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  • Articles  (46,467)
  • Springer  (46,467)
  • Nature Publishing Group
  • 1990-1994  (46,467)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (46,467)
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  • Articles  (46,467)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Information frameworks for conceptual engineering design (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 22-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Conceptual design ; Database ; Frameworks ; Information management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract An information modeling approach is used to gain an understanding of the information and decision content of conceptual engineering design. Information frameworks are presented that attempt to represent the key decisions made during conceptual design. Elements of the frameworks are derived from results from design theory and methodology and decision theory. Using a number of products, the frameworks are demonstrated in simulated design situations. The models provide an explicit, generic and consistent perspective for identifying the information content of conceptual designs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206537
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aluminium electrolytic cells: A computer simulator for training and supervision (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 12-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Aluminium electrolysis ; Expert systems ; Modelling ; Simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A workstation-based simulator of an aluminium electrolytic cell has been constructed. A mathematical model of the cell is integrated with a database and a knowledge base, and the simulator serves as a tool for the training of personnel and for research related to cell dynamics and cell control. When used in conjunction with an expert system, it provides a powerful decision-making tool or an efficient supervisory system. The mathematical model, the simulator itself, the user environment, the interactive simulation procedure as well as examples of the use of the simulator are presented in detail.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206536
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A review of automatic dimensioning and tolerancing schemes (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 63-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Dimensioning ; Tolerancing ; Variational geometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Dimensioning and tolerancing are very important issues in product design and manufacture. This paper gives a survey and review of the current state-of-the-art solutions to the problem of finding a meaning for dimensions and tolerances. Dimensioning and tolerancing in current engineering practices and researches in these topics are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200178
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new programming paradigm for engineering design software (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 95-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Engineering design ; Formal ; Functional programming ; Object orientation ; Programming language
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Currently available programming and database systems are insufficient for engineering applications. The authors contend that a logical progression from a formal conceptual model of the engineering domain to a computational model will lead to new programming paradigms capable of directly supporting engineering applications in a rigorous, concise manner. A formal domain model devised by the authors, theHybrid Model (HM) of design information, is briefly introduced. It is an extension of axiomatic set theory and is discussed in detail elsewhere. HM forms the basis ofDesigner, a prototype-based object-oriented programming language supporting a signature-based canonical message-passing mechanism and multiple inheritance. Designer is implemented using the Scheme programming language. Because Designer satisfies a formal conceptual model, and because it is based on a formally specified language, its robustness and logical validity are superior to those of other languages not founded on formal principles. Designer combines concepts of functional and object-oriented programming to provide the formal rigor and flexibility to capture the complex and strongly interrelated information that designers use. Examples demonstrate how Designer represents design information. The results of the authors' research indicate that Designer can capture design information (including aspects of functional requirements and design intent) effectively and efficiently.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200180
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rule-based design of a material processing component (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 81-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Design ; Expert system ; Extension ; Material processing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The main thrust of this research is in developing aknowledge-based system for the design of components for a material processing system. In particular, this paper concentrates on developing methodologies forinitial design andredesign in a quantitative and qualitative format. A die for plastic extrusion has been selected as the subject material processing component. A design algorithm using best first heuristic search and expert knowledge, both in procedural and declarative form, is the core of the scheme. Apart from this expert, the suggestedselection procedure for candidate design is also seen to accelerate the design scheme. The methodologies presented enableefficient design of the component. Some generality has been accomplished by the implementation of the techniques to dies of different cross-sectional shapes. The software is written inLisp within an object-oriented software package using analysis modules written in C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200179
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Announcement (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 124-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200182
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A tandem architecture for cooperating knowledge-based concurrent engineering systems (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 112-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Agent-based framework ; Architecture ; Concurrent engineering ; Cooperating expert systems ; Tandem integration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper proposes a tandem architecture for cooperating heterogeneous expert systems. Two levels of meta and working expert systems are involved. The working-level expert systems (W-ES), which may be implemented in their own computational environments and in private proof languages, are mainly for application computations. The meta-level expert systems (M-ES), using a common argument language, are mainly responsible for cooperation. The prototype AGENTS system is described for constructing M-ES. Interaction among W-ES has been transformed into two forms: communication between M-ES through ordinary AGENTS messages and communication between M-ES and the corresponding W-ES using the Deductive Inference Language (DIL). DIL predicates are provided for defining DIL: messages, actuators and converters for interpreting DIL queries and instantiating variables. By this approach, stand-alone capability of infividual systems is retained at the working-level and cooperation is achieved effectively with minimum embellishment at the meta-level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200181
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A proposed structure for a rule-based description of parametric forms (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 155-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Constrains ; Geometric ; Parametric ; Product form
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Much work has been carried out on the creation of protocols for the exchange of data between CAD systems, but very little on the transfer of knowledge. The knowledge behind the development of a product is vital if modifications and adaptations are to be made within a concurrent development environment. Current CAD systems only contain a limited level of product knowledge through user-defined parametric structures. It is the underlying relationships in these programs that need to be communicated between systems, rather than the form of their individual programming languages. A generic structure is proposed that is able to handle both the current level of parametric programming and is suited to the resolution of conflict through the use of constraint modelling procedures. The structure of a parametric description is described and decomposed into its fundamental components. These components are then re-formed within a truth maintenance structure to allow a transfer protocol to be created. The derived protocol structure is then demonstrated on a number of simple examples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01198741
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Concurrent iterative design and the integration of finite element analysis results (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 245-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Design methodology ; Iterative design ; Concurrent design ; Features ; Form templates ; Finite element analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract To help foster concurrency in engineering design, methodologies are needed to support the interpretation and abstraction of numerical simulation results for design modification purposes. A methodology is presented in this paper for the integration of continuum-based numerical simulations into a computational system for concurrent design of mechanical components. The technique involves conversion of low-level numerical data, such as that obtained by finite element analysis, into high-level symbolic representations calledform templates. The form templates are based onrudimentary features which carry meaningful qualitative descriptions abstracted from either manufacturing and/or functional numerical simulations. The form templates are superimposed on the design's primary representation in the solid modeler to facilitate the cognitive mapping of concurrent destructive or constructive solid modeling features for design modifications. Examples are presented to demonstrate the methodology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01202369
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Symbolic analysis of linear polyhedra (1990)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 6 (1990), S. 17-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper concerns several analytical problems related to linear polyhedra in euclidean three-dimensional-space. Symbolic formulas for line, surface, and volume integration are given, and it is shown that domain integrals are computable in polynomial time. In particular, it is shown that mass, first and second moments, and products of inertia are computable inO(E) time, whereE is the number of edges of the boundary. Simple symbolic expressions for the normal derivatives of domain integrals are also derived. In particular, it is shown that they are closely linked to the topology of the integration domain, as well as that they are expressible as combinations of domain integrals over lower-order domains (faces, edges, and vertices). The symbolic results presented in this paper may lead to an easy incorporation of integral constraints, for example, concerning mass and inertia, in the engineering designing process of solid objects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200201
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Management of complex structural engineering objects in a relational framework (1990)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 6 (1990), S. 81-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract To structure the development of an integrated building design environment, the global representation of the design data may best be organized in terms of hierarchies of objects. In structural engineering design we deal with large sets of independent but interrelated objects. These objects are specified by data. For an engineering design data base the system must be able to model the objects composing the design as well as to manage effectively the design data. The data base management system therefore needs to have some knowledge of the intended use of the data, and must provide an abstraction mechanism to represent and manipulate objects. Much recent research in engineering data bases focuses on object management for specific tasks but gives little attention to the shareability of the underlying information. This paper describes an architecture for the management of complex engineering objects in a sharable, relational framework. Potential application of this approach to object management for structural engineering analysis and design is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200240
