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  • Articles  (69)
  • Rice  (69)
  • Springer  (69)
  • 1985-1989  (24)
  • 1980-1984  (45)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (69)
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  • Articles  (69)
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  • Springer  (69)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sesbania rostrata as a green manure for lowland rice: Growth, N2 fixation,Azorhizobium sp. inoculation, and effects on succeeding crop yields and nitrogen balance (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 191-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Sesbania rostrata ; Green manure ; Stem nodulation ; N2 fixation ; Azorhizobium caulinodans ; Inoculation ; Rice ; Yield ; N balance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Root and stem nodulation, nitrogen fixation (acetylene-reducing activity), growth and N accumulation bySesbania rostrata as affected by season and inoculation were studied in a pot experiment. The effects ofS. rostrata as a green manure on succeeding wet-season and dry-season rice yields and total N balance were also studied.S. rostrata grown during the wet season showed better growth, nodulation, and greater acetylene-reducing activity than that grown during the dry season. Inoculation withAzorhizobium caulinodans ORS 571 StrSpc® (resistant to streptomycin and spectinomycin) on the stem alone or on both root and stem significantly increased N2 fixation by the plants. Soil and seed inoculation yielded active root nodules under flooded conditions. Plants that were not inoculated on the stem did not develop stem nodules. The nitrogenase activity of the root nodules was greater than that of the stem nodules in about 50-day-oldS. rostrata. S. rostrata incorporation, irrespective of inoculation, significantly increased the grain yield and N uptake of the succeeding wet season and dry season rice crops. The inoculated treatments produced a significantly greater N gain (873 mg N pot−1) than the noinoculation (712 mg N pot−1) treatment. About 80% of the N gained was transferred to the succeeding rice crops and about 20% remained in the soil. The soil N in the flooded fallow-rice treatment significantly declined (−140 mg N pot−1) but significantly increased in bothS. rostrata-rice treatments (159 and 151 mg N pot−1 in uninoculated and inoculated treatments respectively). The N-balance data gave extrapolated values of N2 fixed per hectare at about 303 kg N ha−1 per two crops forS. rostrata (uninoculated)-rice and 383 forS. rostrata (inoculated)-rice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00709647
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of presubmergence and green manuring (Sesbania aculeata) on nutrition and yield of wetland rice (Oryza sativa L.) on a sodic soil (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1987), S. 203-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Green manuring ; Nutrient availability ; Rice ; Sodic soil ; Presubmergence ; Sesbania aculeata ; Fe and Mn reduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of 0, 1 and 2 weeks' submergence prior to the transplantation of rice (presubmergence), with and without Sesbania aculeata green manure, on the yield and nutrition of rice in a highly sodic soil [pH 10.3, exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) 86.4]. Green manuring significantly enhanced the yield of rice and contributed 112 kg N/ha. One week's presubmergence with incorporated green manure improved the yield of rice significantly over that obtained with no previous flooding, giving a yield on a par with that obtained with 2 weeks' submergence. The beneficial effect of presubmergence without green manure on rice yield was of lesser magnitude and was significant only when it was continued for 2 weeks. Cultivation of rice under submerged conditions improved the sodic soil, and green manuring enhanced the process of reclamation by further decreasing the pH value and the exchangeable Na of soil. Green manuring considerably improved organic C, available N, P, and K status of the soil and enhanced the uptake of N, P, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, and Zn by the crop. Effects of submergence and green manuring on the availability of Fe, Mn, Zn, and P in soil and their role in the nutrition of rice are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256901
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen fixation and balance studies of rice soil (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 4 (1987), S. 15-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; N-balance studies ; Azolla ; Blue-green algae ; Chemical N fertilization ; Rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A nitrogen balance study conducted in ceramic pots under net house conditions for four seasons showed that flooded rice soil leaves a positive nitrogen balance (N increase) in soil after rice cropping in both fertilized and unfertilized soil. Recovery of nitrogen from rice soil was more than its input in unfertilized soil, but it was reverse in fertilized soil. Incorporation of Azolla or BGA twice as basal and 20 days after transplanting (DAT) alone or in combination showed higher nitrogen balance and N2-fixation (N gain) in soil than in that where it was applied once either as basal or 20 DAT. Planted soil showed more N2-fixation than that of fallow rice, and flooded soil fixed more nitrogen in comparison to non-flooded soil in light but less in dark. Soil exposed to light fixed more nitrogen than that of unexposed soil in both flooded and non-flooded conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00280345
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stimulation of root exudation of rice seedlings by Azospirillum strains: carbon budget under gnotobiotic conditions (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 4 (1987), S. 9-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Rhizosphere ; Nitrogen fixation ; Root exudates ; Soil bacteria ; Carbon budget ; Rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The association of rice seedlings (cv. Delta) with different strains of Azospirillum was studied under monoxenic conditions in the dark. Axenic 3-day-old seedlings were obtained on a C- and N-free medium and inoculated with 6 · 107 bacteria per plant in a closed vial. Seven days later, different components of a carbon budget were evaluated on them and on sterile controls: respired CO2, carbon of shoot and roots, bacterial and soluble carbon in the medium. Two strains (A. lipoferum 4B and A. brasilense A95) isolated from the rhizosphere of rice caused an increase in exudation, + 36% and + 17% respectively compared with sterile control. Shoot carbon incorporation and respiration were reduced by inoculation. A third strain (A. brasilense R07) caused no significant change in exudation. A. lipoferum B7C isolated from maize did not stimulate rice exudation either. We further investigated a possible effect of nitrogen fixation on this phenomenon: inhibition of nitrogen fixation by 10% C2H2 did not modify the extent of C exudation by rice associated with A. lipoferum 4B or with the non-motile A. lipoferum 4T.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00280344
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimation of associative nitrogen fixation in relation to water regime and plant nutrition in a long-term pot experiment with rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1987), S. 133-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrogen balance ; Rice ; Long-term experiment ; Nitrogenase activity ; Acetylene reduction assay ; Water regime ; NK nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The contribution of associative N2 fixation to the N nutrition of lowland rice was estimated in a long-term pot experiment with ten consecutive crops of rice. The experiment comprised two N and two K levels with wet (WF) and dry fallow (DF) between the cropping seasons. Growth of N2-fixing cyanobacteria was prevented. Greatest yields were obtained in the high NK fertilizer treatment, but with continuation of the experiment yields responsed more to DF than to WF. Nitrogenase activity, however, was favoured by WF. Higher K application increased and higher N application decreased nitrogenase activity. Under WF treatments the organic C and total N contents of the soil remained unchanged during the experimental period, but alternate drying and flooding in DF treatments caused a decline. Lower N fertilizer rates in the second five-crop period did not affect yields, but increased the ratio of N removed to N applied. For the ten-crop period the estimated N balance was positive in the low-N and negative in the high-N treatments. N balances were also established separately for both the first and the second halves of the ten-crop period. In the first period N losses were higher, and the N balance was mostly negative. In the second period only high-N combined with low-K fertilization resulted in a negative N balance. DF favoured N losses in the first but not in the second period. The highest N gain in the second period was found in the DF treatment with low-N and high-K application. In this treatment, nearly one-quarter of the N taken up by the above-ground parts of the plants could be ascribed to associative N2 fixation. In the corresponding treatment with the higher N level and a 49% higher yield, the contribution of fixed N declined to less than 5%. When harvested straw contained more than 10 mg N g−1, the N balance was mostly negative, while at N contents less than 10 mg N g−1, the N balance was generally positive.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257648
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of split application of phosphorus on the growth ofAzolla and low land rice (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 16 (1988), S. 109-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Azolla pinnata (Vietnam) ; intercropping ; N accumulation ; phosphorus fertilizer ; Rice ; Soil fertility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract TheAzolla pinnata (Vietnam) inoculated in rice field 10 days after transplanting (DAT) at a rate of 500 kg ha−1 fresh biomass along with phosphorus fertilizer application produced a mat on the water surface at 30 DAT. The three split application of phosphorus as 4.4, 2.2 and 2.2 kg P ha−1 applied at 10, 15 and 20 DAT, respectively produced 67% more biomass and 57% more Nitrogen inAzolla than those obtained by applying 8.8 kg P ha−1 at 10 DAT. Whereas, the two splits of phosphorus as 6.6 and 2.2 kg and 4.4 and 4.4 kg P ha−1 applied 10 and 15 DAT, respectively produced 20 and 33% more biomass and 14 and 27% more Nitrogen only. The three split application of phosphorus also increased the grain and straw yields, panicle number and weight, nitrogen concentration and its uptake in rice significantly over application of the entire amount once only. An increase of 10% grain yield and 13% straw yields was observed when 8.8 kg P ha−1 was applied in three splits rather than applied at one time. On the average an increase of 24% grain and 23% straw yields in rice were observed due toAzolla intercropping and 22% and 16%, respectively due to phosphorus application. The intercropping ofAzolla with rice along with phosphorus application also increased the fertility level of soil by increasing the total nitrogen, organic carbon and available phosphorus of soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049768
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficiency of modified urea fertilizers for tropical irrigated rice (1984)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 5 (1984), S. 157-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Rice ; fertilizer efficiency ; urea ; supergranules ; sulfur-coated urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An objective of the International Network on Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Evaluation for Rice (INSFFER) network is to field evaluate deep-point placement (urea supergranules) and slow-release (sulfur coated urea) N fertilizers in irrigated rice. These N sources were compared for performance with split application of prilled urea at 19 sites in Asia in wet season 1981. SCU or USG differed significantly in response curves from prilled urea at 12 of the 17 sites where N response was observed. Over these 17 sites, 22–25% less N as SCU or 29–31% less N as USG provided the same yield increment as the comparatively higher level of N as prilled urea. High profit N rates were derived for 5 sites. The optimal N levels for SCU or USG were less than for prilled urea. However, in one case for both test materials prilled urea was more profitable than SCU or USG. The marginal rates of return of using SCU or USG as opposed to OPU were calculated for the 11 sites where the response functions of the test materials differed significantly from prilled urea. In other than 2 sites for SCU the MRR exceeded 2.0 for 29 and 58 kg N ha−1, indicating the general profitability of these materials when compared to prilled urea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01052713
