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  • Articles  (75)
  • nitrogen fixation  (75)
  • Springer  (75)
  • Annual Reviews
  • EDP Sciences
  • 1985-1989  (74)
  • 1980-1984  (1)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (74)
  • Geosciences  (1)
  • Computer Science
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  • Articles  (75)
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  • Springer  (75)
  • Annual Reviews
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of white clover and ammonium nitrate as nitrogen sources for tall fescue (1989)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 21 (1989), S. 109-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Legumes ; nitrogen fixation ; tall fescue ; white clover ; nitrogen fertilizer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract White clover was compared against five rates of nitrogen fertilizer (NH4NO3) as sources of N for tall fescue over a 3 year period. The white clover-tall fescue combination produced as much forage as tall fescue alone fertilized with 132–198 kg N ha−1 in the first 2 years. However, in the third year the white clover-tall fescue combination only produced as much forage as tall fescue alone fertilized with 0–66 kg N ha−1 as a result of a large decline in the stand of white clover. Tall fescue alone showed a significant response to fertilization up to the maximum rate of 264 kg N ha−1. Tall fescue fertilized with 264 kg N ha−1 produced significantly more forage than the white clover-tall fescue combination in all 3 years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01080535
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fertilizer responses of groundnuts (Arachis hypogae L.) under continuous intensive cultivation in the Nigerian savannah (1986)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 10 (1986), S. 43-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Northern Nigeria ; phosphate ; potassium ; nutrient uptake ; nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Up until now, potash fertilization has not been part of the recommended practices for groundnut production in Nigeria and only low levels of P are recommended in line with the level of agricultural technology available to the farmer. The change from the traditional non-intensive farming practice to continuous intensive cultivation coupled with the introduction of better yielding/more-nutrient demanding crop varieties have led to a deficiency of a number of nutrients. Field experiments were carried out for 5 years (repeated on the same sites) at 8 locations in northern Nigeria to evaluate the effect of four levels of phosphorus (0, 8, 16 and 24 kg P ha−1) and three levels of potassium (0, 20, and 40 kg K ha−1) on yield and related parameters in groundnut. Soils at the various sites were essentially loamy sands with low levels of organic carbon and cation exchange capacity. The yield levels in the Guinea savannah were generally higher than those in the Sudan savannah but the response pattern was the same. There was significant response to applied P up to 24 kg P ha−1. Potash applied at 20 kg K ha−1 produced significantly higher pod yields than the control plots, but higher rates of applied K did not result in any further significant yield increase, although there was a clear consistent trend towards higher yields as the K rates increased. Phosphate X potash interaction had no significant effect on yield. Except for K, the uptake of all nutrients were significantly increased by P levels. However, only the K content of haulms and the N content of kernels were significantly increased by K application. On the average, about 58% of N, 68% of P, 19% of K, 5% of Ca and 22% of Mg were contained in the kernels while 27% of N, 23% of P, 64% of K, 83% of Ca and 69% of Mg were contained in the haulms. The implication of this is that the complete removal of groundnut residue will deplete the soil cation reverves rapidly unless these losses are compensated through fertilizer use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01073904
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study of the contribution of the shoot and/or root ofAlnus sp. in the compatibility between the host and a Sp+ Frankia strain using a grafting technique (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 113 (1989), S. 101-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alnus ; compatibility ; Frankia ; grafting technique ; nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two alder species,Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. andAlnus incana (L) Moench, were inoculated with a Sp+ Frankia homogenate obtained fromA. incana root nodules. This inoculum formed effective nodules on the original host plant and ineffective nodules onA. glutinosa. Grafts between the two alder species were made to determine which part of the plant is involved in this phenomenon. The results obtained indicate that the compatibility between Alnus andFrankia is restricted to the root system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181927
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of phosphorus level on VA Mycorrhizal colonization and growth of cowpea cultivars (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 114 (1989), S. 45-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cultivar variability ; Glomus fasciculatum ; growth response ; nitrogen fixation ; nutrient uptake ; rhizobium ; Vigna unguiculata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) associations often vary according to the abundance of available soil phosphorus (P). Therefore, understanding the response of crop plants to colonization by VAM fungi necessitates the study of the response of colonized and noncolonized plants, from a range of cultivars, to differing levels of P. Cowpea is grown throughout the world, often on impoverished soils in which it can benefit from formation of mycorrhizae. The present study was conducted to determine the response of four cultivars of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), varying in nitrogen fixation capacity, to inoculation withGlomus fasciculatum at four levels of added P in the rooting medium. In a greenhouse experiment, four cowpea cultivars, Mississippi Silver, Brown Crowder, Six Week Browneye and MI 35, were grown with and without the mycorrhizal fungus at four levels of added P, 0, 10, 20 and 30 ppm. Root colonization (%) was negatively correlated with P content of the growth medium and shoot P concentration. Intraspecific variability was shown for shoot dry weight and leaf area in response to inoculation withG. fasciculatum at different P levels. The range of P required in the growth medium which allowed benefit fromG. fasciculatum was identified for individual cultivars using shoot dry weight and leaf area, and collectively across cultivars for other parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02203080
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of water deficit on N2(C2H2) fixation in cowpea and groundnut (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 114 (1989), S. 69-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: water stress ; nitrogen fixation ; nodulation ; Vigna unguiculata ; Arachis hypogaea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of water deficit on nodulation, N2 fixation, photosynthesis, and total soluble sugars and leghemoglobin in nodules was investigated in cowpea and groundnut. Nitrogenase activity completely ceased in cowpea with a decrease in leaf water potential (ψ leaf) from −0.4 MPa to −0.9 MPa, while in groundnut it continued down to −1.7 MPa. With increasing water stress, the acetylene reduction activity (ARA) declined very sharply in cowpea, but ARA gradually decreased in groundnut. Even with mild water stress (Δψ leaf of 0.2 MPa), nodule fresh weight declined 50% in cowpea partly due to a severe nodule shedding whereas nodule fresh weight declined in groundnut only whenψ leaf decreased by 1.0 MPa. No nodule shedding was noticed even at a higher stress level in groundnut. Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were also more stable in groundnut than in cowpea under water stress. There was a sharp increase in total soluble sugars and leghemoglobin in the nodules of groundut with water stress, but no definite trend could be found in cowpea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02203083
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen-fixing characteristics of alfalfa cultivars nodulated by representatives of an indigenousRhizobium meliloti serogroup (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 117 (1989), S. 255-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: indigenous soil rhizobia ; Medicago sativa L. ; nitrogen fixation ; regrowth cycles ; Rhizobium meliloti ; symbiotic effectiveness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Studies were conducted to evaluate whether field-grown cultivars of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) nodulate differentially with members of a soil population ofRhizobium meliloti, and to determine the influence of the dominant nodule occupants on N2-dependent growth of the same cultivars under greenhouse conditions. Nodules were sampled from four replicate plots of ‘Vernal’, ‘Anchor’, and ‘Saranac’ alfalfa, and the isolates analysed serologically. Results from agglutination tests identified serogroup 31 as a dominant nodule occupant. A significant cultivar effect was observed, with a greater and more consistent occupancy rate by serogroup 31 across the replicates on Vernal (60%) compared to Anchor (24%) or Saranac (36%). The symbiotic effectiveness of the parent isolate of serogroup 31 was evaluated on each cultivar over four successive harvests in a greenhouse study. Significant cultivar x N source interactions for herbage dry weight resulted following the second harvest. Of the three cultivars, only inoculated Vernal responded with an increase in shoot dry weight and N2 assimilated relative to N supplemented plants between harvests two and three. In separate greenhouse experiments, field isolates of serogroup 31 from nodules on Vernal produced homogeneous, effective responses both on Vernal and Anchor. In contrast, serogroup 31 field isolates from Anchor nodules were highly heterogeneous in effectiveness on the parent host, with poorly effective isolates being substantially more effective on Vernal. The data indicate that attention should be given to the potential impact of the indigenousR. meliloti population upon cultivar ranking at specific field locations, and also to strain-cultivar idiosyncracies when carrying out physiological sutidies of regrowth characteristics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02220719
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of field-grown chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) to phosphorus fertilization for yield and nitrogen fixation (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 114 (1989), S. 135-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: chickpea ; phosphorus ; nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Application of phosphorus at 40, 60, 80 and 100 kg P2O5 ha−1 in the presence of a uniform dressing of nitrogen (N) and potash (K2O) each applied at 20 and 24 kg ha−1 to chickpea (CM-88) grown in sandy loam soil in a replicated field experiment improved the nodulation response of the crop, increased its grain yield (ka ha−1) by 18, 59, 40 and 14 percent, biomass yield (ka ha−1) by 32, 32, 54 and 14 percent, biomass N (kg ha−1) by 31, 48, 49, 19 percent, and biomass P (kg ha−1) by 26, 40, 41 and 11 percent, respectively. The effect of phosphorus on the nitrogenase activity of the excised roots of chickpea was, however, inconsistent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02203091
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of dinitrogen fixation rates in wood litter decayed by white-rot and brown-rot fungi (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 115 (1989), S. 117-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acetylene reduction ; Azospirillum ; brown-rot ; nitrogen fixation ; white-rot
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen fixation rates, as estimated by the acetylene reduction technique, were determined in conifer wood litter being decayed by brown- and white-rot fungi. Average ethylene production rates were significantly higher in white-rotted wood (15.1 nmol g−1 day−1) than in brown-rotted wood (2.3 nmol g−1 day−1). This difference may be related to a higher soluble sugar content in white-versus brown-rotted wood. The nitrogen-fixing bacteriumAzospirillum was not detected in any of the decaying wood samples examined. Greater nitrogen additions from nitrogen-fixing bacteria may be a factor in the more rapid white-rot decay of hardwood litter, as compared to the slower brown-rot decay of conifer wood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02220701
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nodulation and growth response ofAllocasuarina andCasuarina species to phosphorus fertilization (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 118 (1989), S. 125-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Allocasuarina sp. ; Casuarina sp. ; nitrogen fixation ; phosphorus fertilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To examine how soil phosphorus status affects nitrogen fixation by the Casuarinaceae —Frankia symbiosis,Casuarina equisetifolia and two species ofAllocasuarina (A. torulosa andA. littoralis) inoculated or fertilized with KNO3 were grown in pots in an acid soil at 4 soil phosphate levels. InoculatedC. equisetifolia nodulated well by 12 weeks after planting and the numbers and weight of nodules increased markedly with phosphorus addition. Growth ofC. equisetifolia dependent on symbiotically fixed nitrogen was more sensitive to low levels of phosphorus (30 mg kg−1 soil) than was growth of seedings supplied with combined nitrogen; at higher levels of phosphorus, the growth response curves were similar for both nitrogen fertilized and inoculated plants. The interaction between phosphorus and nitrogen treatments (inoculated and nitrogen fertilized) demonstrated that there was a greater requirement of phosphorus for symbiotic nitrogen fixation than for plant growth when soil phosphorus was low. WithAllocasuarina species, large plant to plant variation in nodulation occurred both within pots and between replicates. This result suggests genetic variation in nodulation withinAllocasuarina species. Nodulation ofAllocasuarina species did not start until 16 weeks after planting and no growth response due toFrankia inoculation was obtained at the time of harvest. Addition of nitrogen starter is suggested to boost plant growth before the establishment of the symbiosis. Growth ofAllocasuarina species fertilized with nitrogen responded to increasing levels of phosphorus up to 90 mg P/kg soil after which it declined by 69% forA. littoralis. The decrease in shoot weight ofA. littoralis, A. torulosa, C. equisetifolia andC. cunninghamiana at high phosphorus was confirmed in a sand culture experiment, and may be atributable to phosphorus toxicity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02232797
