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  • Triticum aestivum  (266)
  • gene expression  (195)
  • Springer  (458)
  • Krefeld : Geologischer Dienst Nordhein-Westfalen
  • Wien : Geolog. Bundesanst.
  • 1990-1994  (458)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (458)
  • Krefeld : Geologischer Dienst Nordhein-Westfalen
  • Wien : Geolog. Bundesanst.
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (58)
Years
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of radical scavengers on TNFα-mediated activation of the uPA in cultured cells (1994)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 958-962 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Plasminogen activator ; active oxygen ; gene expression ; radical scavengers ; endothelial cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Active oxygen, produced by cultured cells following stimulation with various growth factors, seems to be involved in signal transduction leading to cellular responses such as gene expression and growth modulation. In the present study, the intracellular oxidation state was measured in immortalized human endothelial cells (ECV304) after treatment with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, using a fluorescent dye and a laser-scanning confocal microscope. The intracellular oxidation state was increased 60 min after the addition of TNFα, and this increase was abolished by a radical scavenger, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), which is also a precursor of glutathione, and by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC). TNFα increased the steady state level of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), and NAC inhibited this increase at a dose that also inhibited the increase in the intracellular oxidation state. PDTC, on the other hand, did not affect the induction of the uPA gene by TNFα. These results suggest that intracellular glutathione level rather than the oxidation state is necessary for the induction of the uPA gene by TNFα.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01923487
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of soil pH on the requirement for water-soluble phosphorus in triple superphosphate fertilizers (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1994), S. 207-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: available P ; citrate insoluble P ; phosphorus sources ; triple superphosphate ; Triticum aestivum ; water soluble P ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A greenhouse study was conducted to determine if soil pH affects the requirement for water-soluble P and the tolerance of water-insoluble impurities in TSP fertilizers. Two commercial TSP fertilizers were selected to represent a range in phosphate rock sources and impurities. Phosphate fertilizer impurities were isolated as the water-washed fraction by washing whole fertilizers with deionized water. TSP fertilizers with various quantities of water-soluble P (1.2 to 99% water-soluble P) were simulated by mixing the water-washed fertilizer fractions or dicalcium phosphate (DCP) with reagent-grade monocalcium phosphate (MCP). The fertilizers were applied to supply 40 mg AOAC available P kg−1 to a Mountview silt loam (fine-silty, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleudults). Wheat (Triticum aestivum (L.)) was harvested at 49 and 84 days after planting. Soil pH values at the final forage harvest were 5.4±0.16 and 6.4±0.15. At a soil pH of 5.4, the TSP fertilizers required only 37% water-soluble P to reach maximum yields while at pH 6.4 the fertilizers required 63% water-soluble P. Results of this study show that higher levels of water -insoluble P can be tolerated in TSP fertilizers when applied to acid soils. Phosphorus uptake was not affected by soil pH, but for the mixtures containing the fertilizer residues the source having the lowest level of Fe and Al had a higher relative agronomic effectiveness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750467
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of water supply on the response of wheat and triticale to applications of rock phosphate and superphosphate (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 39 (1994), S. 43-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Bicarbonate soil test phosphorus ; relative effectiveness ; rock phosphate ; superphosphate ; Triticum aestivum ; ×Triticosecale
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of water supply on the response of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and triticale (×Triticosecale) to levels of freshly-applied rock phosphate and superphosphate, and the residues of these fertilizers applied 9 years previously in the field, was studied in three glasshouse experiments. The 〈 2 mm fraction of the top 10 cm of soil was used (1.8 kg soil per pot), and in one experiment, freshly-applied fertilizer was also added to the more acidic subsoil (10 to 20 cm). There were two water treatments: the soil was returned to field capacity by watering to weight, either daily (W1, adequate water) or weekly (W2, water stress). Yield of dried tops was used to calculate fertilizer effectiveness. The phosphorus (P) concentration in dried tops was used to determine critical P, which is the P concentration related to 90% of the maximum yield. Just before sowing, soil samples were collected to measure bicarbonate-extractable (soil test) P which was related to plant yield. Water stress reduced yields and maximum yield plateaus by 20 to 40%. Water stress reduced the effectiveness of all P fertilizers by between 20 to 60%, largely because of a reduction in the maximum yield potentials. In the field, water supply is seasonally dependent and it can affect the yield response of plants to freshly-applied rock phosphate and superphosphate and the residues of these fertilizers applied to the field in previous years. Relative to placing fertilizer in the topsoil, placing fertilizer in the subsoil improved effectiveness by about 26% for rock phosphate and 12% for superphosphate. The relationship between yield and P concentration in dried tops, and critical P, differed for W1 and W2. The soil test P calibration, which relates yield to soil test P, and the soil test P required to produce the same yield also differed for W1 and W2. Consequently critical P and soil test P calibrations depend on water supply, which in the field varies within and between growing seasons. This is so for freshly- and previously-applied rock phosphate and superphosphate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750156
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measuring the effect of an abiotic stress on competition (1994)
    Springer
    Oecologia 100 (1994), S. 221-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Competition ; Abiotic stress ; Multiplicative interactions ; Nickel toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using recently developed solution culture techniques, the effect of a non-resource abiotic stress, nickel toxicity, was tested on intraspecific nutrient competition among wheat. The choice of an appropriate statistical model was of paramount importance in interpreting these effects. We argue that a multiplicative model is more appropriate for experiments on interactions of competition and abiotic stress. By such an analysis, nickel had no relative effect on the ability of competition to reduce plant size in two experiments, and caused a small reduction in competition in another. These results are contrary to other reports of the effect of a non-resource abiotic stress on competition and appear to be due to an increased demand for nutrients in the presence of toxic levels of nickel. The effects of an abiotic stress on competition may thus be specitic to the stress and not generalized across all abiotic stresses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316948
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gene transfer to inflorescence and flower meristems using ballistic micro-targeting (1994)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 7 (1994), S. 135-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Flower ; Meristem ; Gene transfer Particle bombardment ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Direct gene transfer to floral meristems could contribute to cell-fate mapping, to the study of flower-specific genes and promoters, and to the production of transgenic gametes via the transformation of sporogenic tissues. Despite the wide potential of its applications, direct gene transfer to floral meristems has not been achieved so far because of the lack of suitable technology. We show in this paper that ballistic micro-targeting is the technique of choice for this purpose, and in this way, we were able to transfer genes efficiently into excised wheat immature spikes. Particle size was adjusted for optimal penetration into the L1 and L2 cell layers of the spikes with limited cell damage. Spikes at different developmental stages were shot either with a plasmid containing two genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis or with a plasmid bearing the uidA (β-glucuronidase) gene. The transient expression of these marker genes was observed in the different developmental stages tested and in cells of both the L1 and the L2 layers. The transient expression of the uidA gene was significantly increased when the sucrose concentration in the culture medium was increased from 0.06 to 0.52 M. At the highest concentration, 100% of the targeted spikes expressed the uidA gene, with an average of 69 blue cells per spike. Twelve days after microtargeting, multicellular sectors showing transgene expression and containing up to 17 cells were found in 85% of the shot immature inflorescences. This indicated that targeted cells survived particle bombardment. Sectors were found in primordia of both vegetative and reproductive organs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230582
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mitochondrial DNA variability detected in a single wheat regenerant involves a rare recombination event across a short repeat (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 456-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Reciprocal recombination ; Mitochondrial genome ; Chondriome variability ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mitochondrial genome of the selfed progeny of a plant regenerated from long-term somatic tissue culture displays specific structural rearrangements characterized by the appearance of novel restriction fragments. A mitochondrial DNA library was constructed from this selfed progeny in the SalI site of cosmid pHC79 and the novel fragments were subsequently studied. They were shown to arise from reciprocal recombination events involving DNA sequences present in the parental plant. The regions of recombination were sequenced and the nucleotide sequences were aligned with those of the presumptive parental fragments. We characterized an imperfect short repeated DNA sequence, 242 bp long, within which a 7-bb DNA repeat could act as a region of recombination. The use of PCR technology allowed us to show that these fragments were present in both parental plants and tissue cultures as low-abundance sequence arrangements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351786
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of 15N-labelled ammonium nitrate and urea on soil nitrogen during growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under field conditions (1994)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 17 (1994), S. 232-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: 15N-labelled fertilizer ; Added N interaction ; Fertilizer N uptake ; Soil N uptake ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We studied the effects of 15N-labelled ammonium nitrate and urea on the yield and uptake of labelled and unlabelled N by wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Mexi-Pak-65) in a field experiment. The dry matter and N yields were significantly increased with fertilizer N application compared to those from unfertilized soil. The wheat crop used 33.6–51.5 and 30.5–40.9% of the N from ammonium nitrate and urea, respectively. Splitting the fertilizer N application had a significant effect on the uptake of fertilizer N by the wheat. The fertilizer N uptake showed that ammonium nitrate was a more available source of N for wheat than urea. The effective use of fertilizer N (ratio of fertilizer N in grain to fertilizer N in whole plant) was statistically similar for the two N fertilizers. The application of fertilizer N increased the uptake of unlabelled soil N by wheat, a result attributed to a positive added N interaction, which varied according to the fertilizer N split; six split applications gave the highest added N interaction compared to a single application or two split applications for both fertilizers. Ammonium nitrate gave 90.5, 33.5, and 48.5% more added N interaction than urea with one, two, and six split N applications. A values were not significantly correlated with the added N interaction (r=0.557). The observed added N interaction may have been the result of pool substitution, whereby added labelled fertilizer N replaced unlabelled soil N.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336328
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of calcium-binding protein regucalcin mRNA in rat liver is stimulated by calcitonin: The hormonal effect is mediated through calcium (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 136 (1994), S. 43-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: regucalcin ; calcium-binding protein ; gene expression ; rat liver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The involvement of a hypocalcemic hormone calcitonin (CT) in the expression of hepatic Ca2+-binding protein regucalcin mRNA was investigated. The change of regucalcin mRNA levels was analyzed by Northern blotting using liver regucalcin complementary DNA (0.9 kb). A single oral administration of calcium chloride (100 mg Ca/100 g body weight) to rats induced a remarkable increase in the serum calcium concentration and a corresponding elevation of the liver calcium content during 120 min after the administration. Thyroparathyroidectomy (TPTX) did not cause a significant increase in the liver calcium content after calcium administration. Hepatic regucalcin mRNA level was markedly elevated by calcium administration; the level was about 180% of controls at 60 min after the administration. This increase was completely abolished by TPTX. A single subcutaneous administration of CT (synthetic eel CT; 25–100 MRC mU/100 g) to TPTX rats received oral administration of calcium (100 mg/100 g) produced a remarkable increase in hepatic regucalcin mRNA levels; the level was about 280% of controls with the dose of 25 MRC mU CT/100 g. The present finding suggests that the expression of hepatic mRNA is stimulated by CT, and that the hormonal effect is mediated through Ca2+ in rat liver.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00931603