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen transformation processes in relation to improved cultural practices for lowland rice (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 100 (1987), S. 47-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonia volatilization ; Denitrification ; Nitrogen ; Rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Inappropriate method and timing of N fertilizer application was found to result in 50–60% N losses. Recent nitrogen transformation studies indicate that NH3 volatilization in lowland rice soils is an important loss mechanism, causing a 5–47% loss of applied fertilizer under field conditions. Estimated denitrification losses were between 28 and 33%. Ammonia volatilization losses from lowland rice can be controlled by i) placement of fertilizer in the reduced layer and proper timing of application, ii) using phenylphosphorodiamidate (PPD) to delay urease activity in flooded soils, and iii) using algicides to help stabilize changes in floodwater pH. Appropriate fertilizer placement and timing is probably the most effective technique in controlling denitrification at the farm level. The effectivity of nitrification inhibitors as another method is still being evaluated. With 60–80% of N absorbed by the crop derived from the native N pool, substantial yield gains in lowland rice are highly possible with resources already in the land. Extensive studies on soil N and its management, and an understanding of soil N dynamics will greatly facilitate the decrease in immobilization and ammonium fixation in the soil and the increase in N availability to the rice crop. Critical research needs include greater emphasis on N transformation processes in rainfed lowland rice which is grown under more harsh and variable environmental regimes than irrigated lowland rice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370932
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of rhizosphere in rice crop on resin-extractable phosphate in flooded soils at various levels of phosphate applications (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 56 (1980), S. 17-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Brackish water alluvial soil ; Crop-induced phosphate mobilization ; Flooded soils ; Immobilization ; Resin extractable phosphate ; Rhizosphere ; Rice ; Sandy loam soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Poor or lack of response of lowland rice to P fertilization is a well-known fact. Several studies were conducted in this direction however, our understanding regarding the underlying mechanism has been far from clear. A remarkable influence of rice plants on P transformation in submerged soil is identified in this experiment which may shed light on this problem. Accordingly, in presence of rice plants P was mobilized during the initial growing period followed by immobilization. The increased microbial activity in presence of physiologically active roots was responsible for P mobilization, while capacity of rice plants to reoxidize the rhizosphere, by secretion of oxygen from roots, during later growing period was responsible for P immobilization. The extent of P mobilization decreased while that of immobilization increased with increasing P levels in different soils. At a given P level the ratio of P mobilization to immobilization was higher in a soil where crop growth was better and P uptake was higher as compared to another soil where crop growth was poor with lower P uptake. Thus, lowland rice plants appear to possess an unique physiological mechanism, to regulate the contrasting changes in P availability in the rhizosphere depending on P requirement by the plants or P availability in soil, which in turn is responsible for the poor or lack of response to P fertilization. The experiment was conducted in a growth chamber. Two soils with widely varying properties were used.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197948
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zinc deficiency in wetland rice along a toposequence of hydromorphic soils in the Philippines (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 57 (1980), S. 203-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Rice ; Zinc deficiency ; Waterlogging ; Hydrology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Zinc deficiency in rice induced by prolonged water saturation of the soil is widespread in the Philippines. The poor drainage associated with the disorder is mostly due to upwelling of shallow artesian water in footslope areas and to ponding of water from continually flowing artesian wells common in such areas. One toposequence where no Zn deficiency occurred in the highest field and progressively severe Zn deficiency in successive lower fields, was studied in detail. With lower elevation soils showed an increase in organic matter and free carbonate, associated with increased upwelling and ponding of artesian water very high in dissolved Mg and Ca bicarbonate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02211680
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of nitrogen fertilizer on N2 fixation in the paddy field measured byin situ acetylene reduction assay (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 59 (1981), S. 135-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction assay ; Effect of N fertilizer ; N2 fixation ; Rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Unfertilized and NPK-fertilized plots in the long term fertility trial at Los Baños, Philippines were used to observe the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on heterotrophic N2-fixing activities in plow layer soil and in association with wetland rice. The activities were measured in the field byin situ acetylene reduction assays. Acetylene reduction activity of the plow layer soil in the paddy field was measured by soil cores. No appreciable difference was found-between fertilized and unfertilized plots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02183599
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of phosphorus and zinc on the growth and phosphorus, zinc, copper, iron and manganese nutrition of rice (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 59 (1981), S. 415-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Rice ; Zinc-phosphorus interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the effect of phosphorus and zinc application, in three lowland alluvial rice soils (Haplustalf) on the growth of rice and the concentration of phosphorus, zinc, copper, iron and manganese in shoots and roots. The results showed that application of phosphorus and zinc significantly increased the dry matter yield of shoots, grains and roots. Application of phosphorus caused a decrease in the concentration of zinc, copper, iron and manganese both in shoots and roots. Application of zinc also similarly lowered the concentration of phosphorus, copper and iron, but increased that of manganese in shoots and roots. The decrease in the concentration of the elements in the shoots was not due to dilution effect or to the reduced rate of translocation of the elements from the roots to tops. This has been attributed more to the changes in the availability of the elements in soil resulting from the application of phosphorus and zinc.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184546
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of nitrogen and zinc on the yield of submerged rice and uptake of N and Zn on unlimed and limed soils (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 62 (1981), S. 183-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Liming ; Nitrogen ; Rice ; Submerged rice ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of N and Zn on the yield of submerged rice and uptake of N and Zn was studied on limed and unlimed soils in greenhouse. Nitrogen was applied at the rate of 0,80 and 160 ppm through urea, ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate, Zn at 0 and 10 ppm in limed (4% CaCO3) and unlimed soils. Liming (4% CaCO3) decreased dry matter yield of rice at tillering, heading and straw and grain at maturity significantly against unlimed treatments. Ammonium sulphate gave highest yield with all applied doses followed by ammonium nitrate and urea. Zinc at 10 ppm increased dry matter and grain yield significantly over no Zn treatment in rice. The N sources gave N concentration and uptake in rice plants in decreasing order: $$Ammonium sulphate 〉 Ammonium nitrate 〉 Urea.$$ The highest N concentration was recorded with 160 ppm followed by 80 ppm N through any source and lowest in control. The application of Zn increased and liming decreased N concentration and uptake by rice at all sampling stages. Highest N concentration (2.37 to 3.92%) was observed at tillering followed at heading (0.48 to 1.05%). At maturity N in grain ranged from 0.69 to 1.13% whereas in straw from 0.24 to 0.41%. There were positive significant interactions of N(S) x N(L), N(S) and N(L) x Zn and negative interaction with lime on yield, N concentration (%) and N uptake (mg/pot). The application of N sources and levels and Zn increased Zn uptake (μg/pot), and liming decreased it. But 160 ppm N through any source decreased straw Zn concentration over 80 ppm N in absence of added Zn, however, effects on grain were not so strong particularly that of 160 ppm, when 10 ppm Zn was also added even 160 ppm N increased Zn concentration over 80 ppm significantly in both straw and grain. In this case the effect of N sources on Zn concentration was in the order: $$Ammonium sulphate 〉 Urea 〉 Ammonium nitrate.$$
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374083
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of zinc, phosphorus and nitrogen on tryptophan concentration in rice grains grown on limed and unlimed soils (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 62 (1981), S. 305-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Liming ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Rice ; Tryptophan ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of Zn, P, N and CaCO3 on tryptophan concentration in rice grain were studied in greenhouse at Haryana Agricultural University. Zinc application upto 20 ppm increased tryptophan concentration in rice grain. Zn-EDTA gave highest increase followed by ZnSO4 and then ZnO. Liming at the rate of 4 and 8 per cent decreased tryptophan concentration significantly. Phosphorus application upto 100 ppm also decreased tryptophan significantly but Zn in combination with P increased tryptophan and overcame negative effect of P. Nitrogen application upto 120 ppm increased tryptophan concentration. There was positive interaction between Zn and N. Ammonium sulphate gave highest tryptophan followed by ammonium nitrate and then urea. The tryptophan concentration ranged between 766 ppm and 2011 ppm in paddy grain. The lowest tryptophan concentration was in the plants treated with 8 per cent lime in absence of added Zn and highest with 10 ppm Zn through Zn-EDTA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374094
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Utility of some nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in the phyllosphere of crop plants (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 63 (1981), S. 465-476 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aphanothece ; Beijerinckia ; Klebsiella ; Mycobacterium ; N2-fixation ; Phyllosphere ; Rice ; Streptomyces
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The utility of spraying some known N2-fixing microorganisms on rice leaves grown both in N-less sand culture and under field conditions was examined. The effect was compared with that of spraying a phyllosphere N2-fixing isolate of Klebsiella, KUPBR2, and application of nitrogenous fertilizers. All the growth parameters studied including dry weight and N-content were enhanced. Under field conditions number of tillers was increased by 26% withKlebsiella pneumoniae M5al and by 65% with Aphanothece. The dry weight of the plants was enhanced by 61–119%. The yield per 10 m2 was almost doubled with Aphanothece, Beijerinckia 8007,Mycobacterium flavum, K. pneumoniae M5al and KUPBR2. The increases observed withStreptomyces sp. G12 though less spectacular was significant at 1% level with respect to several growth parameters.K. pneumoniae M5al,M. flavum andStreptomyces sp. G12 exhibited nitrogenase activity both in laboratory culture and in association with rice plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370046