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Respiration and nitrogenase activity in nodules ofCasuarina cunninghamiana and cultures ofFrankia sp. HFP020203: Effects of temperature and partial pressure of O2 (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 118 (1989), S. 111-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: actinorhizae ; Casuarina cunninghamiana ; Frankia ; nitrogen fixation ; oxygen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of time after exposure to acetylene and of nodule excision were examined using a flow-through system. After a transient depression in the rate of acetylene reduction that began about 1.5 min after exposure to acetylene, the rate recovered to 98% of the initial maximum value after 40 min. After nodule excision the rate stabilized to 90% of the initial maximum value observed in the intact plant. Excised nodules, measured at 6-min intervals in a closed system, with frequent changes of the gas mixture, were used for the remaining experiments. Acetylene reduction by the nodules increased rapidly as temperature was increased between 6 and 26°C. Between 26 and 36°C there was relatively little effect of temperature on acetylene reduction. Nodules and cultures ofFrankia were compared with respect to the effect of temperature and pO2 (partial pressure of oxygen) on oxygen uptake. Cultures ofFrankia were grown on a nitrogen-free medium at either 0.3 kPa O2 (vesicles absent) or 20 kPa O2 (vesicles present). Oxygen uptake by nodules (vesicles absent) and by vesicle-containing cultures was strongly dependent on pO2 at values below 20 kPa. This suggests the presence of a barrier to oxygen diffusion. Oxygen uptake was dependent on temperature as well as on pO2, but the Q10 was much larger for the cultures than for the nodules. This suggests that vesicles or related structures are not the source of the diffusion barrier in Casuarina nodules. Respiration by cultures ofFrankia lacking vesicles became O2-saturated at low pO2 values. Thus these cultures did not have a significant diffusion barrier. From these results it is concluded that nodules ofCasuarina cunninghamiana have a barrier to oxygen diffusion supplied by the host tissue and not byFrankia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02232795
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The response of rice to the growth and nitrogen fixation inAzolla caroliniana andAzolla pinnata at varying rates of phosphate fertilization (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 114 (1989), S. 205-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azolla caroliniana ; Azolla pinnata ; nitrogen fixation ; Oryza sativa ; phosphate fertilizer ; rice yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The response of rice toAzolla caroliniana, newly introduced in India, was compared with the reponse to the local isolate ofAzolla pinnata at varying rates of phosphate fertilizer (4.4–8.8 kg P ha−1) during a wet and a dry season. Fresh weight, dry weight and fixed N were more for both species 21 DAI (days after inoculation) than 14 DAI, but acetylene reduction activity (ARA) was higher 14 DAI than 21 DAI. Dry weight of Azolla and fixed N were less 14 DAI forA. caroliniana than forA. pinnata during the wet season. Twenty-one DAI, fresh weight ofA. caroliniana was 62.1 and 27.6% higher than that ofA. pinnata during the wet and dry season, respectively. However, dry weight and fixed N were more 21 DAI inA. caroliniana than inA. pinnata during only the wet season. The ARA was higher inA. caroliniana both 14 and 21 DAI, irrespective of season. The presence of either species in the rice field increased grain yield, straw yield, number of panicles m−2, number of grains per panicle and reduced percentage sterility during both the wet and the dry season. Phosphate application significantly increased fresh weight, dry weight, ARA and fixed N for both species as well as grain and straw yields of rice. The responses to phosphate fertilizer were similar for both Azolla species and for rice grown with either one of the Azolla species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02220799
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Occurrence ofAzospirillum spp. in coconut-based farming systems (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 114 (1989), S. 235-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azospirillum ; Cocos nucifera ; intercrops ; nitrogen fixation ; plantation crops ; tetrazolium reduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Occurrence of Azospirillum was investigated in coconut-based farming systems, such as high-density multispecies cropping (15 crops), multi-storeyed cropping (3 crops), mixed cropping with tea and coffee (2 crops), intercropping with tropical tubers (5 crops), mixed farming with grasses (3 crops) and in 3 crops, arecanut,Mimosa invisa and sugarcane from other plots. A total of 26 plantation crops and intercrops were included in the study. Incidence of Azospirillum was determined by 2,3,5-triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride reduction and by culturing root fragments in N-free semisolid malate medium. Root samples from guava, mango and mimosa did not show any tetrazolium reduction or sub-surface pellicular growth. The extent of occurrence of Azospirillum seemed to depend upon the crop combinations. In a mixed farming system where guinea grass was one of the component crops, more root fragments of coconut and pepper demonstrated tetrazolium reduction activity than when guinea grass was absent.Azospirillum lipoferum andA. brasilense constituted 42% and 45% of the isolates, respectively, in the coconut-based cropping systems. Isolates from guinea grass, sugarcane and jackfruit exhibited higher nitrogenase (C2H2 reduction) than those isolated from plantation crops, tuber crops and spices. The large variation in the extent of association and nitrogenase activity of isolates from different crops indicated the need for inoculation with efficient cultures in a number of crops in coconut-based cropping systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02220803
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of potassium on the tolerance to PEG-induced water stress of two white clover varieties (Trifolium repens L.) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 120 (1989), S. 153-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrogen fixation ; nodules ; stomatal resistance ; water potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The response to water stress was studied on white clover grown hydroponically. Two varieties (Crau and Huia) were both subjected to a moderate and a more-severe stress, induced by polyethylene glycol (10 and 20% respectively), in the presence of a nutrient solution poor in potassium (K1=0.005 mM), or abundantly supplied (K2=5mM). Dawn water potential and nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction activity) decreased with the increasing stress. Conversely, the stomatal resistance increased whenosmoticum was added. Crau had a lower stomatal resistance to the deficit, than did Huia. In relation with the K supply, treatment K2 confirmed the superiority of Crau. Crau also showed greater nodule mass and number than Huia. The data show relationships between dawn water potential, stomatal resistance and nitrogen fixation activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02377063
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Nitrogen flows in Louisiana Gulf Coast salt marsh: Spatial considerations (1989)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 8 (1989), S. 25-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: nitrogen budget ; denitrification ; nitrogen fixation ; wetlands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen flux data was synthesized in developing a nitrogen flow budget for a Louisiana Barataria BasinSpartina alterniflora salt marsh. Results demonstrate the importance of spatial consideration in developing a nitrogen budget for coastal marshes. Using a mass balance approach nitrogen inputs balanced nitrogen sinks or losses from a marsh soil-plant system with a specific rooting depth. However, per unit areas on a local scale, marshes serve as a large sink for nitrogen due to rapid accretion which removes 17.O g N m−2yr−1 through subsidence below the root zone. On a larger spatial scale (regional) it is shown that the marshes do not serve as a large nitrogen sink. The rapid marsh deterioration currently occurring in the rapidly subsiding marshes of the Mississippi River deltaic plain account for a net regional loss of 12.5 g N m−2yr−1. Thus, regionally the net sink is equivalent to only 5 g N m−2yr−1 as compared to 17.0 g N m−2yr−1 on a local scale.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02180165
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  • 15
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    Electronic Resource
    The contribution of biological nitrogen fixation to plant production: An overview of the symposium and its implications (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 108 (1988), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrogen fixation ; plant production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370093
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  • 16
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    Biological nitrogen fixation: A scientific perspective (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 108 (1988), S. 7-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: applications ; biochemistry ; discoveries ; nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The discoveries of Hellriegel and Wilfarth ended the period of controversy about the existence of biological N2 fixation and launched a period featuring the agronomic application of the inoculation of legumes. Serious studies of the biochemistry of N2 fixation started in the late 1920's, and defined some of the basic properties of the N2-fixing system. Application of15N as a tracer gave definitive evidence for the role of ammonia as the key intermediate in biological N2 fixation. It was demonstrated in the 1950's and 1960's that nitrogenase could reduce substrates other than N2. With the achievement of consistent cell-free N2 fixation it was possible to resolve the nitrogenase system into two proteins, electron donors, and ATP-hydrolyzing and regenerating systems. The sequence of electron transfer was established. Recently, studies of the genetics of the nitrogenase system have defined in detail how the system is assembled and controlled.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370094
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  • 17
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    Nitrogen fixation associated with grasses and cereals: Recent results and perspectives for future research (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 108 (1988), S. 53-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azospirillum ; cereals ; grasses ; inoculation response ; nitrate reductase ; nitrogen fixation ; strain specificity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Over the last few years research in the area of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) associated with cereals and grasses has become divided into two areas. On the one hand there have been a large number of reports of responses of field-grown plants to inoculation with N2-fixing bacteria, principallyAzospirillum spp. On the other hand there have been several reports of significant contributions of associated BNF to the nutrition of several crops, including wetland rice, sugar cane and some forage grasses. However, where BNF contributions have definitely been established no certain information is available as to the diazotrophic organisms responsible. Furthermore, certain recent reports indicate that, at least in some cases, responses of plants to inoculation withAzospirillum spp. have been shown not to be due to BNF contributions. In this paper we review some recent progress in this field, particularly at our institute in Rio de Janeiro, concerning specificity of selected Azospirillum strains in the infection of cereal roots and the promotion of responses in the host plants. The possible mechanisms of plant response are discussed including the possibility that plant growth substances or bacterial nitrate reductase are involved. The application of15N and N balance techniques to the quantification of plant associated BNF are considered and the possible strategies that may be adopted to further the understanding of true N2-fixing plant/diazotroph associations. The recent discovery of many more plant-associated N2-fixing bacteria suggests that further research in this area may eventually lead to the development of such associations with applications for agricultural productivity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370099
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Growth responses inCasuarina cunninghamiana plantings to inoculation withFrankia (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 108 (1988), S. 79-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhiza ; effectiveness ; nitrogen fixation ; nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth responses ofCasuarina cunninghamiana to inoculation withFrankia are described in unsterilized field soils at three sites. At Mt Crawford, South Australia, seedlings of three provenances ofC. cunninghamiana were inoculated with a singleFrankia source just prior to planting out. Forty-four months after planting, inoculation had more than doubled wood production by twoC. cunninghamiana provenances, whilst a third provenance grew poorly and did not respond to inoculation. In Zimbabwe, seedlings of one provenance ofC. cunninghamiana were inoculated in the nursery with one of four differentFrankia strains. In an N deficient soil at Kadoma, three of theseFrankia increased tree height 14 months after planting by between 50% and 70% in comparison to the uninoculated seedlings. The fourthFrankia strain resulted in increased tree height to three times that of the uninoculated controls and up to double that of the other threeFrankia strains. At Gympie, Queensland, Australia, seedlings ofC. cunninghamiana raised open-rooted in a nursery bed were inoculated withFrankia seventeen weeks before planting out. During the 22 months following planting in the field, tree growth was limited by soil P status and there was no response in tree height or stem diameter to inoculation withFrankia or to N fertilizer unless P was applied. In the presence of added P there was a significant response both toFrankia inoculation and to N fertilizer. This positive interaction between P application and N treatment was reflected in wood volumes-inoculated trees and those trees supplied N fertilizer produced 34% and 95% more wood volume than did the uninoculated trees. These results demonstrate the potential to increase the productivity of Casuarina plantings by inoculation withFrankia and by alleviation of P deficiency.