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toward a unified representation of mechanical assemblies (1990)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 6 (1990), S. 103-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Current solid modeling systems are suitable for modeling individual mechanical parts but they do not capture therelationships and/ordependencies among the geometric features of parts in an assembly. Research in the area of “part and assembly modeling” focuses on capturing this missing information. This paper surveys feature-based models for mechanical assemblies and methods for deriving the actual part positions from the part relationships. We have attempted to extract from the literature the essential requirements for a unified feature-based assembly model. Three levels of representation are envisaged—representation of part positions in terms of their spatial coordinates, representation of geometric (feature) relations between individual parts, and representation of the assembly hierarchy. The actual relative positions can be derived from the hierarchical assembly model. Possible areas of application are tolerance analysis and synthesis, automatic generation of assembly sequences, and kinematic analysis and synthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200242
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Representation of assemblies for automatic tolerance chain generation (1990)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 6 (1990), S. 121-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A scheme of representing assemblies and an algorithm for the tolerance chain generation are developed so that tolerance chains of assemblies can be generated automatically to accommodate tolerance analysis at the assembly level. In the hierarchical data structure representing an assembly the connectivity information is carried by the instances of components and subassemblies, and the mating relations between each pair of mating entities are described by mating links, mating paths, mating conditions, and mating features. Mating graphs are derived from the mating links before they are searched for the generation of tolerance chains. The scheme has been implemented in a prototype interactive package that allows the user to model assemblies directly without detailed object modeling. Several examples of various complexity have been tested with success.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200244
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distributed concurrent engineering computation on a network of microcomputers (1990)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 6 (1990), S. 145-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A programming method that facilitates interworkstation communications on a local area network (LAN) of microcomputers has been developed. Communications are managed using a set of common access status and data files, which are writen to and read from the file server hard disk. Use of this programming method permits the work load associated with large computational problems to be distributed to various workstations connected to a LAN for concurrent processing, and has resulted in substantial solution time savings in problems that have been run. Test problems have been programmed in IBM Compiled BASIC [1] and are continuing with further programs in BASIC and IBM Professional FORTRAN [2]. Applications to actual computational engineering problems are presently being investigated and are briefly discussed. This paper describes the basic principles underlying the distributed processing technique that was developed and presents several example problems that were run to test the technique and develop benchmark results for a particular LAN configuration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200312
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An intelligent specifications extraction interface for structural design (1990)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 6 (1990), S. 153-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Many descriptions of the design process do not include the specifications as part of the process, but rather as an input to the design. Once the specifications are considered to be the input, the assumption is made that they are in a form that is suitable for the design process to proceed. The need for a design always starts with ill-defined objectives. The process by which this information is transformed into well-defined design objectives is called the design specification extraction process. An attempt to expose the underlying structure of the first step in the design process—the design specifications—is presented in this paper. The extraction of specifications is divided into four major tasks—diagnosis or information gathering, interpretation and assessment, classification and decomposition, and information patching. The conceptual framework for the design specification extraction and synthesis is implemented in the expert system program SEISD (specification extraction interface for structural design) developed in the LISP programming language. A few examples are presented to demonstrate the implementation strategies. These examples are drawn from the specific problem of a beam design.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200313
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A formal approach to automating conceptual structural design, part II: Application to floor framing generation (1991)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 7 (1991), S. 91-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The function of the structural system in a building is to transfer gravity as well as lateral loads from their points of origin to the ground. Floor framing generation involves providing a path to transfer the gravity loads to the ground through various structural elements in an architectural plan while meeting the requirements imposed by other entities, such as the architect, the mechanical engineer, and the contractor, involved in the design/construct process. In this paper a formal approach for generating floor framing plans for steel office buildings is presented. We describe the knowledge and the reasoning behind a computer system, FFG (floor framing generator), which generates floor framing schemes for steel office buildings that are rectangular in plan and have a single service core. Constraints arising from structural as well as exogenous considerations are enumerated and their effect on framing schemes is identified. We also elaborate on the evaluation mechanism for ranking alternative schemes, in addition to providing details of the computer implementation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01195563
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Announcement (1991)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 7 (1991), S. 129-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01195566
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Design of an optimal damper to minimize the vibration of machine tool structures subject to random excitation (1991)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 7 (1991), S. 199-208 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The vibration of machine tools during machining adversely affects machining accuracy and tool life, and therefore must be minimized. The cutting forces for stable turning are generally known to be random, and hence excite all the resonance modes. Of all these modes, those that generate relative motions between a cutting tool and a workpiece are of concern. This paper presents a new approach for designing an optimal damper to minimize the relative vibration between the cutting tool and workpiece during stable machining. An approximate normal mode method is employed to calculate the response of a machine tool system with nonproportional damping subject to random excitation. The major advantage of this method is that it reduces the amount of computation greatly for higher-order systems when responses have to be calculated repeatedly in the process of optimization. An optimal design procedure is presented based on a representative lumped parameter model that can be constructed by using existing experimental or analytical techniques. The two-step optimization procedure based on the modified pattern search and univariate search effectively leads the numerical solution to the global minimun irrespectively of initial values even under the existence of many local minima.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206362
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toward the integration of knowledge for engineering modeling and computation (1991)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 7 (1991), S. 209-224 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Recent developments in computer science, especially in the area of artificial intelligence (AI), have made possible the representation of knowledge in symbolic terms. This, in turn, has made it possible to represent and integrate a broader range of engineering knowledge so as to provide new kinds of computer support for both analysis and design. This paper presents a typology of engineering knowledge to provide a conceptual basis for its computational integration. A review of the roles of numerical, geometric, and symbolic representations is also given within the context of the knowledge typology. Illustrations are provided from the domain of structural engineering.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206363
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization of rational B-spline surfaces (1991)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 7 (1991), S. 237-252 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Localization of curved surfaces is an important problem in the manufacturing and inspection of mechanical elements and in the simulation of manufacturing processes. The objective of this paper is to provide an efficient method for accurate localization of a single free-form surface of the rational B-spline form. Our approach is based on the following components—first, representation of position tolerances in terms of a ball offset tolerance region around the ideal rational spline surface; to facilitate interrogation and data exchange, this is followed by approximation of the bounding surfaces of the tolerance region with rational B-splines; next, optimal positioning of the target surface with respect to the ideal surface by minimizing a distance-based norm; finally, verification of compliance with position tolerance constraints. Examples illustrate our technique.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206365
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  • 21
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    Supporting engineering applications by new data base processing concepts—An experience report (1992)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 8 (1992), S. 31-49 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Data base management systems for nonstandard applications (nonstandard data base systems, NDBS), in particular for engineering applications, nowadays constitute one of the most important challenges in the area of data base research. Some major obstacles are concerned with problems of modeling and processing complex engineering objects. Some new system architectures have been proposed, and appropriate concepts for handling the new types of application objects have been developed over the past few years. Based on PRIMA, an NDBS-kernel prototype implementation, we motivate a workstation-oriented architecture for NDBS application systems. We explain a prototypical application system in the environment of VLSI-chip design, which serves as a practical examples in handling complex objects. Analyzing the weaknesses of this initial approach, we derive general concepts for application linkage, discussing, in particular, key issues for an efficient object processing and language binding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206335
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  • 22
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    Feature-based modeling for automatic mesh generation (1992)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 8 (1992), S. 1-12 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Automatic meshing algorithms for finite element analysis are based on a computer understanding of the geometry of the part to be discretized. Current mesh generators understand the part as either a boundary representation, an octree, or a point set. A higher-level understanding of the part can be achieved by associating engineering significance and engineering data, such as loading and boundary conditions, with generic shapes in the part. This technique, called feature-based modeling, is a popular approach to integrating computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing through the use of machinable shapes in the CAD model. It would seem that feature-based design also could aid in the finite element mesh generation process by making engineering information explicit in the model. This paper describes an approach to feature-based mesh generation. The feature representation of a fully functioning feature-based system that does automatic process planning and inspection was extended to include finite element mesh generation. This approach is based on a single feature representation that can be used for design, finite element analysis, process planning, and inspection of prismatic parts. The paper describes several advantages that features provide to the meshing process, such as improved point sets and a convenient method of simplifying the geometry of the model. Also discussed are possible extensions to features to enhance the finite element meshing process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206333
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  • 23