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Availability of iron, manganese, zinc and phosphorus in submerged sodic soil as affected by amendments during the growth period of rice crop (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 37-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Farmyard manure ; Gypsum ; Iron ; Manganese ; Phosphorus ; Rice ; Rice husk ; Sodic soil ; Submergence ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Effect of amendments, gypsum (12.5 tonnes/ha), farmyard manure (30 tonnes/ha), rice husk (30 tonnes/ha) and also no amendment (control) on the availability of native Fe, Mn and P and applied Zn in a highly sodic soil during the growth period of rice crop under submerged conditions was studied in a field experiment. Soil samples were collected at 0, 30, 60 and 90 days of crop growth. Results showed that extractable Fe (1N NH4OAC pH 3) and Mn (1N NH4OAC pH 7) increased with submergence upto 60 days of crop growth but thereafter remained either constant or declined slightly. Application of farmyard manure and rice husk resulted in marked improvement of these elements over gypsum and control. Increases in extractable Mn (water soluble plus exchangeable) as a result of submergence and crop growth under different amendments were accompanied by corresponding decreases in easily reducible Mn content of the soil. Application of 40 kg zinc sulphate per hectare to rice crop could substantially raise the available Zn status (DTPA extractable) of the soil in gypsum and farmyard manure treated plots while the increase was only marginal in rice husk and control plots indicating greater fixation of applied Zn. Available P (0.5M NaHCO3 pH 8.5) behaved quite differently and decreased in the following order with crop growth: gypsum〉rice husk〉farmyard manure〉control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02203400
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uptake, translocation and persistence of mycotoxins in rice seedlings (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 121-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Citrinin ; Mycotoxins ; Patulin ; Persistence ; Rice ; seedlings ; Terreic ; acid ; Translocation ; Uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The mycotoxins citrinin, patulin and terreic acid are absorbed by rice seedling roots and translocated to shoots. Ten day analysis of toxin treated plants showed persistence of citrinin, patulin and terreic acid. All three toxins at a concentration of 100 ppm showed phytotoxic activity indicating terreic acid in addition to citrinin and patulin as phytotoxins.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02203410
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    Utility of phyllosphere N2-fixing micro-organisms in the improvement of crop growth (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 68 (1982), S. 55-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Klebsiella ; Nitrogen fixation ; Oryza sativa ; Phyllosphere ; Rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The beneficial effect of spraying some highly active phyllosphere N2-fixing microorganisms on high and low yielding cultivars of rice plants as compared with that of urea applied at different doses are described. The dry weight, N-content, 1000 grain weight, and yield were remarkably increased in all cases with the application of phyllosphere microorganisms. The performance of two isolates KUP4 and KUPBR2 with IR-8 and IR-26 rice, was better than that of 52 kg urea-N per hectare. IR-579 rice leaves in association with some phyllosphere bacteria reduced acetylene at the rate of 664–816 nmoles/g leaf/h. In IR-26 rice the effect of application of bacterial suspension at three phases of plant growth corresponded very well with that of urea application in three split doses under identical conditions. Recommended fertilizer rates produced the same yield as the half dose plus bacterial spray in the cultivars Pankaj and Rupsail. Fertilizer application in Pankaj and Rupsail rice reduced nitrogenase activity and the beneficial effects of phyllosphere N2-fixation was reduced by 40–55%.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374727
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    The effect of deep placement and surface application of nitrogen fertilizers at different light intensities on growth and yield of wetland rice (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 68 (1982), S. 341-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Deep placement ; Light intensity ; Nitrate ; Nitrogen ; Oryza sativa L. ; Rice ; Surface application ; Urea ; Wetland rice ; Yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Lowland rice (RD 3) was cultivated in containers of clay soil submerged with 5 cm water under controlled conditions in the phytotron. Deep placement of urea supergranules 5 cm in the soil significantly enhanced both plant growth and fertilizer efficiency when the plants were cultivated under high light intensity (70 Wm−2). At the highest urea level grain yield increased 119% above the control level, while growth and fertilizer efficiency was not as high when deep placement of calcium nitrate was used. The application of urea prills and calcium nitrate (18.4g Nm−2) in two split doses on the soil surface increased grain yield as much as 91% above the control level. At the lower nitrogen concentration (9.2 g N m−2), the urea prills were more efficient than calcium nitrate as indicated by the grain yield. The height of those plants fertilized by surface application was affected by the concentration and not the type of fertilizer. The number of tillers, however, was significantly higher on urea fertilized plants. When the rice plants were cultivated under low light intensity 930 Wm−2), neither the nitrogen fertilizers nor the method of application had a significant effect on growth and yield.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197939
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  • 20
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    Cu x Mn interaction and the availability of Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn and P in waterlogged rice soils (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 131-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alluvial soil ; Copper ; Interaction ; Iron ; Manganese ; Moisture ; Phosphorus ; Rice ; Waterlogging ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted with three clay loam lowland rice soils (Haplustalf) to study the effect of application of three different levels of Cu(0, 1.25, 2.5 ppm) and Mn (0, 10, 20 ppm) in all possible combinations on the changes in the DTPA extractable Zn, Cu, F, Mn and Brays 2 extractable P in soil. The results showed that application of Cu decreased the content of extractable Zn, Fe, Mn and P in soils, the rate of decrease gradually declining with the progress of incubation period. Application of Mn also depressed the content of extractable Cu, Fe and P but increased that of extractable Zn.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185713
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    Studies on the efficacy of a phytohormone producing phosphate solubilizingBacillus firmus in augmenting paddy yield in acid soils of Nagaland (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 365-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Available phosphorus ; Bacillus firmus ; Grain yield ; Phosphate ; Oryza sativa L. ; Phytohormone producer ; Rice ; Solubilizer of phosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A super strain ofBacillus firmus (NCIM-2636) producing a phytohormone, indole-3-acetic acid, in addition to its high ability to solubilize insoluble inorganic phosphates were applied in acid soils of Nagaland, India. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) variety Jaya and IR-8 were grown in kharif season in two successive years 1980 and 1981. After proper manuring the soils received single super phosphate (S.S.P.) and Mussoorie Rock phosphate (R.P.) separately at different doses. Yield of crop in both the years increased significantly due to bacterial inoculation. Maximum grain yield was recorded in Jaya variety under S.S.P. and R.P. when treatments were at the dose of 43.75 and 17.5 kg P ha−1 respectively while the same in IR-8 variety under S.S.P. and R.P. treatments were at the dose of 35 and 17.5 kg P ha−1 respectively. Maximum straw yield was produced by Jaya variety when 35 and 43.75 kg P ha−1 in the form of S.S.P. and R.P. respectively were applied. Highest straw yield of IR-8 variety was obtained after the application of 17.5 kg P ha−1 (S.S.P. and R.P.) in combination with phosphate solubilizing bacteria. Bacterial inoculation decreased the phosphorus availability in 1 st year but increased the same in 2nd year. Phosphorus content in grains was significantly enhanced in both the trials. Maximum uptake of phosphorus by grains was noted in Jaya variety at the dose of 47.5 kg P ha−1 and in IR-8 variety at the dose of 52.5 kg P ha−1 under S.S.P. treatment, while 8.75 and 35 kg P ha−1 in the form of R.P. yielded similar results in Jaya and IR-8 varieties respectively. Phosphorus at the dose of 35 kg ha−1 was found to cause more P-uptake by straw in both S.S.P. and R.P. treatments. The various data from the experiment conclusively proved that the bacterium in combination with R.P. produced the desired effect more prominently than when bacterium applied in combination with S.S.P.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372457
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    Removal of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by rice-wheat double cropping system as affected by duration of rice variety, methods of planting rice and levels and sources of nitrogen (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 70 (1983), S. 287-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Neem cake coated urea ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Rice ; Rice-wheat ; Sulphur coated urea ; Urea ; Urea briquette
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Removal of NPK in the rice-wheat double cropping system was studied in a field experiment conducted for two crop years (1977–79) at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. The double cropping system producing 8×103 kg/ha/yr grain (4.5×103 kg rice and 3.5×103 kg wheat) removed 166 kg N, 35 kg P and 174 kg K per hectare per year. Thus the rice-wheat double cropping system heavily depletes the soils of their NPK content and calls for balanced fertilization for continued high production. NPK removal was higher when a 135-day duration rice variety was grown than when a 105-day duration variety was grown, because the former resulted in overall (rice + wheat) more grains and straw. Similarly grain and straw yield and NPK removal was more with transplanted rice than when sprouted rice seeds were sown on puddled seedbed; the latter method was in turn superior to direct drilling. Use of urea briquette, neem cake coated urea and sulphur coated urea gave higher yields and resulted in removal of more NPK than prilled urea.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374787
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    Relative effectiveness of various types and methods of zinc application on rice and maize crops grown in calcareous soil (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 73 (1983), S. 315-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Organic manures ; Residual effects ; Rice ; Yield ; Zinc application ; ZnO suspension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Application of zinc sulphate mixed with compost/poultry manure proved to be equivalent to the effect of dipping the seedling roots in 4% ZnO suspension with respect to rice yields but Zn-amended organic manures were superior to other treatments with regards to total Zn uptake. A marked residual effect of soil applied treatments was recorded on the succeeding maize crop. Application of poultry manure alone was about one and a half times more effective than compost alone in increasing the rice and maize grain yields. Poultry manure surpassed compost in increasing zinc uptake by the crops and at the same time it built up more available Zn in soil than compost for the following crop. The magnitude of yields and Zn uptake response were magnified when zinc sulphate was applied along with organic manures. Application of 25 kg zinc sulphate/ha alone had the same effect as 50 quintals poultry manure alone or 12.5 kg zinc sulphate applied with 50 quintals compost/ha with respect to crop yields. A significant positive correlation was, recorded in both the crops between Zn concentration in grain or straw and their respective yields.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184307
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    Nutrient flow rates in rice roots under varying drainage conditions (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 77 (1984), S. 243-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Drainage ; Flow rate ; Rice ; Root demand coefficient ; Water management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The relative importance of massflow and diffusion in supplying nutrients to plant roots under various drainage conditions is tested. Rice (Oryza sativa L. variety ‘Jaya’) plants were grown in field lysimeters. Transpiration, nutrient content and root length were measured along with the soil solution composition at four stages of growth. The mean inflow, apparent massflow and root demand coefficients were calculated for different nutrients. The mean inflow values of N and P were highest in continuous drainage followed by no drainage and flooding followed by 2− and 4-day drainage conditions. Inflow values of K, Ca, Mg and Na, however, were lowest in no drainage. The apparent massflow of K was lower and that of Na, Ca as well as well as Mg was higher than the corresponding inflow values. Mean solution concentration of K at the root surface decreased, but that of Ca, Mg and Na increased slightly. Root demand coefficients of K, Ca, Mg and Na were highest in continuous drainage. Under different water management practices, the values of inflow rate can be used for judging the efficiency of root.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182927