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    Yields and nitrogen nutrition of intercropped maize and ricebean (Vigna umbellata [Thumb.] Ohwi and Ohashi) (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 108 (1988), S. 151-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: combined nitrogen ; natural abundance ; 15N ; nitrogen fixation ; nitrogen response ; nodulation ; relative yield ; ureide analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Maize (Zea mays L.) and ricebean (Vigna umbellata [Thumb.] Ohwi and Ohashi) were grown in intercrop and monoculture on Tropaqualf soils under rainfed conditions in Northern Thailand yearly from 1983 to 1986. De Wit's replacement design was used to compare intercrops and monocultures with a constant plant density equivalent to 80 000 maize or 160 000 ricebean plants ha−1. Combined nitrogen was applied at varying levels to 200 kg N ha−1. In the final two seasons the intercrop ratio of maize: ricebean was also varied. At the time of maize maturity intercrops yielded upt 49 kg ha−1 more N in the above ground plant parts than the best monoculture. Dry matter, grain and nitrogen yield of maize and ricebean in intercrop relative to their monoculture yields (RY, relative yield) were significantly greater than their respective share of the plant population. Relative yield totals (RYT) for grain, dry matter and nitrogen were always greater than 1. Nitrogen uptake per maize plant increased with progressive replacement of maize by ricebean plants. This increase was similar to that obtained by applying combined N. Available soil nitrogen tended to decrease with increasing maize:ricebean ratio. Increasing the maize:ricebean ratio increased the % of nitrogen derived from fixation in ricebean, the increase being equivalent to that obtained by decreasing combined nitrogen application. Approximately the same amount of fertilizer and soil nitrogen was taken up by maize plus ricebean in intercrop as the maize monoculture. The results suggest that the improved nitrogen economy of the intercrop resulted from the strong competitiveness of maize in the use of mineral nitrogen and the enhancement of nitrogen fixation in intercropped ricebean which made it less dependent on the depleted pool of soil nitrogen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370110
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    Survival ofFrankia strains introduced into soil (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 106 (1988), S. 65-72 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: actinorhiza ; Alnus glutinosa ; Alnus incana ; fine sand ; Frankia ; nitrogen fixation ; nodulation ; nodulation capacity ; peat ; persistence ; pH ; spore ; survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Factors affecting the establishment of Alnus/Frankia symbioses were studied partly by following the survival ofFrankia strains exposed to different soil conditions, and partly by investigating the effect of pH on nodulation. TwoFrankia strains were used, both of the Sp− type (sporangia not formed in nodules). One of the strains sporulated heavily, while the other formed mainly hyphae. The strains originated fromAlnus incana root nodules growing in soils of pH 3.5 and 5.0. The optimum pH for their growth in pure culture was found to be 6.7 and 6.2, respectively. The strains were introduced into twoFrankia-free soils, peat and fine sand. Their survival, measured as the persistance of nodulation capacity using the plant infection technique, was followed for 14 months. The survival curves of the strains were similar despite the morphological differences between the strains in pure culture. The nodulation capacities declined over time both at 14 and 22°C. Survival was better in soils limed to a pH above 6 than in soils at their original pH (peat 2.9, fine sand 4.2). The effect of pH on nodule formation in Alnus seedlings by theFrankia strains was studied in liquid culture. The number of nodules increased linearly within the pH range studied (3.5–5.8). No nodules were formed at pH 3.5.
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    The effects of a high level of N, applied at planting, on nodulation of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) by diverse strains of Bradyrhizobium (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 102 (1987), S. 267-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Bradyrhizobium ; Glycine max ; nitrate ; nitrogen fixation ; nodule number ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The capabilities of 36 diverse strains of bradyrhizobia to nodulate the soybean cv. Wilkin were determined in pots using starter-N levels of 0 and 51 mM (KNO3). At 21 days after planting, the strains showed a broad range of nodule number per plant. Nodulation was totally suppressed by N only in a group of strains which also formed relatively few nodules under N-free conditions. When plants were grown until 42 days, these strains continued to be poorly infective under N-free conditions, whereas their nodulation was greatly improved by the high-N treatment (N became limiting at between 21 and 42 days in the high-N treatment). We conclude that optimization of plant growth potential, by application of N, is important when determining strain infectivity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370714
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    Theoretical considerations in the comparison of total nitrogen difference and13N isotope dilution estimates of the contribution of nitrogen fixation to plant nutrition (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 102 (1987), S. 291-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: A-value ; isotope dilution ; nitrogen fixation ; quantification ; 15N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In the estimation of the contribution of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) to plant nutrition many authors have compared the estimates derived from the15N-isotope-dilution technique with those derived from the total N-difference technique. In this paper we show that agreement of these two estimates is mathematically inevitable when the recovery of labelled nitrogen (%FUE) by the “N2-fixing” (test) and control plants is equal, and that this agreement does not constitute an independent confirmation of the BNF estimate derived from one technique by the other. Even if different quantities of15N labelled fertilizer are added to the test and control crops (the A-value technique), but the % FUE for the two crops is the same, then again the BNF estimate derived from the A-value calculations will inevitably agree with the total N difference estimate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370720
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    The effects of salinity on growth, nodulation and nitrogen fixation ofCasuarina equisetifolia (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 103 (1987), S. 123-125 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Casuarina growth ; nodulation ; nitrogen fixation ; salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The growth, nodulation and nitrogen fixation ofCasuarina equisetifolia were compared at six levels (0–500mM NaCl) of salinity in sand culture. Dry weight of nodules, shoots and roots and N content of shoots increased at intermediate levels of salinity (50–100 mM) but decreased at 500 mM NaCl. Nodulation occurred at all NaCl levels, but at 500mM NaCl level, the nodule dry weight declined by 50% from the control. Increasing NaCl concentration of up to 200mM had little effect on the N2-fixation rate, but at 500mM NaCl level the rate decreased to 40% of the control value.
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    Ionic balance, proton efflux, nitrate reductase activity and growth ofHippophaë rhamnoides L. ssp.rhamnoides as influenced by combined-N nutrition or N2 fixation (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 103 (1987), S. 169-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; Hippophaë rhamnoides ; hydroxyl-ion efflux ; ionic balance ; ion uptake ; nitrogen fixation ; nitrate ; nitrate reductase activity ; proton efflux ; rhizosphere pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth of 2-month-old nonnodulatedHippophaë rhamnoides seedlings supplied with combined N was compared with that of nodulated seedlings grown on zero N. Plant growth was significantly better with combined N than with N2 fixation and, although not statistically significant for individual harvests, tended to be highest in the presence of NH 4 + , a mixture of NH 4 + and NO 3 − producing the highest yields. Growth was severely reduced when solely dependent on N2 fixation and, unlike the combined-N plants, shoot to root ratios had only slightly increased after an initial decrease. An apparently insufficient nodule mass (nodule weight ratio 〈5 per cent) during the greater part of the experimental period is suggested as the main cause of the growth reduction in N2-fixing plants. Thein vivo nitrate reductase activity (NRA) of NO 3 − dependent plants was almost entirely located in the roots. However, when grown with a combination of NO 3 − and NH 4 + , root NRA was decreased by approximately 85 per cent.H. rhamnoides demonstrated in the mixed supply a strong preference for uptake of N as NH 4 + , NO 3 − contributing only for approximately 20 per cent to the total N assimilation. Specific rates of N acquisition and ion uptake were generally highest in NO 3 − +NH 4 + plants. The generation of organic anions per unit total plant dry weight was approximately 40 per cent less in the NH 4 + plants than in the NO 3 − plants. Measured extrusions of H+ or OH− (HCO 3 − ) were generally in good agreement with calculated values on the basis of plant composition, and the acidity generated with N2 fixation amounted to 0.45–0.55 meq H+. (mmol Norg)−1. Without acidity control and in the presence of NH 4 + , specific rates of ion uptake and carboxylate generation were strongly depressed and growth was reduced by 30–35 per cent. Growth of nonnodulatedH. rhamnoides plants ceased at the lower pH limit of 3.1–3.2 and deterioration set in; in the case of N2-fixing plants the nutrient solution pH stabilized at a value of 3.8–3.9 without any apparent adverse effects upon plant performance. The chemical composition of experimental and field-growing plants is being compared and some comments are made on the nitrogen supply characteristics of their natural sites.
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    Distribution of spore-positive and spore-negative nodules ofMyrica gale in Maine, USA (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 104 (1987), S. 113-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: actinorhizal plants ; Frankia ; Myrica gale ; nitrogen fixation ; root nodules ; spore-negative ; spore-positive
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of spore-positive and spore-negative root nodules ofMyrica gale L. was investigated at 34 sites throughout Maine. the sites represented a wide range of environmental conditions, including soils from organic to sand, soil pH from 3.1 to 6.4, elevations from 3 to 529 m, and average number of frost-free days per year from 80 to 162. Habitats included peatlands, streamsides and lakeshores. Spore(−) nodules dominated with 61% of the nodules examined sp(−) and 39% sp(+). Two sites were 100% sp(+), 7 sites were 100% sp(−) and the remaining 25 sites had varying proportions of both types. Overall, sp(+) and mixed sites dominated in the southern interior and coastal regions, areas with lower elevations and longer growing seasons. Spore(−) sites were located primarily in northern and western Maine, areas with higher elevations and shorter growing seasons. In all habitats occurrence of spore(+) modules was positively correlated with the average number of frost-free days per year (r=0.57 for peatlands, r=0.71 for lakeshores and streamsides). In addition, at the 21 lakeshore and streamside sites occurrence of sp(+) nodules was also positively correlated with percent organic matter in the soil (r=0.56) and negatively correlated with pH (r=−0.60). Within mixed sites sp(+) and sp(−) nodules were distribated randomly and were often closely intermingled.
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    Symbiotically fixed nitrogen from field- grown white and red clover mixed with ryegrasses at low levels of15N-fertilization (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 104 (1987), S. 219-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: clover ; legume/grass mixture ; Lolium multiflorum ; Lolium perenne ; 15N ; nitrogen fixation ; nitrogen transfer ; Trifolium pratense ; Trifolium repens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field study was carried out near Zürich (Switzerland) to determine the yield of symbiotically fixed nitrogen (15N dilution) from white clover (Trifolium repens L.) grown with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L) and from red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) grown with Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). A zero N fertilizer treatment was compared to a 30 kg N/ha per cut regime (90 to 150 kg ha−1 annually). The annual yield of clover N derived from symbiosis averaged 131 kg ha−1 (49 to 227 kg) without N fertilization and 83 kg ha−1 (21 to 173 kg) with 30 kg of fertilizer N ha−1 per cut in the seeding year. Values for the first production year were 308 kg ha−1 (268 to 373 kg) without N fertilization and 232 kg ha−1 (165 to 305 kg) with 30 kg fertilizer N ha−1 per cut. The variation between years was associated mainly with the proportion of clover in the mixtures. Apparent clover-to-grass transfer of fixed N contributed up to 52 kg N ha−1 per year (17 kg N ha−1 on average) to the N yield of the mixtures. Percentage N derived from symbiosis averaged 75% for white and 86% for red clover. These percentages were affected only slightly by supplemental nitrogen, but declined markedly during late summer for white clover. It is concluded that the annual yield of symbiotically fixed N from clover/grass mixtures can be very high, provided that the proportion of clover in the mixtures exceeds 50% of total dry mass yield.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372535
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    A rapid non-destructive assay to quantify soybean nodule gas permeability (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 105 (1988), S. 69-78 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acetylene reduction ; Glycine max (L). ; nitrogen fixation ; nodule ; oxygen permeability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The low gas permeability of a diffusion barrier in the cortex of soybean nodules plays a significant role in the protection of nitrogenase from oxygen inactivation. It may also set an upper limit on nodule respiration and nitrogen fixation rates. Two methods which have been used to quantify the gas permeability of leguminous nodules are reviewed and found to be unreliable. A new assay technique for determining both the nodule activity and gas permeability is developed and tested. This ‘lag-phase’ assay is based on the time nodules require to reach steady-state ethylene production after being exposed to acetylene. The technique is rapid, insensitive to errors in biochemical parameters associated with nitrogenase, and is non-destructive. The method was tested with intact aeroponically grown soybean plants for which the mean nodule gas permeability was found to be 13.3×10−3 mms−1. This corresponds to a layer of cells approximately 35 um thick and is consistent with previously reported values.