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of hepatic calcium-binding protein regucalcin mRNA is decreased by phenobarbital administration in rats (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 141 (1994), S. 15-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: regucalcin ; calcium-binding protein ; gene expression ; phenobarbital ; rat liver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of phenobarbital on the expression of calcium-binding protein regucalcin mRNA in rat liver was investigated. The change of regucalcin mRNA levels was analyzed by Northern blotting using liver regucalcin cDNA (0.9 kb of open reading frame). Phenobarbital (4, 8 and 12 mg/ 100 g body weight) was intraperitoneally administered to rats 3 times with 24 h intervals, and the animals were sacrificed by bleeding at 24 h after the last administration. The hepatic regucalcin mRNA levels were markedly reduced by phenobarbital administration. This decrease was about 50% of control level with the 12 mg/100 g dose. Moreover, the hepatic regucalcin concentration was significantly decreased by the administration of phenobarbital (12 mg/100 g), although the serum regucalcin concentration was not altered appreciably. Meanwhile, serum transaminases (GOT and GPT) activities were not increased by the administration of phenobarbital (4 and 12 mg/100 g). The present study demonstrates that the expression of hepatic regucalcin mRNA is decreased by phenobarbital administration in rats, suggesting that regucalcin does not have a role in drug metabolism related to phenobarbital.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00935586
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulation of mRNA transcripts and DNA synthesis in the rat heart following intravenous injection of transforming growth factor beta1 (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 141 (1994), S. 145-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: pressure overload ; myocardium ; gene expression ; fibroblast ; extracellular matrix ; ventricular hypertrophy ; growth factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Transforming Growth Factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) is expressed in the heart by muscle and non-muscle cardiac cells.In vitro, cardiac myocytes and non-muscle cells including cardiac fibroblasts and endothelial cells respond to regulatory effects of TGF-β1. Expression of TGF-β1 in the heart is subject to regulation by hemodynamic stimuli. Increased expression of mRNA transcripts for TGF-β1 has been reported in several models of cardiac hypertrophy. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of TGF-β1 in the myocardium. TGF-β1 was injected intravenously. Expression of mRNA transcripts for functional and structural proteins was determined by Northern hybridization analysis. DNA synthesis was determined by measurement of3H-thymidine incorporation into ventricular DNA. The results showed differential regulation of mRNAs for myocyte- and non-myocyte-specific proteins in the heart of TGF-β1 treated rats. Moderate but statistically significant decrease in DNA synthesis was observed in the heart of TGF-β1 treated rats (37.5%, P〈0.025). Together, these data point to a physiological role for TGF-β1 in the heart. They further suggest that similar to its diversein vitro cell-specific regulatory effects, TGF-β1 may have multicellular targets in the heart. Effect of TGF-β1 alone or combined with those of other cytokines/hormones that come into play, as the result of its administration, may be responsible for altered gene expression and DNA synthesis in the myocardium. We propose that in experimental models of myocardial hypertrophy which are associated with increased expression of TGF-β1 in the heart, the contribution of regulatory effects of this growth factor to the manifestations of ventricular hypertrophy could be significant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00926178
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calcium and calcium-binding proteins in the nucleus (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 135 (1994), S. 79-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: calcium ; nucleus ; calpain ; calmodulin ; cell division ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Calcium has long been known to play a role as a key cytoplasmic second messenger, but until relatively recently its possible involvement in nuclear signal transduction and the regulation of nuclear events has not been extensively studied. Evidence revealing the presence of transmembrane nuclear Ca2+ gradients and a variety of intranuclear Ca2+ binding proteins has fueled renewed interest in this key ion and its involvement in cell-cycle timing and division, gene expression, and protein activation. This review will offer an overview of the current state of knowledge and theory regarding calcium orchestration of nuclear functions and events and discuss possible future directions in this field of study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00925963
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transcriptional regulation and autoregulation of the human gene for ADP-ribosyltransferase (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 138 (1994), S. 99-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: poly(ADP-ribosyl) transferase (human) ; autoregulation ; gene expression ; promoter structure ; cruciform structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Human nuclear poly(ADP-ribosyl)transferase (ADPRT) modifies proteins with branched ADP-ribose-polymers. Various proteins, including ADPRT itself, serve as acceptors for polyADP-ribose. Target proteins include those controlling basic cellular processes such as DNA repair, differentiation and proliferation. Because of the outstanding features of this enzyme: automodification, several functional domains and central role in physiology of the cell, the molecular biology of ADPRT gained wide interest. The promoter structure contains several CCAAT/TATA boxes and SP1 sites. However, there is no CCAAT/TATA box in the neighbourhood of an SP1 site and, thus no obvious site for initiation of transcription. Within this region there are several noteworthy inverted repeats, which by internal basepairing could form two types of cruciform structures. Deletion analysis revealed that these cruciform structures have functional significance. Removal of one type increases the promoter activity, whereas removal of the other diminishes the promoter function. Overexpression of ADPRT from heterologous promoters (MMTV, SV40) leads to repression of the activity of the ADPRT promoter. Indeed, ADPRT was shown to bind specifically to one type of cruciform structure. This specific interaction indicates autorepression of the ADPRT gene: the enzyme ADPRT acts directly as a negative modulator of the activity of its own promoter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00928449
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of the mitochondrial creatine kinase genes (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 133-134 (1994), S. 235-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: creatine kinase ; mitochondria ; metabolism ; creatine phosphate shuttle ; gene expression ; muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondrial Creatine Kinase (MtCK) is responsible for the transfer of high energy phosphate from mitochondria to the cytosolic carrier, creatine, and exists in mammals as two isoenzymes encoded by separate genes. In rats and humans, sarcomere-specific MtCK (sMtCK) is expressed only in skeletal and heart muscle, and has 87% nucleotide identity across the 1257 bp coding region. The ubiquitous isoenzyme of MtCK (uMtCK) is expressed in many tissues with highest levels in brain, gut, and kidney, and has 92% nucleotide identity between the 1254 bp coding regions of rat and human. Both genes are highly regulated developmentally in a tissue-specific manner. There is virtually no expression of sMtCK mRNA prior to birth. Unlike cytosolic muscle CK (MCK) and brain CK (BCK), there is no developmental isoenzyme switch between the MtCKs. Cell culture models representing the tissue-specific expression of either sMtCK or uMtCK are available, but there are no adequate developmental models to examine their regulation. Several animal models are available to examine the coordinate regulation of the CK gene family and include 1) Cardiac Stress by coarctation (sMtCK, BCK, and MCK), 2) Uterus and placenta during pregnancy (uMtCK and BCK), and 3) Diabetes and mitochondrial myopathy (sMtCK, BCK, and MCK). We report the details of these findings, and discuss the coordinate regulation of the genes necessary for high-energy transduction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01267957
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nuclear Ca2+: physiological regulation and role in apoptosis (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 135 (1994), S. 89-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: calcium ; cell death ; nuclei ; apoptosis ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The last decade has seen the rapid development of research investigating the molecular mechanisms whereby hormones, peptide growth factors and cytokines regulate cell metabolism, differentiation and proliferation. One general signalling mechanism used to transfer the information delivered by agonists into appropriate intracellular compartments involves the rapid Ca2+ redistribution throughout the cell, which results in transient elevations of the cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration. Ca2+ signals are required for a number of cellular processes including the activation of nuclear processes such as gene transcription and cell cycle events. The latter require that appropriate Ca2+ signals elicited in response to agonists be transduced across the nuclear envelope. It has generally been assumed that small molecules, metabolites and ions could freely diffuse across the nuclear envelope. Nevertheless several findings during the past few years have suggested that nuclear pore permeability can be regulated and that ion transport systems and ion-selective channels may exist on the nuclear membranes and regulate intranuclear processes. Intranuclear Ca2+ fluctuations can affect chromatin organization, induce gene expression and also activate cleavage of nuclear DNA by nucleases during programmed cell death or apoptosis. The possible mechanisms involved in nuclear Ca2+ transport and the control of nuclear Ca2+-dependent enzymes in apoptosis is discussed below.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00925964
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    A retinoic acid-inducible skin-specific gene (RIS-1/psoriasin): molecular cloning and analysis of gene expression in human skinin vivo and cultured skin cellsin vitro (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular biology reports 20 (1994), S. 75-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4978
    Keywords: retinoic acid ; skin ; differential hybridization ; cloning ; keratinocytes ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A retinoic acid (RA) inducible skin-specific gene transcript (RIS-1) was isolated by differential hybridization screening of a RA-treated human skin cDNA library. The library was constructed from pooled RNA derived from normal adult human skin treated with alltrans-RA for 4 h (n=6) and 12 h (n=6)in vivo. RIS-1 cDNA corresponded to a 0.6 kb transcript that was barely detectable in normal adult human skin but was significantly induced by 8 h in RA-treated compared to vehicle-treated skin (range 1.1–3.6 fold). Prolonged RA treatment for up to 24 h further increased relative RIS-1 mRNA levels by 1.3–5.5 fold. HPLC analysis of the RA content of 0.1% RA-treated skinin vivo revealed significant levels at 6 h (18.8–120.6 ng RA/g wet weight tissue; approximately 240 nM), immediately preceding the time point at which the increased RIS-1 mRNA level was first seen. This concentration of RA also induced the mRNA levels for cellular RA binding protein II (1.6–19 fold), a marker of RA activity in human skin. RIS-1 mRNA was detected by Northern and dot blotting only in normal skin but not in any other normal human tissues examined, indicating a tissue-specific pattern of gene expression. RIS-1 transcripts were detected at very low levels in untreated cultured human epidermal keratinocytes, while no expression was seen in dermal fibroblasts and melanocytes, the other major cell types in skin. Southern analysis of human and mouse DNA indicated the existence of evolutionarily conserved sequences for RIS-1 between these two species. The polypeptide sequence derived from the partial RIS-1 cDNA was found to be identical to the calcium binding domain found in ‘psoriasin’, a gene whose expression appears to be increased in the skin of psoriasis patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00996356
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  • 16
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    Expression of nitrate assimilation related genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 24 (1994), S. 185-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; light/nitrate regulation ; nitrate reductase ; nitrate transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mRNA accumulation pattern of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii nitrate assimilation-related gene cluster has been elucidated. In ammonium-grown wild-type cells, nit-1 (nitrate reductase, NR), nar-1, nar-2 and nar-3 (nitrate transporter) genes showed very similar kinetics of expression when transferred to nitrate medium. Transcripts of all these genes accumulated transiently in ammonium-grown wild-type cells after a one-hour incubation in nitrogen-free medium, and practically disappeared at about 2 hours. Mutant strains lacking functional nitrate reductase showed similar accumulation kinetics of these transcripts during both nitrate induction and derepression in nitrogen-free media. In contrast to the other nar transcripts, that nar-4, a gene sharing similar sequences with nar-3, accumulated in small amounts in wild-type cells, and only increased after a long nitrate induction period. Nitrate and light showed a strong positive effect on the accumulation of nit-1 gene transcripts. Acetate as a carbon source allowed accumulation of nit-1 mRNA in the dark, indicating the existence of interactions between light and carbon metabolism in nit-1 gene expression. Our data strongly suggest that NR negatively autoregulates its own expression and that of nar genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040584
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  • 17