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    Rice response to inoculation with N2-fixing and P-solubilizing microorganisms (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 227-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Inoculation ; Microorganisms ; Nitrogen fixation ; Phosphate solubilization ; Rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Inoculation effect ofA. chroococcum, P. striata andA. awamorii on yield and nutrients uptake in rice was studied under green house conditions. The organisms appreciably increased the yield and uptake of nutrients with or without chemical fertilizers. Phosphorussolubilizing microorganisms and a mixture of the three showed better response than the rest of the treatments among single and mixed culture inoculations respectively. Chemical fertilizers further improved the yield and nutrients uptake. The yield response remained unaffected by replacing superphosphate with rock phosphate and microbial inoculations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182344
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    Effects of vegetation on the emission of methane from submerged paddy soil (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 92 (1986), S. 223-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: CH4 emission ; CH4 oxidation ; Ebullition ; Laboratory and field studies ; Methanogenesis ; Paddy soil ; Rice ; Weeds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Methane emission rates from rice-vegetated paddy fields followed a seasonal pattern different to that of weed-covered or unvegetated fields. Presence of rice plants stimulated the emission of CH4 both in the laboratory and in the field. In unvegetated paddy fields CH4 was emitted almost exclusively by ebullition. By contrast, in rice-vegetated fields more than 90% of the CH4 emission was due to plant-mediated transport. Rice plants stimulated methanogenesis in the submerged soil, but also enhanced the CH4 oxidation rates within the rhizosphere so that only 23% of the produced CH4 was emitted. Gas bubbles in vegetated paddy soils contained lower CH4 mixing ratios than in unvegetated fiels. Weed plants were also efficient in mediating gas exchnage between submerged soil and atmosphere, but did not stimulate methanogenesis. Weed plants caused a relatively high redox potential in the submerged soil so that 95% of the produced CH4 was oxidized and did not reach the atmosphere. The emission of CH4 was stimulated, however, when the cultures were incubated under gas atmospheres containing acetylene or consisting of O2-free nitrogen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372636
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    Uptake and use patterns of nitrogen from urea, oxamide, and isobutylidene diurea by rice plants (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 94 (1986), S. 109-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Denitrification ; Isobutylidene diurea ; N balance ; Nitrification ; 15N Oxamide ; Rice ; Slow-release N ; Urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two15N-labelled slow-release nitrogen (N) sources, oxamide and isobutylidene diurea (IBDU), each at two particle sizes, and15N-labelled urea were compared at two rates as sources of N for rice (Oryza sativa) under two watering regimes which simulated a transplant (continuous flood, CF) and a direct-seeded (A/F) system of paddy rice culture. Highest grain yields were obtained from −8+10-mesh oxamide particles applied at the rate of 2,000 mg of N/5 kg of soil, CF series; this yield was slightly higher than that obtained from −3+4-mesh oxamide, A/F series. Incubating the N fertilizers in moist (22% water) soil for 21 days immediately before flooding and transplanting rice greatly reduced N supply because of nitrification during the preflood period, followed by denitrification after flooding. This resulted in less plant uptake of N and less grain yield from urea, fine oxamide and IBDU, A/F series. For coarse oxamide, N release during the preflood period resulted in higher N uptake and grain yield in the A/F rather than in the corresponding CF series. The pattern of fertilizer N uptake by rice plants was affected by kind of fertilizer, particle size of oxamide and IBDU, and watering regime. Uptake of fertilizer N generally paralleled uptake of soil N throughout the growth period. Plant tops continued to accumulate some N during the period of grain filling, but much of the N in plant tops was translocated to the grain after heading. There was a large decrease in dry weight, N content, and15N content of tops after heading. Root weight and N content increased rapidly at first, and then at a diminishing rate until maturity. Unexplained N deficits occurred in the CF series (14–23% of the N applied, depending on N rate and source), and in the A/F series for IBDU (37–43% of the N applied).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380593
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    Absorption of gamma-emitting fission products and activation products by rice under flooded and unflooded conditions from two tropical soils (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 55 (1980), S. 189-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Activation products ; Antimony ; Black soils ; Cerium ; Cesium ; Cobalt ; Concentration ratio ; Fission products ; Flooding ; Iron ; Laterites ; Manganese ; Rice ; Ruthenium ; Uptake ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The absorption of gamma-emitting fission products106Ru,125Sb,137Cs and144Ce and activation products59Fe,58Co.54Mn and65Zn by rice plants grown on two contrasting tropical soils, namely, a blak soil (pellustert) and a laterite (oxisol), and the effects of flooding were studied under controlled conditions. Results indicated greater uptake of106Ru and125Sb from the black soil than from the laterite. In contrast, the uptake of144Ce and137Cs was greater in the laterite than in the black soil. Flooding treatment enhanced the uptake of all these fission products by rice plants in the laterite soil whereas this effect was observed only for125Sb and137Cs in the black soil. The plant uptake of activation products from the two soil types showed maximum accumulation of65Zn followed by54Mn,59Fe and58Co in both soil types. Besides, uptake of these nuclides was greater from the laterite soil than from the black soil. Flooding treatment for rice while showing a reduction of59Fe uptake, showed an increase in plant uptake of58Co,54Mn and65Zn in both soil types.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181798
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    Concentration of iron and manganese in rice plants as influenced by hexachlorocyclohexane applied to soil (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 65 (1982), S. 437-441 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Hexachlorocyclohexane ; Lowland rice ; Plant iron and manganese ; Rice ; Side effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Application of a granular formulation of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) to the potted soil at flooding decreased the concentration of iron and. to some extent, manganese in rice plants, especially at concentrations above 3 ppm active ingredient (a.i.) Likewise, HCH, applied to rice fields at transplanting (several days after submergence) caused a significant decrease in the concentration of iron, and not manganese, in the rice plant but only at concentrations above 12.5 kg a.i./ha despite high levels of reduced iron in the soil. Inhibition of iron reduction by HCH was more pronounced when applied at flooding than at several days after flooding.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375067
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    Nitrogen distribution in several traditional agro-ecosystems in the humid tropical lowlands of south-eastern Mexico (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 105-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Beans ; Corn ; Crop residues ; Manioc ; Mexico ; N distribution ; Rice ; Taro ; Traditional agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Se examinó la distribución de nitrógeno en cinco agroecosistemas locales típicos de la tierra baja del sureste tropical de México: monocultivo de maiz, policultivo maiz/frijol, yuca, malanga y arroz de temporal. Se determinó mensualmente la biomasa y el contenido de nitrógeno para la biomasa viva, muerta, y hojarasca de los componentes cultivo y no-cultivo en cada sistema. Se dividió el componente cultivo entre raíces, corona, tallo, hojas, frutos y flores para análisis de nitrógeno. Mensualmente se determinó el nivel de nitrógeno en el suelo también. Los resultados demostraron que el mantenimiento de nitrógeno en cada sistema es altamente dependiente de la proporción de la biomasa neta producida que se regresa al sistema. Componentes leguminosa y maleza podrían reducir pérdidas netas de nitrógeno en estos agroecosistemas.
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen distribution was examined in five local agro-ecosystems typical of the lowlands of tropical south-eastern Mexico: monoculture corn, corn/bean polyculture, manioc (yuca, cassava), taro (malanga), and upland rice. Total biomass and nitrogen content were determined monthly for standing live, standing dead, and litter biomass of both crop and non-crop components of each system. The crop component was further divided into roots, crown, stem, leaves, fruits, and flowers. Soil nitrogen determinations were also made monthly. Results demonstrated that nitrogen maintenance in the system is highly dependent on the proportion of the net biomass produced which is returned to the system. Leguminous and weed components may reduce net nitrogen losses from these systems.
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    Nitrogen cycling in a flooded-soil ecosystem planted to rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 209-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonification ; Crop residues ; Denitrification ; Flooded soil ; 15-N ; N-fertilizers ; N2-fixation ; Nitrification ; Rice ; Volatilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Se revisaron varios aspectos del ciclo de nitrógeno estudiados con15N en un ecosistema de arroz de innundación en suelos franco limosos Crowley en Louisiana, USA, conel fin de construir un balance de masas para el nitrógeno. Las tranformaciones que se incluyeron en el modelo fueron: 1) amonificación neta (0,22 mg NH4−N kg−1 suelo seco dia−1), 2) nitrificación neta (2,07 mg NO3−N kg−1 suelo seco dia−1), 3) desnitrificación (0,37 mg N kg−1 suelo seco dia−1) y 4) fijación biológica de nitrógeno (0,16 mg N kg−1 suelo seco dia−1). Las entradas de nitrógeno al sistema serían aquellas por aplicación de fertilizantes, incorporación de residuos de cosecha, fijación biológica de nitrógeno, deposición. Las salidas serían por cosecha, perdidas gaseosas por volatilización de NH3 y la ocurrencia simultanea de nitrificación y desnitrificación, lixiviación y escorrentía. El balance de masas indicó que el 33% del nitrógeno inorgánico disponible fué recuperado por el arroz y el resto se perdió del sistema. Las pérdidas por volatilización de NH3 fueron minimas porque el fertilizante fué incorporado al suelo. Una proporción significativa del nitrógeno inorgánico se perdió por difusión de NH4 de la capa anaeróbica a la aeróbica en respuesta al gradiente de concentraciones; luego ocurre nitrificación en la capa aeróbica, difusión y finalmente desnitrificación y pérdida en forma gaseosa. Las perdidas por lixiviación y escorrentía fueron minimas.
    Notes: Abstract 15N studies of various aspects of the nitrogen cycle in a flooded rice ecosystem on Crowley silt loam soil in Louisiana were reviewed to construct a mass balance model of the nitrogen cycle for this system. Nitrogen transformations modeled included 1) net ammonification (0.22 mg NH4 +−N kg dry soil−1 day−1), 2) net nitrification (2.07 mg NO3 −−N kg−1 dry soil−1 day−1), 3) denitrification (0.37 mg N kg dry soil−1 day−1), and 4) biological N2 fixation (0.16 mg N kg dry soil−1 day−1). Nitrogen inputs included 1) application of fertilizers, 2) incorporation of crop residues, 3) biological N2 fixation, and 4) deposition. Nitrogen outputs included 1) crop removal, 2) gaseous losses from NH3 volatilization and simultaneous occurrence of nitrification-denitrification, and 3) leaching and runoff. Mass balance calculations indicated that 33% of the available inorganic nitrogen was recovered by rice, and the remaining nitrogen was lost from the system. Losses of N due to ammonia volatilization were minimal because fertilizer-N was incorporated into the soil. A significant portion of inorganic-N was lost by ammonium diffusion from the anaerobic layer to the aerobic layer in response to a concentration gradient and subsequent nitrification in the aerobic layer followed by nitrate diffusion into the anaerobic layer and denitrification into gaseous end products. Leaching and surface runoff losses were minimal.