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    The potential for breeding an improved lucerne-rhizobium symbiosis. 1. Assessment of genetic variation (1984)
    Springer
    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 401-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Medicago sativa ; lucerne ; alfalfa ; Rhizobium meliloti ; nitrogen fixation ; symbiotic effectiveness ; genetic variation ; phenotypic variation ; heritability ; lucerne breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Six cultivars of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) were grown in all possible combinations with eight strains of Rhizobium meliloti in order to assess genetic variation in symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Host genotype and Rhizobium genotype effects on nitrogen fixation were respectively 4.8% and 21.0% of total phenotypic variance. Genetic variation due to host cultivar × Rhizobium strain interactions accounted for a further 6.0% of phenotypic variance. The results indicated low heritability of general symbiotic effectiveness in the host with interaction effects being large enough to suggest that plant performance may be unpredictable with populations of R. meliloti in field soils. Joint regression analysis showed that about 50% of the interactive variation could be explained by generalized differences in the sensitivity of cultivars to alterations in the genotype of Rhizobium strains. One cultivar, Siriver, was relatively insentitive to changes in the Rhizobium genotype whilst still maintaining high average yield. The implications of the results for lucerne breeding are discussed.
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    Frankia-Alnus incana symbiosis: Effect of endophyte on nitrogen fixation and biomass production (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 120 (1989), S. 291-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acetylene reduction ; actinorhizal plants ; Alnus incana ; biomass production ; Frankia ; nitrogen fixation ; nodule type
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The efficiency of different FinnishFrankia strains as symbionts onAlnus incana (L.) Moench was evaluated in inoculation experiments by measuring nitrogen fixation and biomass production. Since all available pure cultures ofFrankia are of the Sp− type (sporangia not formed in nodules), but the dominant nodule endophyte ofA. incana in Finland is of the Sp+ type (sporangia formed in nodules), crushed nodules of thisFrankia type were included. The Sp− pure cultures, whether originating fromA. incana orA. glutinosa, produced with one exception, similar biomass withA. incana. The highest biomass was produced with an American reference strain fromA. viridis crispa. Using Sp+ nodule homogenates fromA. incana as inoculum, the biomass production was only one third of that produced by Sp− pure cultures from the same host. Hence, through selection of the endophyte it is possible to exert a considerable influence on the productivity ofAlnus incana.
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    Evaluation of the symbiotic nitrogen-fixing potential of soils by direct microbiological means (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 108 (1988), S. 163-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: inoculation ; Medicago sativa ; nitrogen fixation ; nodulation ; Rhizobium meliloti ; Rhizobium trifolii ; Trifolium subterraneum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A method for estimating the nitrogen-fixing capacity of a population of rhizobia resident in soil is presented. legume test plants, growing under microbiologically-controlled conditions in test tubes packed with a vermiculite substrate moistened with a nitrogen-free plant nutrient solution, are inoculated directly with a suspension of the soil under examination. Rhizobia in the soil nodulate the test plants, and the amount of foliage dry matter produced in the 28 days after inoculation is regarded as an index of their effectiveness. An inoculum of at least 30, and preferably 100, rhizobia is needed to ensure that nitrogen fixation is not masked by delayed nodulation. The new method is tentatively described as the ‘whole-soil inoculation’ technique. Appraisals were made withTrifolium subterraneum L. andRhizobium trifolii and withMedicago sativa L. andR. meliloti. Soil-borne pathogens did not interfere with plant growth. The whole-soil inoculation technique was less tedious and time-consuming than an alternative method which involved extracting representative isolates from the soil and testing their effectiveness individually, and appeared to give more realistic values for the nitrogen-fixing capacity of the soil as a whole. Used in association with a field experiment, the whole-soil inoculation technique confirmed microbiologically that there had been an agronomic response to surface application of inoculant to poorly-nodulatedT. subterraneum pasture. It is submitted that this technique for determining the effectiveness of rhizobia in soil, combined with a plant-infection method for counting rhizobia, can be a reliable guide to the need for inoculation in the field.
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    Future directions for biological nitrogen fixation research (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 108 (1988), S. 191-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370115
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    Effects of organic substrates and chloramphenicol or nalidixic acid on acetylene reduction associated with roots of intact maize and sorghum plants (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 112 (1988), S. 61-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acetylene reduction ; nitrogen fixation ; organic substrates ; oxygen partial pressure ; Sorghum bicolor ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To study the role or organic substrate availability as a factor limiting associative N2-fixation we measured acetylene reduction (AR) associated with roots of intact maize and sorghum plants before and after adding organic substrates to the nutrient solution in a hydroponic system. Chloramphenicol (Cam) or nalidixic acid (NA) was added along with the substrate to determine whether bacterial protein synthesis or cell replication was necessary to support increased AR following amendment. The grasses were grown in pots in a greenhouse or on a light bench for 4–6 weeks, and then brought into the laboratory to measure AR. Intact plants were separated from soil and transferred into plastic cylinders containing an N-free nutrient solution. The roots were isolated from the shoots by a silicone rubber seal and exposed to oxygen concentrations of 0–10 kPa. Rates of AR were measured before and after adding 0.01–0.10% (w/v) carbon as glucose, malate, succinate, ethanol, acetate, glutarate, propionate, or resorcinol. Only resorcinol and ethanol failed to substantially increase AR activity. Rates of AR increased by 1.5-to 2-fold within 2h and by 5-to 15-fold after 24h. Cam and NA prevented the stimulation of AR by glucose, but neither inhibitor caused AR associated with unamended plants to decrease. We conclude that the highly variable rates of AR that have been reported for associative symbioses, even under well-controlled conditions were governed to a large extent by the amount and type of organic substrates exuded by the roots. Proliferation of diazotrophs appeared to be necessary to increase root-associated AR activity but not to maintain a constant level of activity.
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    Acetylene reduction and indoleacetic acid production by Azospirillum isolates from Cactaceous plants (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 106 (1988), S. 91-95 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azospirillum ; Cactaceae ; indoleacetic acid ; nitrogen fixation ; Opuntia ficus-indica ; Stenocereus pruinosus ; Stenocereus stellatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Azospirillum isolates were obtained from rhizosphere soil and roots of three cactaceae species growing under arid conditions. All Azospirillum isolates from rhizosphere and roots ofStenocereus pruinosus andStenocereus stellatus were identified asA. brasilense; isolates of surface-sterilized roots fromOpuntia ficus-indica were bothA. brasilense andA. lipoferum. Azospirilla per g of fresh root in the three species ranged from 70×103 to 11×103. The most active strains in terms of C2H2 reduction (25–49.6 nmol/h·ml) and indoleacetic acid (IAA) production (36.5–77 μg/ml) were those identified asA. brasilense and isolated from Stenocereus roots.A. lipoferum isolated from Opuntia roots produced low amounts of IAA (6.5–17.5 μg/ml) and low C2H2-reduction activity (17.8–21.2 nmol/h·ml).
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    Effect of Rhizobium andAzospirillum lipoferum inoculation on the nodulation, yield and nitrogen uptake of peanut cultivars (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 106 (1988), S. 249-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azospirillum lipoferum ; nitrogen fixation ; nodules ; peanut cultivars ; Rhizobium ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Peanut (Arachis hypogaea Linn.) Cvs. Robut 33-1 and JL 24 were inoculated with Rhizobium strain NC 92 and a strain ofAzospirillum lipoferum singly and as mixed inoculum. Seed inoculation with these bacteria enhanced nodulation, N content and yield of these cultivars under field conditions. While a mix inoculation of these two diazotrophic cultures had an adverse effect on these parameters as compare to single inoculation.
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    Measurements of genetic variability for symbiotic dinitrogen fixation in fieldgrwon fababean (Vicia faba L.) using a low level15N-tracer technique (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 106 (1988), S. 269-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: 15N ; nitrogen fixation ; plant breeding ; Vicia faba
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Before starting a breeding program aimed at improving the nitrogen nutrition ofVicia faba, the authors tried an alternative technique to the acetylene reduction assay, to measure some genetic variability in the plant material. The quantity of dinitrogen fixed by several cultivars ofVicia faba was estimated using a low enrichment15N tracer method and high precision15N mass spectrometry. The fababeans were cultivated for two years in two different soils. The percentage of fixed dinitrogen in the seed varied between genotypes from 40 to 83% of the total nitrogen and was positively correlated with the total seed nitrogen (r=0.64 to 0.86). A highly significant positive correlation was also found between the total seed nitrogen and the quantity of fixed dinitrogen in the seed (r=0.95 to 0.99). The technique used to measure dinitrogen fixation proved to be useful and reliable enough to discriminate between various genotypes, grown over a period of two years in two different soils. However, several non-fixing control plants showed significant differences in their15N enrichment and the problem of choosing a good reference plant was raised and discussed.
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    Seasonal patterns of growth and nitrogen fixation in field-grown pea (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 101 (1987), S. 29-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: assimilate partitioning ; growth analysis ; leaf area ; nitrate ; nitrogen fixation ; 15N isotope dilution ; pea ; Pisum sativum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The seasonal patterns of growth and symbiotic N2 fixation under field conditions were studied by growth analysis and use of15N-labelled fertilizer in a determinate pea cultivar (Pisum sativum L.) grown for harvest at the dry seed stage. The patterns of fertilizer N-uptake were almost identical in pea and barley (the non-fixing reference crop), but more fertilizer-N was recovered in barley than in pea. The estimated rate of N2 fixation in pea gradually increased during the pre-flowering and flowering growth stages and reached a maximum of 10 kg N fixed per ha per day nine to ten weeks after seedling emergence. This was the time of early pod-development (flat pod growth stage) and also the time for maximum crop growth rate and maximum green leaf area index. A steep drop in N2 fixation rate occurred during the following week. This drop was simultaneous with lodging of the crop, pod-filling (round pod growth stage) and the initiation of mobilization of nitrogen from vegetative organs. The application of fertilizer-N inhibited the rate of N2 fixation only during that period of growth, when the main part of fertilizer-N was taken up and shortly after. Total accumulation of fixed nitrogen was estimated to be 244, 238 and 213 kg N ha−1 in pea supplied with nil, 25 or 50 kg NO 3 − −N ha−1, respectively. About one-fourth of total N2 fixation was carried out during preflowering, one fourth during the two weeks of flowering and the remainder during post-flowering. About 55% of the amount of N present in pods at maturity was estimated to be derived from mobilization of N from vegetative organs. “Starter” N (25 or 50 kg NO 3 − −N ha−1) did not significantly influence either dry matter and nitrogen accumulation or the development of leaf area. Neither root length and root biomass determined 8 weeks after seedling emergence nor the yield of seed dry matter and nitrogen at maturity were influenced by fertilizer application.
