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  • Articles  (58,052)
  • Springer  (56,390)
  • Oxford University Press  (1,662)
  • 1990-1994  (58,052)
  • Chemistry and Pharmacology  (58,052)
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  • Articles  (58,052)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acid-catalyzed photoaromatization of poly(cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol) derivatives into polyphenylene (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 33-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Substituted poly(cyclohexene)s, used as poly(phenylene) precursors, have been prepared by radical polymerization of cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol derivatives containing various leaving groups. The precursors were converted into poly(phenylene) either by curing at elevated temperatures or by deep-UV exposure in the presence of a photoacid generator. These reactions were investigated by both IR and UV analysis. Our results with the conversion of precursors into poly(phenylene) via photoaromatization suggest that polyphenylene precursors can be imaged by deep-UV microlithography (as a new class of photoimageable thermally stable polymers).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01045635
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cationic polymerization of selected α- and β-substituted vinyl ethers (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 117-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The cationic polymerization of various α- and β-substituted vinyl ethers, initiated by 1-iodo-1-(2-methylpropyloxy)ethane 1 and tetrabuty lammonium perchlorate (TBAP) was investigated. The polymerization of 2,3-dihydrofuran (DHF, 3a) in CH2Cl2 at -40°C proceeds via opening of the ethylenic double bond and yields polymers with narrow molar mass distributions and high glass transitions. The number average of molar mass increased linearly with conversion. Under these conditions, a controlled polymerization of two propenyl ethers (1-ethoxypropene 2a and 2-methoxypropene 2b) and two other cyclic unsaturated ethers (3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran 3b and 5-methyl-2,3-dihydrofuran 3c) could not be achieved. Either transfer reactions or the decomposition of 1 prevented the formation of high molar mass polymers of these vinyl ethers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00299645
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copolymerization behavior of 3-vinylbenzothiophene (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 555-560 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary 3-Vinylbenzothiophene was synthesized and its copolymerization with methyl methacrylate and n-butyl acrylate was investigated. The copolymerizations were performed according to an experimental design scheme and the results were analyzed using a nonlinear error-in-variables method. The 3-vinylbenzothiophene was found to be a reactive monomer with reactivity ratio values similar to those of 2-vinyl thiophene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296046
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stereoregular oligomers of methyl methacrylate (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 561-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Isotactic (it-) and syndiotactic (st-) MMA oligomers from 19-mer to 29-mer could be isolated efficiently from it-PMMA ( $$\overline {DP}$$ = 28.6) and st-PMMA ( $$\overline {DP}$$ = 28.6) (sample load: 50 mg) by the SFC using a 10 mm i. d. x 250 mm column packed with silica gel. DP of each isolated oligomer was determined by FD mass spectroscopy, and the values agreed well with those calculated from the relative intensity of 1H NMR signals due to CH3O- and the terminal t-C4H9-groups. Glass transition temperature (T g) of the it-28-mer measured by DSC was 34.5°C, which was higher than that of the it-PMMA by 6.5°C. T g of both the it-and st-oligomers increased linearly with DP in the range of DP=20∼29. A 1: 1 mixture of the it- and st-27-mers annealed at 140°C showed an endothermic transition at 102.3°C which was attributable to melting of stereocomplex, whereas an annealed 1: 1 mixture of the it- and st-PMMAs had a much broader endotherm around 80∼140°C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296047
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EPR investigations of the influence of N,N′-methylene-bisacrylamide (NNMBA) crosslinks on the coordination structure of Cu(II) complexes of poly (N-2-aminoethylacrylamide)s (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 585-591 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The coordination structures of Cu(II) complexes of amino functions supported on polyacrylamides with varying extents of NNMBA-crosslinks were followed by EPR techniques. The geometry of the Cu(II) complexes changes with increasing crosslinking. The covalency of the Cu-N bond also depends on the extent of the NNMBA-crosslinking in the polymer-support.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296050
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crosslinking effect on sorption and thermal stability by crosslinked poly(ethyleneimine) (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 601-606 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The sorption behaviour of copper (II) and uranium (VI) ions on branched poly(ethylenimine) (BPEI) bridged with bifunctional crosslinkers (CR), 1-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane, 1,3-dibromopropane and 1,2-dibromoethane with various degress of crosslinks has been examined. The effect of crosslinking on the extent of sorption and thermal stability is reported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296052
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lyotropic mesophase formations of HPC/imogolite mixture (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 607-614 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The mesophase formation was observed from the system of mixed organic polymer (hydroxypropyl cellulose) and inorganic polymer (imogolite) in acetic acid aqueous solution. The phase diagram of the mesophase formation was drawn as a function of imogolite content. The mesophase structure was found to change from the helicoidall arrangement of nematic sheets to the pile of pleated nematic sheets with increasing imogolite content.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296053
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and rheological study of some maleic acid and fumaric acid stereoregular polyesters (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 621-626 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary First unsaturated polyester fibers were prepared starting from stereoregular, macromolecular poly(octamethylene fumarate). Fibers obtained from octamethylene copolyesters of fumaric and terephthalic acids manifested improved mechanical properties and higher melting points. All unsaturated polyester fibers prepared in the study, based on the homopolymer and on copolymers of fumaric acid, even those containing as low as 10% of fumaric acid residues, are able to be covalently bonded to an unsaturated polyester matrix.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295963
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reactive propylene oligomers (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 633-638 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Propylene oligomers containing isopropenyl end group have been prepared by thermolysis of atactic polypropylene. The chain-end structures and the number-avarage isopropenyl chain end functionality was determined in the product by C-13 NMR spectroscopy. Molecular weight of the oligomers were between 300 and 1000, as characterized by GPC. Conditions leading to the formation of propylene oligomers with number-average isopropenyl chain end functionality of 1.0, have been worked out.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295965
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unusual addition by the thiol-ene photopolymerization (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 653-656 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The photoaddition of aromatic dithiols (1) onto aliphatic alkenes (2a-2c) yielding polysulfides is studied. Polysulfides having anti-Markownikow and Markownikow moieties in the main chain are obtained by the reaction of dithiols (1) with ethyleneglycoldivinylether (2a). The unusual Markownikow orientation is explained on the basis of a radical cation intermediate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295968
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation of monodispersed polymer-modified silica particles by radical polymerization using silica colloid and introduction of functional groups on the composite surface (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 663-668 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Radical polymerizations of vinyl monomers using a initiator of 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride on monodispersed silica colloid led to formation of spherical polymer/SiO2 composites, retained particle size. Addition of hydroxypropyl cellulose to the reaction system resulted in yielding excellent dispersible composites into ethanol by short period ultrasonic irradiation. The polymerization of styrene in the presence of mercapto-amine or carboxylic acid derivatives could successfully introduce amino or carboxyl group on the Poly(styrene)/SiO2 composite.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295970
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrical conductance of some cellulose derivatives (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 689-695 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The interrelation between the electrical conductance, σ and some chemically modified cellulose molecule produced through partial substitution of the hydroxyl groups by different groups namely, acetate, methoxyl, carboxymethyl and sodium carboxymethyl has been studied in the temperature ranges 283–333 k. The results show that σ of the examined samples change in the descending order: sodium carboxymethyl cellulose 〉carboxymethyl cellulose 〉methyl cellulose〉cotton cellulose〉cellulose acetate. The variable response of σ to the chemical modification and the physical changes of cellulose accompanying such modification has been discussed in terms of the molecular structure, chain flexibility and degree of polymerization of the examined samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295974
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the polarity and donor-acceptor-properties of polysaccharides (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 697-702 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Acidic parameters according to the GUTMANN's acceptor numbers (AN) of cellulose acetates and unmodified cellulose have been determined by means of the negatively solvatochromic probe dye Fe(phen)2(CN)2. Unmodified cellulose possesses a relatively high acceptor strength due to cooperative hydrogen bonds while increasing acetate contents in the polymer chain lower the acceptor strength. The dependence of AN on the acetate content can be used to estimate the degree of substitution (DS). Pecularities in the substitution interval (DS=0 to DS=1.5) are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295975
