or sterilized with ethylene oxide. Materials that have been made nonthrombogenic by the IHC system include Silastic, polyurethane, cellulose acetobutyrate, polymethylmethacrylate, nylon, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene-vinyl acetate, polystyrene, natural rubber, and polyvinyl chloride.
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    The dermal toxicity of isoamyl-2-cyanoacrylate (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 201-214 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820060309
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    Factors influencing longevity of low-profile prosthetic heart valves (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 185-192 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abrasion and performance of artificial heart valves are related to geometrical configuration, blood flow dynamics, manufacturing techniques, and interaction of materials. Incidence of thromboembolism, valve insufficiency, and shortened longevity are critically dependent upon these factors. The effect of construction parameters on valve performance is discussed in general terms and illustrated from in vivo experience with a specific low-profile design.
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    Glass ceramic bone implantsSupport furnished by the U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Contract No. DADA17-70-C-001, and the Gainesville Veterans Administration Hospital, Gainesville, Florida.. A light microscopic study (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 235-244 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Glass ceramic implants containing 45% SiO2 with a Ca/P ration of 5 become firmly fixed to bone when placed in a cortical defect of an intact rat femur. The addition of fluoride ions to the implant prevents this fixation. The most significant difference between the two compositions is in their solubilites. The presence of high local concentractions of Ca and PO4 ions at the interface of the soluble non-fluoride containing implant, could account for the deposition of bone at its surface.It is not felt from these studies, however, that this model will be usable as a mass screening tecunique for evaluating materials variables. It is felt that other less laborous in vitro systems need to be devised.
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    Effect of pressure on heat transport in polymers used in dentistry (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 147-154 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The thermal properties of dental materials are important in certain aspects of tooth repair and the restoration of dental function. This is especially true for polymeric dental materials, for which low thermal conductivity is often considered an important asset. This paper contains a report on the surprisingly large effect that pressure (well with in the range encountered on the biting surfaces of teeth) can have on heat transfer in polymers that are widely used in dentistry. A sandwich type pressure-conductivity cell has been used to measure the thermal conductivity K of polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate, polyethyl methacrylate, and poly-n-butyl methacrylate. The measurements span the range -50 to 50°C and pressures up to 2000 bar. For the polymers mentioned (and many others) K at a given temperature increases as pressure is increased. Initial increases in pressure to several hundred bars may typically increase the over-all heat transfer coefficient by a factor of two or more. At higher pressures, the relative slope (dK/dp)/K is typically about 10% per kilobar. Some comments are made about the thermal contact coefficient and the thermal diffusivity which are of more direct interest to dentists than K itself.
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    Use of magnetostrictive transducers for stress measurements within methylmethacrylate “bone cement”This investigation was aided by a grant from the Orthopaedic Research and Education Foundation. Technical assistance was provided by the transducer manufacturer, International Technical Industries, Santa Cruz, California. (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 283-285 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    The elastic properties of hard tissues and apatitesContribution No. 45 from the Laboratory for Crystallographic Reserach, Department of Physics. (A preliminary version of this paper was presetned at the Engineering Foundation's Research Conference, “Bioceramics-Engineering in Medicine” Henniker, New Hampshire, August 3-7, 1970). (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 221-233 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The pressure dependence of the elastic constants of various halides, hard tissues and synthetic apatites have been examined in the 0- to 50-kilobar range using a solid media, pressure apparatus coupled with an ultrasonic interferometer. The samples includ: hydroxy-, fluor-, and chlor-apatite, NaCl, CaF2, mollusc shell (aragonite), ivory, dentin and enamel, and fish, bovine, and human bones. High pressures were used in order to assess the effects of porosity in aggregate samples and to make measurements on specimens of ideal density. Computer analysis of the measured longitudinal and shear ultrasonic velocities yields the pressure dependence of the bulk, shear, and Young's moduli and Poisson's ratio. Atmospheric pressure values at ideal density are obtained by back extrapolation from the high pressure measurements.