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    Transformation of iron and manganese in rice soils under different moisture regimes and organic matter applications (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 45-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Iron ; Manganese ; Moisture ; Organic matter ; Rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Transformation of iron and manganese under three different moisture regimes,viz continuous waterlogged (W1), continuous saturated (W2) and alternate waterlogged and saturated (W3) and three levels of organic matterviz 0, 0.5 and 1.0% in all possible combinations was studied in four soils. The results showed that under waterlogged moisture regime there was a sharp increase in the content of water soluble plus exchangeable manganese accompanied by significant decrease in the content of reducible manganese in all the soils excepting the acidic soil which was very poor in active manganese content. The increase in respect of iron in similar form was, however, very small. The increase in the content of water soluble plus exchangeable manganese as well as iron under the continuous saturated and alternate waterlogged and saturated moisture regimes was always much lower as compared to that under the continuous waterlogged condition. Application of organic matter brought about an increase in the content of water soluble plus exchangeable manganese in all the soils excepting the lateritic one irrespective of moisture regimes but did not cause any change in the content of iron and manganese in insoluble complex. The content of water soluble plus exchangeable iron and of insoluble ferrous iron although recorded some increase due to organic matter application, the increase was not so marked in any of the soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185702
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    The kinetics of ammonium and nitrate uptake by young rice plants (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 225-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium ; Nitrate ; Nutrient interactions ; Oryza sativa ; Rice ; Solution culture ; Uptake kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An important process which affects the fate of fertilizer nitrogen (N) applied to a rice crop is crop N uptake. This uptake rate is controlled by many factors including the N-ion species and its concentration. In this study the relation between N concentration at the root surface and N uptake was characterized using Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The equation considers two parameters, Vmax and Km, which are measures of the maximum rate of uptake and the affinity of the uptake sites for the nutrient, respectively. Uptake rates of intact rice plants growing in a continuously flowing nutrient solution system were fitted to the Michaelis-Menten model using a weighted regression analysis. For NH4−N the Km values for 4- and 9-week-old rice plants indicated a high affinity for the ammonium ions relative to concentrations reported for rice soils after fertilization. The Vmax values expressed on a unit-root-mass basis decreased with plant age, indicating a reduction in the average density of uptake sites on the root surface. The kinetics of NO3−N uptake was similar to that of NH4−N when NO3−N was the only N source. However, if NH4−N and NO3−N were present simultaneously in the solution the Vmax for the uptake of NO3−N was severely reduced, while the Km was affected very little. This inhibition appears to be noncompetitive. Fertilization of young rice plants leading to concentration of N at the root surface above approximately 900 μM will not increase crop uptake and may contribute to inefficient N recovery by the crop. The existence of NH4−N and NO3−N simultaneously at the root surface may also lead to inefficient N recovery because of reduced uptake of NO3−N.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374517
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    Ionic interactions in rice plants from dilute solutions (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 70 (1983), S. 309-316 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; Ionic interaction ; Magnesium ; Nutrient solution ; Oryza sativa L. ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ionic interactions may occur as cation-cation interactions, anion-anion interactions, or cation-anion interactions. Greater knowledge of this subject is warranted, due to the intensification of agriculture, in devising efficient fertilization systems. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the interaction among P, K, Ca and Mg absorption by the intact rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants from dilute solutions. The uptake of P was independent of Ca concentrations up-to 250 μM Ca but-there was a small decrease at the higher concentrations. Absorption of K and Mg was stimulated in the presence of Ca ions at low concentrations. But K and Mg absorption was decreased at higher Ca concentrations. Increasing concentrations of K in the nutrient solution depressed P and Ca uptake. Magnesium uptake was stimulated at lower concentrations of K, but at higher concentrations it was also decreased. Similarly, absorption of K and Ca was also decreased with increasing concentrations of Mg. Magnesium at lower concentrations stimulated P uptake but at higher concentraions it was decreased. In the present study maximum growth of rice plants was achieved at about 250μM Ca, 260 μM K, and 33μM Mg in the nutrient solution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374887
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    Availability and utilization of fertilizer nitrogen by rice under alternate flooding (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 75 (1983), S. 221-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alternate flooding ; Ammonium sulfate ; Available N ; Rice ; SCU ; Urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A greenhouse pot experiment with three N sources—15N-depleted ammonium sulfate, urea and sulfur-coated urea (SCU), three N levels—0, 50 and 200 ppm, and three irrigation treatments was conducted with rice in an Alamo clay soil. The irrigation treatments consisted of continuous flooding, alternating flooded-saturated and alternating flooded-drained conditions. The kinetics of NH 4 + and NH 4 + +NO 3 − (available N) in soil was investigated under rice culture. Alternating flooded-drained conditions maintained a significantly lower level of available N in the soil than the other irrigation treatments. Among the N sources evaluated, urea and A/S had similar effects but SCU maintained significantly lower levels of available N in the soil during the growth of rice. Appreciable quantities of NO 3 − accumulated during the draining periods of alternating flooded-drained treatments were apparently lost from the soil system upon reflooding.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375567
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    Effect of heating on properties of some soils from Southern Nigeria and growth of rice (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 55 (1980), S. 85-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Dry matter yield ; Heating ; Nutrient availability ; Rice ; Soil properties ; Uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of heating on the properties of Apomu (Psammentic Usthorthent), Egbeda (Oxic Paleustalf) and Gambari (Typic Plinthustalf) surface soils were studied under laboratory conditions. Heating at low temperatures (≤100°C) have no detrimental effects on soil properties, on the contrary it increased the soil extractable P, Mg, Fe, Mn and Zn levels. Pronounced reductions in total N, Org. C, Org. P and extractable Ca and Mg levels and marked increases in extractable P, Zn, Mn and Fe were observed by heating to 200°C. Heating to ≥500° had an adverse effect on soil chemical and physical properties. Plant height and dry matter yeild of rice plants were higher when grown on Egbeda soil previously heated to 100°C. With addition of N, P and K there was no observed beneficial effect of the heating treatment. Rice plants grown on Egbeda soil previously heated to 200°C showed high uptake of Mn. Plants grew badly in soil previously heated to 500°C.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02149712
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    Correlations between indexes of soil nitrogen availability and nitrogen percent in plant, nitrogen uptake, and dry-matter yield of rice grown in the greenhouse (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 74 (1983), S. 223-228 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acid dichromate ; Acid permanganate ; Anaerobic incubation ; Correlations ; H2O2 oxidation ; Nitrogen uptake ; Organic C ; Soil nitrogen ; Sulfuric acid hydrolysis ; Rice ; Total N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Relationships between available nitrogen determined by two anaerobic incubation methods (30°C for 2 weeks: 40°C for 1 week) and seven chemical indexes (Organic C, total N, ammonium released by acid dichromate, acid permanganate, alkaline permanganate, hydrogen peroxide and dilute sulfuric acid) and nitrogen percent in rice plant, nitrogen uptake and dry-matter yield of IR 26 rice grown under submerged conditions in pots were investigated using 39 Philippine wetland rice soils differing markedly in their capacities to supply nitrogen. It was found that all the availability indexes were best correlated with nitrogen uptake of rice followed by N% in rice plants at 55 days after seeding. Dry-matter yield of rice was also significantly correlated with the available nitrogen status but the correlation coefficients were the lowest. It is concluded that for unfertilized soils, nitrogen uptake provides a better criterion for evaluating the performance of nitrogen availability indexes for wetland rice.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02143612
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    Nitrogen budgets in flooded soils used for rice production (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 100 (1987), S. 71-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium fixation ; Ammonia volatilization ; Dentrification ; Immobilization ; Run off losses ; N use efficiency ; Rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The flooded soil-rice plant ecosystem is extremely complex and final N budgets are the products of many N transformations modified by physical, chemical and biological agents, to a large extent controlled by O2 fluxes, but interacting with each other over time. Topics reviewed include mineralization-immobilization, nitrification-denitrification, NH 4 + fixation, NH3 volatilization, leaching and run-off lossess. Nitrogen budgets constructed for water sown rice using temperate climate data clearly show that the major mechanisms by which fertilizer N is removed is crop absorption, nitrification-dentrification and NH3 volatilization. Proper fertilizer management can reduce losses and desirably increase fertilizer use efficiency. Nitrogen budgets have proven useful in describing gains and losses from the various N transformation processes, all of which are environment and management dependent.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370933
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    Effects of deep placement and surface application of urea on the yield of wetland rice in pot trials (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 29-36 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Deep placement ; Oryza sativa ; Rice ; Surface application ; Urea ; Yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of deep placement and surface application of urea fertilizer on the yield of rice grown in pots of alluvial clay soil covered with 5 cm water was studied under controlled conditions. Application of two levels of urea supergranules and prills (2 g and 4 g urea/0.1 m2) on the surface of submerged soil increased the vegetative growth and enhanced the grain yield as much as 85%. However, no difference in yield was found between urea prills applied in three split doses and one application of urea supergranules. Deep placement of two levels of urea supergranules in the soil at four different depths (2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 15.0 cm) resulted in the highest yields. The fertilizer was most efficient when the highest concentration was placed in the soil at a depth of 5.0 cm. This application method increased the grain yield by 20% as compared with the soil surface application.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02203399
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    Release of Fe, Mn and P in a calcareous vertisol and yield of upland rice as influenced by presowing soil water treatments (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 68 (1982), S. 11-18 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Iron ; Manganese ; Oryza sativa ; Phosphate ; Rice ; Vertisol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A field experiment was conducted on a calcareous vertisol at Mahatma Phule Agricultural University, Rahuri to study the release of Fe, Mn and P in soil and yield of two rice cultivars due to different soil water treatments for 15 days prior to sowing. Soil saturation (daily two irrigations) for 15 days prior to sowing increased the supply of Fe, Mn and P in soil at sowing as a result of reduction in pH and Eh. Dry matter yield at different growth stages as well as grain yields of Karjat 184 (dwarf) and Tuljapur 1 (tall) also increased due to presowing soil saturation treatment. Tuljapur 1 yielded more than Karjat 184 when grown under upland conditions. Laboratory incubation studies showed reduction in soil pH (from 8.6 to 7.5) and Eh (from +501 to +362 mv) at the end of 15 days under soil submergence treatment. Availability of Fe, Mn and P was also found to be increased.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374723