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bending behavior of an electrically activated complex forming hydrogel (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 677-681 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The complex forming poly[(ethylene glycol-co-proplene glycol)-g-acrylamide]: polyacrylic acid interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel is able to bend under electric field “stimuli”. pH, ionic strength gradients and voltage can influence it's bending degree. So we may improve the sample' “responsive” speed through manipulating those factor in the further study in order to put it into the biomedical application.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295972
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of iniferters for obtaining composition homogenous copolymers (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 449-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary An original way of reducing composition heterogeneity has been proposed for copolymers obtained at high conversions. The main idea underlying this method consists in application as initiators of special compounds (iniferters) leading to alteration of the mechanism of polymer chain growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00297338
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular-mass distributions resulting from the homopolymerization of monoepoxides initiated by tertiary amines (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 459-465 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A reaction scheme based on propagation and intramolecular chain transfer steps is proposed for the anionic homopolymerization of epoxides initiated by tertiary amines. Chain transfer regenerates a living chain and gives a dead chain with terminal vinilydene unsaturations and hydroxy groups. The possibility of generating phenols or substituted phenols is also considered. Molecular-mass distributions were predicted as a function of conversion by both kinetic and Monte Carlo methods. Predictions were compared with experimental results reported in the literature. The evolution of the number-average degree of polymerization could be reasonably predicted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00297340
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal expansion of irradiated polyvinyl chloride from 10 K to 340 K (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 481-487 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The coefficient of thermal expansion is measured for irradiated Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) from 10K to 340K. The samples of PVC are irradiated, up to 500 Mrad in steps of 100 Mrad, in air at room temperature by using Co gamma rays with a dose rate of 0.3 Mrad/h. The PVC is an amorphous sample which is confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The coefficient of thermal expansion is found to decrease with radiation dose from 10K to 110K and it increaseswith radiation dose from 110K to 340K. The results are explained on the basis of radiation induced degradation of the sample.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00297343
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Indexed in current contents (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. A4 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00297346
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of telechelic monodispersed diols (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 497-503 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The synthesis of telechelic monodispersed diols produced from the radical telomerization of an excess of undecylenol with commercialy available α, ω-dithiols HSC2H4XC2H4SH (X=0, S or CH2) initiated by peroxides is presented. In each case, the diols were obtained selectively and quantitatively and they were characterized by both 1H and 13C NMR. Their physical characteristics (Tg, Tm and decomposition temperatures) were determined. Such compounds are thermally more stable than polydispersed telechelic commercially available diols.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296038
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anionic polymerization of vinylsilanes (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 505-509 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The anionic polymerization of dimethylphenylvinylsilane with sec-butyllithium/N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) was investigated. The polymerization proceeded up to 100% yield and afforded the polymer having isomerized-structure units. The polymerization was accompanied by chain transfer reaction to the monomer and the polymerization rate in the presence of TMEDA was much lower than in the absence of TMEDA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296039
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functionalization of a multiepoxy resin by methacrylic compounds and study of its thermal properties (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 627-632 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Methacrylation of triglycidyl triphenyl methane (via methacrylic acid) has been done using three catalysts: dimethyl dodecyl amine (DMDA), tetrabutyl ammonium bromide (TBAB) and chromium (III) diisopropyl salicylate (Cr Dips). The reaction has been followed by epoxy colorimetric titration, CPG and 1H NMR. This study has shown the superiority of chromium catalysis because of its rapidity and ease of process. Then, these cured products (TACTIX and methacrylated TACTIX) show homogeneous Tg values which are higher than 200°C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295964
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase transfer catalysis in the polycondensation processes (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 639-644 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Polyesters from 3,3′-bis(chloromethyl)oxacyclobutane and dipotassium isophthalate were obtained by phase transfer catalysis using different catalysts and solvents. The products were characterised by IR,1H-NMR and DSC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295966
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymerization by phase transfer catalysis (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 645-652 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Polycarbonates, polythiocarbonates, and polyesters from 1,1,3-trimethyl-3-(4′-hydroxy-phenyl)-4-indanol were synthesized using phase transfer conditions. THe effects of several catalysts and reactions times were evaluated by the yields and inherent viscosities. Phase transfer catalysis was not an efficient technique due to the rigid structure of the diphenol with the indanic group. The results were compared with that obtained with a diphenol having the same number of carbon atoms but forming an aliphatic side chain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295967
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of 1,2,3-triphenylcyclopropene on radical polymerizations (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 657-662 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary 1,2,3-Triphenylcyclopropene (TPCP) is a powerful retarder for polymerizations of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and styrene initiated by benzoyl peroxide or azobisisobutyronitrile. End-groups in polymers of MMA were studied by 13C-NMR spectroscopy and also, in the case of the peroxide, by using radioactive initiator. It was shown that, towards the benzoyloxy and 1-cyano-1-methylethyl radicals, the reactivity of TPCP exceeds that of MMA by factors of about 60 and three respectively at 60°C. TPCP can be used to introduce into polymers end-groups of special types.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295969
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  • 25
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    Electronic Resource
    Solvent effect on the complex formation of polyvinylpyrrolidone and polymonomethyl itaconate (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 669-676 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The influence of solvent on polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyitaconic acid monomethylester (PMMI) sterecomplex formation was studied by means of laser light scattering and viscometry. Several phase changes were observed, from homogeneous solution to precipitates and gels. Responsible of this behaviour are hydrogen bonding, Coulombic forces, or hydrophobic interaction in aqueous medium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295971
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Easy use of Lewis and Mayo's rule to determine monomer conversion-rates in cotelomerization (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 703-707 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The Lewis and Mayo's rule, used so far for the determination of r1 and r2, is presently applied for the simultaneous determination of partial monomers conversions α1 and α2; whereas the integration of the Skeist's rule gave global conversion α only. An experimental verification is performed for the cotelomerization of MMA and maleic anhydride with dodecyl mercaptan as telogen, and it gives a very good correlation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295976
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
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    A striking observation on the fluorescence of a twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) molecule used to probe polymer dynamics in the bulk state (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 709-715 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An anomalous effect on the twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) phenomenon of 4-(N,N-dimethylamino) benzonitrile (DMABN) dissolved in elastomers such as poly(propylene oxide), poly(ethylene oxide) has been observed. Under irradiation, the normal fluorescence of DMABN in these matrices has been found to increase strongly while the emission arising from the TICT state decreases slightly.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295977
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    Polymerization of propylene by highly active catalysts synthesized with Mg(OEt)2/benzoyl chloride/TiCl4 (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 23 (1990), S. 35-42 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Active centers have been studied in the polymerization of propylene using highly active Mg(OEt)2/Benzoyl chloride/TiCl4 catalysts activated with AlEt3. The method for the measurement of active centers is based on the inhibiting effect of CO on polymerization. The activity of the present catalysts, which is higher than that of TiCl3 or MgCl2-supported catalyst, is mainly due to the higher concentration of active centers by one order of magnitude. In order to investigate the stability of active centers during polymerization the number of active centers are compared at various polymerization times.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983961
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  • 29