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    Masthead (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820060401
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    Environmental fatigue testing of silastic finger joint prostheses (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 15-24 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Heat vulcanized silicone elastomer (Silastic-Dow) has been in clinical use as a prosthetic replacement material for over a decade. When subjected to operating stress in body fluids, as in cardiac poppet-valves, failure has occurred. Fractures of silastic finger-joint prosthesis have also been experienced.Chemical and fractographic analyses of such failed finger-joint prostheses raise the suspiciaon of failure. Severe discoloration of the implant at the point of maximal stress concentration, the presence of significant amounts of triglyceride and cholesterol on the fractured prostheses, and the pattern of fracture markings indicate that fracture was due to a combination of chemical surface deterioration and stress concentration.Study of the method of surgical insertion of these prostheses suggests failure to completely excise the volar plate and other palmar joint structures could create a step off and sufficiently increase the stress in the bending element of the device to cause fracture. In vitro cyclic testing at 37°C in serum failed to cause fracture of these devices after 10 million cycles, but did produce gradual discoloration of the entire prosthesis which began and was most noticeable at the point of bending. Although the prostheses adsorb lipid, which may produce surface deterioration, it is anticipated that properly inserted, the service life of these devices should be more than adequate for full clinical application.
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    Development of blood compatible elastomers. II. Performance of avcothane blood contact surfaces in experimental animal implantations (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 97-127 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A family of materials referred to as Avcothane elastomers has been developed. These materials have displayed a considerable degree of blood compatibility both in vitro and in vivo, althous they do not contain any added anticoagulant and are not equipped with any suface charges in any manner.A member of this family the Avcothane-51 elastomer, has rortinely delivered Lee-White clotting times whose mean is close to 60 min. Long-term aortic implantations of tubular prostheses made from this elastomer did not induce any pathological effects in swine. Results obtained in canine vena caval implantations and replacement appear to be consistent with the nonthrombogenic properties observed in vitro. This elastomer was utilized as the blood contact surface of the AERL Circular Assist Device which did not induce any significant intraluminal or intravascular thrombosis in acute implantations. An experimental model of a Left Heart Bypass Pump employing Avcothane-51 surfaces throughout was tested in completely nonanticoagulated dogs for bypass periods ranging from 2 to 24 hr. Hematologic studies performed during these bypass periods indicated no prohibitive changes in blood composition. In the form of tri-segmented Intra-Aortic Balloon Pumps, the elastomer was chronically implanted in swine. The combined effects of the material and pumping of this device did not cause any significant thromboembolic or hemolytic effects which demonstrated its safe applicability to human implantations.
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    Development of blood-compatible elastomers. III. Hematologic effects of avcothane intra-aortic balloon pumps in cardiac patientsThe intra-aortic balloon pump treatment of cardiac patients at the Massachusetts General Hospital was supported in part by U.S. Public Health Service Contract No. PH43-67-1443 (MIRU). (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 129-154 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: As of this date, tri-segmented intra-aortic balloons made from Avcothane-51 elastomer were applied in the counterpulsation treatment of about 80 cardiac patients. The combined effects induced by the implanted elastomer and the hemodynamics of pumping are analyzed by means of hematologic changes observed in a set of 28 patients who were treated at the Massachusetts General Hospital for an average period of about 4 days, and represent a widely diversified group in terms of their clinical conditions. In no case were, any significant adverse hematologic effects induced by this assist device whether the hosts had been anticoagulated or not heparinized at all. While platelet levels were somewhat affected by the assist device, the particular conditions of the patient appear to have an effect of at least, equal magnitude. In addition to platelet levels steadily decreasing with pumping time, changes in platelet levels similar to the pattern of “platelet tide” occurred with about equal frequency. Monitored in terms of erythrocyte counts and plasma hemoglobin levels, no significant degree of hemolysis could be detected. Leukocyte counts in patients having above-normal levels at the beginning of pumping returned to normal while in other cases there were no significant changes. Fibrinogen, one of the plasma proteins most sensitive to foreign surfaces, showed levels increasing from subnormal to normal as a function of pumping time. The overall in vivo performance of Avcothane-51 balloons appers to be consistent with the state of the surfaces of recovered devices, showing only the presence of occasional adherent platelets upon examination by scanning electron microscopy.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820060410
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  • 97