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    Measurement of N2-fixation in field-grown pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] using15N-labelled fertilizer (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 101 (1987), S. 107-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: 15N ; Cajanus cajan ; intercropping ; isotope dilution ; nitrogen fixation ; nitrogen transfer ; residual effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two experiments were carried out from 1981 to 1983 in Vertisol field at ICRISAT Center, Patancheru, India to measure N2-fixation of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] using the15N isotope dilution technique. One experiment examined the effect of control of a nodule-eating insect on fixation while another in vestigated the effect of intercroping with cereals on fixation and the residual effect of pigeonpea on a succeeding cereal crop. Although both experiments indicated that at least 88% of the N in pigeonpea was fixed from the atmosphere, one result is considered fortuitous in view of the differential rates of growth of the legume and the control, sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. The difference method of calculation in dieated negative fixation and the results emphasized the problem of finding a suitable nonfixing control. In a second experiment, when all plants were confined to a known volume of soil to which15N fertilizer was added in the field, these problems were overcome, and isotope dilution and difference methods gave similar results of N2-fixation of about 90%. In intercropped pigeonpea 96% of the total N was derived from the atmosphere. This estimate might be an artifact. There was no evidence of benefit from N fixed by pigeonpea to intercropped sorghum plants. Plant tissue15N enrichments of cereal crops grown after pigeonpea indicated that the cereal derived some N fixed by the previous pigeonpea. Thus residual benefits to cereals are not only an effect of ‘sparing’ of soil N.
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    Nitrogen fixation and plant growth of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at different levels of phosphorus availability (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 104 (1987), S. 79-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bean ; sand-alumina ; nitrogen fixation ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The efficacy of the alumina system for differentiating between bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes for growth at different levels of phosphorus availability was determinated. In addition to response to P levels, comparisons were made between plants receiving N either from fertilizer or nitrogen fixation. When the cv. Carioca was provided with either 100 ppm of N or inoculated withRhizobium leguminosarum biovarphaseoli, differences in shoot dry weight and nodule number were related to P level. There was a greater proportion of green, ineffectivevs. red, active nodules at the low P concentration than at the higher P concentration. In a second experiment, two cvs., Puebla 152 and Carioca and the breeding line UW 24-21, either were inoculated with rhizobia or provided with 150ppm of N. Each genotype-nitrogen combination was grown at 8 levels of P. There was a positive effect of P level on shoot dry weight, nodule number and nodule mass. Root mass was affected less than nodule or shoot mass by the P level of the growth medium. Nodule mass, but not P concentration in the nodules, was affected by P level, whereas in the other plant tissues, P concentrations were lower at lower P levels in the media.
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    Field evaluation of starter N and delayed inoculation ofLespedeza cuneata grown in minesoil (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 109-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: inoculation method ; nitrogen fixation ; reclamation ; Rhizobium ; sericea lespedeza ; surface mining
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field study was conducted on freshly reclaimed surface-mined area to determine response of sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata [Dumont] G. Don.) to delayed rhizobial inoculation. Soybeans (Glycine max L.) were used as a control legume. Plots were inoculated with spray applications of rhizobial suspensions at seeding, cotyledon stage or second trifoliate leaf stage, or not inoculated. Starter N at 0, 10 or 20 kg ha−1 was applied preplant in a factorial arrangement with inoculation timings.G. max. was grown for 92 days andL. cuneata for 121 days. Starter N increased plant growth and total shoot N in both species. However, % shoot N was found to increase only inL. cuneata. Delaying inoculation had no significant effect upon total shoot N or % shoot N accumulation inL. cuneata. Inoculation ofG. max at planting produced greater plant growth and N accumulation than delayed inoculation treatments. Application of inoculum as a surface spray appeared to be an effective method for delayed inoculation as evidenced by nodule formation. Lack of increased plant growth, regardless of time of inoculation, suggests that delayed inoculation does not improve establishment and growth ofL. cuneata in minesoil.
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    Soybean nodule gas permeability, nitrogen fixation and dirunal cycles in soil temperature (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 227-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acetylene reduction ; diurnal cycles ; nitrogen fixation ; oxygen permeability ; photosynthesis ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract While diurnal cycles in nitrogen fixation rates are sometimes assumed to result from diurnal variation in photosynthetically active radiation, contradicting evidence exists that indicate soil temperature is the primary environmental influence. These studies assessed the significance of temperature on soybean nitrogen fixation under field conditions. Two groups of intact field-grown soybean plants, one at ambient and the other exposed to a 10°C diurnal variation in soil temperature, were nondestructively assayed for acetylene reduction rates. Activity was closely associated with soil temperature (R2=0.85), even when temperature was 12 h out of phase with ambient. Data were also obtained to determine if the effects of rhizosphere temperature on nitrogen fixation are mediated through an effect on the nodule oxygen permeability. Nodule oxygen permeability of intact, aeroponically grown soybean was closely correlated with the diurnal changes in temperature (R2=0.90).
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    Effect of combined nitrogen on nitrogen fixation of soybean (Glycine max L. Merill.) as affected by cultivar and rhizobial strain (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 103 (1987), S. 45-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Glycine max ; isotope dilution method ; 15N ; nitrogen ; nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nine strains ofRhizobium japonicum (Bradyrhizobium japonicum) were screened for nitrogen fixation in combination with two cultivars of soybean, Chippewa and Dunadja at two levels of nitrogen fertilization,i.e. 20 kg N ha−1 and 100 kg N ha−1 using15N isotope dilution method. Plant dry weight, nitrogen yield, percent N derived from atmosphere (% Ndfa) and total amount of N2 fixed were strongly influenced by the specific combination of host-genotype and rhizobial strain. The interaction between the host and microsymbiont were so specific that accurate prediction of symbiotic performance of either partner in relation to a particular host or strain of Rhizobium appears impossible. The sensitivity of nitrogen fixation to combined nitrogen was furthermore dependent upon both the rhizobial strain and host-Rhizobium association. It is therefore, inadvisable to describe a certain bacterium as being fully effective/ineffective or sensitive/tolerant to combined nitrogen, except in relation to a particular host-genotype. There is scope for obtaining promising host-Rhizobium associations tolerant to combined nitrogen through exploiting the interactive effects between the host-genotypes and strains of Rhizobium.
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    Effect of substrate nitrogen on the performance ofin vitro propagatedAlnus glutinosa clones inoculated with Sp+ and Sp− Frankia strains (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 103 (1987), S. 21-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acetylene reduction ; actinorhizae ; Alnus clones ; combined N ; Frankia strains ; nitrogen fixation ; root nodules ; symbiosis performance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The addition of combined nitrogen to substrate at an appropriate rate can stimulate N2-fixation thus inreasing the efficiency of the Alnus-Frankia symbiosis. To examine how nitrogen additions can effect the peformance of different pairs of symbionts, growth and time course of N2-fixation were studied in plants supplied with NH4NO3. Two cloned ofAlnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn., propagatedin vitro, were inoculated with two strains ofFrankia (AVP3d and ACN14a) and grown in a greenhouse. Calcined montmorillonite (TotfaiceR) was used as growth substrate. Six N treatments were made up of varied amounts of NH4NO3 supplied in one single addition shortly before inoculation. Weekly measurements of shoot height and repeated measurements of nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction) performed on intact root systems were used to monitor the development of the symbioses. Nitrogen treatments containing from 0.10 to 0.68 mg N g−1 dry substrate stimulated N2-fixation as well as growth. The relative performance of the two clones was different according to N treatment; one clone showed a greater benefit from the nitrogen input. Our results support the recommendation that selection of symbionts according to performance should be carried out with an input of combined nitrogen. This can provide optimum conditions for the development of each pair of symbionts.
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    Distribution of spore-positive and spore-negative nodules ofAlnus incana ssp.rugosa in Maine, USA (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 104 (1987), S. 103-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: actinorhizal plants ; Alnus incana ssp.rugosa ; Frankia ; nitrogen fixation ; root nodules ; spore-negative ; spore-positive
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of spore-positive (sp+) and spore-negative (sp−) root nodules ofAlnus incana ssp.rugosa (DuRoi) Clausen (speckled alder) was examined at 29 sites with a wide range of environmental conditions in Maine, USA. These included: pH 3.4 to 7.0, soil texture ranging from coarse gravel to clay to organic soils, elevation from 3 to 591 m and latitude 43 to 47°N. Habitat types included disturbed areas, streamsides, swamps and old fields. Sp (−) nodules were substantially more common, making up 76% of all nodules, whereas only 24% were sp (+). Sp (−) nodules often occurred in pure stands and predominated at disturbed sites with mineral soils at the surface and in old fields and swamps with pH〉4.0 Sp (+) nodules were nearly always found in mixture with sp (−) nodules. They occurred primarily at streamside and lakeshore sites where they made up 40% of the nodules and at sites with pH〈4.0 regardless of habitat type. It is suggested that sp (−) strains ofFrankia may be maintained at a site by saprophytic growth in soil and thus nodulate newly established hosts, whereas sp (+) strains may be maintained primarily by spore production within nodules and thus depend on extended presence of the host.
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    Note on the presence of the sym-1 gene in Vicia faba hampering its symbiosis with Rhizobium leguminosarum (1986)
    Springer
    Euphytica 35 (1986), S. 61-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Vicia faba ; fababean ; Rhizobium ; genetics ; plant mutant ; nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A symbiotically defective mutant in Vicia faba is described. This character is controlled by a recessive gene named sym-1. Reciprocal graft experiments indicate that only the root system controls its expression. Depending on the strain of Rhizobium, the root phenotype can be either Fix+ Nod- or Nod-.
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    N2(C2H2−C2H4) fixation in two species of Ceanothus seedlings in second year postfire chaparral (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 207-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ceanothus ; chaparral ; nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen fixation in excised root nodules of 2-year-old, postfireCeanothus tomentosus andC. leucodermis seedlings was measured over an 8-month period using the acetylene reduction method. High levels of NO3−N and NH4−N present in postfire soils were limited to the upper 10 cm and did not inhibit nodulation in these deeper-rooting seedlings. Decreases in acetylene reduction activity occurred with decreased soil moisture and increased soil temperature. Nitrogen gains from these two Ceanothus shrub seedlings totalled 1.6 kg N ha−1 yr−1.
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    Ecophysiological aspects of growth and nitrogen fixation inAzospirillum spp. (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 110 (1988), S. 225-238 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: amino acids ; Azospirillum brasilense ; A. lipoferum ; A. amazonense ; A. halopraeferens ; growth regulation ; nitrogen fixation ; osmotolerance ; siderophores
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The nitrogenase activity ofAzospirillum spp. is efficiently regulated by environmental factors. InA. brasilense andA. lipoferum a rapid ‘switch off’ of nitrogenase activity occurs after the addition of ammonium chloride. As in photosynthetic bacteria, a covalent modification of nitrogenase reductase (Fe-protein) is involved. InA. amazonense, a non-covalent mechanism causes only a partial inhibition of nitrogenase activity after ammonium chloride is added. In anaerobic conditions, nitrogenase reductase is also ‘switched off’ by a covalent modification inA. brasilense andA. lipoferum. Short-time exposure ofAzospirillum to increased oxygen levels causes a partially reversible inhibition of nitrogenase activity, but no covalent modification is involved.Azospirillum spp. show variations in their oxygen tolerance. High levels of carotenoids confer a slightly improved oxygen tolerance. Certain amino acids (e. g. glutamate, aspartate, histidine and serine) affect growth and nitrogen fixation differently inAzospirillum spp. Amino acids may influence growth and nitrogen fixation ofAzospirillum in the association with plants.Azospirillum brasilense andA. halopraeferens are the more osmotolerant species. They utilize most amino acids poorly and accumulate glycine betaine, which also occurs in osmotically stressed grasses as a compatible solute to counteract osmotic stress. Nitrogen fixation is stimulated by glycine betaine and choline. Efficient iron acquisition is a prerequisite for competitive and aerotoleran growth and for high nitrogenase activity.Azospirillum halopraeferens andA. amazonense assimilate iron reasonably well, whereas growth of someA. brasilense andA. lipoferum strains is severely inhibited by iron limitation and by competition with foreign microbial iron chelators. However, growth of certain iron-limitedA. brasilense strains is stimulated by the phytosiderophore mugineic acid. Thus, various plant-derived substances may stimulate growth and nitrogen fixation ofAzospirillum.