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    Soil and plant tests for available sulfur in wetland rice soils (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 68 (1982), S. 97-113 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Available sulfur ; Eh ; Critical sulfur ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen/sulfur ratio ; pH ; Rice ; Soil solution ; Sulfur ; Wetland rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soil tests, plant performance, and plant tissue analyses were used to study the availability of sulfur to wetland rice in 30 Philippine soils. The critical concentrations of available sulfur by the calcium phosphate, lithium chloride, ammonium acetate, and hydrochloric acid extractions were 9, 25, 30, and 5 mg/kg, respectively. The critical total sulfur limits were 0.11% in the shoot at maximum tillering 0.055% in the straw at maturity, and 0.065% in the grain. The critical N:S ratio was 15 in the shoot at maximum tillering, 14 in the straw at maturity, and 26 in the grain. The critical sulfate-sulfur limit was 150 mg/kg in the shoot at maximum tillering and 100 mg/kg in the straw at maturity. The critical sulfate-sulfur/total sulfur percentage ratio was 15% in the shoot at maximum tillering and the straw at maturity. Plant performance, judged by appearance and yield of dry matter, straw, and grain, was generally poorer in the sulfur deficient soils than in the other soils. Although the calcium phosphate and ammonium acetate methods gave a better correlation between plant performance and available sulfur than the others, all four methods separated sulfur-deficient soils from non-deficient ones. The hydrochloric acid method merits further study because it is simple and versatile.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374730
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    Effect of soil temperature on nitrogen fixation on roots of rice and reed (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 68 (1982), S. 217-222 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; Oryza sativa ; Phragmites communis ; Reed ; Rhizosphere ; Rice ; Roots ; Soil temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The relation of nitrogenase activity (ethylene evolution) to soil temperature or incubation temperature of roots was determined on two genera of swamp plants, namely rice (Oryza sativa) cultivated in tropical climate and reed (Phragmites communis) grown in temperate regions. For both intact rice plants and excised rice roots the optimum temperature was 35°C. On excised roots nitrogenase activity responded more sensitivity to changes in temperature. In contrast to intact rice plants no ethylene evolution occurred on excised roots at 17 and 44°C. On reed roots temperature optimum was between 26 and 30°C which is clearly lower than on rice (35°C). The temperature range in which nitrogen fixation occurred was, however, similar to that of rice, although on a lower level. The results suggest a higher potential of the tropics for associative N2 fixation, while in cooler climates the lower temperatures appear to be a major limiting factor.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373707
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    Interaction of phosphorus and molybdenum and the availability of zinc, copper, manganese, molybdenum and phosphorus in waterlogged rice soil (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 68 (1982), S. 271-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Manganese ; Molybdenum ; Phosphorus ; Rice ; Waterlogging ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted with low-land rice soil to study the effect of applying three different levels of molybdenum (0, 2.5 and 5.0 ppm) and phosphorus (0, 100 and 200 ppm), in all possible combinations, on the changes in available Mo, P, Mn, Zn and Cu in soil. The results showed that application of Mo at both the levels increased the content of extractable Mo and P but decreased those of Cu and Mo in soil whereas application of Mo at higher level only increased the content of extractable Zn in soil. Application of P at both the levels decreased the content of extractable Mo, Mn and Cu but increased that of P whereas it showed an inconsistent effect on the extractable Zn content in soil. The P × Mo interaction effect was found to be beneficial for the content of P, Mo and Zn only. During the initial period of incubation all elements except Cu recorded an increase but with the progress of incubation period the content of all the elements except Mn gradually declined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373713
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    Nature of oxidizing power of rice roots (1983)
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    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 57-71 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Air passage system ; Enzymatic oxidation ; Oxidizing power ; Oxygen release ; Rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The oxidizing power of rice roots comprises two components,i. e., oxygen release and enzymatic oxidation as measured by α-naphthylamine oxidation. Microscopic examination of roots shows a columnar arrangement of cells having structural intercellular spaces that may serve as air passage pipes in the tip region of the root. Both oxygen release and α-naphthylamine oxidation were studied as function of atmospheric oxygen concentration, light, temperature of root environment, respiratory inhibitors, and nutritional status of the plant. The results led to the concept that α-naphthylamine oxidation is a part of the respiration, and that the oxygen which is not consumed by respiration is diffused into the surrounding environment. Both processes are governed by molecular oxygen supply from shoots. At 25°C, the oxygen release of 3-week-old seedlings of IR36 was about 9 times greater than the amount of oxygen needed to account for α-naphthylamine oxidation rate.
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    Assessment of some extractants for available zinc in relation to response of rice to applied zinc in Sub-Himalayan hill and forest soils (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 417-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Extractants for available Zn ; Hill and forest soils ; Rice ; Threshold value ; Zinc response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The available Zn in 25 soils of Sub-Himalayan hill and forest region was determined by using some chemical extractants to evaluate its critical limit in soils and rice plant. The critical limit of soil available Zn using DTPA-CaCl2, DTPA-NH4HCO3, EDTA-NH4OAc and EDTA-(NH4)2CO3 was 0.76, 0.86, 0.85 and 1.18 ppm, respectively. The amount of Zn extracted by these extractants was positively and significantly correlated with per cent dry matter yield. In addition to per cent dry matter yield, the Zn extracted by DTPA-CaCl2, DTPA-NH4 HCO3 and EDTA-(NH4)2CO3 was also positively correlated with Zn concentration in 3rd leaf of rice, Zn concentration in rice shoots, Zn uptake by rice shoots and organic carbon content of the soil, and negatively correlated with soil pH.The 2N MgCl2 and 0.1N HCl extractants were found to be not suitable for these soils. Among the four promising extractants, EDTA-(NH4)2CO3 was most efficient as the value of critical limit determined by it expressed 82.4% predictability in the degree of accuracy against 36.8% with EDTA-NH4OAc. Hence EDTA-NH4OAc is the least efficient extractant for estimation of available Zn in such soils. The critical Zn concentration in 3rd leaf of rice was worked out to be 21.5 ppm below which economic responses to Zn application can be expected.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184332
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    Effect of phenylphosphorodiamidate on urea hydrolysis, ammonia volatilization and rice growth in an alkali soil (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 94 (1986), S. 313-320 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alkali soil ; Ammonia volatilization ; Nitrification ; Phenylphosphorodiamidate ; Rice ; Urea ; Urease inhibitor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In order to improve nitrogen recovery by rice, the effect of a urease inhibitor phenylphosphorodiamidate (PPD) on the efficiency of fertilizer urea was studied in laboratory and greenhouse. Addition of PPD to urea (5% w/w) delayed urea hydrolysis by 3 to 4 days and reduced ammonia volatilization from 45% (without PPD) to 8.5% (with PPD). Ammonia volatilization obeyed first order kinetics. Urea hydrolysis was sufficiently strongly inhibited to match the nitrification potential of the soil. N application to rice by three different modes showed that a delayed mode (4 splits) was superior to two conventional modes (3 splits) in nitrogen recovery and fertilizer efficiency since it met nitrogen requirement of plants at reproductive stage. In 2 out of 3 modes of application, there was a 14% increase (relative) in grain yields and dry matter, and 6.8% increase in N uptake efficiency on application of PPD along with urea. The results indicate that urease inhibitors like PPD can be effectively used to block urea hydrolysis, reduce ammonia volatilization losses and improve N use efficiency by rice.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374325
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    Determination of threshold value of iron in soils and plants for the response of rice and lentil to iron application in calcareous soil (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 82 (1984), S. 141-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcareous soil ; DTPA-extractable iron ; Iron ; Lentil ; Rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In a pot experiment with 26 calcareous soils, the critical limit of Fe in soils and plants was evaluated. DTPA-extractable Fe was found significanty correlated with Bray's per cent yield in rice. The Fe2+ (iron) in rice and lentil was also found significantly correlated with DTPA-extractable Fe as well as Bray's per cent yield showing thereby the superiority of Fe2+ (iron) in leaves over DTPA-extractable soil Fe to differentiate Fe responsive soils from non-responsive ones. The total Fe content in plant tissues does not seem correlated with the occurrence of Fe deficiency. The threshold values of DTPA-extractable soil Fe and Fe2+ (iron) in rice and lentil leaves were 6.95, 44 and 74.5 ppm, respectively below which appreciable responses to Fe application were observed. The optimum Fe level for these soils was found to be 10 ppm in which the dry matter yield response in all the 19 rice soils and 16 lentil soils ranged from 14.28 to 56.16 (Av. 25.75%) and 13.31 to 53.97 (Av. 22.47%), respectively.
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    Effect of soil salinity level and zinc application on growth, yield, and nutrient composition of rice (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 82 (1984), S. 3-14 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Concentration ; Growth ; Rice ; Salt-sensitive ; Salt tolerant ; Yield ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary To study the effect of salinity and Zn levels on growth, yield, and nutrient composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.), an experiment was conducted at IRRI with three levels of salinity (ECe 2.5, 5.6, and 8.7) and three levels of Zn (0, 10, and 20 mg Zn/kg soil), and two rices (salt-tolerant experimental line IR10198-66-2 and salt-sensitive variety IR28). Salinity decreased plant height; yield-contributing characters; and shoot, straw, and grain yields in IR28. In contrast, salinity up to ECe 5.6 did not affect these plant parameters in experimental line IR10198-66-2 but at ECe 8.7, it decreased the panicle weight and shoot, straw, and grain yields. The application of Zn at rates as high as 10 mg/kg soil increased the height and improved the yield-contributing characters and the shoot, straw, and grain yields in IR28; it has no effect in IR10198-66-2. In general, the shoot, straw, and grain yields were higher in IR10198-66-2 than in IR28. Salinity increased the concentrations of N, Na, Mg, and Cu and decreased the concentration of K in shoot and straw of IR28. However, in IR10198-66-2, salinity did not affect the concentrations of K, Na, and Mn, but at its highest level (ECe 8.7) increased those of N and Cu. In grains, salinity increased the concentrations of Na, Fe, and Zn; decreased those of P and Mn; and did not affect those of N, K, Ca, Mg, and Cu in both varieties. The application of Zn at rates up to 10 mg Zn/kg soil reduced the concentration of Na and increased that of K in IR28 but had no effect on the concentration of Na and K in IR10198-66-2. In both varieties, Zn application reduced the concentrations of P, Ca, Mg, and Fe and increased those of Zn and Mn. IR10198-66-2 had lower concentrations of Na, Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn, and Cu and higher concentrations of K and Mg than IR28.
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    A15N tracer study to compare nitrogen supply by Azolla and ammonium sulphate to IR8 rice plants grown under flooded conditions (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 83 (1985), S. 371-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium sulphate ; Azolla ; Flooded soils ; 15N tracer ; Nitrogen uptake ; Rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A pot experiment was carried out using a Bangladesh sandy loam paddy soil of pH 6.9 to compare the rates at which nitrogen from Azolla and ammonium sulphate was available to a high yielding rice variety, IR8, grown for 60 days in pots with 4 cm standing flood water.15N tracer studies confirm that nitrogen from ammonium sulphate was more available to the rice plants than from Azolla. An application of 6, 9 and 18 mg N of Azolla pot−1 (each pot contained 250 g soil) increased shoot dry matter yields by 13, 29 and 49% for an uptake of 19, 36 and 85% more nitrogen; the corresponding increases on using ammonium sulphate were 33, 54 and 114% for an increased uptake of 57, 90 and 177% more nitrogen, respectively. About 34% of applied15N of Azolla was taken up by the rice plants in 60 days but 61% of15N of the ammonium sulphate was absorbed during this period. About 45% of the Azolla-N was released in 60 days, 55% remained in the soils as undecomposed material and 11% was lost as gas. The gaseous loss of15N from ammonium sulphate was 14%; 25% remained in the soils.