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    Approaches to AI methodology in reinforced concrete structures: a case study (1992)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 8 (1992), S. 93-100 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A system developed earlier for reinforced concrete halls layout is studied and justified from different aspects. Also, updates of both capabilities and limitations, which were recently incorporated in the system, are emphasized. Some of the original aspects of the system were reviewed and modified, to overcome some of the drawbacks in the earlier presentation. The system's organization remains almost the same. Some suggestions for further improvements to the system are presented as well. Finally the function of the system is illustrated by a sample run of the system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200105
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  • 24
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    Construction of a hybrid sweep-CSG modeler—The sweep-CSG representation (1992)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 8 (1992), S. 101-119 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Applying sweep operations on 2-D closed contours is a well known method for modelling 3-D solid objects. This paper deals with the implementation of a solid modeler with sweep as the basic representational scheme. In the modeler, a solid is defined by sweeping a planar polygon along a linear or curved trajectory. A sculptured solid may also be defined by using a beta-spline curve for the sweep polygon and a cubic B-spline curve for the sweep trajectory. By incorporating Boolean operations, a hybrid sweep-CSG solid modeler is implemented. The current implementation allows translational, rotational, and twisted sweep operations on a planar polygon composited of lines and arcs. In addition, a solid primitive can also be created by sweeping a planar closed beta-spline curve along a cubic B-spline curve.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200106
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    An automatic coarse and fine surface mesh generation scheme based on medial axis transform: Part i algorithms (1992)
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    Engineering with computers 8 (1992), S. 121-137 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We present an algorithm for the generation of coarse and fine finite element (FE) meshes on multiply connected surfaces, based on the medial axis transform (MAT). The MAT is employed to automatically decompose a complex shape into topologically simple subdomains, and to extract important shape characteristics and their length scales. Using this technique, we can create a coarse subdivision of a complex surface and select local element size to generate fine triangular meshes within those subregions in an automated manner. Therefore, this approach can lead to integration of fully automatic FE mesh generation functionality into FE preprocessing systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200364
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    The complementary roles of expert systems and database management systems in a design for manufacture environment (1992)
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    Engineering with computers 8 (1992), S. 139-149 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Effective product design that satisfies functional requirements and can be manufactured easily requires vast amounts of knowledge on the part of the design engineer. This paper focuses on the complementary roles of expert systems and database management systems as they relate to the Intelligent Design System (IDS) in a Design for Manufacture (DFM) environment. Each technology complements the other in its strengths and abilities. The database management system provides during the design process. The expert system provides a reasoning mechanism for identifying manufacturing violations and generating meaningful recommendations. These components work cooperatively with a CAD interface to form a unified, intelligent design environment. An information flow analysis of the Intelligent Design System resulted in the development of three distinct classifications of information within the database: CAD data, a design catalog, and a knowledge base. The CAD data tables employ an, object oriented approach to store specific information about the physical contains cost, weight, and strength characteristics of the standard parts and fasteners used within the system. The knowledge base contains rules and heuristics concerning design and manufacturing methodologies. The placement of the expert system rules in the database represents an innovation. As a result, the expansion and updating of the materials, fasteners, standard parts, or manufacturing processes used by the Intelligent Design System is facilitated without increased due to the efficient management of the knowledge base by the database management system. This allows the designer to modify the knowledge and help the system to learn without the need for a knowledge engineer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200365
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    An axiomatic theory of engineering design information (1992)
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    Engineering with computers 8 (1992), S. 197-211 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Recent research in design theory has sought to formalize the engineering design process without particular concern for the paradigm used to model design information. The authors propose that no correct formalization of the design process can be achieved without first formalizing the semantics of the information used in the process. To this end, the authors present a new formal theory of design information. The theory, called the hybrid model (HM), is an extended form of axiomatic set theory, and relies on it for consistency and logical rigor. The theory is stated as a collection of axioms, using a standard logic notation. Design entities are modeled by formal units calledobjects. Generalized functions and relations are used to formalize important ordering schemes and abstraction mechanisms relevant to design, including classification by structure and by function, aggregation, specialization, and generalization. The hybrid model is meant not only to aid in the study of the design process itself, but also to improve communications between designers, assist standardization of design specifications, and develop new, powerful software tools to aid the designer in his work.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01194322
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    A transaction management framework for collaborative engineering (1992)
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    Engineering with computers 8 (1992), S. 213-232 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the various novel functionalities of a transaction management system for collaborative engineering applications. These features include grouped and shared transactions, dynamic database partitioning, communicative locking, dependency maintenance, update notification schemes, and version management of data configurations. It also establishes protocols for data consistency maintenance on the basis of application semantics and encapsulation of nonserializable data sharing in local databases rather than by the notion of global database consistency. Finally, it presents strategies for implementing these features using a commercial object oriented database management system (OODBMS) environment (ONTOS).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01194323
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    Engineering materials information systems (1992)
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    Engineering with computers 8 (1992), S. 243-252 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Materials properties information systems are poorly understood. Many databases of materials properties and designations have been produced but, except in the most modest of cases, they have been less successful than their creators had hoped Knowledge based systems (KBS) are subject to exactly the same problems as data based materials information systems and it is important to realize what these are before the special character of KBSs can be used to alleviate them. This paper surveys the unusual and difficult aspects of engineering materials information that must be handled by any organizing methodology, whether manual or computerized, data based or knowledge based, handling information which is stored or inferred.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01194325
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    A KBES for integrated engineering (1993)
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    Engineering with computers 9 (1993), S. 1-16 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Blackboard ; Expert systems ; Industrial structures ; Integrated engineering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The expert process of engineering involves application of knowledge fundamental to the engineering process at one end, and of compiled knowledge in the form of heuristics gained through many years of experience at the other. Developments in Artificial Intelligence have made the process of computer aided engineering richer by enabling the simulation of this human process of engineering, which until now has been difficult to capture. Knowledge Based Expert Systems (KBES) in engineering developed so far have addressed only narrow domains of the entire process of engineering. This paper discusses a KBES shell (IES) that integrates various AI technologies, which makes it possible to implement new problem-solving strategies required for efficient handling of the entire engineering process. Issues in the integrated process of engineering are discussed first, in order to evolve a specification for the shell. The blackboard architecture is shown to be the ideal backbone for such a shell. The details of inference techniques, the knowledge based backtracking mechanism and the DBMS used in the IES are presented. The application of the IES is demonstrated using the domain of integrated engineering of steel industrial structures as an example. This application encompasses the engineering activities of conceptual design, detailed design, documentation and construction planning.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01198249
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    Announcements (1990)
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    Research in engineering design 2 (1990), S. 61-62 
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02029822
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    Announcements (1991)
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    Research in engineering design 2 (1991), S. 116-116 
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01579256
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    Grammatical approaches to engineering design, part I: An introduction and commentary (1991)
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    Research in engineering design 2 (1991), S. 121-135 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A grammar is a definition of a language written in a transformational form. To the extent that design requirements and designed artifacts can be represented by some language, and to the extent that design is a transformation from function to form, grammars might facilitate the development of theories and methods for design. The syntax, lexicon, and semantics of a formal language are analogous to the configuration, components, and behavior of an engineering design. Furthermore, the computational complexity of various grammatical formalisms might provide a foundation upon which to base complexity measures in design. We discuss grammatical formalisms and give examples of how grammars might facilitate design automation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01578994
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    Editorial: Improving Engineering Design (1991)
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    Research in engineering design 2 (1991), S. 183-183 
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01579216
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    Design synthetic reasoning: A methodology for mechanical design (1991)
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    Research in engineering design 2 (1991), S. 221-238 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Design synthetic reasoning is a methodology to support the process of design synthesis and includes within its scope support for associated processes of design verification, behavior derivation, and function justification. The design synthesis of machines is viewed as the development of a specification of required behavior, and transformation of the specification into the description of a structure (or assembly) of machine components. In this paper, the process of design synthesis is modeled as a sequence of applications of transformation rules. These rules either respecify, elaborate, reduce, or reformulate the expression of required behavior, and ultimately allow matching and selection of structurally compatible machine components and relationships from a design library. The specification of required behavior for a simple rotary actuator is developed and progressively transformed to synthesize the structures of two different patented rotary actuating devices. The ability of both devices to produce the required behavior is verified, and the property of self-locking for both the devices is derived from the structure descriptions. The functions (purposes) of components and relationships in each device are extracted from the trace of transformation rules applied during the verification and derivation process for each device.