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    Influence of pH, exchangeable aluminium and 0.02M CaCl2-extractable aluminium on the growth and nitrogen-fixing activity of white clover (Trifolium repens) in some New Zealand soils (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 111 (1988), S. 111-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acid soils ; aluminium in soils ; aluminium toxicity ; exchangeable aluminium ; New Zealand ; nitrogen fixation ; soil acidity ; Trifolium repens ; white clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of soil acidity on the growth and N2-fixing activity of white clover in seven acid topsoils and subsoils of New Zealand were investigated using a glasshouse experiment. The application of phosphate (Ca(H2PO4)2) to the soils resulted in very large increases in white clover growth on all soils. The application of phosphate, as well as increasing P supply, also decreased 0.02M CaCl2-extractable Al levels, but had little effect on exchangeable Al levels. Where adequate phosphate was applied, increasing rates of lime (CaCO3) resulted in increased plant growth on most soils. N2[C2H2]-fixing activity was increased by the first level of lime for one soil, but generally remained approximately constant or declined slightly at higher rates of lime. Up to the point of maximum yield, white clover top weight was more highly correlated with 0.02M CaCl2-extractable soil Al than with exchangeable Al or pH. At pH values greater than 5.5, plant yield declined on some soils, apparently because of Zn deficiency. The data suggest that white clover is unlikely to be affected by Al toxicity at 0.02M CaCl2-extractable Al levels of less than about 3.3 μg g−1. However, there were differences between soils in apparent plant tolerance to 0.02M CaCl2-extractable Al, which appeared to be caused by differing C levels in the 0.02M CaCl2 extracts.
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    Nitrogen fixation, transfer and turnover in upland and lowland grass-clover swards, using15N isotope dilution (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 112 (1988), S. 247-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: isotope dilution ; 15N ; nitrogen ; nitrogen fixation ; nitrogen transfer ; ryegrass ; white clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The stable isotope15N is particularly valuable in the field for measuring N fixation by isotope dilution. At the same time other soil-plant processes can be studied, including15N recovery, and nitrogen transfer between clover and grass. Three contrasting sites and soils were used in the present work: a lowland soil, an upland soil, and an upland peat. Nitrogen fixation varied from 12 gm−2 on lowland soil to 2.7 gm−2 on upland peat. Most N transfer occurred on upland soil (4.2 gm−2) which, added to nitrogen fixed, made a total of 8.7 gm2 input during summer 1985.15N recovery for the whole experiment was small, around 25%. Measurement of dead and dying leaves, stubble and roots, suggests that plant organ death is the first stage in N transfer from white clover to ryegrass, through the decomposer cycle. Decomposition was fastest on lowland soils, slowest on peat. On lowland soil this decomposer nitrogen is apparently subverted before transfer, probably by soil microbes. Variations in natural abundance of15N in plants were found in the two species on the different soils. These might be used to measure nitrogen fixation without adding isotope, but the need for many replicates and repeat samples would limit throughput.
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    Response of ricebean to single and combined inoculation with Rhizobium and Glomus in a P-deficient sterilized soil (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 112 (1988), S. 293-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: dual symbiosis ; nitrogen fixation ; ricebean ; seed legume
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ricebean (Vigna umbellata (Thumb) Ohwi and Ohashi, cv. RBL-1) was inoculated withGlomus fasciculatum andRhizobium leguminosarum and grown on a sterilized sandy loam soil, deficient in plant avalable P. Dual inoculation caused a significantly greater increase in VAM colonization, N and P content of the host plant, nodulation, growth and yield of ricebean as compared to the inoculation with either of the endosynbiont. Response of ricebean to dual inoculation supported the phenomena of synergistic interaction and tripartite association between the Host-VAM fungus-Rhizobium system.
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    Effect of nitrogen fertilization and cropping system of the reference crop on estimation of N2 fixation by vetch using15N methodology (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 114 (1989), S. 227-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: legume-cereal association ; 15N ; nitrogen fixation ; nitrogen fertilization ; nitrogen transfer ; reference crop ; Vicia sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study was conducted to examine the effects of varying N rates and cropping systems (mixedversus pure stand) on the suitability of oats (Avena sativa L.) for estimating N2 fixed in sequentially harvested vetch (Vicia sativa L.) over two growing seasons (1984–85 and 1985–86). The N rates were, 20 and 100 kg N ha−1 in 1984–85 and 15 and 60 kg N ha−1 in 1985–86. In the 1984–85 season, vetch at maturity derived 76 and 63% N from fixation at the high and low N rates respectively. The corresponding values for the second season were 66 and 42%. Except in the 1985–86 season when some significantly higher values of % N2 fixed were estimated by using the reference crop grown at the higher (A-value approach) than at the lower N rate (isotope-dilution approach), both approaches resulted in similar measurements of N2 fixed. In the 1984–85 season, similar values of N2 fixed were obtained using either the pure or mixed stand oats reference crops. Although in the 1985–86 season, the mixed reference crop occasionally estimated lower % N2 fixed than pure oats, total N2 fixed estimates were always similar (P〈0.05). Thus, in general, N fertilization and cropping system of the reference crop did not significantly influence estimates of N2 fixation.
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    Phytohormone-like substances produced by single and mixed diazotrophic cultures of Azospirillum and Arthrobacter (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 115 (1989), S. 151-153 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Arthrobacter ; Azospirillum ; mixed culture ; nitrogen fixation ; phytohormones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The production of phytohormone-like substances byAzospirillum brasilense andArthrobacter giacomelloi were investigated in single and mixed batch cultures under diazotrophic conditions. The mixed culture showed higher productivity of gibberellins and cytokinins.
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    Partitioning of biologically fixed nitrogen in cowpea during pod development (1989)
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    Plant and soil 116 (1989), S. 129-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: 15N ; nitrogen fixation ; nitrogen partitioning ; translocationVigna unguiculata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two days after exposure of roots to15N labeled N2, partitioning of biologically fixed N into leaves, stems, peduncles, pods, roots and nodules was measured in the early pod development stage of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.). The experimental objective was to determine the quantity of biologically fixed N that is incorporated into vegetative tissue before being mobilized to pods. For the three varieties of cowpea included in the experiment a maximum of 50% of the N, biologically fixed two days earlier, was contained in the pods. The remaining N was distributed throughout the vegetative portion of the plant with at least 30% in stems and leaves which indicates that much of the newly fixed N must cycle through a N pool in these tissues before reaching the pods.
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    Effects of environmental conditions on the fixation and transfer of nitrogen from alfalfa to associated timothy (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 107 (1988), S. 25-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: alfalfa ; day length ; light intensity ; nitrogen fixation ; nitrogen transfer ; temperature ; timothy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen fixation (NF) by alfalfa and nitrogen transfer (NT) from alfalfa to associated timothy was studied under different environmental conditions in controlled growth chambers, using the15N dilution technique. Evidence was obtained of NT from alfalfa to the associated timothy. Conditions that favored NF by alfalfa resulted in an increase in its NT. Of 3 different temperature regimes (25/20, 16/14, and 12/9°C day/night), 16–25/14–20°C was the best range for NF by alfalfa and resulted in the greatest NT. High light intensity (550 uE.m−2.sec−1) and long days (16–20 h) also caused increased NF by alfalfa and benefitting timothy more than in a regime of low light intensity (by shading 50% or 75%) or short days (12/12 or 16/8 h day/night). When the inoculated (Rhizobium meliloti) root systems of plants were kept free from other microorganisms (axenic condition) to minimize possible decomposition of dead tissues, lower NT from alfalfa was observed, especially at later cuts, compared to non-axenic plants. This suggests that both direct excretion and decomposition of dead alfalfa tissues are sources of N benefit from alfalfa to associated timothy.
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    Effects of CaSO4 and NaCl on growth and nitrogen fixation ofLeucaena leucocephala (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 107 (1988), S. 95-99 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: CaSO4 ; Leucaena leucocephala ; lime ; NaCl ; nitrogen fixation ; salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effects and interactions of varying CaSO4 and NaCl levels on growth and nitrogen fixation ofLeucaena leucocephala K8 were examined. Leucaena was grown in nutrient solution at four levels of CaSO4 (0.5, 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mM) and NaCl (1, 25, 50 and 100 mM) in randomized blocks with five replications. While NaCl significantly reduced plant growth, additions of CaSO4 increased plant height, leaf number, and biomass of salt treated plants. For the nonsaline treatments, high CaSO4 levels slightly depressed growth, which contradicts suggestions that Leucaena has a high calcium requirement. A significant calcium/sodium interaction was not seen for nodule number or weight. Nodule number was significantly depressed by 100 mM NaCl and nodule weight of the salt stressed plants significantly increased as CaSO4 concentration increased from 0.5 to 2.5 mM. Effects of NaCl and CaSO4 on nitrogen content of plant parts were inconclusive. The promotion of Leucaena salinity tolerance by addition of CaSO4 may be attributed to the effect of calcium in maintaing the selective permeability of membranes.
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    Response of Lotus rhizobia to acidity and aluminium in liquid culture and in soil (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 107 (1988), S. 227-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lotus) ; Lotus pedunculatus ; nitrogen fixation ; nodulation ; pH ; Rhizobium loti ; soil acidity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of multiplication in liquid culture indicated that fast-growing Lotus rhizobia (Rhizobium loti) were tolerant of acidity and aluminium (at least 50 μM A1 at pH 4.5). Slow-growing Lotus rhizobia (Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lotus)) were less tolerant of acidity but equally tolerant of A1. Both genera were able to nodulateLotus pedunculatus in an acid soil (pH 4.1 in 0.01M CaCl2) and the slow-growing strains were more effective than the fast-growing strains in this soil over 30 days.
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    Nodulation and growth ofLeucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit as affected by inoculation and N fertilizer (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 112 (1988), S. 129-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: alfisol ; inoculation ; Leucaena leucocephala ; nitrogen fertilizer ; nitrogen fixation ; nodulation ; Rhizobium ; shoot growth ; total nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Leonard jar, pot and field experiments examined the effects of inoculation and the influence of nitrogen fertilizer on nodulation, nitrogen fixation and growth ofLeucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit at IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria. Leucaena responded to both inoculation and/or nitrogen application. Shoot growth and total N and P of inoculated plants were comparable to those of the highest N treatment, and the values were about 55% greater than those of uninoculated ones. Field data indicated that toal N yields of inoculated leucaena were increased by 50% with 40 or 80 kg ha−1 of N fertilizer. However, N fertilizer depressed N fixation by 56% as was expected from nodule mass data. N-fixation was delayed for about 8 weeks in the plots without N. Application of small amounts of N starter (20 ppm) proved to be beneficial to satisfy the plant need during the early stage of leucaena growth. The rhizobial strains IRc 1045 and IRc 1050 were effective, competitive and survived well in the field one year after their establishment.