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    Zinc sources for rice in soil at different moisture regimes and organic matter levels (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 87 (1985), S. 393-404 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Moisture regime ; Organic matter ; Rice ; Soil ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Laboratory incubation experiment was conducted with a clay loam alluvial lowland rice soil to study the relative effectiveness of two sources of Zn (ZnEDTA and ZnSO4) in maintaining Zn availability in soil under two moisture regimes (saturated and waterlogged) both in presence as well as absence of added organic matter. The results showed that ZnEDTA was always more effective than ZnSO4 in maintaining higher amount of zinc in available form in soil for a longer perid. Results of greenhouse experiment conducted with rice showed that concentration and uptake of Zn by roots were generally higher with ZnEDTA than with ZnSO4 both in presence and absence of added organic matter, whereas in respect of shoot this was true only in absence of added organic matter.
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    Screening technique for differentiating the degree of spikelet filling in rice (1985)
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    Plant and soil 88 (1985), S. 289-293 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Grain grade index ; Interspace ; Kernels ; Maturity ; Quality ; Rice ; Specific gravity ; Spikelets ; Yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Fully filled spikelets were determined by specific gravity method in some rice varieties. As specific gravity increased, the filled spikelets decreased while the test weight (1000-grain weight) increased. The potential test weight was found to be more than the weight known for the variety. Different grades of grain were characterised as (i) average (ii) good and (iii) Very good based on the degree of spikelet filling. The fully fitted spikelets were found to be lower in all the varieties tested and the partially filled but useful for yield calculations were higher. The grain grade index denotes the proportion of fully filled spikelets recovered at 1.18 specific gravity to the total number of spikelets formed. It was suggested that this inded is useful as a screening tool in varietal improvement programme for identifying high yield potential plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182457
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    Enrichment of diazotrophic bacteria from rice soil in continuous culture (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 90 (1986), S. 151-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azospirillum ; Chemostat ; Competition ; Enrichment ; Rhizosphere ; Rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A chemostat was used as a model system to study competitive interactions of diazotrophic microorganisms. Enrichment experiments were carried out under microaerobic conditions (8.7 μmol O2/l) with malate as the sole carbon source. The starting material was a Korean rice soil including intact root pieces. The enrichment process was governed by the dilution rate. High dilution rates resulted in the enrichment ofAzospirillum lipoferum, whereas low dilution rates led to the predominance of an unidentified organism, named Isolate R. Dilution rates were set in the range from D=0.005 to D=0.1 h−1. The growth kinetics of both organisms followed Monod's model in the enrichment culture. From the experiments, the maximum specific growth rate ofA. lipoferum and Isolate R were 0.069 h−1 and 0.025 h−1, respectively. The corresponding Ks-values were 8.4 and 0.9 (mg. 1−1). The point of theoretical coexistence of both organisms was calculated to occur at a substrate concentration of s=3.0 (mg.l−1) with a growth of rate μ=0.018 h−1. Hence the preset nutritional niches occupied by at least two organisms.Azospirillum lipoferum seems to represent the copiotroph microflora and Isolate R is of the oligotroph type. In addition to its high substrate affinity Isolate R liberatedca. 75% of the fixed nitrogen into the medium, which indicates its potential role for mutualistic interactions in the rhizosphere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277394
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    Build up and depletion of soil phosphorus and potassium and their uptake by rice and wheat in a long-term field experiment (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 91 (1986), S. 161-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Available K ; Available P ; Build up ; Depletion ; Rice ; Sodic soil ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In a field experiment initiated at the Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal in 1974 involving rice wheat cropping sequence and NPK fertilizer use on sodic soil (pH 9.2, ESP 32.0), an attempt was made to evaluate the available P and K status of the soil and their uptake by the crops during 1982–83 and 83–84. Application of P to either or both the crops significantly enhanced the yields of rice and improved available P status of the soil. Wheat yields remained unaffected. Fertilizer N reduced P content in rice but increased P uptake in crops and considerably brought down available P to a level (4.5 ppm) where rice plants showed reduced tillering and phosphorus deficiency. Application of K did not affect the yield of either crop but enhanced its available status in soil and uptake by the crops. Contribution of the non-exchangeable K towards total potassium removal was about 93% in the absence of applied K which decreased to 87% with the use of K. Application of K to both crops resulted in lesser uptake from non-exchangeable form as compared to its application to either crop. Laboratory studies carried out on soils of the experimental plots showed that cumulative K release measured after five successive extractions was higher in K-treated soils as compared to untreated ones. The major difference was only in the first extraction representing the exchangeable K after which release became independent of the available K of the soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181784
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    Kinetics of zinc uptake by two rice cultivars (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 94 (1986), S. 99-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cultivar efficiency ; Kinetics ; Rice ; Uptake ; Zinc nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Rice (Oryzae sativa L.) cultivars differ widely in their susceptibility to zinc (Zn) dificiency. Excised root apices of cv IR26 actively absorbed Zn at a rate twice that of cv M101 roots. This difference in Zn uptake rates could not be attributed to greater root surface area in cv IR26 as compared to cv M101. The maximum rates of Zn uptake (Vmax) and the Km values also differed markedly between these two cultivars. Roots of cv M101 have a two-fold greater affinity for Zn than do those of cv IR26. Leaf blade tissues of IR26 and M101 rice absorbed Zn at similar rates. Rice cv IR26 readily develops Zn deficiency symptoms in hydroponic culture but cv M101 rarely does so.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380592
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  • 55
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    Modification and field testing of a portable gas chromatograph forin situ acetylene reduction activity assay of tropical soils (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 95 (1986), S. 435-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azolla ; Biological N2-fixation ; Cyanophyceae ; Portable GC ; Rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Small modifications of the Mallard/Holfeld/LaRue GC allow indirect measurement of biological N2-fixation in tropical soils even in remote locations. Examples of ARA from Philippine rice fields are given.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374624
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  • 56
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    Physiology of genotypic differences in zinc and copper uptake in rice and tomato (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 99 (1987), S. 115-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Genotypes ; Rice ; Tomato ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Excised roots of rice (Oryzae sativa L.) cv IR26 absorbed both Zn2+ and Cu2+ from 0.01 mM to 0.50 mM external solutions at rates twice those of cv M101 over a 30-min period. However, the latter have a two-fold greater affinity (1/Km) for Zn2+ and Cu2+ than do those of the former. Zinc2+ and Cu2+ mutually and competitively inhibited uptake of each other, indicating that both micronutrient cations are absorbed through the same uptake mechanism or carrier sites. Further, these differences in uptake rates are restricted to roots but they cannot be explained by variations in root surface areas. Excised roots of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) cv Kewalo absorbed Zn2+ and Cu2+ much more rapidly than did cv Sel 7625-2. Uptake of each cation was competitively and reciprocally inhibited by the other, so Zn2+ and Cu2+ are seemingly accumulated through the same uptake system in tomato also. Tomato cultivars Kewalo and Sel 7625-2 did not differ with regard to affinities of the root apices for Zn2+ and Cu2+; however. Vmax values for Zn2+ and Cu2+ uptake by roots of cv Kewalo were three-fold greater than those for cv Sel 7625-2.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370159
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    Effect of rates of nitrogen and relative efficiency of sulphur-coated urea and nitrapyrin-treated urea in dry matter production and nitrogen uptake by rice (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 55 (1980), S. 389-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Apparent N ; recovery ; Denitrification ; IBDU N ; concentration ; Neem cake ; Nitrification inhibitors ; Nitrapyrin (N-Serve) ; N loss ; N uptake ; Rice ; Sandy clay loam ; Slow-release ; N fertilizers ; Sulphur-coated urea ; Urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A field experiment conducted for two rainy seasons (1974 and 1975) on a sandy clay loam soil at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi showed that at 100kg N/ha the apparent recovery of urea nitrogen by the rice crop was only 28%, which was raised to 41.7% by treating urea with Nitrapyrin and to 47.4% by coating urea withneem (Azadirachta indica Juss) cake. The recovery with sulphur-coated urea was 37.7%. Dry matter production nitrogen concentration in plant and uptake by rice were increased as the rate of nitrogen was increased from 0 to 150kg N/ha. Advantage of treating urea with Nitrapyrin or coating withneem cake was seen more in grain than straw yield.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182699
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    The response of rice seedlings to O2 released from CaO2 in flooded soils (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 74 (1983), S. 31-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: CaO2 ; Dissolution rate ; Emergence ; Flooded soil ; O2 pH ; Soil factors ; Rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The efficacy of CaO2 as an oxygen-supplying seed coating on the emergence of rice seedlings from flooded soils was studied. Seedling response became increasingly dependent on coating rates of 0–40% (by weight of seed loading with 60% CaO2 material) as the depth of planting increased from 0–2.5 cm. No emergence occurred from 5 cm. The emergence response to 40% CaO2 at 1.5 cm depth of planting was inhibited by the presence of 0.25% finely ground rice straw but was stimulated by increasing pH levels. The organic substrate likely increased microbial competition for available O2 while increasing pH levels improved the rate of CaO2 dissolution during the day 2–8 period of germination. Soil type effects on seedling response were speculated to be due to differences in O2 consumption rates between soils. The addition of CaO to the CaO2 coating improved the emergence response on an unlimed acid soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02178737
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    Effect of foliar spray ofAzotobacter chroococcum on rice crop (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 56 (1980), S. 487-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azotobacter chroococcum ; Foliar spray ; Rice ; Water hyacinth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A field experiment was conducted with ADT-31 rice variety. Foliar spray ofAzotobacter chroococcum was applied on 15th, 30th and 45th day after transplanting of rice crop. The foliar spray of Azotobacter culture significantly increased the grain and straw yield of rice crop.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02143042
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  • 60
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    Zinc deficiency in wetland rice along a toposequence of hydromorphic soils in the Philippines (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 57 (1980), S. 215-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Carbonates pH ; Organic matter ; Rice ; Zinc deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An experiment involving three zinc treatments and two rice varieties in seven adjacent fields along a toposequence of soils with increasingly poor drainage downslope confirmed that zinc deficiency is most severe in the most poorly drained areas. Lack of soil aeration during the dry season and high organic matter contents in the wettest fields which are subjected to upwelling of artesian water, seem to be mainly responsible for the very low availability of zinc. High pH and high levels of dissolved magnesium bicarbonate may contribute to the disorder, but do not explain the variation in zinc deficiency along the toposequence.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02211681
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  • 61