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    Expression of one of the members of the Arabidopsis chaperonin 60β gene family is developmentally regulated and wound-repressible (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 24 (1994), S. 195-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: plant transformation ; chaperonin 60β ; β-glucuronidase ; wound repression ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To study the pattern of gene regulation of the plastid chaperonin 60β gene family a chimaeric gene was constructed fusing the 5′-flanking region of the chaperonin 60β B3 gene to the β-glucuronidase reporter gene. Histochemical and fluorometric analysis of the GUS activity present in transgenic plants harbouring this gene construct showed that the B3 promoter is expressed in leaves, stem, petioles and several flower tissues. The pattern of cell type-specific expression in stems and flowers was found to be developmentally regulated. Expression of the B3 promoter was found not to be heat-inducible, but highly repressed by wounding. The rapid decay in GUS activity upon wounding indicates that, at least under some physiological conditions, the gene product of this reporter gene is not as stable as has been previously thought.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040585
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    Low-temperature-responsive barley genes have different control mechanisms (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 24 (1994), S. 879-888 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: barley ; cold acclimation ; gene expression ; low temperature genes ; nuclear run-on transcription
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Several low-temperature-responsive (LTR) genes from barley have been shown to have high steady-state transcript levels. Run-on transcription was used to determine the control of expression of these LTR genes. Six of these are shown to be transcriptionally regulated (blt 4/9, blt 101, blt 1015, blt 63, blt 49, blt 410) whilst three are post-transcriptionally regulated (blt 14, blt 411, blt 801). Two transcriptionally regulated genes (blt 4/9 and blt 101) and one post-transcriptionally regulated gene (blt 14) have been used in expression studies. The time course for the appearance and decay of these transcripts is given. Initial appearance and steady-state levels of individual transcripts have different temperature characteristics but no single gene correlates with the cold acclimation response. We suggest that these different response profiles may represent a means of fine-tuning the low-temperature response. One gene, blt 4/9, also accumulated high steady-state levels of transcript in response to drought and a nutrient stress. However, only drought has an acclimating effect on barley plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014442
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    The 24kDa outer envelope membrane protein from spinach chloroplasts: molecular cloning, in vivo expression and import pathway of a protein with unusual properties (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 25 (1994), S. 167-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Spinacia oleracea ; chemical cleavage ; gene expression ; polymerase chain reaction ; protein transport ; SDS-PAGE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The 24 kDa outer envelope membrane protein of spinach chloroplasts (omp24) represents a major constituent of this membrane. Sequences of tryptic and endoprotease Glu-C peptides derived from omp24 allowed the design of oligonucleotides which were used to generate a DNA fragment by polymerase chain reaction using spinach cDNA as template. This fragment served as a probe to screen a cDNA library for a full-length clone of the omp24 coding sequence. The protein predicted from the complete sequence only has 148 amino acids and a molecular mass of 16294 Da. It is an acidic protein (calculated isoelectric point 4.8) with a high content of proline residues. Expression of the coding sequence in Escherichia coli and characterization of the purified recombinant protein produced revealed that the overestimation of its molecular mass by SDS-PAGE (ca. 25 kDa) is due to its abnormal amino acid composition. Despite its rather low hydrophobicity (polarity index 49%), omp24 appears to be deeply embedded in the outer membrane. Insertion of omp24 into the membrane proceeds almost independently of surface receptors or targeting sequence but, in contrast to other known outer envelope membrane proteins, is stimulated by ATP.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023235
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    Gene expression of nitrite reductase in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) as affected by light and nitrate (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 25 (1994), S. 449-457 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; light ; nitrate ; nitrite reductase ; Pimus sylvestris L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A partial cDNA clone (PSnir) encoding the C-terminal region of nitrite reductase was isolated from a λgt 11 library of the gymnospermPimus sylvestris (L.). Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that PSnir contains a reading frame encoding 105 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence revealed a homology to NiR of 63–68% to dicotyledoneous and of 57–59% to monocotyledoneous species. The protein region implicated to be involved in binding of the prosthetic group is highly conserved between the NiR of the gymnosperm and of angiosperms. In all organs (cotyledonary whorls, hypocotyls, roots) the pattern of NiR gene expression in response to nitrate and light is the same at the level of transcript accumulation and at the enzyme level. This suggests that regulation of NiR gene expression in the Scots pine seedling is predominantly at the level of transcript accumulation. The highest NiR appearance was observed in roots and hypocotyls. In the cotyledonary whorls only small amounts of NiR were found. In roots and hypocotyls the accumulation of NiR mRNA and the appearance of NiR protein is mainly controlled by nitrate, whereas the regulation of NiR gene expression in the whorls is strongly affected by light and the inducive effect of nitrate is only weak.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00043873
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    Isolation and characterization of two tightly linked catalase genes from castor bean that are differentially regulated (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 25 (1994), S. 507-516 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: castor bean (Ricinus communis) ; catalase gene ; gene expression ; germination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two catalase genes,cat1 andcat2, have been isolated from the castor bean genome. They were located in the same direction on a chromosome at a distance of 2.4 kb,cat1 being on the downstream side ofcat2. The two genes contained introns at the same positions except that one of the 7 introns incat1 is missing incat2 and the corresponding introns differed in size and sequence between the two genes. The translated regions of the two genes had the same number of nucleotides and exhibited 81.3% nucleotide sequence identity. In addition to introns, the nucleotide sequences of the 5′-and 3′-flanking regions are highly divergent between the two genes. In etiolated seedlings,cat1 mRNA was present abundantly in endosperms and cotyledons and only in a small amount in roots. Thecat1 mRNA could not be detected in hypocotyls. By contrast,cat2 mRNA is most abundant in hypocotyls and roots, while endosperms and cotyledons contained only low levels ofcat2 mRNA. Although neithercat1 norcat2 mRNA could be detected in dry seeds, both mRNAs showed temporal accumulation in the endosperm in response to germination. These results suggest that expression of two tightly linked catalase genes of castor bean,cat1 andcat2, are differentially regulated during development.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00043878
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    Characterization of four new β-tubulin genes and their expression during male flower development in maize (Zea mays L.) (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 24 (1994), S. 295-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: β-tubulin ; microtubules ; maize ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four different β-tubulin coding sequences were isolated from a cDNA library prepared from RNA from maize seedling shoots. The four genes (designated tub4, tub6, tub7 and tub8) represented by these cDNA clones together with the tub1 and tub2 genes reported previously encode six β-tubulin isotypes with 90–97.5% amino acid sequence identity. Results from phylogenetic analysis of 17 β-tubulin genes from monocot and dicot plant species indicated that multiple extant lines of β-tubulin genes diverged from a single precursor after the appearance of the two major subfamilies of α-tubulin genes described previously. Hybridization probes from the 3′ non-coding regions of six β-tubulin clones were used to quantify the levels of corresponding tubulin transcripts in different maize tissues including developing anthers and pollen. The results from these dot blot hybridization experiments showed that all of the β-tubulin genes were expressed in most tissues examined, although each gene showed a unique pattern of differential transcript accumulation. The tub1 gene showed a high level of transcript accumulation in meristematic tissues and almost no accumulation in the late stages of anther development and in pollen. In contrast, the level of tub4 transcripts was very low during early stages of male flower development but increased markedly (more than 100 times) during the development of anthers and in pollen. Results from RNAse protection assays showed that this increased hybridization signal resulted from expression of transcripts from one or two genes closely related to tub4. The tub4-related transcripts were not present in shoot tissue. Transcripts from the tub2 gene accumulated to very low levels in all tissues examined, but reached the highest levels in young anthers containing microspore mother cells. RNAse protection assays were used to measure the absolute levels of α- and β-tubulin transcripts in seedling shoot and in pollen. The α-tubulin gene subfamily I genes (tua1, tua2, tua4) contributed the great majority of α-tubulin transcripts in both shoot and pollen. Transcripts from the β-tubulin genes tub4, tub6, tub7, and tub8 were predominant in shoot, but were much less significant than the tub4-related transcripts in pollen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020169
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    Structural and functional analysis of an Opaque-2-related gene from sorghum (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 24 (1994), S. 515-523 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; b-ZIP motif ; seed storage proteins ; trans-acting factors ; transcription factors ; transcriptional regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Opaque-2 (O2) gene from maize encodes a transcriptional activator of the b-ZIP class. We have isolated and characterized a gene from sorghum, related in sequence to the O2 gene from maize. A single copy of the gene is present in sorghum. Both genomic and cDNA sequences of the O2-related sorghum gene were determined. The sequence is highly homologous to maize O2 both in the promoter and in the coding region. The most closely related sequences contain the b-ZIP domain with only 11 amino acid substitutions in a total of 122 residues. In transient expression assays, the sorghum O2-related coding sequence, expressed from a CaMV 35S promoter, activates expression from the maize b-32 promoter as effectively as that obtained with the maize O2 sequence.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024119
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    Cloning of two gibberellin-regulated cDNAs from Arabidopsis thaliana by subtractive hybridization: expression of the tonoplast water channel, γ-TIP, is increased by GA3 (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 24 (1994), S. 603-615 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana ; dwarf mutant ; gene expression ; gibberellin ; subtractive hybridization ; tonoplast intrinsic protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Arabidopsis ga1 mutant has very low levels of endogenous, active gibberellins and thus has an extreme dwarf phenotype; application of GA3 induces stem elongation and flower development. To test the hypothesis that GA action in this system involves changes in gene expression, we have cloned mRNAs whose abundance changes following GA application. A subtraction cloning scheme for the isolation of differentially regulated cDNAs was established, involving hybridization of single-stranded cDNA to biotinylated mRNA. cDNA populations enriched up to 150-fold in GA-regulated sequences were produced and cDNA libraries generated. Screening of these libraries has isolated two clones that identify mRNAs of ca. 1100 and 750 bases whose abundance is markedly increased 24 h after GA application. One of these clones encodes the vegetative form of the Arabidopsis tonoplast intrinsic protein (γ-TIP), a water channel protein, the expression of which has recently been shown to be correlated with regions of cell expansion. The second clone is expressed only in the inflorescence and encodes a proline- and glycine-rich protein that may be a cell wall component.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023557
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    A phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene from melon fruit: cDNA cloning, sequence and expression in response to development and wounding (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 473-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Cucumis melo ; melon ; phenylalanine ammonia-lyase ; gene expression ; ripening ; wounding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is the first enzyme of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis involved in the synthesis of a multiplicity of plant natural products. We have isolated and characterized a nearly fulllength cDNA clone (pmPAL-1) corresponding to a melon fruit (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus) gene coding for a protein which is highly similar to PAL from other lants. Melon fruit PAL is transcriptionally induced both in response to fruit ripening and wounding. PAL gene expression follows the kinetics of expression of the ethylene biosynthetic genes during fruit development. In contrast, ethylene biosynthetic genes show different induction kinetics compared to PAL expression in response to wounding. Similar results have been found for two other genes coding for enzymes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis (chalcone synthase, CHS; chalcone isomerase, CHI). Our results imply that regulation of defense gene expression in melon is a co-ordinated process in response to both ethylene and an ethylene-independent wound signal.