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    Announcements (1991)
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    Research in engineering design 3 (1991), S. 57-59 
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01580068
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    Dimensional Variable Expansion—A formal approach to innovative design (1991)
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    Research in engineering design 3 (1991), S. 75-85 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A methodology called Dimensional Variable Expansion (DVE) is presented to formalize the process of design space expansion and design innovation. Unlike parametric design, where the structure of the design is specified and only the parameters are allowed to vary, DVE creates new structures, including new variables, constraints, and a reformulation of the objective function. Via DVE, a body is expanded into multiple regions by dividing along a dimensional variable, and then each region is permitted independent properties. Optimality conditions are used to determine which variables to expand and which regions should be subject to property modifications. With DVE the degrees-of-freedom of a design can be expanded and designs with unique features can be derived.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581341
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    An application of axiomatic design (1992)
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    Research in engineering design 3 (1992), S. 149-162 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract For the field of design to become a discipline, it must have the prerequisites of a discipline: principles and a process of solving problems using these principles. This paper presents a case study for axiomatic design, illustrating the process of using the design axioms (i.e., the Independence Axiom and the Information Axiom) in designing an artificial skin. The axioms are used to guide the analysis of a process design for an artificial skin graft. The analysis indicates that the current design does not meet the requirements specified by the axioms and should be redesigned to overcome the difficulties it has experienced in the field. Alternative solutions are generated following a systematic analysis of the design problem, and the best alternative is identified.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01580517
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    Book review (1992)
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    Research in engineering design 3 (1992), S. 243-246 
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01580846
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    Editorial: Research in Engineering Design (1992)
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    Research in engineering design 3 (1992), S. 193-193 
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01580841
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    A taxonomy for mechanical design (1992)
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    Research in engineering design 3 (1992), S. 179-189 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a taxonomy that provides a basis for characterizing mechanical design methods and theories. The taxonomy has three primary divisions: the environment, the problem, and the process. Each of these factors is further subdivided into its important characteristics. For example, the process is divided into plan, processing action, effect, and failure action. This paper discusses the options for each characteristic. An overview of the proposed taxonomy is given in section 2 of this paper. Section 3 describes details of the design environment; section 4 gives details on the description of the design problem itself; and section 5 provides details on the design process. In section 6, the taxonomy is applied in two ways: it is first used to clarify the meaning of differing, commonly used design terms, such as selection design, configurational design, parametric design, and redesign; and, second, the taxonomy is used to classify a representative sample of design process research efforts.
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    Integrating the user into research on engineering design systems (1992)
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    Research in engineering design 3 (1992), S. 211-221 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Engineering design research has historically been evaluated in terms of its computational performance. However, in many cases this research implies hypotheses about human behavior which are ignored. In this paper, we argue that the systems emerging from design research will benefit from investigating how people use them to accomplish work, and from the incorporation of principles of Participatory Design (Floyed et al., 1989) at the earliest stages of the development process. Using a case study, we present the evolution of a CAD system that supports complex mathematical modeling. This design effort is examined according to principles outlined in another well-documented effort in Participatory Design. Finally, despite the common misconception that such considerations impede basic research, we argue that continuous user involvement can guide research by validating experimental hypotheses and pointing to areas for future inquiry.
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    A data representation for collaborative mechanical design (1992)
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    Research in engineering design 3 (1992), S. 233-242 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Collaborative design projects place additional burdens on design documentation practices. The literature on group design has repeatedly documented the existence of problems in design decision-making due to the unavailability of design information. This paper describes a data representation developed for collaborative mechanical design information. The data representation is used to record the history of the design as a sequence of design decisions. The resulting data base records the final specifications, the alternatives which were considered during the design process, and the designers' rationale for choosing the final design parameters. It is currently implemented in a computerized data base system under development at Oregon State University (OSU).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01580845
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    Design principles for cognitive artifacts (1992)
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    Research in engineering design 4 (1992), S. 43-50 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Modern designs are more than ever before required to be understandable and usable by their intended audience. As machines get ever more complex, it becomes essential for designers to provide a user-centered design that focuses upon the needs and abilities of the user. This paper presents an analysis of cognitive artifacts—devices designed to maintain, display, or operate upon information in order to serve a representational function. An important design consideration is the human action cycle which means that artificial devices must support both execution and evaluation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032391
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    Simulation of human error in reinforced concrete design (1992)
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    Research in engineering design 4 (1992), S. 51-60 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Available statistical data suggest that human error in design causes a significant proportion of performance failures; namely, structural failure, cost overruns, and delays. A Human Reliability Analysis (HRA) model has been developed to simulate the effect of human error on the design computations of a reinforced concrete beam. The proposed HRA model incorporates the effect of “self-corrections”; this is a process where tasks are re-evaluated if the result appears to be not within “reasonable” expectations. Calculation, table look-up, chart look-up, and table ranking microtasks were incorporated into the proposed HRA model; human perormance data are described for each of these microtasks. It was found that human error, particularly multiple errors, lead to a significant loss of structural safety.
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    Evolutionary design theory using dynamic variation and thermodynamic selection (1991)
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    Research in engineering design 3 (1991), S. 39-55 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A general evolutionary design theory is presented which incorporates variation processes and selection processes to design fluid/thermal/chemical devices. A biologically consistent view of evolution splits the process into variation and selection. The variation process is quantitatively modeled using dynamic equations that govern structural changes. Steady-state and stability of design variation is related to growth and decay factors and environmental control parameters. The selection process is quantitatively modeled using nonequilibrium thermodynamics to indicate performance. Both structure and environment contribute to entropy production. This requires computational modeling of fluid dynamics, heat transfer, chemical diffusion, and reactions. Special cases of engineering design evolution are shown theoretically and with a numerical example. The theory could rectify the impact of engineered structures on the natural environment and provide a basis for designing machines with coupled physics.
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    Paconius and the pedestal for Apollo: A case study of error in conceptual design (1991)
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    Research in engineering design 3 (1991), S. 123-128 
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A classic case history of an engineering failure related by Vitruvius is presented as a paradigm of human error in the design process. It is argued that a familiarity among designers with such case studies could be instrumental in reducing conceptual errors in the design process generally.
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    Announcements (1992)
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    Research in engineering design 3 (1992), S. 191-191 
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
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    Knowledge-based interpretation of architectural drawings (1992)
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    Research in engineering design 3 (1992), S. 195-210 
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A method for machine interpretation of architectural (or other) schematic drawings is presented. The central problem is to build an efficient drawing parser (i.e., a program that identifies the semantic entities, characteristics, and relationships that are represented in the drawing). The parser is built from specifications of the drawing grammar and an underlying spatial model. The grammar describes what to look for, and the spatial model enables the parser to find it quickly. Coupled with existing optical recognition technology, this technique enables the use of drawings directly as: (1) a database to drive various Architecture-Engineering-Construction (AEC) applications; (2) a communication protocol to integrate CAD systems; (3) a traditional user interface.