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    Heterotrophic nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) associated to flooded rice: A modified measurement technique in the field (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 57 (1980), S. 439-453 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A modifiedin situ technique for measuring heterotrophic nitrogen fixing (acetylene reducing) activity associated to rice is proposed. Ethylene evolution rates measured in opaque cylinders covering the stems of rice plants which have been cut 10 cm over the water level were found independent of the diurnal cycle. Cutting of the leaves resulted in decreased variation between plants and suppression of the acceleration of ethylene evolution rate after 12 h incubation as compared to intact plants. In both systems ethylene evolved was swept by a current of methane and the molar ratio between methane and ethylene was stabilized after 12 h. Methane evolution rates remained stable during 12 h and more than 24 h in whole plants and cut plants respectively. It is suggested that alteration in the active gas transport system after 12 h incubation under 10% acetylene may lead to erroneous evaluation of the actual ethylene production in the root's environment. The average values of ethylene evolution rates by cut plants between 12 and 24 h of incubation may be used for comparative studies of nitrogen fixing activity associated to flooded rice.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02211701
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    Effect of water table depth and tillage methods on plant-water status and yield of rice (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 59 (1981), S. 17-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Drainage ; Drought tolerance ; Evapotranspiration ; Leaf-water potential ; Lysimeter ; Rice ; Root development ; Soil-moisture regime ; Transpiration ; Varietal response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Effects of water table depths on plant-water status, and on growth and yields of two rice varieties (TOS 78 and TOS 848) were studied in a lysimetric investigation. A field study was also conducted on a hydromorphic soil to investigate the effects of fluctuating water table on rice. The leaf-water potential of TOS 78 monitored at 1300 hours at 50% flowering stage was −17.5 and −23.0 bars for 0 and 60 cm water table depths, respectively. When grown under soil moisture stress, TOS 848 maintained higher leaf-water potential (−17.5 barvs −22.5 bar) and yielded more than TOS 78. Under hydromorphic soil conditions, no-tillage treatments yielded the same as conventionally tilled plots.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02183588
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    Studies on the nature of relationships between grain size, spikelet number, grain yield and spikelet filling in late duration varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 60 (1981), S. 123-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Grain number ; Grain size ; Productivity ; Rate of grain growth ; Rice ; Spikelet filling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Studies on the nature of relationship between grain size (in terms of thousand grain weight), grain number, rate of filling and yield have been worked out with late duration (140–150 days) rice varieties. Grain number per m2, grains per panicle and yield showed a negative relationship with grain size. There was no compensatory balance between grain size and grain number within a range of thousand grain weight of 15 to 30 g. Based on the peaks in grain filling activity, the varieties were classified into four groups. There was no relationship between grain size and rate of grain filling thereby suggesting that grain filling is determined by inherent endogenous factors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02377117
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    Dilute hydrochloric acid as an extractant for available zinc, copper and boron in rice soils (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 61 (1981), S. 297-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Boron toxicity ; Copper and zinc deficiencies ; Critical limits ; Dilute hydrochloric acid extraction ; Flooded soils ; Rice ; Soil tests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Because zinc deficiency is a widespread disorder of wetland rice and copper deficiency may occur with it, 0.05M HCl was compared with 0.1M HCl, EDTA and DTPA as an extractant for available zinc and copper. It was also compared with the reflux method for boron assay. Thirty-three wetland rice soils were analyzed for zinc and copper by the four methods. Rice was grown on the flooded soils, scored visually for zinc deficiency, and the plants analyzed for zinc and copper content. In the boron study, 53 soils were extracted by the reflux method and the 0.05M HCl procedure. Rice was grown on the flooded soils, scored visually for boron toxicity, and the plants analyzed for boron content. Fourteen of the 16 soils on which rice showed zinc deficiency gave 〈1.0 mg/kg Zn by the 0.05M HCl method but values far in excess of the critical limits by the other methods. The r values for available and plant zinc were: 0.05M HCl (0.88**); 0.1M HCl (0.55**); EDTA (0.43**); and DTPA (0.31ns). Twelve of the zinc-deficient soils gave〈0.1 mg/kg Cu by the 0.05M HCl method but values exceeding the critical limits by the EDTA and DTPA methods. The r values for available and plant copper were: 0.05M HCl (0.74**), 0.1M HCl (0.64**), EDTA (0.28ns), and DTPA (0.20ns). The critical limit of 1.0 mg/kg by the 0.05M HCl extraction was confirmed for zinc deficiency and a tentative value of 0.1 mg/kg for copper deficiency proposed. The 0.05M HCl method separated boron-toxic soils from non-toxic soils and gave a better correlation (r=0.91**) between available and plant boron than the reflux extraction (r=0.84**). The toxic limit by the 0.05M HCl method was provisionally set at 4 mg/kg.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182011
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    Ecology of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria in dry tropical habitats of West Africa: A multivariate analysis (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 98 (1987), S. 203-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Algae ; Crust ; Cyanobacteria ; Dry tropical Africa ; Multivariate analysis ; Rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Under specific conditions prevailing in dry tropical areas (high light intensities, dryness, extreme temperature change), studies of the composition and evolution of algal populations, primarily nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria (N2BGA), were conducted. Large scale sampling permitted interpretation using the statistical methods of principal component analysis and analysis of correspondences on the same data. On 86 stations, '49 biotic and abiotic factors were collected: the absolute and relative composition of algal communities were determined by serial dilution and physical-chemical composition of surface soil was analysed. A principal component analysis with a Bravais-Pearson matrix identified: i) four distinct algal groups in the algal communities; ii) similar algal compositions in distinct areas; iii) positive correlations between N2BGA and pH, C, N, Ca, P, K, and sand. Factorial analysis allowed comparison between quantitative and qualitative factors (vegetal cover, fertilization, wetness, cultivation) indicating that in regard to nitrogen-fixation potential algal communities exist in three states: selective, active and accumulative. Change from one state to another depends mostly on water control.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374824
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    Effect of exchangeable sodium percentage and presubmergence on yield and nutrition of rice under field conditions (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 85 (1985), S. 279-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Exchangeable sodium percentage ; Nutrient availability ; Presubmergence ; Rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) levels of 82, 72, 65 and 35 and 0, 15 and 30 days of presubmergence (submergence prior to the transplanting of rice) on yield and chemical composition of rice and availability of Fe, Mn, Zn and P in soil were studied factorially in a field experiment. Presubmergence increased rice yields at all ESP levels, the effect being more pronounced at high ESP's. Increasing ESP decreased yields and the contents of Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu but increased that of P and Na in the crop. Presubmergence enhanced absorption of all the above elements by the crop except P, K, Mg, Zn and Cu in the grain and decreased Na in grain and straw. Growing of rice under submerged conditions also facilitated the improvement of these soils. Effects of submergence and ESP on the availability of Fe, Mn, Zn and P in soil and their role in the nutrition of rice are discussed. The results suggest that 15 to 30 days presubmergence improved rice yields on a calcareous sodic soil of the Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02139632
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    Flood to lerance of rice at different crop growth stages as affected by fertilizer application (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 83 (1985), S. 255-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Early vigour ; Fertilizer response ; Flooding ; Growth stage ; Rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Experiments were carried out in greenhouse as well as in field conditions to study the effect of N, P and K fertilization on the performance of rice crop submerged completely at different growth stages. The crop fertilized with N alone or in combination with P could withstand the onslaught of flood and produced more number of tillers, panicles and grain yield than that supplied with K, either alone or in combination with P. Complete submergence of the crop at booting was found to be more deleterious than submergence at early (10–20 DAT) and active tillering (20–30 DAT) stages. The reduction in yield was attributed to cessation of panicle development and degeneration of spikelets in the crop submerged at booting stage and the reduction in tiller number and grains per panicle in the crop submerged at early and active tillering stages. However, partial submergence at booting caused less damage to the crop. Regeneration of late nodal tillers after the complete submergence at booting was a notable observation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184297
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    Response of rice to different forms of urea and phosphorus fertilization under intermediate deepwater conditions (15–50 cm) (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 84 (1985), S. 431-435 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Forms of urea fertilizer ; Intermediate deepwater ; N and P uptake ; Phosphorus supply ; Relative N uptake ; Rice ; Submergence ; Urea Wetland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Under intermediate deepwater condition with water depths of 15–35 cm during most of the crop growth period, sulphur coated urea and urea supergranule placement was superior to prilled urea in increasing the relative uptake and grain yield (23–25%) of rice. A semi-tall variety (CR 1016) responded better to the nitrogen application than a tall variety (CR 1030). The crop fertilized with N produced more number of tillers and grain yield than the unfertilized crop under complete submergence for 6 days at seedling establishement stage (8 days after transplanting) followed by waterlogging of 25±5 cm throughout the crop growth period. Application of phosphorus together with nitrogen increased the grain yield (9–14%) over nitrogen alone. Crop fertilized with these two nutrients (NP) increased their uptake and yield components.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02275481
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    Effect of zinc fertilization on the mineral nutrition of rices differing in tolerance to zinc deficiency (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 87 (1985), S. 319-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Iron ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Mineral nutrition ; Nutrient translocation ; Phosphorus ; Rice ; Varietal tolerance ; Zinc ; Zinc fertilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of four Zn levels on the electrochemical and chemical properties of the soil solution, and on the growth and mineral nutrition of two rice varieties (IR26 and IR34) differing in tolerance to Zn deficiency were studied in the greenhouse using Zn-deficient soils from two locations. A similar experiment was conducted in culture solution to check how Zn addition affects translocation of other nutrients. In both soil and culture solution, plant Zn concentrations alone was not enough to account for varietal tolerance to Zn deficiency. Comparison of nutrient to Zn and shoot to root ratios of nutrients was more useful in determining the possible mechanism of varietal tolerance. IR 34 appeared to tolerate the disorder due to its lower Zn requirement, more efficient Zn translocation and ability to maintain lower Fe/Zn, Cu/Zn, Mg/Zn and P/Zn ratios in the shoot than the more susceptible variety, IR26. This was shown to be due to decreased translocation of Fe, Mg and P to shoots and decreased absorption of Cu by the root in IR34 in culture solution studies. Adding Zn further reduces translocation or absorption of these nutrients and depending on the nutrient supply of the soil, could cause deficiencies or mineral imbalances, especially of Fe, Cu, and P. These observed varietal differences regarding Zn requirement and the interaction of Zn with absorption and translocation of plant nutrients necessitates revision of recommendations for Zn fertilization. There is an inevitable need for Zn application in severely Zn-deficient soils regardless of rice variety. But on marginally Zn-deficient soils especially those low in Fe, Cu, or P, Zn fertilization is not advisable when resistant rice varieties are used.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181899
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