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    Regulation of an Arabidopsis oleosin gene promoter in transgenic Brassica napus (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 25 (1994), S. 193-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Arabidopsis ; embryo ; gene expression ; oleosin ; promoter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Progressive deletions of the 5′-flanking sequences of an Arabidopsis oleosin gene were fused to β-glucuronidase (GUS) and introduced into Brassica napus plants using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The effect of these deletions on the quantitative level of gene expression, organ specificity and developmental regulation was assessed. In addition, the influence of abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), sorbitol and a combined ABA/sorbitol treatment on gene expression was investigated. Sequences that positively regulate quantitative levels of gene expression are present between −1100 to −600 and −400 to −200 of the promoter. In addition, sequences present between −600 and −400 down-regulate quantitative levels of expression. In transgenic B. napus plants, the oleosin promoter directs seed-specific expression of GUS which is present at early stages of seed development and increases throughout seed maturation. Sequences present between −2500 and −1100 of the promoter are involved in modulating the levels of expression at early stages of embryo development. Histochemical staining of embryos demonstrated that expression is uniform throughout the tissues of the embryo. Sequences involved in the response to ABA and sorbitol are present between −400 and −200. The induction of GUS activity by a combined ABA/sorbitol treatment is additive suggesting that ABA is not the sole mediator of osmotically induced oleosin gene expression. A response to JA was only observed when the oleosin promoter was truncated to −600 suggesting that the reported effect of JA on oleosin gene expression may be at a post-transcriptional level.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023237
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    Characterization of a cDNA from Arabidopsis thaliana encoding a potential thiol protease whose expression is induced independently by wilting and abscisic acid (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 25 (1994), S. 259-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; Arabidopsis thaliana ; gene expression ; mutants ; signal transduction ; stress ; thiol protease ; wilting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The sequence and expression characteristics are described of a wilt-inducible gene in Arabidopsis thaliana. A 1494 encodes a potential thiol protease whose mRNA accumulates rapidly in shoot tissue upon the loss of turgor. A1494 mRNA levels peaked after ca. 4 h and declined thereafter. Dehydration also induced rapid biosynthesis of the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA), which continued for at least 9 h. Exogenous ABA induced the accumulation of A1494 mRNA, with kinetics similar to those after wilting. Rehydration of wilted shoots led to a rapid decline in the content of both ABA and A1494 mRNA. Wilting and ABA independently induced A1494 expression as evidenced by the effects of ABA and wilting on the ABA-deficient aba-1 and ABA-insensitive abi-1 and abi-3 genotypes. A1494 mRNA was not detectable in aba-1 shoots but accumulated rapidly after either wilting or ABA treatment, whereas the shoot ABA content was increased only by ABA treatment. ABA had no effect on A1494 mRNA levels in the abi-1 and abi-3 mutants but wilting did result in enhanced A1494 expression. Heat shock had only a minor effect on A1494 mRNA levels, whereas exposure to low temperature resulted in substantial accumulation of A1494 mRNA in wild-type shoots. However, this latter response, unlike that to drought, was mediated exclusively via ABA synthesis as demonstrated by the lack of A1494 mRNA accumulation in cold-treated aba-1 shoots.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023242
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    Tissue-specific expression of the large ATP synthase gene cluster in spinach plastids (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 25 (1994), S. 369-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ATP synthase ; chloroplast ; gene expression ; plastid ; RNA stability ; transcription
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plastids present in different tissues may vary morphologically and functionally, despite the fact that all plastids within the same plant contain identical genomes. This is achieved by regulation of expression of the plastid genome by tissue-specific factors, the mechanisms of which are not fully understood. The proton translocating ATP synthase/ATPase is a multisubunit complex composed of nine subunits, six encoded in the plastid and three in the nucleus. We have investigated the tissue-specific expression of the large ATP synthase gene cluster in spinach (Spinacia oleracea). This gene cluster encodes four of the six plastid-encoded ATP synthase genes. Transcript abundance, transcriptional activity, and transcript stability were investigated relative to gene dosage in root plastids and in stem, leaf, and flower chloroplasts. All three of these factors display significant tissue-specific variation. It was intriguing to discover that, although transcript abundance normalized to gene dosage varies in each tissue, transcript abundance as a proportion of the entire plastid RNA population in each tissue is not significantly different. Thus it appears that in these tissues the variation in transcription and stability of transcripts derived from the large ATP synthase gene cluster balances to yield an equivalent proportion of these transcripts in the plastid RNA population. Expression of this gene cluster in photosynthetic as well as non-photosynthetic tissues may facilitate the plasticity of structure and function which is characteristic of plastids.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00043866
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    The Chlorella virus adenine methyltransferase gene promoter is a strong promoter in plants (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 85-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; monocot cells ; promoter strength ; transient expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An upstream region isolated from a eukaryotic algal virus adenine methyltransferase gene was tested for promoter function in plants. Fusion of this region to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene resulted in significantly higher expression than fusion with the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. Strong levels of expression were also found in electroporated monocot plant cells. The promoter activity in transgenic tobacco plants showed tissue-specific expression. Leaves had the highest expression followed by stems and flowers. The promoter activity was not detected in root tissue. Environmental cues, such as light, and the phytohormones auxin and cytokinines had no effect on the promoter's expression. This promoter might be utilized to achieve high levels of expression of introduced genes in higher plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039522
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    Meristem-specific gene expression directed by the promoter of the S-phase-specific gene, cyc07, in transgenic Arabidopsis (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 24 (1994), S. 863-878 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cell cycle ; gene expression ; meristem ; promoter analysis ; transgenic Arabidopsis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A genomic clone for the cyc07 gene, which is expressed specifically at the S phase during the cell cycle in synchronous cultures of periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) cells, was isolated. Determination of the nucleotide sequence of the clone revealed that the cyc07 gene consists of seven exons separated by six introns. Genomic Southern analysis indicated that the cyc07 gene is present as a single copy per haploid genome in periwinkle. Expression of related genes was detected in a wide range of other plants. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants were generated that expressed the gene for β-glucuronidase (GUS) under the control of the promoter of the cyc07 gene. The tissue-specific pattern of expression directed by the promoter was investigated by analysis of GUS activity. Histochemical tests demonstrated that 589 bp of the 5′-upstream sequence of the cyc07 gene could direct specifical expression of the GUS reporter gene in meristematic tissues in transgenic plants. The spatial pattern of expression directed by the promoter was closely correlated with meristematic activity and cell proliferation, suggesting an association between the function of the cyc07 gene and cell proliferation.
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    Over-production of the D1 protein of photosystem II reaction centre in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 709-721 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; photosynthesis ; protein turnover ; psbA ; tac promoter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 has three psbA genes encoding two different forms of the photosystem II reaction centre protein D1 (D1:1 and D1:2). The level of expression of these psbA genes and the synthesis of D1:1 and D1:2 are strongly regulated under varying light conditions. In order to better understand the regulatory mechanisms underlying these processes, we have constructed a strain of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 capable of over-producing psbA mRNA and D1 protein. In this study, we describe the over-expression of D1:1 using a tac-hybrid promoter in front of the psbAI gene in combination with lacI Q repressor system. Over-production of D1:1 was induced by growing cells for 12 h at 50 μmol photons m-2 s-1 in the presence of 40 or 80 μg/ml IPTG. The amount of psbAI mRNA and that of D1:1 protein in cells grown with IPTG was three times and two times higher, respectively. A higher concentration of IPTG (i.e., 150 μg/ml) did not further increase the production of the psbAI message or D1:1. The over-production of D1:1 caused a decrease in the level of D1:2 synthesised, resulting in most PSII reaction centres containing D1:1. However, the over-production of D1:1 had no effect on the pigment composition (chlorophyll a or phycocyanin/number of cells) or the light-saturated rate of photosynthesis. This and the fact that the total amounts of D1 and D2 proteins were not affected by IPTG suggest that the number of PSII centres within the membranes remained unchanged. From these results, we conclude that expression of psbAI can be regulated by using the tac promoter and lacI Q system. However, the accumulation of D1:1 protein into the membrane is regulated by the number of PSII centres.
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    Environmental stress-mediated differential 3′ end formation of chloroplast RNA-binding protein transcripts (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 833-849 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; RNA stability regulation ; chloroplast RNA-binding protein (cRBP) ; environmental stress ; Mesembryanthemum crystallinum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report the characterization of transcripts from the halophyte, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, encoding a protein with high homology to chloroplast RNA-binding proteins (cRBP). In this plant chloroplast-related functions are largely protected against salt stress. cRBP transcripts are derived from a single gene, Mc32crbp, although three size classes of polyadenylated mRNAs are detected. Transcription rate and steady state amounts of mRNA are developmentally regulated and light controlled with strong transcriptional activity as functional chloroplasts are established, and with lower maintenance activity thereafter. Upon salt stress, the rate of transcription decreases, although transcript levels increase. Accompanying stress, a change in the distribution of transcript size classes is observed as the longest transcript with an untranslated 3′ end of 381 nucleotides increases relative to transcripts with shorter 3′ ends. The long transcript is characterized by the presence of five sequence elements in the 3′-untranslated region that are present in cRBP mRNAs from a variety of plants, although not all elements are found in each mRNA. The results may indicate a mechanism by which mRNA levels of constitutively light-regulated genes may be modulated without enhanced transcription in response to environmental cues.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028852
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    Expression of engineered antibodies in plant cells (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 1023-1030 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: immunoglobulin genes ; gene expression ; transgenic plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040685
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    A method for examining expression of homologous genes in plant polyploids (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 1065-1071 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Brassica ; polyploid ; gene expression ; RT-PCR ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract One of the essential issues regarding evolution of polyploid species is how duplicate genes are expressed. Most studies on gene expression in polyploids have been based on isozyme analyses; RNA analysis has not been widely used partially due to difficulties in distinguishing homologous transcripts which usually have the same length and similar or almost identical sequences. In this study, a method combining RT-PCR with RFLP was used to analyze transcripts of homologous genes in natural and synthetic Brassica amphidiploids. Sequences coding for several known genes were selected and used to synthesize gene-specific primers. Total RNAs were used as templates for RT-PCR to amplify homologous transcripts in three diploid parental species, three cultivated amphidiploid species and six synthetic amphidiploids. For each gene, initial PCR products amplified in all species had identical length; however, homologous transcripts in the diploid and amphidiploid species could be distinguished after digesting the PCR products with restriction enzymes. Preliminary results based on three genes indicated that both transcripts from the diploid parents were expressed in the synthetic and natural amphidiploids. This study represents the first application of RT-PCR and RFLP analysis to investigate expression of homologous genes in higher plants. The technique is a sensitive, simple and efficient method for distinguishing homologous transcripts in a mixed RNA population and can be applied to many types of studies on expression of homologous genes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040689
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    Molecular cloning of the Arabidopsis thaliana sedoheptulose-1,7-biphosphatase gene and expression studies in wheat and Arabidopsis thaliana (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 1191-1200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Calvin cycle genes ; gene expression ; SBPase ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report here the isolation and nucleotide sequence of genomic clones encoding the chloroplast enzyme sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase (SBPase) from Arabidopsis thaliana. The coding region of this gene contains eight exons (72–76 bp) and seven introns (75–91 bp) and encodes a polypeptide of 393 amino acids. Unusually, the 5′ non-coding region contains two additional AUG codons upstream of the translation initiation codon. A comparison of the deduced Arabidopsis and wheat SBPase polypeptide sequences reveals 78.6%, identity. Expression studies showed that the level of SBPase mRNA in Arabidopsis and wheat is regulated in a light-dependent manner and is also influenced by the developmental stage of the leaf. Although the Arabidopsis SBPase gene is present in a single copy, two hybridizing transcripts were detected in some tissues, suggesting the presence of alternate transcription start sites in the upstream region.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040699
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    Expression of the tobacco Tnt1 retrotransposon promoter in heterologous species (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 393-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana ; Brassica napus ; gene expression ; Nicotiana tabacum ; retrotransposon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The expression of the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) retrotransposon Tntl has previously been shown to be strongly regulated and driven from the 5′ long terminal repeat (LTR). We report here that the Tntl LTR can promote activity of the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene in two heterologous species of the Brassicaceae family, namely rapessed (Brassica napus) and Arabidopsis thaliana. The translational LTR-GUS fusion was active in transient expression studies performed with tobacco and rapeseed protoplasts, indicating that the LTR sequences are recognized in heterologous species. Our results also showed that Tntl LTR-promoted GUS expression in transgenic Arabidopsis is strongly regulated, and that, in contrast to tobacco, hormonal activation plays a significant role in the expression of the Tntl LTR in Arabidopsis. LTR sequences were shown to be more effective than the CaMV 35S enhancer region in transient expression studies performed with tobacco or rapessed protoplasts; and substitution of the LTR sequences upstream from the major transcriptional start with the CaMV 35S enhancer region gave high levels of expression in transgenic tobacco and Arabidopsis leaves, suggesting that a Tntl element with similar substitutions in its 5′ LTR might be suited for gene-tagging experiments in heterologous species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039548
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    Structure and promoter analysis of an ABA- and stress-regulated barley gene, HVA1 (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 617-630 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ABA ; barley ; gene expression ; Hordeum vulgare ; phylogeny ; stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A single-copy barley gene, HVA1, encoding a class 3 late embryogenesis-abundant protein, can be induced by either treatment with abscisic acid (ABA) or by stress conditions such as drought, cold, heat and salinity. We have isolated an HVA1 genomic clone containing about 400 bp of 5′-upstream sequence, a single 109 bp intron, and the full coding sequence. Linker scan mutagenesis and transient expression studies were used to test the function of four HVA1 promoter elements conserved in ABA-responsive genes. Mutations in two of these elements, the C box and the putative ABRE 1 (ABA-responsive element) containing an ACGT core, resulted in no significant change in transcription level or ABA induction. In contrast, mutations of the other two elements, putative ABRE 2 & 3 cause the level of transcription to drop to 10–20% of that obtained with the wild-type promoter indicating that the high level of expression of HVA1 is dependent on both pABRE 2 & 3. Interestingly, despite their low level of expression, the mutated promoters still gave more than 20-fold induction in response to ABA treatment. We suggest that the ABA induction of barley HVA1 gene is governed by a complex consisting of pABRE 2 & 3 working together to regulate the absolute level of expression, and either of these elements or a possible third element may regulate ABA inducibility. Phylogenetic analysis by parsimony indicates that the barley HVA1 and wheat pMA2005 sequences share a recent common ancester. These two genes are closely related to the carrot Dc3 and cotton D-7 genes with which they share a similar structural gene organization.