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    Preface (1992)
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    Research in engineering design 4 (1992), S. 1-1 
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
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    Announcements (1992)
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    Research in engineering design 3 (1992), S. 247-248 
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
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    Shared memory in design: A unifying theme for research and practice (1992)
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    Research in engineering design 4 (1992), S. 23-42 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a new unifying theme for design theory by emphasizing the importance of context. We arrive at our conclusions by examining and then criticizing the legitimacy of universal methods in design upon which the critical importance of context emerges. The collaborative aspects of design focuses attention on the conception of shared meaning. We introduce and elaborate the concept of shared memory as the embodiment both of context and of shared meaning. Using the concept of shared memory in vertical and horizontal forms, within and between disciplines, respectively, we both account for past observations of design in practice and recommend actions to improve design in the future. We examine several practical implications of the growing importance of shared memory in industrial firms and for design teams. We then consider and recommend specific research programs which will help designers capture and make better use of this critical resource.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032390
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    Encoding mechanical design features for recognition via neural nets (1992)
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    Research in engineering design 4 (1992), S. 67-74 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Within mechanical computer-aided design (CAD), pattern-recognition techniques are fundamental to feature recognition. The use of neural net software as the pattern-recognition element depends upon encoding schemes which extract critical information from candidate geometric subsets. The trained memory can then determine if a particular candidate geometric subset corresponds to a feature of interest. Successful experiments with particular encoding schemes over a restricted class of features will be presented. Neural nets were chosen with the long-term view toward a feature-recognition architecture where the end-user could customize the domain of features that can be recognized. The training of the neural net memory would be achieved through a graceful graphics interface. Extensive programming and knowledge bases would be avoided. This envisioned architecture will be presented to provide a context for the encoding schemes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01580145
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    Topological properties that model feature-based representation conversions within concurrent engineering (1992)
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    Research in engineering design 4 (1992), S. 147-158 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract One of the fundamental axioms of concurrent engineering is that undertaking functional design without foreseeing the manufacturing process leads to production delays and increased costs. This widely accepted concurrent engineering principle is given a formal basis by development of a mathematical model for the conversion of a feature-based design representation to a manufacturing representation. Within the domain of thin-walled components, it is shown that the conversion to tooling cost representations can result in a discontinuous function when the sets of design and manufacturing representations have been formulated as topological spaces. This discontinuity formally reflects the folklore that a small design change can significantly increase product cost. The mathematical sophistication required within this model is suggestive of why manufacturability evaluations can be quite difficult.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01607943
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    Announcements (1992)
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    Research in engineering design 4 (1992), S. 191-194 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01607947
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    A taxonomy of the product realization process environment (1992)
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    Research in engineering design 4 (1992), S. 203-213 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The realization of concepts into products is an extremely complex and poorly understood process. Companies and researchers are developing software aids and tools in a somewhat ad hoc manner. Differing claims are made for such tools, without there being much underlying understanding about what they are supposed to do. As part of a project to develop a strategy for applying computer-based tools to the process of realizing products, this paper proposes a taxonomy which encompasses most of the factors involved and defines the environments in which computer-based tools operate. Several other uses for this taxonomy are suggested, including identifying how the different types of computer-based tools support or replace various human activities or tasks; outlining a strategy for automating the process, as part of a strategy for applying the right tool for the task; and identifying where new tools might be developed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032464
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    Structural synthesis under manufacturability constraints: A CAD system for the design of injection-molded product housings (1993)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 5 (1993), S. 185-201 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Computer-aided design ; Design for manufacture ; Injection molding ; Structural synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We describe a computer-aided design system that automatically constructs the internal functional surface shapes of plastic injection molded product housings. Fundamental manufacturability constraints related to the geometry of injection mold parting and the solidification of molten plastic are identified. These constraints are embodied in structural synthesis operators that create the internal shapes given a set of functional requirements. An implementation, which is integrated with a system that automatically designs the external visible surface of the housing, is discussed. Algorithms for the structural synthesis operators are provided along with sample output demonstrating their operation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01608362
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    A meta-model for mechanical products based upon the mechanical design process (1993)
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    Research in engineering design 5 (1993), S. 140-160 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Design documentation ; Features ; Functional modeling ; Product modeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes preliminary work toward the develoment of a framework and a system for modeling the “meta-physical” information of mechanical products. Meta-physical information is that information which describes the nature or reason for existence of objects in the physical product model. Such information includes product and feature functionality, design intent, relations, constraints and viewpoint-dependent definitions. This effort has resulted in an initial model structure and a prototype system. The product model consists of a meta-physical product model with attached physical product models containing, among other information, geometry, dimensions, tolerances, and features. The content and structure of the product model correspond directly to the information used and produced during the mechanical design process. The prototype system integrates a solid modeler, a feature modeler, a dimension and tolerance modeler, and a meta-physical modeler. This paper provides an overview of the meta-model structure, usage and potential.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01608360
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    Announcements (1993)
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    Research in engineering design 5 (1993), S. 238-238 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01608365
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    Constraint-based design using an operational approach (1993)
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    Research in engineering design 5 (1993), S. 202-217 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Constraint-based design ; Feature modeling ; Geometric reasoning ; Graph grammar ; Knowledge-based inference
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Constraint-based design, which explicitly represents and operates upon constraints, has been recognized as a promising tool for achieving intelligent support of design, particularly the design of mechanical parts or assemblies. It is essential for a constraint-based system to realize the constraint-solving capability. This paper presents an operational approach to constraint solving using incremental feature operations. The approach is based on an operational interpretation of constraints, i.e. the constraint satisfaction is carried out in terms of operations incrementally. A grammatic formalism is used for operational modeling of constraints. Each graph production within a graph grammar corresponds to an operation or a sequence of operations designated for constraint satisfaction that is related to a rule or a procedure. Therefore, a constraint satisfaction process can be represented by a graph grammar parsing process. The operation sequence is planned by graph grammar parsing and invocation of the related rules or procedures. Constraints are then evaluated by invoking the sequenced operations. Features are introduced as higher-level abstractions into the geometric constraints network. This enables reasoning about design validation from topological and manufacturing views.