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    The influence of total monomer concentration on the “reactivity” of ω-(p-vinylbenzyl ether) macromonomers of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) determined from radiacal copolymerization experiments with butyl methacrylate (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 23 (1990), S. 19-26 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The influence of the total monomer concentration on the radical reactivity ratio r1 of butyl methacrylate (BMA) (M1)-ω-(p-vinylbenzyl ether) macromonomer of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO-VBE) (M2) monomer pair was investigated. For two different molecular weights of the PPO-VBE macromonomer ( $$\bar M_n = 14,000$$ , $${{\bar M_w } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\bar M_w } {\bar M_n }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\bar M_n }} = 1.25$$ and $$\bar M_n = 5,300$$ $${{\bar M_w } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\bar M_w } {\bar M_n }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\bar M_n }} = 1.26$$ ), the determined reactivity ratio r1 decreases with the increase of the macromonomer concentration. Therefore, the reactivity of the macromonomer, 1/r1, follows the opposite trend. This dependence is due to micelles formation during copolymerization. This microsegregation process partitionates the comonomer concentrations between the bulk of solvent and around the growing chain and therefore, the experimental r1 is actually a product of the true reactivity ratio r1 0 and a partition coefficient k.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983959
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  • 30
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    2,2 bis (4-ethynylphenyl) hexafluoropropane (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 23 (1990), S. 7-12 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The 2,2 bis(4-ethynylphenyl)hexafluoropropane is prepared via an original synthesis's process using a substitution of 2,2 bis(4-triflatephenyl) hexafluoropropane by trimethylsilyl acetylene. In this process ZnO is used to remove the triflate anion formed during the reaction. This diacetylenic compound melts at 37–38°C, exhibits an onset of polymerization at 120°C. After thermal treatment at 250°C, the obtained network shows a softening point at 300°C. This network remains stable in air up to 435°C.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983957
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  • 31
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    Phase transition in swollen gels (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 23 (1990), S. 89-94 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The DC conductivity of two networks — a poly(N,N-diethylacrylamide) network (N1) and a network prepared by the copolymerization of N,N-diethylacrylamide with 3 mol.% of sodium methacrylate (N2) — in deionized water in the temperature range 10–55°C was measured. While in the low-temperature range (expanded gel state) the volt-ampere (V-A) behaviour of both networks shows a semiconductive character (conductivity increases with increasing temperature), in the high-temperature range (collapsed gel state) the conductivity of the network N1 rapidly decreases with increasing temperature (metallic character). The presence of charges on the chain raises the conductivity and shifts the temperature of the change in conductivity to higher values. In the collapse region of the ionized network N2 anomalies were observed on the V-A characteristics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983969
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  • 32
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    Stereoregular oligomers of methyl methacrylate (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 23 (1990), S. 157-162 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Packed column SFC has been found suitable for the rapid and detailed analysis of the isotactic and syndiotactic oligomers of MMA, when the temperature gradient technique was applied and the modifier was employed. Oligomer components from trimer to 20-mer separated completely. The heptamer fraction collected three times by SFC gave the 1H NMR spectrum of satisfactorily high S/N ratio; the spectrum agreed well with that of the standard sample. Separation by tacticity as well as by molecular weight was observed for the SFC of a mixture of the isotactic and syndiotactic oligomers. The isotactic oligomers had longer retention time than the syndiotactic oligomers of the corresponding degree of polymerization.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00338495
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  • 33
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    Phase transfer Pd(0) catalyzed polymerization reactions (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 23 (1990), S. 177-184 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary 1,4-Bis[2-(4′,4″-diheptyloxyphenyl)ethynyl]benzene and 1,4-bis[2-(3′,3″-dimethyl-4′,4″-diheptyloxyphenyl)ethynyl]benzene were synthesized by a one pot phase transfer Pd(O)/Cu(I) catalyzed three step coupling of 1,4-diiodobenzene with 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol and the appropriate aryl halide. Both compounds display mesomorphic behavior similar to that of the analogous 1,2-(4,4′-dialkoxyaryl)acetylenes, except that the temperature window of each phase is stabilized, such that an enantiotropic mesophase is even observed in the derivative containing a methyl branch in the mesogen. Both compounds form mesomorphic EDA complexes with p-chloranil as electron acceptor, and display a depression of the nematic-isotropic transition temperature.
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  • 34
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    A new initiating system for the “living” polymerization of vinyl ethers leading to hydroxy-terminated polymers (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 23 (1990), S. 185-190 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The reaction of trimethylsilyl iodide (TMSI) with 1,3-dioxolane (DXL) leads to the formation of 1-trimethylsiloxy-4-iodo-3-oxabutane. In combination with tetrabutyl ammonium triflate this compound can be used as an initiator for the polymerization of vinyl ethers. According to a living polymerization mechanism, the polymers are characterized by controlled molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions. The trimethylsiloxy head group originating from the initiation reaction is easily transformed into a primary hydroxyl function by hydrolysis.
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    Retraction of the claim of ring expansion polymerization of isobutylene (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 23 (1990), S. 525-527 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Some three years ago in a preliminary report from this laboratory we have proposed that the polymerization of isobutylene (IB) by the γ-tolyl-γ-valerolactone/BCl3 initiating system in CH3Cl or CH2Cl2 diluents at-30°C proceeds in a living manner by an unusual ring expansion mechanism and produces macrocyclic polyisobutylenes (PIBs) [1]. Extensive follow-up research confirmed the living nature of the polymerization, however, has failed to confirm the results of a key preliminary experiment upon which the proposition of macrocyclic polymer structure was based. Thus the results of a comparative hydrolysis/GPC experiment carried out with a relatively low molecular weight (Mn=5,400) PIB at -30°C under a blanket of N2 which gave a lower apparent molecular weight after hydrolysis than the original sample before hhydrolysis, could not be confirmed with higher molecular weight samples, i.e., with Mn=12,000, 17,000 and 30,000. As a consequence we wish to retract our earlier claim in regard to the synthesis of macrocyclic PIBs by certain lactone/BCl3 initiating systems but maintain that these polymerizations proceed in a living manner and yield asymmetric telechelic PIBs, e.g.,α-chloro-ε-carboxyl-PIBs [2].
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00419972
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    Characterization of surfaces of carbon fibres by scanning tunneling microscopy (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 23 (1990), S. 555-562 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The experimental results obtained by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) studies of different carbon fibres are presented and discussed. The comparative analysis of the STM images at scales from hundreds of nanometers down to atomic scale reveals the differences of surface features for carbon fibres processed from different precursors, polyacrylonitrile fibres and pitch. The high temperature treatment of carbon fibres — the so-called graphitization process — as used to improve the stress modulus induces drastically increased ordering phenomena at the atomic level. Structural information obtained by STM on the surface of the fibres as well as in their cross sectional areas is discussed in comparison with known results of diffraction studies. STM appears to be the new powerfull technique for the detailed structural studies of surfaces of carbon fibres. The perspectives of these studies are under discussion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01033098
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  • 37
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    Effect of the polymer structure and tacticity on the oxidizing ability of polyvinylpyridinium dichromate (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 23 (1990), S. 295-298 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Poly (2-vinylpyridinium dichromate) oxidizes different alcohols to their corresponding carbonyl compounds more efficiently than poly (4-vinylpyridinium dichromate). Syndiotactic form of the 2-isomer is the most efficient.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01032444
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  • 38
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    Ionic conductivity and morphology of complexes formed by polyurethanes and lithium perchlorate (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 23 (1990), S. 299-306 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Segmented polyether urethane (SEU) and urethaneurea (SEUU) were synthesized using ABA type triblock copolymer as a prepolymer, where A stands for poly(oxyethylene) and B stands for poly(oxytetramethylene). Lithium perchlorate was dissolved in SEU or SEUU to prepare LiC104 complexes (SEU/LiC104 and SEUU/LiC104) in film form. The highest conductivities observed here were 5.13x10-6 S cm-1 at 30°C and 3.34x10-5 S cm-1 at 50°C for LiC104/SEUU (oxyethylene-units content, 31 mol%). The ionic conductivity of these complexes was found to show the Arrhenius type temperature dependency. The effect of lithium perchlorate dissolution on the morphology of SEU and SEUU were also discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01032445
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  • 39
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    Further studies on the high-speed gel-spinning of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 23 (1990), S. 353-359 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The high-speed spinning technique has been applied to very elastic solutions of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene in paraffin oil in an attempt to produce a strong fiber in a one-step process. At a winding speed of 4000 m/min a fiber was produced with a tensile strength of 2.3 GPa, a Young's modulus of 46 GPa and a elongation at break of 6.5%. This fiber could not be hot drawn anymore. At a winding speed of only 1 m/min the same solution yielded after spinning and hot drawing a fiber with a tensile strength of 7.2 GPa.