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    Detection of immunologically related Kunitz and Bowman-Birk proteinase inhibitors expressed during potato tuber development (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 961-969 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; Kunitz-type proteinase inhibitor ; potato (Solanum tuberosum, L.) ; soybean C-II inhibitor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Antiserum against a potato Kunitz-type proteinase inhibitor (PKPI) expressed in Escherichia coli was produced. In immunoblotting assays of proteins from potato tubers cultured in vitro, three proteins reacted to the antiserum, two of 20 kDa and one of 10 kDa. Their N-termini were sequenced. While the 20 kDa proteins showed 59 and 90% identity to PKPI, the 10 kDa one had 65% identity to soybean C-II proteinase inhibitor. Characterization of the temporal expression of these proteins showed that both could be detected from 10 days after induction of tuberization (DAI) in vitro, but the times when maximum amounts of PKPI and 10 kDa protein could be detected were different, corresponding to 22 and 32 DAI, respectively. The amounts of these proteins decreased in the following stages, and no positive reaction of the antiserum with mature tuber proteins could be found. The 20 kDa proteins were also detected in early stages of development of potato tubers grown in the field, indicating that these proteins are expressed during normal tuber development, and differ from the PKPIs reported previously.
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    Cloning and molecular analysis of structural genes involved in flavonoid and stilbene biosynthesis in grape (Vitis vinifera L.) (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 24 (1994), S. 743-755 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: anthocyanins ; cDNA cloning ; flavonoids ; gene expression ; genomic organization ; stilbenes ; Vitis vinifera L
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genes involved in flavonoid and stilbene biosynthesis were isolated from grape (Vitis vinifera L.). Clones coding for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavanone 3-hydoxylase (F3H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX) and UDP glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyl transferase (UFGT), were isolated by screening a cDNA library, obtained from mRNA from seedlings grown in light for 48 h using snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) and maize heterologous probes. A cDNA clone coding for stilbene synthase (StSy) was isolated by probing the library with a specific oligonucleotide. These clones were sequenced and when the putative products were compared to the published amino acid sequence for corresponding enzymes, the percentages of similarity ranged from 65% (UFGT) to 90% (CHS and PAL). The analysis of the genomic organization and expression of these genes in response to light shows that PAL and StSy genes belong to large multigene families, while the others are present in one to four copies per haploid genome. The steady-state level of mRNAs encoded by the flavonoid biosynthetic genes as determined in young seedlings is coordinately induced by light, except for PAL and StSy, which appear to be constitutively expressed.
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    Triticum aestivum puroindolines, two basic cystine-rich seed proteins: cDNA sequence analysis and developmental gene expression (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 25 (1994), S. 43-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cDNA sequence ; cystine-rich proteins ; gene expression ; puroindolines ; tryptophan-rich domain ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract From a mid-maturation seed cDNA library we have isolated cDNA clones encoding two Triticum aestivum puroindolines. Puroindoline-a and puroindoline-b, which are 55% similar, are basic, cystine-rich and tryptophan-rich proteins. Puroindolines are synthezised as preproproteins which include N- and C-terminal propeptides which could be involved in their vacuolar localization. The mature proteins have a molecular mass of 13 kDa and a calculated isoelectric point greater than 10. A notable feature of the primary structure of puroindolines is the presence of a tryptophan-rich domain which also contains basic residues. A similar tryptophan-rich domain was found within an oat seed protein and a mammalian antimicrobial peptide. The ten cysteine residues of puroindolines are organized in a cysteine skeleton which shows similarity to the cysteine skeleton of other wheat seed cystine-rich proteins. Northern blot analysis showed that puroindoline genes are specifically expressed in T. aestivum developing seeds. No puroindoline transcripts as well as no related genes were detected in Triticum durum. The identity of puroindolines to wheat starch-granule associated proteins is discussed as well as the potential role of puroindolines in the plant defence mechanism.
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    Structure of genes that encode isozymes of aspartate aminotransferase in Panicum miliaceum L., a C4 plant (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 723-734 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: aspartate aminotransferase ; C4 photosynthesis ; gene expression ; gene structure ; isozyme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cytosolic and mitochondrial isozymes of aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT) function in the C4 photosynthetic cycle in NAD-malic enzyme-type C4 plants and are expressed at high levels in mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells, respectively. We constructed a genomic library from Panicum miliaceum, a NAD-malic enzyme-type C4 plant, and cloned the genes for these isozymes. The sequence of the cloned gene for cytosolic AspAT spans 7800 bp and consists of 12 exons. The sequence of the cloned gene for mitochondrial AspAT spans 9000 bp and consists of 10 exons. The results of primer-extension analysis suggest that transcription may be initiated from multiple adjacent sites. Both genes have significant GC-rich regions around the site of initiation of transcription, and these regions showed no CpG suppression. The 5′-flanking regions of both genes include several short sequences similar to the regulatory elements found in other genes for components of the photosynthetic machinery. In particular, the cytosolic AspAT gene contains sequences similar to nuclear protein-binding sites in other mesophyll-expressed C4 photosynthetic genes and the mitochondrial AspAT gene contains elements for light-sensitive and constitutive expression of a bundle sheath-expressed gene. The results of Southern analysis indicated that there are at least two genes that encode each isozyme in the genome of P. miliaceum. A comparison of nitron-insertion positions between AspAT genes of plants and animals revealed that several introns are located at identical positions. On the basis of a phylogenetic tree among AspATs and tyrosine aminotransferase, we have shown that the introns of aminotransferase genes antedate the divergence of eubacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes.
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    Vascular expression of the grp1.8 promoter is controlled by three specific regulatory elements and one unspecific activating sequence (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 747-756 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: activating sequence ; gene expression ; glycine-rich protein ; tobacco ; vascular expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The bean grp1.8 full-length promoter is specifically active in vascular tissue during normal development of tobacco. Deletion of a negative regulatory element resulted in ectopic activity of the promoter in cortical cells of hypocotyls, roots and stems. A 169 bp fragment (−205 to −36) of the grp1.8 promoter conferred vascular-specific expression to CaMV 35S minimal promoters whereas a 141 bp fragment (−205 to −64) strongly activated these minimal promoters both in vascular and cortical cells. These experiments defined a new regulatory element (VSE) that is essential for vascular-specific expression and is located between −64 and −36. The 141 bp grp1.8 promoter sequence had enhancer-like properties as it was active in both orientations. A 24 bp sequence (bp −119 to −96, corresponding to the SE1 regulatory element) enhanced expression from several minimal promoters strongly but unspecifically, whereas a 26 bp sequence (−98 to −73, corresponding to the RSE regulatory element) induced vascular-specific expression. Thus, the grp1.8 promoter is regulated by a combinatorial mechanism that can integrate the action of different, non-additively acting regulatory elements into vascular-specific expression.
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    A dehydrin cognate protein from pea (Pisum sativum L.) with an atypical pattern of expression (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 805-816 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Dehydrin ; gene expression ; pea (Pisum sativum L.) ; cognate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dehydrins are a family of proteins characterised by conserved amino acid motifs, and induced in plants by dehydration or treatment with ABA. An antiserum was raised against a synthetic oligopeptide based on the most highly conserved dehydrin amino acid motif, the lysine-rich block (core sequence KIKEK-LPG). This antiserum detected a novel M r 40 000 polypeptide and enabled isolation of a corresponding cDNA clone, pPsB61 (B61). The deduced amino acid sequence contained two lysine-rich blocks, however the remainder of the sequence differed markedly from other pea dehydrins. Surprisingly, the sequence contained a stretch of serine residues, a characteristic common to dehydrins from many plant species but which is missing in pea dehydrin. The expression patterns of B61 mRNA and polypeptide were distinctively different from those of the pea dehydrins during seed development, germination and in young seedlings exposed to dehydration stress or treated with ABA. In particular, dehydration stress led to slightly reduced levels of B61 RNA, and ABA application to young seedlings had no marked effect on its abundance. The M r 40 000 polypeptide is thus related to pea dehydrin by the presence of the most highly conserved amino acid sequence motifs, but lacks the characteristic expression pattern of dehydrin. By analogy with heat shock cognate proteins we refer to this protein as a dehydrin cognate.
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    Gibberellins: perception, transduction and responses (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 1529-1555 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gibberellin ; growth ; development ; perception ; receptor ; gene expression ; signal transduction ; response mutant ; calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016489
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    Isolation and characterization of two β-tubulin cDNA clones from rice (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 1975-1979 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: β-tubulin ; cDNA ; rice ; monocot ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two cDNA clones encoding two different β-tubulins, RTUB-1 and RTUB-2, were isolated from a rice cDNA library and their nucleotide sequences were analyzed. The deduced amino acid sequences showed amino acid sequence identity between 92% and 97% with other plant β-tubulins. Southern blot analysis using gene-specific and coding-region probes suggested that β-tubulins in rice are encoded by multigene families. The two cDNA clones represent two subfamilies of rice tubulins. RTUB-1 and RTUB-2, consisting of 3 to 4 genes and a single gene, respectively. The transcript levels of RTUB-1 and RTUB-2 genes were higher in actively elongating tissues such as etiolated shoot tissues and light-grown root tissues of four-day old seedlings.
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    Changes in polypeptide patterns in tobacco roots colonized by two Glomus species (1994)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 4 (1994), S. 215-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Nicotiana ; Glomus species ; arbuscular mycorrhiza ; gene expression ; specific polypeptides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Changes in gene expression were studied during the establishment of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in tobacco roots from an amphidiploid hybrid Nicotiana glutinosa x N. debneyi. Polypeptide patterns from control roots and from roots infected by Glomus mosseae or G. intraradices were resolved by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and followed in a time-course analysis. Arbuscular mycorrhizal infection led to significant modifications in polypeptide patterns with: (a) decreased amounts of some polypeptides, (b) increased accumulation of others, and (c) appearance of newly-induced polypeptides. Comparisons made during infection development by the two Glomus species demonstrated that protein modifications changed in relation to the mycorrhizal state of the tobacco roots.
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    Transfer of Ph I genes promoting homoeologous pairing from Triticum speltoides to common wheat (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 97-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; T. speltoides ; Meiotic chromosome pairing ; Alien transfer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diploid-like chromosome pairing in polyploid wheat is controlled by several Ph (pairing homoeologous) genes with major and minor effects. Homoeologous pairing occurs in either the absence of these genes or their inhibition by genes from other species (Ph I genes). We transferred Ph I genes from Triticum speltoides (syn Aegilops speltoides) to T. aestivum, and on the basis of further analysis it appears that two duplicate and independent Ph I genes were transferred. Since Ph I genes are epistatic to the Ph genes of wheat, homoeologous pairing between the wheat and alien chromosomes occurs in the F1 hybrids. Using the Ph I gene stock, we could demonstrate homoeologous pairing between the wheat and Haynaldia villosa chromosomes. Since homoeologous pairing occurs in F1 hybrids and no cytogenetic manipulation is needed, the Ph I gene stock may be a versatile tool for effecting rapid and efficient alien genetic transfers to wheat.