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    Cultivar and pH effects on competition for nodule sites between isolates of Rhizobium in beans (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 117 (1989), S. 195-200 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acidity ; nitrogen fixation ; nodulation ; nodule occupancy ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; Rhizobium leguminosarum bvphaseoli ; strain competition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of acidity on bean-Rhizobium competition for nodule sites. SevenPhaseolus vulgaris host cultivars differing in acid-pH tolerance were grown in sand culture, and irrigated using a sub-irrigation system and nutrient solutions of pH 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, and 6.0. A mixed inoculant of two antibiotically markedRhizobium leguminosarum bvphaseoli strains CIAT899 (acid-tolerant) and CIAT632 (acid-sensitive) was used. The acid-tolerant CIAT899 dominated CIAT632 in nodule occupancy across all cultivars and pH treatments. Although several of the varieties had previously been identified as PH-tolerant, and these cultivars performed better than those reported to be acid sensitive, all showed a marked increase in nodulation and plant development when the pH was raised from 4.5 to 6.0. The second experiment using a modified Leonard jar system varied the inoculation ratio between CIAT899 and UMR1116 (acid-sensitive, inefficient in N2-fixation) and contrasted nodulation response for the bean varieties ‘Preto 143’ (pH-tolerant) and ‘Negro Argel’ (pH-sensitive) at 3 pH treatments (4.5, 5.5, 6.5). There was a significant effect of host cultivar, ratio of inoculation, and pH on the percentage of nodule occupancy by each strain. At low pH CIAT899 had higher nodule occupancy than UM1116 in the variety ‘Negro Argel’ but had the same percentage of nodulation when the variety was ‘Preto 143’. Increasing the cell concentration of UMR1116 produced more inefficient nodules at all treatment combinations and reduced plant growth for both cultivars used.
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    Nitrogen fixation of field-inoculatedLeucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit estimated by the15N and the difference methods (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 117 (1989), S. 269-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: difference method ; isotope dilution ; Leucaena leucocephala ; nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium inoculation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The amount of nitrogen fixed byLeucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit was assessed on an Alfisol at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture located in southwestern Nigeria. Estimated by the difference method, nitrogen fixation of leucaena inoculated with Rhizobium strain IRc 1045 was 133 kg ha−1 in six months. Inoculation with Rhizobium strain IRc 1050 gave a lower nitrogen fixation of 76 kg ha−1. Fertilization with 40 and 80 kg N ha−1 inhibited nitrogen fixation by 43–76% and 49–71%, respectively. Estimates with the15N dilution method gave nitrogen fixation of 134 kg ha−1 in six months when leucaena was inoculated with Rhizobium strain IRc 1045 and 98 kg ha−1 for leucaena inoculated with Rhizobium strain IRc 1050. This nitrogen fixation represented 34–39% of the plant nitrogen. Inoculated leucaena derived 5–6% of its nitrogen from applied fertilizer and 56–54% from soil.
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    Variation with soil depth, topographic position and host species in the capacity of soils from an Australian locale to nodulateCasuarina andAllocasuarina seedlings (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 118 (1989), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: actinorhizal plants ; Allocasuarina ; Casuarina ; Frankia ; nitrogen fixation ; nodules ; symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Sandy alluvial soils in a floodplain supporting a native stand ofCasuarina cunninghamiana Miq. produced about three times as many nodulated seedlings and more than twice as many nodules per nodulated seedling on roots of baitedCasuarina spp. than did clay loam red earth soils from the adjacent valley slope. Moist and well-aerated subsurficial alluvial sands had the greatest nodulation capacity of all the soils sampled. For all topographic positions, soil samples from depths greater than 20 cm promoted 76% more nodulated Casuarina seedlings than samples from the surficial 20 cm. Seedlings of three provenances ofC. cunninghamiana, together with seedlings ofC. glauca Sieb. ex Spreng.,C. cristata F. Muell ex Miq. andC. obesa Miq. developed significantly more nodules per pot and nodules per nodulated seedling in soils from this locale than seedlings of twoCasuarina equisetifolia Forst. provenances. Seedlings of two provenances ofAllocasuarina torulosa (Ait.) L. Johnson had fewer than 1% nodulated seedlings, a significantly lower level by far than that ofCasuarina seedlings.A. torulosa provenances also had significantly fewer nodulated seedlings per pot and nodules per nodulated seedling than all Casuarina hosts excepting one poorly-nodulated provenance ofC. equisetifolia. Nodulated seedlings of allCasuarina species had the capacity to fix atmospheric N2, as indicated by acetylene-reduction capability. The presence of yellow cladodes and low rates of acetylene reduction per plant forC. cristata Miq. suggest that this association was poorly effective.
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    Growth and acetylene reduction activity by intact plants ofAlnus incana under field conditions (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 118 (1989), S. 61-73 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alnus incana ; field ; Frankia ; growth ; intact plants ; nitrogenase activity ; nitrogen fixation ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The nitrogen-fixing grey alder,Alnus incana (L.) Moench, has a potential use in forest soil restoration and as part of energy forestry plantations. As a first step to estimate nitrogen fixation byA. incana under field conditions we performed studies on nitrogenase activity and its possible relation to abiotic factors and growth of the alders. Nitrogenase activity was measured as acetylene reduction activity (ARA) on eleven 1-year-old seedlings ofA. incana inoculated with a local source ofFrankia and planted in an experimental plot located in Umeå, northern Sweden. Each alder was planted into an open-ended cylinder which was closed with a gas tight lid around the stem base to serve as cuvette during ARA measurements. Propane served as tracer gas. ARA was measured in the middle of the day at 15 occasions during 26 June to 29 September 1987. Growth was recorded as leaf area and top shoot length at each ARA measurement until the end of August. Weather conditions were recorded for the whole growing season. Maximal ARA was recorded in late July or early August and ranged from 1.86 to 106μmol C2H4plant−1h−1. Final leaf area ranged from 0.022 to 0.124 m2. A relationship between ARA and the number of hours of sunshine during the same day was observed. ARA in relation to soil temperature increased during the study period, except for the last measurements. ARA in relation to leaf area was initially high but decreased later on. It is suggested that as leaves got older their contribution to photosynthesis per unit leaf area decreased and their potential to deliver nitrogen for retranslocation within plant increased. Both of these events would cause reduced ARA per unit leaf area. The data on ARA, growth, and abiotic factors taken together supported the view that sunshine and weather conditions affected photosynthesis and thereby delivery of assimilates to the nodules.
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    Temporal water stress effects on nodulation, nitrogen accumulation and growth of soybean (1989)
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    Plant and soil 120 (1989), S. 49-55 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: A-value ; drought ; nitrogen fixation ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The N accumulation and growth of regularly watered soybean (Glycine max. L.) plants were compared with those grown under various durations of drought stress varying from 14 to 47 days (D). The stresses were imposed between the V3 (three nodes) and R7 (physiological maturity) growth stages. The stress was defined as eithermild, moderate orsevere, corresponding to (i), a single drought cycle from V3 to R2 (18 D) or R5 to R7 (14 D), (ii) double cycle from V3 to R5 (33 D) or R2 to R7(29 D), and (iii) three continuous cycles from V3 to R7 (47 D), respectively. Plants were harvested at the R7 stage (76 days after planting). The A-values measured by the non-nodulated plants under all treatments were similar (P〈0.05), indicating that the available amount of soil N was not changed by drought. However, the A-values assessed by the nodulated plants (which included the N2 fixed), differed significantly among treatments. Except under the longest stress condition, all plants (in both genotypes) absorbed similar amounts of soil N, but N2 fixed in the nodulated plants differed, significantly among treatments. The regularly-watered plants derived the highest amount (68 mg plant−1) and proportion (46.1%) of N from fixation, and the water stresses resulted in significant reductions in N2 fixed. Although the growth of both nodulated and non-nodulated plants, was adversely affected by water stress, this was not as great as was the effect on N2 fixation. Nitrogen fixation was the most sensitive parameter to drought, followed by plant growth, and the least sensitive was soil N uptake.
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    A comparison of two methods and different media for isolatingFrankia from Casuarina root nodules (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 120 (1989), S. 187-193 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: actinorhizae ; Casuarina ; Frankia ; isolation ; nitrogen fixation ; spores
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Four species of Casuarina were raised in the glasshouse and inoculated with nodules collected from nine different geographical areas within Australia. Isolations ofFrankia were attempted from 10 of the Casuarina-Frankia nodule combinations using two methods, a nodule dissection and a filtration method. With both techniquesFrankia isolates were obtained from four of the 10Frankia sources. Spores were not observed in sections of nodules from the four sources from whichFrankia was isolated, whereas spores were observed in the remaining six nodule sources. For selected nodule sources a range of isolation media were tried, but no improvement in the isolation success rate was achieved. The effect of host species on ease of isolation was studied. The results obtained suggested it was theFrankia strain and not the host plant species which determined the ease of isolation from Casuarina nodules.
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    The influence of rate and time of nitrate supply on nitrogen fixation and yield in pea (Pisum sativum L.) (1986)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 10 (1986), S. 193-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: 15N fertilizer dilution ; nitrate-N ; nitrogen fixation ; pea ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of nitrate N supply on dry matter production, N content and symbiotic nitrogen fixation in soil-grown pea (Pisum sativum L.) was studied in a pot experiment by means of15N fertilizer dilution. In pea receiving no fertilizer N symbiotic nitrogen fixation, soil and seed-borne N contributed with 82, 13 and 5% of total plant N, respectively. The supply of low rates of nitrate fertilizer at sowing (“starter N”) increased the vegetative dry matter production, but not the seed yield significantly. Nitrogen fixation was not significantly decreased by the lower rates of nitrate but higher rates supplied at sowing reduced the nitrogen fixation considerably. Applying nitrate N at the flat pod growth stage increased the yield of seed dry matter and N about 30% compared to pea receiving no nitrate fertilizer. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation was reduced only about 11%, compared with unfertilized pea, by the lowest rate of nitrate at this application time. The pea very efficiently took up and assimilated the nitrate N supplied. The average fertilizer N recovery was 82%. The later the N was supplied the more efficiently it was recovered. When nitrate was supplied at the flat pod growth stage 88% was recovered, and 90% of this N was located in the seeds.
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    Potassium nitrution and nitrogen fixation by nodulated legumes (1985)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 8 (1985), S. 9-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: efficiency ; legume ; nitrogen fixation ; pisum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seeds ofPisum arvense L.w. Weitor were grown in nitrogen-free nutrient solution for one week and then in the same medium but at a different potassium concentrations (0.0, 0.1 and 10mM) for one month. At the end of the experiment the plants were dried and analysed for total nitrogen, organic carbon, and nutrients (Ca, Mg, Na, K, and P). The number of nodules were counted, and their spatial distribution was studied. The nutrient solution was changed twice a week and analysed for total exuded nitrogen. No positive correlation was found between the total number of nodules and the total nitrogen fixed although nitrogen fixed per one hundred nodules was higher in potassiumrich than in potassium-limited conditions. Plants accumulated higher magnesium concentrations in potassium-limited than in potassium-rich conditions. Roots were relatively more rich in nitrogen (dry weight basis) in potassium-rich conditions. At low supply of potassium a significant amount of the nitrogen fixed was exuded. Increasing the potassium supply increased the total dry weight and total nitrogen fixed by plants but decreased the efficiency of energy (nitrogen fixed per dry weight of green leaves) and potassium utilization for both dry weight production and nitrogen fixation (potassium accumulated per dry weight produced or nitrogen fixed).
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    3. Technologies for utilizing biological nitrogen fixation in wetland rice: Potentialities, current usage, and limiting factors (1986)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 9 (1986), S. 39-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen fixation ; lowland rice ; azolla ; blue-green algae ; legumes ; straw ; technology ; review
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Almost all types of N2-fixing microorganisms are found in lowland rice fields. The resulting N fertility has permitted moderate but constant productivity in fields where no N fertilizer is applied. Current and potential technologies for utilizing biological N2 fixation in lowland rice production are reviewed in terms of potential, current usage, and limiting factors. Legumes and azolla have been traditionally used as green manure in parts of Asia, permitting yields of 2–4 t/ha. To a limited extent, straw incorporation favors heterotrophic biological N2 fixation. Recently, inoculation with blue-green algae has been claimed to increase yields by about 10%. Using non-symbiotic N2-fixing systems is still experimental. Utilization of biological N2 fixation as an alternative or additional N source for rice is severely limited by technological, environmental, and socioeconomical factors.