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  • 40
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    Reaction of a diepoxide with a diisocyanate in bulk (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 24 (1990), S. 31-38 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Reactions between a diepoxide and a diisocyanate can lead to copolymers having isocyanurate and oxazolidone rings in their chemical structure. Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), we have studied the influence of catalysts such as an imidazole or a blocked isocyanate on the polymer formation. We have identified the nature of the exotherms observed in DSC experiments with the aid of FTIR spectroscopy and observed the influence of the molar ratio of the functional groups and the amount of catalyst. We have compared the influence of these catalysts with results obtained previously with a tertiary amine.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00298318
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  • 41
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    A radical-anion mechanism for the phase transfer catalyzed depolymerization of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 24 (1990), S. 63-69 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary This paper describes a novel mechanism for the depolymerization of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide). This radical-anion mechanism is responsible for liquid (organic solvent)-liquid (aqueous inorganic base) phase transfer catalyzed depolymerization of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide). This depolymerization occurs through the addition of an aryloxy radical to the terminal phenolate anion of the polymer. The particular example discussed in this paper refers to the depolymerization of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) in the presence of either 2,4,6-trimethylphenol or 4-tert-butyl-2,6-dimethylphenol. The similarities and differences between the phase transfer catalyzed polymerization of 4-bromo-2,6-dimethylphenol in the presence of 2,4,6-trimethylphenol and 4-tert-butyl-2,6-dimethylphenol and the phase transfer catalyzed depolymerization of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) in the presence of the same two phenols are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00298323
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    Dielectric measurements on liquid crystalline polymers derived from PETP (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 24 (1990), S. 93-100 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Poly(ethylene terephthalate) PETP has been modified with a difunctional alcohol and acid in the molar relation 1:1. By dielectric relaxation measurements could be shown that the modification increases the segmental mobility (α-process). The local mobility (β-process) increases at smaller and decreases at higher concentrations of the modificators. A separation of the α-relaxation from the common relaxation process α+β could be observed with decreasing temperature.
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  • 43
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    Friction coefficient in gelatin and polyacrylamide gels (1990)
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    Polymer bulletin 24 (1990), S. 123-128 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The slow neutron transmission technique is used to measure the friction coefficient f of gel macromolecules moving against a solvent. It is shown that in the range of concentrations C=3–30%, f of gelatin gels is linearly dependent on C. The values of the monomer friction coefficient of gelatin and the friction coefficient at infinite dilution are determined. It is demonstrated that the friction coefficient of polyacrylamide gels varies as the viscosity of a solvent in a wide temperature range, however at temperatures below ∼25°C the deviation from proportionality is observed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00298331
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  • 44
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    Laser photocatalytic polymerization of phenylacetylene (1990)
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    Polymer bulletin 24 (1990), S. 135-141 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The polymerization of phenylacetylene induced by ultraviolet laser (266 and 355 nm) irradiation of W(CO)6 and W(CO)6-TiCl4 in CCl4 solvent was investigated. The weight-average molecular weights of the polymers reach 105. The infrared spectra indicate that the polymers have a trans-rich conjugated double bond structure. The influence of laser energy, laser wavelength and irradiation time on the polymerization was examined. Experimental data show that laser energy and wavelength are the most effective factors.
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  • 45
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    Interaction of α-TiCl3 with organoaluminium compounds and its correlation with propylene polymerization (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 23 (1990), S. 513-518 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The characterization of polymer system by means of interaction reaction between the catalyst components of a Ziegler-Natta stereospecific system formed by TiCl3 and AlEt3 in heptane was carried out. The experimental results show that the formation and decay of the active centers are interdependent. The interaction of the catalyst components, which causes a destruction of the solid phase, influences the rate of polymerization.
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  • 46
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    Physical ageing in glassy liquid crystalline poly(p-hydroxy-benzoic acid-co-ethylene terephtalate) (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 23 (1990), S. 83-88 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Glassy liquid crystalline poly(p-hydroxy-benzoic acid-co-ethylene terephthalate) is after rapid cooling from temperatures above Tg in a non-equilibrium state and exhibits physical ageing. It is shown that enthalpy and volume decrease with increasing annealing time. At the same undercooling, with respect to middle temperature of the major glass transition (Tgl), the rate of the equilibration process is significantly slower in the studied polymer than in an ordinary glassy amorphous polymer. The presence of a constraining ETP-rich phase exhibiting a 25 K higher glass temperature than Tgl may be the cause for this retarded enthalpy relaxation.
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    Maximum crystal growth rate and its corresponding state (1990)
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    Polymer bulletin 23 (1990), S. 111-118 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary For the temperature dependence of linear crystal growth rate, the activation energy for the molecular transport could be expressed in terms of the equation of either WLF or Arrhenius. On the basis of the Arrhenius expression, the corresponding state of the crystal growth rate was formulated theoretically as $${{\ln ({G \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {G {G_{max} }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {G_{max} }})} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\ln ({G \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {G {G_{max} }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {G_{max} }})} {\ln ({{G_{max} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{G_{max} } {G_o }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {G_o }})}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\ln ({{G_{max} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{G_{max} } {G_o }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {G_o }})}} = {{(T_{cmax} - T)^2 } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{(T_{cmax} - T)^2 } {T(T_m - T)}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {T(T_m - T)}}.$$
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    Polyurethane-polystyrene interpenetrating polymer networks synthesized in the presence of a common solvent (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 23 (1990), S. 141-148 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN's) of polyurethane and polystyrene were synthesized by simultaneous polymerization. The effect of compositional variation and the presence of a common solvent in the reaction medium on the rate of polymerization, the onset of phase separation, and the morphology of product were investigated. 1,4-Dioxane was selected as a common solvent by the swelling experiment. The rate of network formation in the early stage of polymerization process increased with increasing the polyurethane composition. When 1,4-dioxane was present in the reaction medium, the extent of reaction of both components at the onset of phase separation was higher than that of IPN's by bulk preparation. The morphology of final product was influenced by the extent of reaction at the onset of phase separation. The density, glass transition behavior, and thermal stability were also studied.
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    Copolymerization via zwitterion (1990)
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    Polymer bulletin 23 (1990), S. 171-175 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Copolymers of N-phenylmaleimide and ethyleneimine were synthesized in acetonitrile in the absence of initiator. The copolymers are insoluble in solvents such as DMF, CHCl3, DMSO, CH3OH, H2O. The copolymer composition as determined by elemental analyses depends on the initial monomer ratio. The thermal stability of copolymers was studied.
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    Synthesis and characterization of high molecular weight poly(tert.butyl acrylate) (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 24 (1990), S. 39-43 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract High molecular weight poly(tert. butyl acrylate) s have been synthesized anionically using a technique derived from that of Teyssié et al. It was established that under proper conditions the sites remained living, allowing proper control of the molecular weight and yielding samples with narrow molecular weight distributions.
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    Synthesis and characterization of poly (N-butyl-3,6-carbazolediyl) (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 24 (1990), S. 17-22 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Poly (N-butyl-3,6-carbazolediyl) was synthesized by electrochemcial reduction of the NiBr2, 2,2′bipyridine/3,6 dibromo N-butylcarbazole system in N,N dimethylacetamide. The favorable interactions between solvent and butyl groups lead to the solubilization of the electroactive polymer in organic medium and allowed the determination of macromolecular and structural features by means of classical methods. From 13C NMR investigations it was concluded to a Π conjugation centered on the nitrogen atom of the carbazolic structure.