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    Wheat chromosome 2D carries genes controlling the activity of two DNA-degrading enzymes (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 30-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; DNase ; Nuclease ; Cytogenetics ; Gene mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract DNA-degrading enzymes of 24.0 kDa and 27.0 kDa were observed to have different activities in two common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, ‘Wichita’ and ‘Cheyenne’. A substrate-based SDS-PAGE assay revealed that these two enzymes were much more active in ‘Wichita’ than in ‘Cheyenne’. Genes controlling the activities of these two enzymes were localized on chromosome 2D by testing DNA-degrading activities in reciprocal chromosome substitution lines between ‘Wichita’ and ‘Cheyenne’. While the allele on ‘Wichita’ chromosome 2D stimulated the activities of the 24.0- and 27.0-kDa enzymes in Cheyenne, the allele on ‘Cheyenne’ chromosome 2D did not reduce the activities of the 24-kDa and 27-kDa enzymes in ‘Wichita’. Whether these genes code for the DNA-degrading enzymes themselves or for factors that regulate the enzyme activities remains unknown.
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    A monoclonal antibody chromosome marker analysis used to locate a loose smut resistance gene in wheat chromosome 6A (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 787-793 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Ustilago tritici ; Alien substitution ; Molecular marker ; Gene location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Many genes have been located in wheat chromosomes, yet little is known about the location of genes for resistance to Ustilago tritici, which causes loose smut. Crosses were made between the loose smut susceptible alien substitution lines Cadet 6Ag(6A) and Rescue 6Ag(6A) (lines in which Agropyron chromosome 6 is substituted by wheat chromosome 6A) and four cultivars resistant to U. tritici race T19: ‘Cadet’, ‘Kota’, ‘Thatcher’ and ‘TD18’. The segregating progeny were tested for reaction to race T19 and for the level of binding with a monoclonal antibody specific to a chromosome 6A-coded seed protein. The antibody, which does not bind to seed protein extracts in the absence of the 6A chromosome, was used as a chromosome marker. An association was established between resistance to race T19 and the presence of chromosome 6A for each of the cultivars tested, indicating that resistance to race T19 resides in chromosome 6A. Ustilago tritici race T19 resistance in ‘Cadet’ appears to be located in the short arm of chromosome 6A, based on the evaluation of the Cadet 6A long ditelosomic stock, which was susceptible, and the Cadet 6A-short: 6-Agropyron- short alien translocation stock, which was resistant.
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    Molecular analysis of plants regenerated from embryogenic cultures of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1994), S. 821-828 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Tissue culture ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Total DNAs of plants regenerated from immature embryo-derived 2-month-old embryogenic calli of wheat (cultivars Florida 302, Chris, Pavon, RH770019) were probed with six maize mitochondrial genes (atpA, atp6, apt9, coxI, coxII, rrn18-rrn5), three hypervariable wheat mitochondrial clones (K′, K3, X2), five random pearl millet mitochondrial clones (4A9, 4D1, 4D12, 4E1, 4E11) and the often-used wheat Nor locus probe (pTA71), in order to assess the molecular changes induced in vitro. In addition, protoplast-derived plants, and 24-month-old embryogenic and non-embryogenic calli and cell suspension cultures of Florida 302 were also analyzed. No variation was revealed by the wheat or millet mitochondrial clones. Qualitative variation was detected in the nonembryogenic suspension culture by three maize mitochondrial genes (coxI, rrn18-rrn5, atp6). A callus-specific 3.8-kb Hind III fragment was detected in all four cultivars after hybridization with the coxI gene. The organization of the Nor locus of the plants regenerated from Florida 302 and Chris was stable when compared to their respective control plants and calli. The Nor locus in regenerants of Pavon and RH, on the other hand, was found to be variable. However, Nor locus variability was not observed in 14 individual seed-derived control plants from either Pavon or RH sources. In Pavon, a 3.6-kb Taq I or a 5.6-kb Bam HI+ Eco RI fragment was lost after regeneration. In one of the RH regenerants, which lost a fragment, an additional fragment was observed.
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    Identification and localization of molecular markers linked to the Lr9 leaf rust resistance gene of wheat (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 110-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Leaf rust ; RAPD ; RFLP ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum spelta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Near-isogenic lines (NILs) for the leaf rust resistance gene Lr9 were screened for polymorphisms at the molecular level. RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) primers as well as RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) markers were used. Out of 395 RAPD primers tested, three showed polymorphisms between NILs, i.e., an additional band was found in resistant lines. One of these polymorphic bands was cloned and sequenced. Specific primers were synthesized, and after amplification only resistant lines showed an amplified product. Thus, these primers define a sequence-tagged site that is specific for the translocated fragment carrying the Lr9 gene. A cross between a resistant NIL and the spelt (Triticum spelta) variety ‘Oberkulmer’ was made, and F2 plants were analyzed for genetic linkage. All three polymorphisms detected by the PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and one RFLP marker (cMWG684) showed complete linkage to the Lr9 gene in 156 and 133 plants analyzed, respectively. A second RFLP marker (PSR546) was closely linked (8±2.4 cM) to the Lr9 gene and the other four DNA markers. As this marker maps to the distal part of the long arm of chromosome 6B of wheat, Lr9 and the other DNA markers also map to the distal region of 6BL. All three PCR markers detected the Lr9 gene in independently derived breeding lines and varieties, thus proving their general applicability in wheat breeding programs.
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    RFLP markers associated with Sr22 and recombination between chromosome 7A of bread wheat and the diploid species Triticum boeoticum (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 1039-1045 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Sr22 ; Triticum aestivum ; T. boeoticum ; Recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of the bread wheat variety Schomburgk, and related lines in its pedigree, identified RFLP markers associated with the segment of chromosome 7A carrying the Sr22 gene derived from the diploid species T. boeoticum. The distribution of the RFLP markers indicated that at least 50% of 7AS and 80% of 7AL in Schomburgk is of T. boeoticum origin. Evaluation of five sets of nearisogenic lines, backcross lines in 20 different genetic backgrounds and an F2 population segregating for Sr22 demonstrated a very low level of recombination between the 7A chromosomes of T. boeoticum and T. aestivum. Several recombinants carrying Sr22 but with a much reduced segment of T. boeoticum were identified and these may prove useful in the breeding of further varieties with Sr22.
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    Identification of wheat-Agropyron cristatum monosomic addition lines by RFLP analysis using a set of assigned wheat DNA probes (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 70-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Agropyron cristatum ; Alien addition ; RFLP ; Non-radioactive labelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A non-radioactive digoxigenin-labelled DNA method was used successfully to identify RFLP markers in 54 Triticum aestivum cv ‘Chinese Spring’ — Agropyron cristatum (2n=28, genome PPPP) P-genome monosomic addition lines. Southern analysis using a set of 14 DNA probes identifying each homoeologous chromosome arm, combined with two restriction enzymes HindIII and EcoRI, indicated that six A. cristatum chromosomes (1P, 2P, 3P, 4P, 5P and 6P) and five A. cristatum chromosome arms (2PS, 2PL, 5PL, 6PS and 6PL) have been individually added to the wheat genome. The added chromosomes of three lines were Agropyron translocated chromosomes. It was also found that two addition plants possessed an Agropyron-wheat translocation. These results showed that RFLP analysis using the set of assigned wheat probes was a powerful tool in detecting and establishing homoeology of alien A. cristatum chromosomes, or arms, added to wheat, as well as in screening the alien addition material. The creation of the monosomic addition lines should be useful for the transfer of disease-resistance genes from A. cristatum to wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226985
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    Identification of RFLP markers linked to the cereal cyst nematode resistance gene (Cre) in wheat (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 927-930 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Restriction fragment length polymorphism ; CCN ; Genetic mapping ; Triticum aestivum ; Heterodera avenae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cereal cyst nematode (CCN) (Heterodera avenae Woll.) is an economically damaging pest of wheat in many of the worlds cereal growing areas. The development of CCN-resistant cultivars may be accelerated by the use of molecular markers. The Cre gene of the wheat line “AUS 10894” confers resistance to CCN. Using a pair of near-isogenic lines (NILs) that should differ only in a small chromosome segment containing the Cre locus, we screened 58 group-2 probes and found two (Tag605 and CDO588) that detect polymorphism between the NILs. Nulli-tetrasomic and ditelosomic lines confirmed that the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers identified were derived from the long arm of wheat chromosome 2. Crosses between “AUS 10894” and “Spear” and the NIL “AP” and its recurrent parent “Prins” were used to produce F2 populations that gave the expected 3∶1 segregation ratio for the resistance gene. Linkage analysis identified two RFLP markers flanking the resistance gene. Xglk605 and Xcdo588 mapped 7.3 cM (LOD=6.0) and 8.4 cM (LOD=6.7), respectively, from the Cre locus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224519
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    Waxy protein deficiency and chromosomal location of coding genes in common wheat (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 179-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Waxy (Wx) protein ; Triticum aestivum ; Null allele ; Geographical distribution ; Chromosomal location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Deficiency of the wheat waxy (Wx) proteins (Wx-A1, Wx-B1 and Wx-D1) was studied in 1,960 cultivars derived from several countries. Gel electrophoretic analyses revealed that the null allele for the Wx-A1 protein occurred frequently in Korean, Japanese and Turkish wheats but was relatively rare in cultivars from other countries and regions. About 48% of the wheats deficient for the Wx-B1 protein were from Australia and India. One Chinese cultivar lacked the WxD1 protein. While 9 Japanese cultivars were deficient in both the Wx-A1 and Wx-B1 proteins, no cultivars lacked both the Wx-A1 and Wx-D1 proteins, both the Wx-B1 and Wx-D1 proteins or all three Wx proteins. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed polymorphisms of the three Wx proteins that varied according to isoelectric points or molecular weight. The Wx-A1 gene coding the Wx-A1 protein and the Wx-B1 gene coding the Wx-B1 protein were localized in the distal regions of chromosome arms 7AS and 4AL, respectively, by deletion mapping using the deletion lines developed in the common wheat cultivar ‘Chinese Spring’.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225138
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    Genetic control of amylose content in wheat endosperm starch and differential effects of three Wx genes (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 276-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Amylose content ; Monosomic ; Substitution line ; Triticum aestivum ; Wx protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The endosperm starch of the wheat grain is composed of amylose and amylopectin. Genetic manipulation of the ratio of amylose to amylopectin or the amylose content could bring about improved texture and quality of wheat flour. The chromosomal locations of genes affecting amylose content were investigated using a monosomic series of Chinese Spring (CS) and a set of Cheyenne (CNN) chromosome substitution lines in the CS genetic background. Trials over three seasons revealed that a decrease in amylose content occurred in monosomic 4A and an increase in monosomic 7B. Allelic variation between CS and CNN was suggested for the genes on chromosomes 4A and 7B. To examine the effects of three Waxy (Wx) genes which encode a granule-bound starch synthase (Wx protein), the Wx proteins from CS monosomics of interest were analyzed using SDS-PAGE. The amount of the Wx protein coded by the Wx-B1 gene on chromosome arm 4AL was reduced in monosomic 4A, and thus accounted for its decreased amylose content. The amounts of two other Wx proteins coded by the Wx-A1 and Wx-D1 genes on chromosome arms 7AS and 7DS, respectively, showed low levels of protein in the monosomics but no effect on amylose content. The effect of chromosome 7B on the level of amylose suggested the presence of a regulator gene which suppresses the activities of the Wx genes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225154
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    Tissue specific expression of an α-skeletal actin-lacZ fusion gene during development in transgenic mice (1994)
    Springer
    Transgenic research 3 (1994), S. 59-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9368
    Keywords: α-actin ; transgenic mice ; gene expression ; muscle ; embryos ; lacZ