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    Influence of dissimilarities in temporal and spatial N-uptake patterns on15N-based estimates of fixation and transfer of N in ryegrass-clover mixtures (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 112 (1988), S. 167-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: clover ; Lolium multiflorum ; Lolium perenne ; 15N ; N-uptake ; nitrogen transfer ; nitrogen fixation ; Trifolium repens ; Trifolium pratense
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The temporal N-uptake patterns of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) mixed with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) mixed with Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) were determined in successive harvests of herbage within the growth cycles of a ley established near Zürich (Switzerland). Rooting patterns were examined by injecting15N-fertilizer at soil depths ranging from 10 to 40 cm. The results were analyzed to determine the effect of variations in time and depth of N-uptake on the15N-based measurement of N from symbiosis (Nsym) and N from transfer (Ntrans). Grasses in mixture appeared to have deeper rooting systems than grass monocultures, which led to an overestimation of N transfer from white clover to perennial ryegrass if15N was spread on the soil surface. White clover generally lagged behind grass in soil N- uptake. Soil N-uptake of red clover slowed down before that of the grass because % Nsym almost reached 100% during the second half of each growth cycle. However, the effect of these dissimilarities on the seasonal average of %Nsym did not exceed 2%. It is concluded that at the observed high levels of N2 fixation, failure to account for the N-uptake patterns of the test and reference crops only slightly affected the estimates of % Nsym and % Ntrans, and did not invalidate the observed differences between species.
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    Inoculationin vitro of wheat seedlings and wheat straw cultures withBacillus azotofixans (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 113 (1989), S. 133-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Bacillus azotofixans ; in vitro inoculation ; nitrogen fixation ; wheat roots ; wheat straw
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Bacillus azotofixans is a recently described species capable of fixing molecular nitrogen efficiently. Ecological studies performed in monoxenic wheat cultures, both in 0.7% agar and in vermiculite-sand mixture, showed that no acetylene reduction occurred and that this bacteria did not grow when supplied only with the wheat plant root exudates. However, after glucose addition to the 0.7% agar cultures, acetylene reduction ability (ARA) was detected. Comparing ARA for media with glucose both with and without plants, it was observed that the plants supply some component leading to the increase of the nitrogenase activity, since the ARA doubled in the samples containing plants. In wheat straw cultures a fast growth of the bacteria was observed in the first 24 hours after inoculation, but no acetylene reduction was detected. After glucose addition to the media with and without straw, nitrogenase activity was detected.
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    The response of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) seedlings to spring root temperatures: The relative roles of the plant and the Rhizobium bacteria (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 113 (1989), S. 147-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Lolium perenne L. ; nitrogen fixation ; relative growth rates ; Rhizobium trifolii ; seedling growth ; spring temperatures ; Trifolium repens L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Three experiments are reported which examine the relative roles of host and Rhizobium genotypes as factors limiting clover (Trifolium repens L.) growth at low soil temperatures. In the first experiment un-nodulated clover and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) were grown with non-limiting nitrate at root temperatures of 8, 10 and 12°C. The ryegrass had substantially better relative growth rates (RGR) than the clover with the biggest difference occurring at 8°C. Alterations in growth rate with temperature were more marked in clover than in ryegrass but the latter still produced several times more dry matter than clover at each temperature. In the subsequent experiments clover nodulated with different strains of rhizobia was grown with and without non-limiting additions of nitrate at root temperatures of 9, 12 and 15°C. Plants receiving nitrate generally produced more dry matter than those dependent upon Rhizobium for nitrogen but differences in yield between these treatments did not alter with temperature. This suggests that limitations imposed by nitrogen fixation are similar at both high and low temperatures. Indeed, there was some evidence that nitrogen limitations were rather more pronounced at the highest temperature. The first experiment clearly demonstrated that the clover genotype makes particularly poor use of nitrate at low root temperatures when compared to its common companion perennial ryegrass. It can be concluded that improvements in spring growth of clover will rest largely with alterations to the plant genotype and its ability to use combined nitrogen for growth at lower temperatures rather than with changes in rhizobia or any symbiotic characters.
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    Alfalfa N2-fixation enhances the phosphorus uptake of walnut in interplantings (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 113 (1989), S. 291-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: agroforestry ; interspecies transfer ; nitrogen ; nitrogen fixation ; nutrient cycling ; pH ; phosphorus ; rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Walnut tree seedlings exhibited greater phosphorus (P) uptake from32P-labelled hydroxyapatite when interplanted with alfalfa than with other walnuts, black locust, or orchard grass. Three mechanisms are proposed as possible explanations of this enhnaced P uptake by walnut. In this study, diffusion of solubilized apatite-P to the roots of walnut at points of walnut-alfalfa root intersection is believed to be the operative mechanism. Phosphorus is solubilized due to rhizosphere acidification of alfalfa during nitrogen fixation. These results underscore the interdependence of nutrient cycles. Enhancement of the phosphorus cycle through manipulation of the nitrogen cycle has important implications for world food and fiber production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02280196
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    Glasshouse evaluation of the growth ofAlnus rubra andAlnus glutinosa on peat and acid brown earth soils when inoculated with four sources ofFrankia (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 110 (1988), S. 187-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acid brown earth ; Alnus glutinosa ; Alnus rubra ; Frankia ; nitrogen fixation ; nodule ; peat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of soil type (an acid peat and 2 acid brown earths) andFrankia source (3 spore-positive crushed nodule inocula and spore-negative crushed nodules containing the singleFrankia ArI5) on nodulation, N content and growth ofAlnus glutinosa andA. rubra were determined in a glasshouse pot experiment of two years duration. Plants on all soils required additional P for growth. Growth of both species was very poor on peat withA. glutinosa superior toA. rubra. The former species was also superior toA. rubra on an acid brown earth with low pH and low P content. Some plant-inoculum combinations were of notable effectivity on particular soils but soil type was the major source of variation in plant weight. Inoculation with crushed nodules containingFrankia ArI5 only gave poor infection of the host plant, suggesting that inoculation with locally-collected crushed nodules can be a preferred alternative to inoculation withFrankia isolates of untested effectivity. Evidence of adaptation ofFrankia to particular soils was obtained. Thus, while the growth of all strains was stimulated by mineral soil extracts, inhibitory effects of peat extracts were more apparent with isolates from nodules from mineral soils than from peat, suggesting that survival ofFrankia on peat may be improved by strain selection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02226798
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    Influence ofGlycine max nodulation on the persistence in soil of a genetically markedBradyrhizobium japonicum strain (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 116 (1989), S. 275-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: antibiotic resistance ; ecology ; nitrogen fixation ; soybean ; symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Since competition with indigenous strains limits nodule occupancy by bacteria applied to seeds, the ecology of Bradyrhizobium inoculum strains used for soybean is of concern. A genetically marked strain,B. japonicum I-110 ARS, was directly enumerated from soil on selective medium. A clear long-term positive influence of even limitedGlycine max nodulation was shown by comparisons of population densities obtained with or without plant removal prior to nodule senescence in the first year and with an incompatible as well as a compatible soybean variety after 5 years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02214558
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    Differential response in growth and mycorrhizal colonisation of soybean to inoculation with two isolates ofGlomus clarum in soils of different P availability (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 112 (1988), S. 37-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: colonisation ; host specificity ; Glomus clarum ; glycine max ; growth ; nitrogen fixation ; phosphate ; tropical ; vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soybean (Glycine max cv. Mikiwashima) seedlings were inoculated with two tropical isolates of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungusGlomus clarum (Gc); isolateGcA was isolated from soils of low phosphate (P) and isolateGcB from soils of high P availability. In soil with low P,GcA was more efficient in increasing growth, nodulation and nitrogenase activity ofG. max thanGcB. Upon contact with the root surface, pre-infection hyphae ofGcA penetrated the root directly and rapidly colonised the cortical cells, while those ofGcB grew extensively on theroot surface with little host penetration. Mycorrhizal colonisation was higher in roots inoculated withGcA. Dual inoculation with the two isolates did not increase the effect of the single inoculation withGcA. In soils of high P status, both isolates formed pre-infection hyphae with few entry ooints and percentage mycorrhizal root colonisation was consequently low. The variation in efficacy of the isolates emphasizes the significance of evaluating host specificity when selecting efficient VA mycorrhizae strains for field studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181750
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  • 73
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    Nitrogenase activity of blue-green algae on seasonally flooded soils in Bangladesh (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 113 (1989), S. 47-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: blue-green algae ; Cyanobacteria ; deepwater rice ; fertilizer ; nitrogen fixation ; pre-flood
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Blue-green algal communities formed an extensive cover on soils at five deepwater rice-growing locations in Bangladesh during the month before the arrival of floodwater. The principal taxa wereAnabaena, Cylindrospermum, Lyngbya, Microcoleus, Nostoc, Prophyrosiphon notarisii, Scytonema mirabile andTolypothrix byssoidea. One of two locations studied after the floodwaters had receded also had an extensive cover, mainlyScytonema mirabile. Nitrogenase activity assayed at mid-day was from one to three orders of magnitude higher per unit area of community than bare soil. Nostoc showed higher activity than Tolypothrix, whether expressed per unit area or biomass. Whole field estimates of N2 fixed by blue-green algal communities during the pre-flood period ranged from 1.0 to 10.2 kg N ha−1. Much of this is probably not recycled until floodwaters cover the fields. However N2 fixed after floodwaters have receded is probably recycled rapidly due to ploughing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181920
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    Gas diffusion pathway in nodules ofCasuarina cunninghamiana (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 118 (1989), S. 119-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: actinorhizal nodules ; Casuarina cunninghamiana ; Frankia ; nitrogen fixation ; oxygen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The gas diffusion pathway in nodules was traced by vacuum infiltration with India ink or aniline blue and by electron microscopy. India ink infiltration was observed in the outermost and the innermost cortex in sliced nodules, but not in intact nodules. With aniline blue infiltration, it was observed that intercellular air spaces in the outermost and the innermost cortex were connected to those in nodule roots. No air spaces were in contact with walls of infected cells, although intercellular air spaces existed in some groups of uninfected cells within the infected zone. Infiltration with either India ink or aniline blue could not be observed in the infected zone in essentially all cases. Thus it is suggested that the discontinuity of the intercellular air spaces represents a major resistance to O2 diffusion in nodules ofCasuarina cunninghamiana.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02232796
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    Symbiotic interactions between soybean and competing strains ofBradyrhizobium japonicum (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 119 (1989), S. 139-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: competition studies ; Glycine max ; nitrogen fixation ; nodulation ; rhizosphere ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Selected symbiotic characteristics of fiveBradyrhizobium japonicum strains were assessed in association with ‘Ransom’ soybean plants (Glycine max [L.] Merr.). In the first of two greenhouse experiments, relative nodulation competitiveness of the strains was examined. Strains were grouped into pairs, and corresponding cells were applied to surface-disinfected seeds so as to provide seven ratios of cell numbers between the two strains. Tap root nodules were harvested 28 days after sowing and serotyped by means of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Strains differed considerably in nodulation competitiveness, and these differences were successfully quantified using relationships previously proposed in the literature. A second experiment involved assessment of the reproducibility of this technique and characterization of the symbiotic response to single- and double-strain inocula. Differences in relative nodulating abilities of strains were apparent between experiments and were possibly related to observed variations in greenhouse temperatures. Plant shoot weight and total N content were not significantly correlated with nodule number or weight when evaluated across inoculation treatments, but these correlations were often significant within inoculation treatments. Certain double-strain inocula produced either positive or negative effects on shoot weight, N content, and nodulation, when compared with values predicted from corresponding controls receiving single-strain inocula.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370278
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