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    Initiation of cationic polymerization by tetramethylene zwitterions from tetracyanocyclobutanes (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 24 (1990), S. 45-52 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The initiating ability of tetramethylene zwitterions formed from cyclobutane adducts of donor olefins with TCNE was investigated. Polar solvents increased the ability of vinyl ether-TCNE cyclobutane adducts to initiate the cationic polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole. The concept of charge separation in the tetramethylene zwitterions was also investigated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00298320
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    Phase transfer catalyzed depolymerization of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) in the presence of either 2,4,6-trimethylphenol or 4-tert-butyl-2,6-dimethylphenol (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 24 (1990), S. 71-78 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary This paper describes the phase transfer catalyzed depolymerization of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene (xide) performed in the presence of either 2,4,6-trimethylphenol or 4-tert-butyl-2,6-dimethylphenol. The structure of the resulting polymers is compared to that of the corresponding polymers obtained by the phase transfer catalyzed polymerization of 4-bromo-2,6-dimethylphenol in the presence of either 2,4,6-trimethylphenol or 4-tert-butyl-2,6-dimethylphenol. Polymers obtained by depolymerization display a bimodal molecular weight distribution while those obtained by polymerization a monomodal molecular weight distribution. The polymers obtained by direct polymerization present structural units derived from some side reactions. These side reactions do not occur during the depolymerization process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00298324
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    Study of the stoichiometric polyelectrolyte complex between chitosan and carboxymethyl cellulose (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 23 (1990), S. 307-313 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) between chitosan and carboxymethyl cellulose was studied. Turbidimetric measurements revealed that the amount of stoichiometric PEC increased gradually as the solution of one polyelectrolyte was added to the other; the turbidity of the solution reached a maximum for the stoichiometric ratio of the reacting polyelectrolytes in the mixture. At pH 4,0 the composition of the complex is very near to equimolarity. IR spectra and thermal analysis of the PEC exhibited significant differences from those of the 1:1 mixture of the starting polyelectrolytes.
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    Novel copolymerizations of methyl vinylidene cyanide with electron-rich vinyl monomers (1990)
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    Polymer bulletin 24 (1990), S. 151-156 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract At 28° the spontaneous reactions of methylvinylidene cyanide (MVCN) with p-methoxystyrene, p-trimethylsiloxystyrene, styrene, isobutyl vinyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether and trimethylsilyl vinyl ether yielded alternating copolymers of potential interest as new piezoelectric materials. MVCN copolymerized with vinyl acetate in low yield using radical initiator and ZnCl2. Attempted homopolymerizations of MVCN with various initiators gave only low molecular weight oligomers, particularly trimers.
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    Sulfonation of chlorine-containing polymers: Sulfonation of various model tert-alkyl chlorides (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 24 (1990), S. 165-172 
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    Notes: Summary tert-Alkyl chlorides of the structure R-C(CH3)2Cl, where R-methyl, ethyl, tert-butyl, and neo-pentyl, were reacted with a stoichiometric quantity of acetyl sulfate at room temperature in methylene chloride diluent. Reaction conversion was monitored as a function of time using 1H NMR; structure of the sulfonated products was characterized using 1H and 13C NMR. Reactivity toward sulfonation increased with increasing size of the R group. In all cases the structure of the products was the same as would be expected from sulfonation of the olefin which results from dehydrochlorination of the tert-chloride. The observed behavior was consistent with a mechanism involving dehydrochlorination followed by addition of SO3 to yield a zwitterionic intermediate. Depending upon structure, the zwitterion may either eliminate a proton to form one or more isomeric β,γ-unsaturated sulfonic acids, or it may rearrange to form a five-membered γ-sultone. This chemistry, which is particularly useful in the synthesis of ionomers, represents a direct route to alkyl sulfonic acids when the alkyl halide is the natural starting point in the synthesis.
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    Preparation of a water soluble polyester surfactant and its use in the emulsion polymerization of styrene (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 23 (1990), S. 367-371 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The synthesis procedure of Chen and Liu (1) was used to prepare a polyester surfactant from dimethyl 5-sulfoisophthalate, sodium salt, polyoxyethylene (MW 200) and phthalic anhydride by a two step esterification process. The surfactant has the unique structural features of multiple ionic groups and polyoxyethylene chains for hydrophilicity and aromatic ester linkages for hydrophobicity. The polyester surfactant exhibited a CMC of 0.25% (w/v) and a surface tension lowering of 23 dynes/cm. The use of the surfactant as stabilizer for the emulsion polymerization of styrene produced some unusual results. While the rate of polymerization was independent of surfactant concentration, the number of particles increased as N ∝ [S]0.91. The molecular weight of polystyrene produced was low and found not to be a function of surfactant concentration. The structural features of the surfactant suggest that a depletion stabilization mechanism might be operative in this system.
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    Characterization of block copolymers by size exclusion chromatography (1990)
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    Polymer bulletin 23 (1990), S. 389-395 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Poly(ethyl methacrylate-b-deuterated methyl methacrylate), poly(styrene-b-methyl methacrylate), and poly(styrene-b-dimethylsiloxane)diblock copolymers have been characterized by means of size exclusion chromatography (GPC) apparatus fitted with four detectors in series, viz continuous viscometer, UV spectrophotometer, low angle light scattering photometer, and differential refractometer. The continuous measurements of the scattered light intensity, the limiting viscosity number, the concentration, and the chemical composition permits complete determination of the molecular characteristics of block copolymers.
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    Electron spin resonance measurement of nitroxy probes mobility, attached to a polymer through a spacer arm (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 23 (1990), S. 419-423 
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    Notes: Summary Stable nitroxide radical probes are attached to styrene-divinylbenzene gel type resins through spacer arms, the length of which being 1 to 7 methylene groups. Results of electron spin resonance analysis which allows to estimate the local viscosity are discussed. Mobility of the nitroxide probes generally increases with the number of CH2 groups, the effect being compared to a decrease of cross-linking density.
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    Infrared linear dichroism spectroscopy by a double modulation technique (1990)
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    Polymer bulletin 23 (1990), S. 447-454 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A linear IR dichroism experiment has been devised using a FTIR instrument in combination with a photoelastic modulator. Based on the Mueller-Stokes calculus, a method to directly obtain the absorbance spectra Av parallel and Av perpendicular from the modulated interferogram is developped, which allows the sensitive evaluation of the dichroic ratio. The photoelastic modulator, in combination with a FTIR instrument, offers high sensitivity, high speed, excellent signal to noise ratio and a broad spectral range from 3300 to 850 cm-1. First experimental results obstained from SBS block copolymer are reported.
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    Preparation of alkyl acrylate-acrylic acid copolymers by simultaneous hydrolysis and polymerization (1990)
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    Polymer bulletin 23 (1990), S. 497-504 
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    Notes: Summary The ability of concentrated nitric acid (65% HNO3) to initiate reactions of polymerization when in contact with acrylic and methacrylic acids and esters at room temperature in the absence of other reagents has been studied in this laboratory. In a previous paper, we presented the results when the reaction was applied to methacrylic monomers. This work reports data obtained with methyl and ethyl acrylates; high molecular weight ester-acid copolymers were produced. The nature of the products and the course of the reaction are discussed.
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    The localisation model of rubber elasticity. II (1990)
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    Polymer bulletin 23 (1990), S. 529-533 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The effect of the spatial localization of a network chain by surrounding chains is incorporated into the chain probability distribution function and the network free energy is then calculated using the statistical mechanical formalism for constrained systems. In addition to a term having the classical ‘Gaussian’ form, the resulting expression contains another term which depends on both the cross-link density of the network and the plateau modulus of the uncross-linked melt.
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    Studies on the molecular weight dependence of tacticity of anionically prepared PMMAs by on-line GPC/NMR (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 23 (1990), S. 549-554 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Several PMMA samples prepared in toluene with anionic initiators such as t-C4H9MgBr, n-C4H9MgCl, 1,1-diphenylhexyllithium, t-C4H9Li and t-C4H9Li(n−C4H9)3Al complex were analyzed by the on-line GPC/NMR method using a 500 MHz 1H NMR spectrometer as a real-time detector of GPC. The molecular method for a short time (≤60 min per sample) with a small amount of the sample (≈1 mg). The plots of intensities of the α-methyl proton resonances due to mm- and rr-triads against elution time showed the variation of tacticity with molecular weight of the PMMA. On the basis of the results, the natures of active species in the polymerizations were discussed.
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    Unsaturated polyesters (1990)
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    Polymer bulletin 23 (1990), S. 577-581 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The polymerization of maleic anhydride and 1,3-propylene glycol was carried out using p-toluenesulphonic acid as catalyst. The resulting material has been characterized by ir and H1nmr spectroscopy, end group analysis and gel permeation chromatography. The percentage isomerization of maleate to fumarate has been correlated with the extension of polycondensation and the steric hindrance between the condensed functional groups.