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Transgenic mice carrying a chimaeric transgene containing 730 bp of the 5′-flanking sequences and the entire first intron of the rat α-skeletal actin gene fused to thelacZ reporter gene have been produced by microinjection. ThelacZ reporter gene was used to verify the suitability of using the rat α-actin promoter elements to target expression of genes of agricultural and therapeutic value exclusively to skeletal and heart muscle cells and fibres of transgenic mice. Expression of the transgene indicates a tightly regulated developmental and muscle specific control of the rat α-skeletal actin gene, making it a useful promoter for gene targeting to muscle tissues. The cells destined to form muscle tissues in these transgenic mice are readily visualized in intact embryos by staining for β-galactosidase activity, making them a suitable animal model for studying the origin and development of skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01976028
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    Complementation of an alcohol dehydrogenase-deficientNicotiana plumbaginifolia mutant by transformation with theArabidopsis thaliana Adh gene (1994)
    Springer
    Transgenic research 3 (1994), S. 376-387 
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    ISSN: 1573-9368
    Keywords: alcohol dehydrogenase ; Arabidopsis thaliana ; functional complementation ; gene expression ; Nicotiana plumbaginifolia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An alcohol dehydrogenase-deficient (ADH) mutant ofNicotiana plumbaginifolia, selected on the basis of ethanol resistance, was restored for ADH activity by transformation with anAdh gene fromArabidopsis thaliana expressed under the control of its own promoter or the CaMV 35S promoter. The expression in various organs (seed, root, leaf and pollen) was analysed at the protein and RNA levels as well as byin situ detection of ADH activity. The analysis of spatial and temporal regulation of theA. thaliana Adh gene expression suggests that ADH expression is controlled at the transcriptional level.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01976769
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    Plasmodesmal-mediated cell-to-cell transport in wheat roots is modulated by anaerobic stress (1994)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 178 (1994), S. 81-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Adenosine triphosphate ; Anaerobiosis ; Fluorescein-dextrans ; Plasmodesmata ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cell-to-cell transport of small molecules and ions occurs in plants through plasmodesmata. Plant roots are frequently subjected to localized anaerobic stress, with a resultant decrease in ATP. In order to determine the effect of this stress on plasmodesmal transport, fluorescent dyes of increasing molecular weight (0.46 to 10 kDa) were injected into epidermal and cortical cells of 3-day-old wheat roots, and their movement into neighboring cells was determined by fluorescence microscopy. Anaerobiosis was generated by N2 gas or simulated by the presence of sodium azide, both of which reduced the ATP levels in the tissue by over 80%. In the absence of such stress, the upper limit for movement, or size exclusion limit (SEL), of cortical plasmodesmata was 〈1 kDa. The ATP analogue TNP-ADP (mw 681) moved across the plasmodesmata of unstressed roots, indicating that plasmodesmata may be conduits for nucleotide (ATP and ADP) exchange between cells. Upon imposition of stress, the SEL rose to between 5 and 10 kDa. This response of plasmodesmata to a decrease in the level of ATP suggests that they are constricted by an ATP-dependent process so as to maintain a restricted SEL. When roots are subjected to anaerobic stress, an increase in SEL may permit enhanced delivery of sugars to the affected cells of the root where anaerobic respiration could regenerate the needed ATP.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01404123
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    Carbohydrate binding activities ofBradyrhizobium japonicum: IV. Effect of lactose and flavones on the expression of the lectin, BJ38 (1994)
    Springer
    Glycoconjugate journal 11 (1994), S. 363-370 
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    ISSN: 1573-4986
    Keywords: lectin ; gene expression ; cell-cell adhesion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract BJ38 is a galactose/lactose-specific lectin (M r ∼ 38000) found at one pole ofBradyrhizobium japonicum. It has been implicated in mediating the adhesion of the bacteria to soybean roots, leading to the establishment of a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. When the ligand lactose is added to cultures of the bacteria for at least 1 h prior to harvesting the cells for BJ38 isolation, the yield of the protein was found to be elevated in a dose-dependent fashion. Half maximal stimulation was observed at ∼ 50 µm; the effect was saturated at ∼ 1mm, where a 10-fold higher yield of BJ38 was obtained. Saccharides with a lower affinity for BJ38 than lactose yielded a correspondingly smaller induction effect when compared at a concentration of 1mm. The higher level of BJ38 induced by lactose is also manifested by an elevated amount of BJ38 detectable at the cell surface and by a higher number ofB. japonicum cells adsorbed onto soybean cells. Surprisingly, the induction of BJ38 expression seen with lactose was also observed with certain, but not all, flavonoids that induce thenod genes of the bacteria; genistein mimicked the induction observed with lactose, whereas luteolin failed to stimulate BJ38 production.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00731210
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    Recombinant protein expression in aDrosophila cell line: comparison with the baculovirus system (1994)
    Springer
    Cytotechnology 15 (1994), S. 139-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: Baculovirus ; cell culture ; Drosophila ; gene expression ; insect cell ; metallothionein promoter ; recombinant protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this report, we compare two different expression systems: baculovirus/Sf9 and stable recombinantDrosophila Schneider 2 (S2) cell lines. The construction of a recombinant S2 cell line is simple and quick, and in batch fermentations the cells have a doubling time of 20 hours until reaching a plateau density of 20 million cells/ml. Protein expression is driven by theDrosophila Metallothionein promoter which is tightly regulated. When expressed in S2 cells, the extracellular domain of human VCAM, an adhesion molecule, is indistinguishable from the same protein produced by baculovirus-infected Sf9 cells. Additionally, we present data on the expression of a seven trans-membrane protein, the dopamine D4 receptor, which has been successfully expressed in both systems. The receptor integrates correctly in the S2 membrane, binds [3H]spiperone with high affinity and exhibits pharmacological characteristics identical to that of the receptor expressed in Sf9 and mammalian cells. The general implications for large scale production of recombinant proteins are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00762388
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    Evaluation of various methods for the detection of barley yellow dwarf virus by the tissue-blot immunoassay and its use for virus detection in cereals inoculated at different growth stages (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 100 (1994), S. 71-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; oat ; Avena sativa ; barley ; Hordeum vulgare ; serology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Various modifications of the tissue-blot immunoassay (TBIA) for the detection of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV, luteovirus) were compared. Similar results were obtained by using three different labelled molecules; goat anti-rabbit antibodies conjugated to alkaline phosphatase, protein A conjugated with alkaline phosphatase and goat anti-rabbit antibodies conjugated with colloidal gold. Blocking the nitrocellulose membrane with polyvinyl alcohol for 1 min was effective and allowed the procedure to be shortened by one hour. TBIA was sensitive enough to detect BYDV in old dry tissue wich had been soaked in water for 1 h. BYDV was monitored by TBIA in wheat, oat and barley after inoculation at heading, flowering and grain filling growth stages. The later the inoculation date, the greater the chance of detecting the virus in stem bases rather than in the upper part of the stem. The later the inoculation the less virus moved, from the inoculated tiller to other tillers of the same plant.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01871967
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    Genetic basis of grain filling rate in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Thell.) (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 76 (1994), S. 33-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; genetic basis ; grain filling rate ; genetic effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Grain filling rate in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Thell.) positively influences grain yield under a wide range of conditions. The effective utilization of this trait in breeding depends on an understanding of its genetic control. A study was, therefore, conducted to determine the genetic basis of grain filling rate in six crosses of wheat. Higher order genic interactions and/or linkage were important in the genetic regulation of grain filling rate (GFR) in the majority of crosses. Additive ([d]) and dominance ([h]) gene effects were important in the control of GFR in main ears (ME) and whole plant ears (WPE). Additive and additive × additive epistatic effects were the most important in the genetic control of GFR in last ears (LE). Location effects on genetic effects for GFR were significant (P 〈 0.05) in all ear types of some crosses except in ME. Genotype × environment interaction effects were important (P 〈 0.001) in LE and WPE. It was concluded that the inheritance of GFR is complex and is dependent on ear type. Breeding procedures that facilitate the exploitation of non-additive and additive gene effects were recommended for the genetic improvement of grain filling rate of wheat.
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    Characterisation and origin of rust and powdery mildew resistance genes in VPM1 wheat (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 76 (1994), S. 53-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: stripe rust ; stem rust ; leaf rust ; powdery mildew ; common wheat ; environmental effects ; Puccinia striiformis ; Puccinia graminis ; Puccinia recondita ; Erysiphe graminis ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The expression of rust resistances conferred by closely linked genes derived from VPM1 varied with environmental conditions and with genetic backgrounds. Under low light and low temperature conditions seedlings carrying Yr17 showed susceptible responses. Stem rust and leaf rust resistance genes Sr38 and Lr37 tended to confer more resistance at 17±2° C than at normal temperatures above 〉 20° C. These studies supported the hypothesis that Yr17, Lr37 and Sr38 were derived from Aegilops ventricosa, whereas Pm4b was probably derived from T. persicum. Studies on certain addition lines and parental stocks indicated that wheat cytoplasm may enhance the expression of Sr38.
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    UV-B damage and protection at the molecular level in plants (1994)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 39 (1994), S. 475-489 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: DNA repair ; flavonoids ; gene expression ; oxidative stress ; photosynthesis ; promoter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Influx of solar UV-B radiation (280–320 nm) will probably increase in the future due to depletion of stratospheric ozone. In plants, there are several targets for the deleterious UV-B radiation, especially the chloroplast. This review summarizes the early effects and responses of low doses of UV-B at the molecular level. The DNA molecules of the plant cells are damaged by UV due to the formation of different photoproducts, such as pyrimidine dimers, which in turn can be combatted by specialized photoreactivating enzyme systems. In the chloroplast, the integrity of the thylakoid membrane seems to be much more sensitive than the activities of the photosynthetic components bound within. However, the decrease of mRNA transcripts for the photosynthetic complexes and other chloroplast proteins are among very early events of UV-B damage, as well as protein synthesis. Other genes, encoding defence-related enzymes, e.g., of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, are rapidly up-regulated after commencement of UV-B exposure. Some of the cis-acting nucleotide elements and trans-acting protein factors needed to regulate the UV-induced expression of the parsley chalcone synthase gene are known.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014600
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    Acclimation of photosynthetic proteins to rising atmospheric CO2 (1994)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 39 (1994), S. 413-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: elevated CO2 ; gene expression ; Rubisco ; rbcL ; rbcS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In this review we discuss how the photosynthetic apparatus, particularly Rubisco, acclimates to rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations (ca). Elevated ca alters the control exerted by different enzymes of the Calvin cycle on the overall rate of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation, so altering the requirement for different functional proteins. A decreased flux of carbon through the photorespiratory pathway will decrease requirements for these enzymes. From modeling of the response of CO2 uptake (A) to intracellular CO2 concentration (ci) it is shown that the requirement for Rubisco is decreased at elevated ca, whilst that for proteins limiting ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate regeneration may be increased. This balance may be altered by other interactions, in particular plasticity of sinks for photoassimilate and nitrogen supply; hypotheses on these interactions are presented. It is speculated that increased accumulation of carbohydrate in leaves developed at elevated ca may signal the ‘down regulation’ of Rubisco. The molecular basis of this ‘down regulation’ is discussed in terms of the repression of photosynthetic gene expression by the elevated carbohydrate concentrations. This molecular model is then used to predict patterns of acclimation of perennials to long term growth in elevated ca.