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    Tissue reaction to three ceramics of porous and non-porous structures (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 347-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In this investigation, ceramics were studied to determine their role as rigid, abrasive implants in soft, living tissue. Discs and tubes of three ceramics, CaO·Al2O3, CaO·TiO2, and CaO·ZrO2, were introduced as porous and non-porous structures into muscle and connective tissue sites in rabbits. The animals were observed grossly to determine the duration of redness and swelling following surgery, and samples were retrieved at 1 week, 3 months, 6 months, and 9 months after implantation. A mild, acute inflammatory response immediately followed the implantation of all three materials in both the porous and non-porous forms. Histological sections of the ceramics and surrounding tissue, cut and stained for light microscopy, demonstrated the absence of inflammatory cells and revealed the normal morphology and organization of the cells present around all types of implants tested. Tissue around discs of porous ceramics healed faster and exhibited thinner fibrous encapsulations than with impervious discs of the same material. Healthy fibrous connective tissue with an ample blood supply occupied those implants with pores of 45-100 mμ, and even more rapidly filled the samples with a 100- to 150-μ pore size. The tissue ingrowth and tight adherence to the porous samples was believed responsible for the more moderate response to porous implants. No adverse responses of any kind were observed, except in a very few, atypical specimens.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820060505
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  • 98
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    Comment on “quantitative and qualitative changes of spherical gamma particles resulting from amalgamation” (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 471-472 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820060512
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  • 99
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    Reduction of tissue and bone adhesion to cobalt alloy fixation appliancesPresented at Western Orthopedic Association, Colorado Springs, Colorado, Sept. 29, 1969. (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 451-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The cobalt-based alloy containing approximately 30% chromium and 5% molybdenum is widely used for the fabrication of internal fixation appliances. This alloy exhibits superior corrosion resistance in the presence of body fluid because of a durable and rapidly formed surface layer of chromium oxide. Although biocompatible, clinical use of this alloy appears to have been complicated by relatively great adhesion of tissue and bone to the metal. The adhesion engenders considerable difficulty when removal of an applicance should become necessary.It was hypothezied that this adhesion derives from the ceullular growth proceeding within the microporosity of the metal surface; the growth proceeds efficiently because of relatively low levels of cytotoxic metal ions released at the metal surface. In order to limit adhesion, polytetrafluoroethylene polymer (PTFE) was used to virtually eliminate surface microporosity and to substantially reduce metal surface free energy.1 One of the efficient techniques was to lap the metal surface with a solid piece of PTFE.A series of eighteen 12- to 22-kg dogs were used to evaluate the above thesis. Control and treated cobalt alloy plates and screws were used to fix induced longbone fractures in the same animal. Also, five animals received implants on decorticated iliac crests. The histological data for control (untreated) plates showed that in nine of the eleven experiments bone was demonstrated closely adjacent to the surface of the appliance. However, in seven of these cases fibrous tissue was also present to a substantial degree. The presence of bone correlated with generally increased difficulty in removal of the plate. On the other hand, the results with treated implants showed that in ten of eleven cases the appliances were grossly encapsulated with fibrous tissue and were relatively easy to remove.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820060510
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  • 100
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    Antithrombogenic characteristics of cathodically polarized copper prostheses (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 489-498 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In previous studies from our laboratories, it was shown that metals and alloys which register negative potentials in blood vs. the normal hydrogen electrode (NHE) tend to be antithrombogenic, while those with positive potentials are invariably thrombogenic. Of the metals, only the corrodible ones fall in the first group and the noble ones in the second. Blood compatible metals appear to be essential for some types of medical devices. This paper deals with a novel approach of maintaining an implanted metallic prostheses at a negative potential. A copper vascular prostheses in a dog was made the cathode in a polarizing circuit, which in addition consists of a smal mercury battery, a resistor and an auxiliary electrode. Such experiments were conducted in three animals, and the potentials ranged from -60 to -160 mV/NHE. The three dogs were sacrificed after 6, 8, and 14 days and the tubes were examined. All tubes were free of thrombus deposits; minimal junctional thrombi were found. Two copper tubes with no polarizing circuit and registering positive potentials were occluded after 8 and 14 days, respectively. Histologic and electron-microscopic studies of the thrombus deposits in tubes at spontaneous potentials and of the junctional thrombus deposits in the tube at negative potentials showed similar structures. The present experiments further confirm the view that the potential across the conductive material-blood interface is a more basic parameter than the chemical nature of the surface in determining its blood-compatible characteristic.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820060603
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