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    129Xe NMR as a probe of the effect of crosslinking on the amorphous phase structure of solid polymers (1990)
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    Polymer bulletin 23 (1990), S. 605-608 
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    Notes: Summary 129Xe NMR of xenon adsorbed in a solid EPDM rubber shows the presence of at least four distinct regions in the amorphous phase of this polymer. Changes in the relative amounts of these environments are observed upon crosslinking indicating that changes in the amorphous phase structure of the polymer have occurred.129Xe NMR provides a direct probe of the formation of a more condensed amorphous phase of the polymer matrix due to the crosslinking reaction.
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    Electrical conductive and magnetic properties of conjugated tetrathiolate nickel polymers (1990)
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    Polymer bulletin 23 (1990), S. 631-636 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Three tetrathiolate (tetrathiafulvalenetetrathiolate, ethylenetetrathiolate, and butadienetetrathiolate) nickel polymers are prepared. The polymers contain mixed valence Ni ions and are ESR active based on low-spin d8 Ni (III) species. Magnetic susceptibility measurement in the range of 30–60 K suggests and antiferromagnetic interaction between the Ni ions in the polymers. Below 30K a weak ferromagnetic interaction is observed. Chemically oxidized polymers are ESR inactive, while electrical conductivity is greatly enhanced.
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    Copolymerization of tetrahydrofuran and propylene oxide (1990)
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    Polymer bulletin 24 (1990), S. 507-512 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Copolymerization of tetrahydrofuran and propylene oxide catalyzed by modified H2SO4.SO3 system has been studied. Sodium perchloride was used to replace perchloric acid as co-catalyst. The copolymerization rate was obviously accelerated when using the new H2SO4.SO3−NAClO4 catalyst system. The reaction became less sensitive to the moisture.
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    A metal sorbent with an unbound complexing agent: polyethylenimine-bead cellulose (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 24 (1990), S. 533-538 
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    Notes: Summary A sorbent was prepared with branched polyethylenimine fixed on bead cellulose without chemical reaction. The “jack-in-the-box” effect was used by means of which a part of the originally adsorbed PEI remains, after treatment with strong acid, almost irreversibly fixed to cellulose. The sorbent contains 1.4–3.0 mmol N/g of dry matter and is able to bind some double-charged cations from acid solutions, both from buffered media (pH 2–4) and from hydrochloric acid (1–4 M).
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    Synthesis of poly(dibenzo-19-crown-6) via cyclopolymerization of diepoxide (1991)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 25 (1991), S. 153-159 
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    Notes: Summary Synthesis and cyclopolymerization of 5,6;14,15-dibenzo- 1, 2; 18, 19-diepoxy- 4, 7, 10, 13, 16-pentaoxanonadeca- 5,14-diene (3) was carried out. The polymerization of 3 with tin tetrachloride and boron trifluoride etherate gave the polymers with lower molecular weight. Alternatively, triethylaluminium-water-acetylacetone (Vandenberg catalyst) was effective in preparing polymers of high molecular weight which were soluble in p-cresol and p-chlorophenol. The polymers were essentially composed of cyclic constitutional units corresponding to dibenzo-19-crown-6. The cation-binding ability of the polymer showed the highest selectivity for K+.
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    UV absorption spectra of polystyrene (1991)
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    Polymer bulletin 25 (1991), S. 211-216 
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    Notes: Summary Polystyrene (PSt) exhibits a new UV absorption band at around 290nm in comparison with ethylbenzene, which is attributed to associative interaction between pendant phenyl groups. Similar absorption bands are also observed for polymers of styrene derivatives. The UV spectra suggest charge-transfer complex formation between the polymeric and monomeric donors with electron-acceptor tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) and the equilibrium constants were estimated to be in the sequence of ethylbenzene 〉 PSt 〉 copolymer of St with methylmethacrylate.
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    Structure characterization of alginate and conformational behaviors of various alkali-metal alginates in solution (1990)
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    Polymer bulletin 24 (1990), S. 551-557 
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    Notes: Summary The M/G ratio, i. e., number-ratio of D-mannuronate (M) to L-gluronate (G), and diad (MM, GG, MG, etc.) and triad (MMM, MMG, MGM, etc.) frequencies were determined with 100 MHz 13C-NMR spectra for two alginate samples, M-rich and G-rich samples. The M/G ratios obtained were in accord with those determined from chemical analysis on hydrolyzed products fairly well. Molecular chain dimensions in solution were investigated by viscosity method for five alkali-metal alginates carrying Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs, and the results were discussed based on ion radius and electronegativity of alkali-metals. Finally, ion-exchange characteristics of these alginates by Ca++ ion were interpreted with M/G ratio and electronegativity.
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    Synthesis and thermodynamics properties of poly(ethylene oxide) prepared in diphenylzinc-water (1990)
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    Polymer bulletin 24 (1990), S. 589-596 
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    Notes: Abstract Poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) samples, obtained using diphenylzinc-water as initiator, have been used to determine some characteristics of this polymer. The unperturbed dimensions of PEO have been obtained by the application of various theoretical treatments to viscometry measurements carried out in a good solvent. The following relationship between intrinsic viscosity and weight average molecular weight has been obtained [ŋ]/dL.g•1 = 3.99x10•4M0.69 W.
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    Nitroso labeling in electron-irradiated LDPE (1990)
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    Polymer bulletin 24 (1990), S. 607-612 
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    Notes: Summary The nitroso labeling method (1) has been used to demonstrate its possibilities for the characterization of irradiated polyethylene (LDPE) with respect to its crosslinkings and oxygen functionalities. ESR spectra of nitroso labeled LDPE consist of the superposition of the signals resulting from three different radicals. It has been shown that a relative estimation of the ketone content is possible in irradiated LDPE samples even at low concentrations thus giving a sensitive method for this functional group in polyethylene.
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    Phase diagram of borate-PVA system: Sol-gel transition and demixtion (1990)
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    Polymer bulletin 24 (1990), S. 633-640 
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    Notes: Summary We study the formation of reversible gels induced by addition of borax in aqueous poly(vinylalcohol). Under suitable conditions, sol, gel or demixed phase is observed. We present a qualitative interpretation of the the number of inter-polymer complexes which is governed by the complexation equilibrium.