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    Announcements (1993)
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    Research in engineering design 5 (1993), S. 240-240 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01608367
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    Robust optimal design using a second-order tolerance model (1994)
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    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 25-37 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Optimization ; Robust design ; Tolerances ; Variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we present a general, quantitative method for developing designs that are robust to variation in design variables and parameters. Variation is defined in terms of tolerances which bracket the expected deviation of uncertain quantities about nominal values. We specifically address the case where input variations are assumed to be random variables that are normally distributed. The method incorporates a second-order tolerance model as part of a nonlinear optimization process. The second-order tolerance model makes it possible to estimate the skewness of function distributions, which are modeled with a three-parameter gamma distribution. We apply the method to determine robust designs for 11 test cases that span a variety of problems; robustness is verified with Monte Carlo simulation. The method enables a designer to understand and account for the effects of tolerances, making it possible to build robustness into an engineering design.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01588089
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    A model-based method for organizing tasks in product development (1994)
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    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 1-13 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Concurrent engineering ; Design management ; Design process improvement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This research is aimed at structuring complex design projects in order to develop better products more quickly. We use a matrix representation to capture both the sequence of and the technical relationships among the many design tasks to be performed. These relationships define the “technical structure” of a project, which is then analyzed in order to find alternative sequences and/or definitions of the tasks. Such improved design procedures offer opportunities to speed development progress by streamlining the inter-task coordination. After using this technique to model design processes in several organizations, we have developed a design management strategy which focuses attention on the essential information transfer requirements of a technical project.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01588087
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    Testing the hypothesis law of design: The case of the Britannia Bridge (1994)
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    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 38-57 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Britannia Bridge ; Design laws ; Design process ; Design reasoning ; Hypotheses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In a recent paper, Dasgupta[6] has claimed to have identified two universal, qualitativelaws of design. Of these, one is called thehypothesis law, which states that: “A design process that reaches termination does so through one or more cycles of hypothesis creation, testing and (if necessary) modification.” This law was arrived at from arguments based on a model of the design process at the “knowledge level”[9] and on the concept of “bounded rationality”[15]. In the present article we describe an extensiveempirical test of the hypothesis law using an important historical case study. The case in question is the design, conducted between 1844 and 1847, of the Britannia Bridge which spanned the Menai Straits in Wales. Using published records of the project as the basis for our evidence, we shall show that the design process followed in this project strongly corroborates the hypothesis law.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01588090
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    Qualitative reasoning and the representation of fundamental principles in structural engineering (1994)
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    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 61-72 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Inference strategy ; Qualitative reasoning ; Structural engineering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Qualitative reasoning is a methodology for deriving the behavior of a device from a declarative representation of relevant fundamental principles and a high-level description of the device. This article and its companion present a qualitative reasoning framework, named the space-centered framework, for reasoning about the behavior of structural systems subjected to loads. The framework includes a representation of the topology and geometry of a structure, and the fundamental principles of equilibrium, compatibility and force-deformation relationships. A parameter, such as a displacement or an internal force, is represented qualitatively by its algebraic sign and its relationship in magnitude with other parameters in the model. Component qualitative states incorporate the fundamental principles for a class of components, such as frame members or supports. The conjugate analogy between the equilibrium and compatibility laws is recognized in the representation. Processes acting between components represent fundamental principles of equilibrium and compatibility at the connections. A companion paper presents the inference strategy for the space-centered framework and its application to qualitative analysis of conceptual designs of structures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01579984
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    A referential scheme for modeling and identifying spatial attributes of entities in constructed facilities (1994)
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    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 142-168 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Geometric modeling ; AEC ; CAD/CAE ; Facility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a referential scheme for representing and identifying the spatial extent of physical entities of constructed facilities, such as buildings and offshore structures. Using the basic operations of a non-manifold geometric modeler, a set of high-level algebraic operations is defined. The scheme and its algebra are used for modeling the spatial attributes of a facility entity at two levels: primary and secondary. The primary representation uniquely captures an entity's spatial attributes at the “skeletal” level and is used mainly for identifying discipline-independent topological relationships of that entity with others. Secondary representations, on the other hand, are used to provide an entity's discipline-specific geometric attributes. The topological relationships and geometric attributes of facility entities thus need not be explicitly stored, but can be computed on demand by the underlying non-manifold modeler.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01607276
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    Automatically deriving behavior constraints for performance variables in mechanical design (1994)
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    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 85-102 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Analysis ; Behavior derivation ; Constraints
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Generation of the behavioral constraint equations needed for analysis in the mechanical design synthesis-analysis iteration loop is currently based on approaches that model the behavior of an entire system or subsystem of the design. This paper presents a general approach to constraint derivation that is localized around design performance variables. The approach consists of an amenable design configuration representation, a standard format for representing behavior knowledge, and an algorithm that builds a constraint network that can be used to solve for the performance variables by applying behavioral knowledge to the configuration. The algorithm works outward from the initial performance variables, creating new performance variables as required, and processing only those behavior laws and components of the design needed to obtain a solution. It can take design variables (known conditions or variable parameters) into account, takes advantage of the part-subpart hierarchy in the configuration, can exploit previous solutions, and can detect indeterminacy that is sometimes caused by simplifying assumptions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01579986
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    Conceptual robustness in simultaneous engineering: An extension of Taguchi's parameter design (1994)
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    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 211-222 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Engineering design ; Simultaneous engineering ; Concurrent engineering ; Robust design ; Distributed optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Simultaneous engineering processes involve multifunctional teams; team members simultaneously make decisions about many parts of the product-production system and aspects of the product life cycle. This paper argues that such simultaneous distributed decisions should be based on communications about sets of possibilities rather than single solutions. By extending Taguchi's parameter design concepts, we develop a robust and distributed decision-making procedure based on such communications. The procedure shows how a member of a design team can make appropriate decisions based on incomplete information from the other members of the team. More specifically, it (1) treats variations among the designs considered by other members of the design team asconceptual noise; (2) shows how to incorporate such noises into decisions that are robust against these variations; (3) describes a method for using the same data to provide preference information back to the other team members; and (4) provides a procedure for determining whether to release theconceptually robust design or to wait for further decisions by others. The method is demonstrated by part of a distributed design process for a rotary CNC milling machine. While Taguchi's approach is used as a starting point because it is widely known, these results can be generalized to use other robust decision techniques.
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    Acid-catalyzed photoaromatization of poly(cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol) derivatives into polyphenylene (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 33-40 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Substituted poly(cyclohexene)s, used as poly(phenylene) precursors, have been prepared by radical polymerization of cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol derivatives containing various leaving groups. The precursors were converted into poly(phenylene) either by curing at elevated temperatures or by deep-UV exposure in the presence of a photoacid generator. These reactions were investigated by both IR and UV analysis. Our results with the conversion of precursors into poly(phenylene) via photoaromatization suggest that polyphenylene precursors can be imaged by deep-UV microlithography (as a new class of photoimageable thermally stable polymers).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01045635
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    Cationic polymerization of selected α- and β-substituted vinyl ethers (1992)
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    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 117-122 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The cationic polymerization of various α- and β-substituted vinyl ethers, initiated by 1-iodo-1-(2-methylpropyloxy)ethane 1 and tetrabuty lammonium perchlorate (TBAP) was investigated. The polymerization of 2,3-dihydrofuran (DHF, 3a) in CH2Cl2 at -40°C proceeds via opening of the ethylenic double bond and yields polymers with narrow molar mass distributions and high glass transitions. The number average of molar mass increased linearly with conversion. Under these conditions, a controlled polymerization of two propenyl ethers (1-ethoxypropene 2a and 2-methoxypropene 2b) and two other cyclic unsaturated ethers (3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran 3b and 5-methyl-2,3-dihydrofuran 3c) could not be achieved. Either transfer reactions or the decomposition of 1 prevented the formation of high molar mass polymers of these vinyl ethers.
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    Copolymerization behavior of 3-vinylbenzothiophene (1992)
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    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 555-560 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary 3-Vinylbenzothiophene was synthesized and its copolymerization with methyl methacrylate and n-butyl acrylate was investigated. The copolymerizations were performed according to an experimental design scheme and the results were analyzed using a nonlinear error-in-variables method. The 3-vinylbenzothiophene was found to be a reactive monomer with reactivity ratio values similar to those of 2-vinyl thiophene.
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    Stereoregular oligomers of methyl methacrylate (1992)
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    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 561-568 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Isotactic (it-) and syndiotactic (st-) MMA oligomers from 19-mer to 29-mer could be isolated efficiently from it-PMMA ( $$\overline {DP}$$ = 28.6) and st-PMMA ( $$\overline {DP}$$ = 28.6) (sample load: 50 mg) by the SFC using a 10 mm i. d. x 250 mm column packed with silica gel. DP of each isolated oligomer was determined by FD mass spectroscopy, and the values agreed well with those calculated from the relative intensity of 1H NMR signals due to CH3O- and the terminal t-C4H9-groups. Glass transition temperature (T g) of the it-28-mer measured by DSC was 34.5°C, which was higher than that of the it-PMMA by 6.5°C. T g of both the it-and st-oligomers increased linearly with DP in the range of DP=20∼29. A 1: 1 mixture of the it- and st-27-mers annealed at 140°C showed an endothermic transition at 102.3°C which was attributable to melting of stereocomplex, whereas an annealed 1: 1 mixture of the it- and st-PMMAs had a much broader endotherm around 80∼140°C.