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    Polyelectrolytes and ionomers (1990)
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    Polymer bulletin 24 (1990), S. 671-671 
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    Phase transfer catalyzed polymerization of 4-bromo-2,6-dimethylphenol in the presence of a terminating comonomer phenol: 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenol or 4-bromo-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol (1991)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 25 (1991), S. 33-40 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary This paper describes the phase transfer catalyzed (PTC) polymerization of 4-bromo-2,6-dimethylphenol (1) in the presence 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenol (2) or 4-bromo-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol (4). The polymerization of 1 in the presence of 2 at a 1/2 molar ratio of 3/1 led to poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) with $$\overline {\text{M}}$$ n of 13400 g/mol at a yield of 85%. In contrast, the polymerization of 1 in the presence of 4 at 1/4 molar ratios of 5/1 and 10/1 did not produce any methanol insoluble PPO fraction when 4 was added at the beginning of the polymerization. However, PPO with $$\overline {\text{M}}$$ n + 1600 to 2400 g/mol were obtained when 4 was added to the polymerization system after 0.5 h and respectively 2.0 h after the homopolymerization of 1 was started. A radical-anion mechanism is proposed to account for these polymerization results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00338896
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    An absolute measure for stereoblock and heterotactic polymers (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 24 (1990), S. 305-308 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A criterion (°) for testing stereoblock and heterotactic polymers is developed. The criterion takes values between 1 and-1, a value of 1 is indicative of a pure stereoblock polymer and a value of-1 indicates a pure heterotactic polymer. The criterion (°) is compared with persistence ratio (ρ) and average stereochemical sequence length. The importance of δ as an aid in the synthesis of stereoblock polymers is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306579
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    Effect of end group of side chains on surface properties of diblock copolymers (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 24 (1990), S. 333-340 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The A-B diblock copolymers with comb shape structure were prepared from styrene (St) and either methacrylate of poly(ethyleneglycol) monomethyl ether (MPEGM) or methacrylate of poly(ethyleneglycol) (HPEGM). The surface chemical analysis of the polymer at air-solid interface by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed the enrichment of MPEGM for MPEGM/St and St for HPEGM/St diblock copolymers, which indicated that the end group of the side chain determined surface composition. Dynamic contact angle measurements revealed that the migration of hydrophilic poly(ethyleneglycol) at solid-water interface occurred upon immersing the film specimen in water.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306584
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    Structure analysis of conductive polymer systems: Poly-4-vinylpyridine and poly(butadiene-b-4-vinylpyridine) with 7,7′,8,8′-tetracyanoquinodimethane (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 24 (1990), S. 325-332 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The structure analysis of two conductive polymer systems-poly-4-vinylpyridine and poly(butadiene-b-4-vinylpyridine) with 7,7′,8,8′-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ)-was done by X-ray diffraction, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and FTIR. The charge transfer complex formed between the pyridine group and the known electron acceptor, TCNQ, is supposed to be the conductive element in these systems. In order to understand the structure of this complex, a model compound, the complex of 4-ethylpyridine (4EP) with TCNQ, 4EP/TCNQ2, was studied by the mentioned methods. It appears that there are two crystalline modifications of the model compound with different type of stacks of the TCNQ molecules. In polymer systems only one type of the complex is dominant as revealed by joint analysis of X-ray diffraction diagrams, STM and FTIR data. In the STM image of the polymer surface one can distinguish that molecular stacks with periodicities of 4.1 Å in a row are separated (12.5Å) from each other. Such organization is similiar to the one observed in conductive charge transfer complexes such as tetrathiofulvalene (TTF) with TCNQ. The ordered molecular domains are scattered on the polymer surface and take part in the formation of the conductive network.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306583
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    Copolymerization of 5-vinyl-1,3-benzodioxole with n-butyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 24 (1990), S. 385-389 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Copolymers of 5-vinyl-1, 3-benzodioxole (VBD) with n-butyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate were synthesized. The copolymers were synthesized according to a designed experiment methodology and reactivity ratios were estimated using a nonlinear least squares error-in-variables procedure. The values of r1 and r2 obtained show that VBD is slightly less reactive than styrene in similar copolymerization reactions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294091
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    4,4′-diisocyanatoazobenzene a mesogen for liquid crystalline polyurethanes? (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 24 (1990), S. 413-419 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The mesomorphic properties of 4,4′-diisocyanatoazobenzene were investigated by polarizing microscopy and DSC. It shows a nematic phase when thoroughly purified by distillation. The nematic range, however, is smaller than that of other liquid crystalline diisocyanates like 4,4′diisocyanatophenyl benzoate. A number of binary hard segment type polyurethanes was made with several diols as chain extenders and in addition ternary copolyruethanes containing two different mesogenic diisocyanates. They are crystalline materials with poor solubility. The melt temperatures of these polyurethanes are higher than those of the corresponding polymers with 4,4′-diisocyanatophenyl benzoate. Liquid crystalline behaviour could not be observed in any of the polymers probably because of the high melting transitions and relatively lower izotropization temperatures which result from the higher rigidity and symmetry of the azobenzene structure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294095
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    Influence of the melt temperature on the thermoplastics crystallization process (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 24 (1990), S. 445-450 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Keywords: Poly(oxymethylene) ; Poly(ether-ether-ketone) ; DSC ; Kinetics ; Melt temperature ; Crystallization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The influence of the melt temperature (T1) on the crystallization kinetics and the morphology of two semicrystalline polymers: poly(oxymethylene): T m 0 =198° C and poly(ether-ether-ketone) T m 0 =380° C) was investigated using thermal analysis and optical microscopy. For different melt temperatures (T1), isothermal and nonisothermal crystallizations were analysed using the AVRAMI and OZAWA models. Using different analyses, for both polymers we observed a spherulitic growth with the following influence of the melt temperature on the number of spherulites: -T1〈T m 0 produces many small spherulites -T1〉T m 0 gives rise to few large spherulites
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294099
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    Synthesis and characterization of poly(N-tert-alkylmaleimide)s (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 24 (1990), S. 459-466 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract N-tert-Butylmaleimide (tBMI) polymerized readily in the presence of a radical initiator in spite of its bulky N-substituent to give a high molecular weight and less-flexible poly(substituted methylene). From kinetic investigation for the polymerization of tBMI with 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) in benzene, it was revealed that the rate of polymerization (R p) was expressed as R p=k [AIBN]0.51[tBMI]1.4, and the overall activation energy was 99.6 kJ/mol. The high polymerization of tBMI was assumed to result from the decrease in the rate of bimolecular termination between rigid polymer radicals bearing a bulky substituent. The flexibility of the polymer chain was examined by the viscometric and light scattering methods, and the effect on the polymerization reactivity was discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00395565
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    Living cationic polymerization of isobutyl vinyl ether, 2 (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 24 (1990), S. 513-519 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Living cationic polymerization of isobutul vinyl ether (IBVE), initiated by1-iodo-1-(2-methyl propyloxy)-ethane (1) and tetraalkylammonium perchlorate yields polymers of well defined molar masses and end groups. The controlled introduction of end groups was confirmed by a model reaction and was then applied to introduce and azo initiator function. The resulting polymeric initiator was used for the synthesis of a blockcopolymer.
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    Percolation analysis on free radical linear polymerization with instantaneous initiation (1990)
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    Polymer bulletin 24 (1990), S. 539-543 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Free radical linear polymerization with instantaneous initiation was simulated on the simple cubic lattice. The monomer conversion, polydispersity index and average degree of polymerization were predicted by using the percolation model which was based on computer-simulated self-avoiding walks on the lattice. The adjusting parameters such as reactivity, termination modes, coordination number of given lattice were introduced.
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    Ethynyl terminated ethers. Synthesis and thermal characterization of 2,2 bis (ethynyl-4-phenylcarbonyl-4-phenoxy-4-phenyl) propane and 2,2 bis (ethynyl-4-phenylsulfonyl-4-phenoxy-4-phenyl) propane (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 24 (1990), S. 577-582 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Two ethynyl end-capped ethers 2,2 Bis [ethynyl-4-phenylsulfonyl-4-phenoxy-4-phenyl] propane and 2,2 Bis [ethynyl-4-phenylcarbonyl-4-phenoxy-4-phenyl] propane have been prepared by a three steps synthesis each. They exhibit melting point followed by the thermal polymerisation of the ethynyl groups in the 200–250°C range. Curing lead to thermoset materials where Tg are respectively of 240°C and not detectable.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300151
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    Smectic liquid crystalline polyoxetane with novel mesogenic group (1991)
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    Polymer bulletin 25 (1991), S. 439-442 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Polyoxetane was found to be a good main chain for well-developed smectic liquid crystalline state, when cyano substituted biphenyls were used as mesogenic groups attached through four methylene spacer. With this main chain and spacer, fluorine substituted biphenyl was found to be a novel and good mesogenic group for liquid crystalline state.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310234
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    Water-soluble and amphiphilic polymers (1991)
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    Polymer bulletin 25 (1991), S. 467-474 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A novel comb-like amphiphilic polymer, poly (2-acrylanidohexadecylsulfonic acid) (PAMC18S), was synthesized by free radical polymerization of the corresponding anphiphilic nonomer in 1,4-dioxane-water mixed solvents. Depending on the ratio of water/dioxane in the solvent, the reaction proceeded by either precipitation polynerization or nicellar polymerization. The nolecular weight of the polymer obtained under similar conditions decreased and subsequently increased with the increase of water content in the mixed solvent. The polyion nature of PAMC16S was confirmed by viscosity data of ethanolic solutions. In addition, the polymer was characterized by solubility, IR, TG and wide angle X-ray diffraction methods.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310238
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    Monitoring the WCl6/(CH3)4Sn initiated polymerization of substituted acetylenes by 1H-NMR spectroscopy (1991)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 25 (1991), S. 483-490 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A study of the WCl6/(CH3)4Sn/CD2Cl2 initiated polymerization of otrimethylsilylphenylacetylene and 2-hexyne was completed. This study suggests that generated carbenes initiate the polymerization of mono and disubstituted acetylenes. Evidence was provided which clearly shows the formation ofthe initiating [W]=CH2 carbene complex and its immediate disappearance upon addition of both the 2-hexyne and o-trimethylsilylphenylacetylene. Under the reaction conditions used in the present study, no spectroscopic evidence of an initiating or propagating chain end or metallocyclobutene intermediate could be provided.
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    Indexed in current contents (1991)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 25 (1991), S. A3 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310245
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    Copolymers from [1.1.1]propellanes and acceptor-substituted olefins (1991)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 25 (1991), S. 293-297 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A variety of substituted olefins which undergo clean copolymerization with [1.1.1]propellanes 1a,b is presented in this article. For olefins substituted by acceptor groups, strictly alternating 1:1 copolymers are obtained whose structures are proven using high resolution NMR spectroscopy. Evidence for a radical chain mechanism of these copolymerizations is given.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316897
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    Polymerization temperature effects on the properties of l-lactide and ε-caprolactone copolymers (1991)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 25 (1991), S. 335-341 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The large difference in reactivity of L-lactide and ε-caprolactone in ring opening polymerization with stannous octoate, leads to the formation of copolymers with blocky structures. By varying the polymerization temperature, copolymers with different average sequence lengths and molecular weights can be synthesized. It is shown that the average monomer sequence length has a large effect on the thermal and mechanical properties of these copolymers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316903
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    Water-soluble and amphiphilic polymers (1991)
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    Polymer bulletin 25 (1991), S. 459-466 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Thin filns of PSt/PMAA and PEO-PSt-PEO block polyners were deposited on a polystyrene substrate by solution adsorption (with or without solvent treatnent), and the filn surfaces were characterized by neans of XPS. Direct solvent-casting of PEO-PSt-PEO from benzene solutions resulted in PSt-rich surfaces, whereas PMAA richer surfaces were obtained for PSt/PMAA filns cast from DMF solutions. Moreover, solvent treatment after casting had profound effect on the filn surface conposition. Treatment with water markedly increased the surface concentration of polar PEO segments. In the case of PSt-PMAA block polymers, the PSt content on the surface increased in the order of water〈 ethanol 〈 cyclohexane 〈 petroleum ether, the last-named giving films with almost pure PSt surface. It is well worth noticing that the bulk conposition had little to do with the surface conposition for both PSt/PMAA and PEO-PSt-PEO block polyners within the conposition range investigated when subsequent solvent treatnent was applied.
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    Dynamic viscoelastic behavior of cholesteric liquid crystalline side-chain copolymers (1991)
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    Polymer bulletin 25 (1991), S. 611-617 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The rheological behavior of the cholesteric side-chain copolysiloxane whose two kinds of mesogenic groups consist of cholesteryl units and biphenyl benzoate units was investigated for three different compositions: 31:69, 35:65, 37:63 (in mol%). On the frequency dependence diagram of G′ for the copolymers at various temperatures, G′ decreases with decreasing frequency. The slope of G′ in a higher frequency region at lower temperatures (110°–130°C) is similar to that in the flow region of amorphous polymer melts. However, the slope of G′ in a lower frequency region at higher temperatures (140°–160°C) is relatively small, and the G′ curves in this region can not be superposed on to a single master curve. This deviation seems to be due to change in stability of the domain structure of the cholesteric phase. Furthermore, on the temperature dependence curve of G′, G′ showed a maximum near T c1 . This maximum of G′ curve seems to be caused by molecular organization of a blue phase.
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    Macromers by carbocationic polymerization (1991)
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    Polymer bulletin 25 (1991), S. 633-640 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary This communication describes the synthesis of two novel CH2=CH-O-headed polyisobutylene (PIB)-based macromers: and The syntheses were worked out by the help of model experiments and subsequently implemented on polymers. The structures were established by detailed1H and13C NMR spectroscopies.
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    Cure kinetics of high performance epoxy resin systems (1991)
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    Polymer bulletin 25 (1991), S. 669-675 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Cure kinetics of epoxy based on EPON HPT 1071 resin with EPON HPT 1062 curing agent were studied by dynamic differential scanning calorimetry experiment. Kinetic parameters were determined as functions of different epoxy formulations and heating rates. Total heat of cure was independent of heating rate, which was increased with decreasing the concentration of curing agent. The extent of cure at peak is nearly constant and independent of heating rate at a given curing agent concentration. Due to the diffusion controlled cure process, the activation energy of hydroxyl-epoxide reaction (peak 2) is higher than that of the primary amine-epoxide reaction (peak 1). The relationship between peak temperature and heating rate has been also undertaken in this study.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01032663
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    Model processing agents for rubber manufacturing (1991)
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    Polymer bulletin 25 (1991), S. 451-458 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Oligomers with different aromatic substituents (oligostyrenes, oligo-p-ethylstyrenes, oligo-p-methoxystyrenes and oligo-1-vinylnaphthalenes) were synthesized by living anionic polymerization using sec-butyllithium as initiator. Number average degrees of polymerization were varied between 2 and 16 and narrow homologuedistributions were obtained. In the case of the benzenic types the isolation into pure homologues from dimers to hexamers was carried out by preparative gel permeation chromatography (GPC). In a polymeranalogous heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation reaction the aromatic compounds were converted into oligomers with saturated cyclic structures, the initial homologue-distributions not being changed. Characterization of all oligomers was performed by GPC and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). In the case of oligostyrenes and oligo-p-ethylstyrenes the occurrence of the characteristic high field shift of the ortho-protons is observed in dependence of the degree of polymerization. Oligo-1-vinylnaphthalenes show three differently shielded aromatic resonance areas.
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    Liquid crystalline polyethers based on conformational isomerism (1991)
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    Polymer bulletin 25 (1991), S. 695-700 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A critical discussion of therigid rod-like andflexible rod-like groups used most frequently in the design of rod-like mesogenic units is presented. Based on the literature data on the potential energy difference and the rotational energy barrier of their extended and kinked configurational isomers and respectively conformers, we suggest a classification inrigid rod-like groups (the rod-like shape of the molecule is rigid although there is free rotation about some of its C-C bonds, like for example oligo-p-phenylenes, diphenyl-acetylenes, etc., and configurational isomers which require a high rotational energy barrier or activation energy like for example, stilbene),semirigid orsemiflexible rod-like groups (conformationally) flexible but of medium rotational energy barrier like for example aromatic esters and amides) andflexible rod-like groups (conformationally flexible groups which require a low rotational energy barrier, i.e., within the same range of values with that of n-butane, like for example: 1,2-diphenylethane and phenyl benzyl ether derivatives). Therefore,rigid, semirigid orsemiflexible, andflexible refer to the ability of the rod-like molecule to change its rod-like shape.
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    Diradical polymerization of styrene initiated by ethyl 1-cyano-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate with ZnCl2 (1991)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 25 (1991), S. 537-541 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Ethyl 1-cyano-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate (ECMC) with ZnCl2 initiates the free radical polymerization of styrene (St) at 80°C faster than without ZnCl2. A cycloadduct of St and ECMC is detected. The polymer shows a bimodal molecular weight distribution, and a molecular weight increase is observed with conversion. Based on these results, a diradical initiation and propagation mechanism is proposed.
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    Synthesis of high purity o-cresol formaldehyde novolac epoxy resins (1991)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 25 (1991), S. 559-565 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The content of total chlorine in o-cresol formaldehyde novolac epoxy resin (CNE), the main resin component for encapsulation formulation, affects the reliability of semi-conductor device greatly and it is one of the major criteria used by the electronic industry in measuring the quality of resins. A new process which synthesizes a high purity CNE with less than 300 ppm total chlorine content has been developed. This high purity resin has provided an extended device life under the accelerated stress test condition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00293514
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