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    EPR investigations of the influence of N,N′-methylene-bisacrylamide (NNMBA) crosslinks on the coordination structure of Cu(II) complexes of poly (N-2-aminoethylacrylamide)s (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 585-591 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The coordination structures of Cu(II) complexes of amino functions supported on polyacrylamides with varying extents of NNMBA-crosslinks were followed by EPR techniques. The geometry of the Cu(II) complexes changes with increasing crosslinking. The covalency of the Cu-N bond also depends on the extent of the NNMBA-crosslinking in the polymer-support.
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    Crosslinking effect on sorption and thermal stability by crosslinked poly(ethyleneimine) (1992)
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    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 601-606 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The sorption behaviour of copper (II) and uranium (VI) ions on branched poly(ethylenimine) (BPEI) bridged with bifunctional crosslinkers (CR), 1-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane, 1,3-dibromopropane and 1,2-dibromoethane with various degress of crosslinks has been examined. The effect of crosslinking on the extent of sorption and thermal stability is reported.
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    Lyotropic mesophase formations of HPC/imogolite mixture (1992)
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    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 607-614 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The mesophase formation was observed from the system of mixed organic polymer (hydroxypropyl cellulose) and inorganic polymer (imogolite) in acetic acid aqueous solution. The phase diagram of the mesophase formation was drawn as a function of imogolite content. The mesophase structure was found to change from the helicoidall arrangement of nematic sheets to the pile of pleated nematic sheets with increasing imogolite content.
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    Synthesis and rheological study of some maleic acid and fumaric acid stereoregular polyesters (1992)
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    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 621-626 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary First unsaturated polyester fibers were prepared starting from stereoregular, macromolecular poly(octamethylene fumarate). Fibers obtained from octamethylene copolyesters of fumaric and terephthalic acids manifested improved mechanical properties and higher melting points. All unsaturated polyester fibers prepared in the study, based on the homopolymer and on copolymers of fumaric acid, even those containing as low as 10% of fumaric acid residues, are able to be covalently bonded to an unsaturated polyester matrix.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295963
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    Reactive propylene oligomers (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 633-638 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Propylene oligomers containing isopropenyl end group have been prepared by thermolysis of atactic polypropylene. The chain-end structures and the number-avarage isopropenyl chain end functionality was determined in the product by C-13 NMR spectroscopy. Molecular weight of the oligomers were between 300 and 1000, as characterized by GPC. Conditions leading to the formation of propylene oligomers with number-average isopropenyl chain end functionality of 1.0, have been worked out.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295965
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  • 78
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    Unusual addition by the thiol-ene photopolymerization (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 653-656 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The photoaddition of aromatic dithiols (1) onto aliphatic alkenes (2a-2c) yielding polysulfides is studied. Polysulfides having anti-Markownikow and Markownikow moieties in the main chain are obtained by the reaction of dithiols (1) with ethyleneglycoldivinylether (2a). The unusual Markownikow orientation is explained on the basis of a radical cation intermediate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295968
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  • 79
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    Preparation of monodispersed polymer-modified silica particles by radical polymerization using silica colloid and introduction of functional groups on the composite surface (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 663-668 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Radical polymerizations of vinyl monomers using a initiator of 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride on monodispersed silica colloid led to formation of spherical polymer/SiO2 composites, retained particle size. Addition of hydroxypropyl cellulose to the reaction system resulted in yielding excellent dispersible composites into ethanol by short period ultrasonic irradiation. The polymerization of styrene in the presence of mercapto-amine or carboxylic acid derivatives could successfully introduce amino or carboxyl group on the Poly(styrene)/SiO2 composite.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295970
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  • 80
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    Electrical conductance of some cellulose derivatives (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 689-695 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The interrelation between the electrical conductance, σ and some chemically modified cellulose molecule produced through partial substitution of the hydroxyl groups by different groups namely, acetate, methoxyl, carboxymethyl and sodium carboxymethyl has been studied in the temperature ranges 283–333 k. The results show that σ of the examined samples change in the descending order: sodium carboxymethyl cellulose 〉carboxymethyl cellulose 〉methyl cellulose〉cotton cellulose〉cellulose acetate. The variable response of σ to the chemical modification and the physical changes of cellulose accompanying such modification has been discussed in terms of the molecular structure, chain flexibility and degree of polymerization of the examined samples.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295974
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  • 81
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    On the polarity and donor-acceptor-properties of polysaccharides (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 697-702 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Acidic parameters according to the GUTMANN's acceptor numbers (AN) of cellulose acetates and unmodified cellulose have been determined by means of the negatively solvatochromic probe dye Fe(phen)2(CN)2. Unmodified cellulose possesses a relatively high acceptor strength due to cooperative hydrogen bonds while increasing acetate contents in the polymer chain lower the acceptor strength. The dependence of AN on the acetate content can be used to estimate the degree of substitution (DS). Pecularities in the substitution interval (DS=0 to DS=1.5) are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295975
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  • 82
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    Bending behavior of an electrically activated complex forming hydrogel (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 677-681 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The complex forming poly[(ethylene glycol-co-proplene glycol)-g-acrylamide]: polyacrylic acid interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel is able to bend under electric field “stimuli”. pH, ionic strength gradients and voltage can influence it's bending degree. So we may improve the sample' “responsive” speed through manipulating those factor in the further study in order to put it into the biomedical application.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295972
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  • 83
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    Application of iniferters for obtaining composition homogenous copolymers (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 449-450 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary An original way of reducing composition heterogeneity has been proposed for copolymers obtained at high conversions. The main idea underlying this method consists in application as initiators of special compounds (iniferters) leading to alteration of the mechanism of polymer chain growth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00297338
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  • 84
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    Molecular-mass distributions resulting from the homopolymerization of monoepoxides initiated by tertiary amines (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 459-465 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A reaction scheme based on propagation and intramolecular chain transfer steps is proposed for the anionic homopolymerization of epoxides initiated by tertiary amines. Chain transfer regenerates a living chain and gives a dead chain with terminal vinilydene unsaturations and hydroxy groups. The possibility of generating phenols or substituted phenols is also considered. Molecular-mass distributions were predicted as a function of conversion by both kinetic and Monte Carlo methods. Predictions were compared with experimental results reported in the literature. The evolution of the number-average degree of polymerization could be reasonably predicted.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00297340
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  • 85
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    Thermal expansion of irradiated polyvinyl chloride from 10 K to 340 K (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 481-487 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The coefficient of thermal expansion is measured for irradiated Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) from 10K to 340K. The samples of PVC are irradiated, up to 500 Mrad in steps of 100 Mrad, in air at room temperature by using Co gamma rays with a dose rate of 0.3 Mrad/h. The PVC is an amorphous sample which is confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The coefficient of thermal expansion is found to decrease with radiation dose from 10K to 110K and it increaseswith radiation dose from 110K to 340K. The results are explained on the basis of radiation induced degradation of the sample.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00297343
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  • 86
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    Indexed in current contents (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. A4 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00297346
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  • 87
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    Synthesis of telechelic monodispersed diols (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 497-503 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The synthesis of telechelic monodispersed diols produced from the radical telomerization of an excess of undecylenol with commercialy available α, ω-dithiols HSC2H4XC2H4SH (X=0, S or CH2) initiated by peroxides is presented. In each case, the diols were obtained selectively and quantitatively and they were characterized by both 1H and 13C NMR. Their physical characteristics (Tg, Tm and decomposition temperatures) were determined. Such compounds are thermally more stable than polydispersed telechelic commercially available diols.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296038
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  • 88
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    Anionic polymerization of vinylsilanes (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 505-509 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The anionic polymerization of dimethylphenylvinylsilane with sec-butyllithium/N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) was investigated. The polymerization proceeded up to 100% yield and afforded the polymer having isomerized-structure units. The polymerization was accompanied by chain transfer reaction to the monomer and the polymerization rate in the presence of TMEDA was much lower than in the absence of TMEDA.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296039
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  • 89
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    Functionalization of a multiepoxy resin by methacrylic compounds and study of its thermal properties (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 627-632 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Methacrylation of triglycidyl triphenyl methane (via methacrylic acid) has been done using three catalysts: dimethyl dodecyl amine (DMDA), tetrabutyl ammonium bromide (TBAB) and chromium (III) diisopropyl salicylate (Cr Dips). The reaction has been followed by epoxy colorimetric titration, CPG and 1H NMR. This study has shown the superiority of chromium catalysis because of its rapidity and ease of process. Then, these cured products (TACTIX and methacrylated TACTIX) show homogeneous Tg values which are higher than 200°C.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295964
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  • 90
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    Phase transfer catalysis in the polycondensation processes (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 639-644 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Polyesters from 3,3′-bis(chloromethyl)oxacyclobutane and dipotassium isophthalate were obtained by phase transfer catalysis using different catalysts and solvents. The products were characterised by IR,1H-NMR and DSC.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295966
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    Polymerization by phase transfer catalysis (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 645-652 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Polycarbonates, polythiocarbonates, and polyesters from 1,1,3-trimethyl-3-(4′-hydroxy-phenyl)-4-indanol were synthesized using phase transfer conditions. THe effects of several catalysts and reactions times were evaluated by the yields and inherent viscosities. Phase transfer catalysis was not an efficient technique due to the rigid structure of the diphenol with the indanic group. The results were compared with that obtained with a diphenol having the same number of carbon atoms but forming an aliphatic side chain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295967
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  • 92
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    Effects of 1,2,3-triphenylcyclopropene on radical polymerizations (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 657-662 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary 1,2,3-Triphenylcyclopropene (TPCP) is a powerful retarder for polymerizations of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and styrene initiated by benzoyl peroxide or azobisisobutyronitrile. End-groups in polymers of MMA were studied by 13C-NMR spectroscopy and also, in the case of the peroxide, by using radioactive initiator. It was shown that, towards the benzoyloxy and 1-cyano-1-methylethyl radicals, the reactivity of TPCP exceeds that of MMA by factors of about 60 and three respectively at 60°C. TPCP can be used to introduce into polymers end-groups of special types.
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  • 93
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    Solvent effect on the complex formation of polyvinylpyrrolidone and polymonomethyl itaconate (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 669-676 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The influence of solvent on polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyitaconic acid monomethylester (PMMI) sterecomplex formation was studied by means of laser light scattering and viscometry. Several phase changes were observed, from homogeneous solution to precipitates and gels. Responsible of this behaviour are hydrogen bonding, Coulombic forces, or hydrophobic interaction in aqueous medium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295971
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  • 94
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    Easy use of Lewis and Mayo's rule to determine monomer conversion-rates in cotelomerization (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 703-707 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The Lewis and Mayo's rule, used so far for the determination of r1 and r2, is presently applied for the simultaneous determination of partial monomers conversions α1 and α2; whereas the integration of the Skeist's rule gave global conversion α only. An experimental verification is performed for the cotelomerization of MMA and maleic anhydride with dodecyl mercaptan as telogen, and it gives a very good correlation.
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    A striking observation on the fluorescence of a twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) molecule used to probe polymer dynamics in the bulk state (1992)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 28 (1992), S. 709-715 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An anomalous effect on the twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) phenomenon of 4-(N,N-dimethylamino) benzonitrile (DMABN) dissolved in elastomers such as poly(propylene oxide), poly(ethylene oxide) has been observed. Under irradiation, the normal fluorescence of DMABN in these matrices has been found to increase strongly while the emission arising from the TICT state decreases slightly.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295977
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  • 96
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    Polymerization of propylene by highly active catalysts synthesized with Mg(OEt)2/benzoyl chloride/TiCl4 (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 23 (1990), S. 35-42 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Active centers have been studied in the polymerization of propylene using highly active Mg(OEt)2/Benzoyl chloride/TiCl4 catalysts activated with AlEt3. The method for the measurement of active centers is based on the inhibiting effect of CO on polymerization. The activity of the present catalysts, which is higher than that of TiCl3 or MgCl2-supported catalyst, is mainly due to the higher concentration of active centers by one order of magnitude. In order to investigate the stability of active centers during polymerization the number of active centers are compared at various polymerization times.
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  • 97
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    The influence of total monomer concentration on the “reactivity” of ω-(p-vinylbenzyl ether) macromonomers of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) determined from radiacal copolymerization experiments with butyl methacrylate (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 23 (1990), S. 19-26 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The influence of the total monomer concentration on the radical reactivity ratio r1 of butyl methacrylate (BMA) (M1)-ω-(p-vinylbenzyl ether) macromonomer of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO-VBE) (M2) monomer pair was investigated. For two different molecular weights of the PPO-VBE macromonomer ( $$\bar M_n = 14,000$$ , $${{\bar M_w } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\bar M_w } {\bar M_n }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\bar M_n }} = 1.25$$ and $$\bar M_n = 5,300$$ $${{\bar M_w } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\bar M_w } {\bar M_n }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\bar M_n }} = 1.26$$ ), the determined reactivity ratio r1 decreases with the increase of the macromonomer concentration. Therefore, the reactivity of the macromonomer, 1/r1, follows the opposite trend. This dependence is due to micelles formation during copolymerization. This microsegregation process partitionates the comonomer concentrations between the bulk of solvent and around the growing chain and therefore, the experimental r1 is actually a product of the true reactivity ratio r1 0 and a partition coefficient k.
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  • 98
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    2,2 bis (4-ethynylphenyl) hexafluoropropane (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 23 (1990), S. 7-12 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The 2,2 bis(4-ethynylphenyl)hexafluoropropane is prepared via an original synthesis's process using a substitution of 2,2 bis(4-triflatephenyl) hexafluoropropane by trimethylsilyl acetylene. In this process ZnO is used to remove the triflate anion formed during the reaction. This diacetylenic compound melts at 37–38°C, exhibits an onset of polymerization at 120°C. After thermal treatment at 250°C, the obtained network shows a softening point at 300°C. This network remains stable in air up to 435°C.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983957
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  • 99
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    Phase transition in swollen gels (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 23 (1990), S. 89-94 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The DC conductivity of two networks — a poly(N,N-diethylacrylamide) network (N1) and a network prepared by the copolymerization of N,N-diethylacrylamide with 3 mol.% of sodium methacrylate (N2) — in deionized water in the temperature range 10–55°C was measured. While in the low-temperature range (expanded gel state) the volt-ampere (V-A) behaviour of both networks shows a semiconductive character (conductivity increases with increasing temperature), in the high-temperature range (collapsed gel state) the conductivity of the network N1 rapidly decreases with increasing temperature (metallic character). The presence of charges on the chain raises the conductivity and shifts the temperature of the change in conductivity to higher values. In the collapse region of the ionized network N2 anomalies were observed on the V-A characteristics.
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  • 100
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    Stereoregular oligomers of methyl methacrylate (1990)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 23 (1990), S. 157-162 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Packed column SFC has been found suitable for the rapid and detailed analysis of the isotactic and syndiotactic oligomers of MMA, when the temperature gradient technique was applied and the modifier was employed. Oligomer components from trimer to 20-mer separated completely. The heptamer fraction collected three times by SFC gave the 1H NMR spectrum of satisfactorily high S/N ratio; the spectrum agreed well with that of the standard sample. Separation by tacticity as well as by molecular weight was observed for the SFC of a mixture of the isotactic and syndiotactic oligomers. The isotactic oligomers had longer retention time than the syndiotactic oligomers of the corresponding degree of polymerization.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00338495
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