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    Effects of growth period, plant age and changes in solution aluminium concentrations on aluminium toxicity in wheat (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 166 (1994), S. 21-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; growth period ; phosphorus ; plant age ; root length ; root width ; solution culture ; techniques ; Triticum aestivum ; variation ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of growth period (time between transplanting and harvesting), plant age at which aluminium (Al) was added to solution, changes in Al concentration, and solution culture techniques (monitoring and adjusting solution Al concentrations thrice weekly or weekly replacement of the solutions) were investigated using a low ionic strength (2.7×10−3 M) solution culture technique. The wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars Waalt (Al-tolerant) and Warigal (Al-sensitive), or the near isogenic lines bred from these cultivars (RR for the Al-tolerant line and SS for the Al-sensitive line) were grown. In all experiments and treatments, Al additions were required to maintain the nominal concentration. The decline in solution Al concentrations was partially attributed to formation of an Al-hydroxy-phosphate precipitate with an Al:P molar ratio of 2.8 to 4.0. Increasing the growth period from 14 to 28 days increased Al sensitivity in Warigal but not in Waalt. When plants were exposed to Al for the same time, increasing the age of the plants that Al was added to solution decreased sensitivity to Al. Differential Al tolerance between the two lines was evident when solutions were monitored thrice weekly or replaced weekly. However, the Al concentration required to reduce relative yield by a given amount when the solutions were replaced weekly was about twice that when the solutions were monitored. With a constant growth period of 28 days, increasing solution Al concentrations for 3 or more days resulted in decreased yields at harvest. The exact effect depended on the cultivar, plant part (tops or roots), when solution Al concentrations were increased and the duration of the increase. For example, increasing Al concentrations from 5 μM to 20 μM for 10 days reduced yield in the RR line by approximately 50% in the tops and 30% in the roots beyond the effect of 5 M but had no effect in the SS line due to yields already being low at 5 μM. Adding 10 μM Al to solution for 6 days at the beginning of the experiment reduced yield by 25% in the RR line and 50% in the SS line. In contrast, adding 10 μM Al for 6 days in the middle of the growth cycle had no effect on the RR line but reduced yield by approximately 25% in the SS line. These results show that growth period, the age of the plants at which Al is added and the technique used (monitored or weekly replacement) all need to be considered when comparing results from different experiments. These results also show that the Al concentrations in solution need to be regularly monitored in long term experiments.
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    C-band polymorphism and structural rearrangements detected in common wheat (Triticum aestivum) (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 78 (1994), S. 1-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; C-band polymorphism ; structural rearrangements ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Giemsa C-banding allows for the identification of all 21 chromosome pairs of hexaploid wheat. However, variation in banding patterns of individual chromosomes and structural rearrangements exist between different cultivars making chromosome identification more difficult. The paper summarizes the available data on C-band polymorphism and structural rearrangement present in wheat cultivars and germplasms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021392
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    The effect of temperature on seed set and embryo development in reciprocal crosses of wheat and barley (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 78 (1994), S. 53-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Hordeum vulgare ; barley ; intergeneric hybridization ; influence of temperature ; embryo development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of temperature on seed set and embryo development in reciprocal crosses of barley and wheat was assessed in crosses involving two spring barley varieties (Betzes, Martonvásári 50) and one wheat variety (Chinese Spring). Detached tillers placed in nutrient solution were pollinated in controlled environments at constant day-night temperature regimes (12, 15, 18 and 21° C) with a light intensity of 30,000 lux and a relative humidity of 80%. When barley was used as the female, lower temperatures (12 and 15° C) produced the maximum seed set, whereas for the reciprocal cross, the highest temperature (21° C) produced the best seed set in the Chinese Spring × Betzes combination. Low temperature retarded the embryo development. The highest numbers of hybrid plants were produced at 18° C and 21° C in the barley × wheat cross and in the wheat × barley cross, respectively. Embryos of about 1.5 mm length in the barley × wheat cross, and of about 1.0 mm length in the wheat × barley cross germinated successfully. The smallest embryo giving rise to hybrid plants was 0.57 mm in the barley × wheat cross and 0.51 mm in the wheat × barley cross.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021397
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    Effects of homobrassinolide application on plant metabolism and grain yield under irrigated and moisture-stress conditions of two wheat varieties (1994)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 14 (1994), S. 173-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: homobrassinolide ; irrigated ; membrane stability ; moisture-stress ; nitrate reductase activity ; photosynthesis ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Homobrassinolide (BR) was applied either as a seed treatment or foliar spray to two contrasting wheat varieties, viz. C306 (drought tolerant) and HD2329 (drought susceptible), to examine its effects on plant metabolism and grain yield under irrigated and moisture-stress/rainfed conditions. BR application resulted in increased relative water content, nitrate reductase activity, chlorophyll content and photosynthesis under both conditions. BR application also improved membrane stability (lower injury). These beneficial effects resulted in higher leaf area, biomass production, grain yield and yield related parameters in the treated plants. All the treatments were significantly better than the untreated control. Generally, 0.05 ppm either as a seed treatment or foliar spray was more effective than the 0.01 ppm treatment. The drought-tolerant genotype C306 showed more response to BR application under moisture-stress/rainfed condition than HD 2329. Increased water uptake, membrane stability and higher carbon dioxide and nitrogen assimilation rates under stress seemed to be related to homobrassinolide-induced drought tolerance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025220
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    Mitochondrial DNA diseases: Histological and cellular studies (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 26 (1994), S. 301-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy ; mitochondrial DNA ; gene expression ; protein translation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Large-scale deletions and tRNA point mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are associated with a variety of different mitochondrial encephalomyopathies. Skeletal muscle in these patients shows a typical pathology, characterized by the focal accumulation of large numbers of morphologically and biochemically abnormal mitochondria (ragged-red fibers). Both mtDNA deletions and tRNA point mutations impair mitochondrial translation and produce deficiencies in oxidative phosphorylation. However, mutant and wild-type mtDNAs co-exist (mtDNA heteroplasmy) and the translation defect is not expressed until the ratio of mutant: wild-type mtDNAs exceeds a specific threshold. Below the threshold the phenotype can be rescued by intramitochondrial genetic complementation. The mosaic expression of the skeletal muscle pathology is thus determined by both the cellular and organellar distribution of mtDNA mutants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00763101
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    Ethylene as promoter of wheat grain maturation and ear senescence (1994)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 15 (1994), S. 107-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: aminoethoxyvinylglycine ; ear senescence ; ethephon ; ethylene ; grain maturation ; silver thiosulfate ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This work was aimed at testing the involvement of ethylene in the maturation of grain and senescence of the foliar structures of the wheat inflorescence. Whole wheat ears emitted ethylene to the atmosphere. From pre-anthesis, ethylene emission progressively increased from 0.76 nl g−1FW h−1 to a peak 1.53 nl g−1FW h−1 at the hard dough stage of the grains, to fall to a minimum of 0.10 nl g−1FW h−1 at the dormant seed stage. Ethephon increased the ethylene release, hastened the process of grain maturation and senescence of the ears. Aminoethoxyvinylglycine and silver thiosulfate produced the opposite effects. It is concluded that ethylene plays a role in grain maturation and in the senescence of the green bracts of the inflorescence.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024098
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    Effectiveness of two partially acidulated rock phosphates, coastal superphosphate and Ecophos, compared with North Carolina reactive rock phosphate and superphosphate (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 38 (1994), S. 29-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: coastal superphosphate ; Ecophos ; North Carolina rock phosphate ; ordinary (single) superphosphate ; partially acidulated rock phosphate (PARP) ; reactive rock phosphate ; relative effectiveness ; residual value ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effectiveness of coastal superphosphate, a partially acidulated rock phosphate (PARP) made from apatite, and Ecophos, a PARP made from calcium iron aluminium (crandallite millisite) rock phosphate, was compared in pot experiments with the effectiveness of ordinary superphosphate (OSP) and North Carolina reactive apatite rock phosphate (NCRP). There were three experiments using different lateritic soils collected in Western Australia. Fertilizer effectiveness was measured using yield of dried wheat (Triticum aestivum) tops grown for 28 days. Three successive crops were grown. The phosphorous (P) fertilizers were applied and mixed with the soils before sowing the first crop. In addition, OSP was added to extra pots before sowing crops 2 and 3 in order to measure the effectiveness of the original P fertilizers relative to freshly-applied OSP for these crops. As measured using plant yield, coastal superphosphate was the most effective P fertilizer for three crops on an acidic peaty sand (pH water 5.0). Relative to freshly-applied OSP, it was 154% as effective for crop 1, 75% as effective for crop 2, and 36% as effective for crop 3. Corresponding values for Ecophos were 44, 29 and 19%, and for NCRP, 77, 67 and 29%, with the original OSP treatment being 61 and 56% as effective for crops 2 and 3. For three crops on a lateritic gravel loam (pH 6.5), both coastal superphosphate and OSP were the most effective fertilizers, and were equally effective for crop 1, and relative to freshly-applied OSP, were about 31% as effective for crop 2, and 16 and 21 % as effective for crop 3. Corresponding values for Ecophos were 47,15 and 11%, and NCRP, 33,15 and 5%. For two crops in a loamy sand (pH 5.4), OSP was the most effective fertilizer, and, relative to fresh OSP, it was 36% as effective for crop 2. Relative to fresh OSP, the effectiveness for crops 1 and 2 of coastal superphosphate was 57 and 18%, for Ecophos 71 and 27%, and for NCRP 50 and 36%.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750060
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    Photosynthetic electron transport and anaerobic metabolism in purple non-sulfur phototrophic bacteria (1994)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 66 (1994), S. 151-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: purple non-sulfur bacteria ; Rhodobacter ; photosynthesis ; CO2 fixation ; anaerobic respiration ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Purple non-sulfur phototrophic bacteria, exemplifed byRhodobacter capsulatus andRhodobacter sphaeroides, exhibit a remarkable versatility in their anaerobic metabolism. In these bacteria the photosynthetic apparatus, enzymes involved in CO2 fixation and pathways of anaerobic respiration are all induced upon a reduction in oxygen tension. Recently, there have been significant advances in the understanding of molecular properties of the photosynthetic apparatus and the control of the expression of genes involved in photosynthesis and CO2 fixation. In addition, anaerobic respiratory pathways have been characterised and their interaction with photosynthetic electron transport has been described. This review will survey these advances and will discuss the ways in which photosynthetic electron transport and oxidation-reduction processes are integrated during photoautotrophic and photoheterotrophic growth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00871637
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    Strategies for improving heterologous protein production from filamentous fungi (1994)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 65 (1994), S. 245-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Aspergillus ; gene expression ; heterologous protein ; protein secretion ; Trichoderma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Despite the naturally high capacity for protein secretion by many species of filamentous fungi, secteted yields of many heterologous proteins have been comparatively low. The strategies for yield improvement have included the use of strong homologous promoters, increased gene copy number, gene fusions with a gene encoding a naturally well-secreted protein, protease-deficient host strains and screening for high yields following random mutagenesis. Such approaches have been effective with some target heterologous proteins but not others. Approaches used in heterologous protein production from filamentous fungi are discussed and a perspective on emerging strategies is presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00871952
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    Photobiology of Bacteria (1994)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 65 (1994), S. 331-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: photoactive proteins ; photoreceptors ; chromophores ; energy transduction ; light signalling ; phototaxis ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The field of photobiology is concerned with the interactions between light and living matter. For Bacteria this interaction serves three recognisable physiological functions: provision of energy, protection against excess radiation and signalling (for motility and gene expression). The chemical structure of the primary light-absorbing components in biology (the chromophores of photoactive proteins) is surprisingly simple: tetrapyrroles, polyenes and derivatised aromats are the most abundant ones. The same is true for the photochemistry that is catalysed by these chromophores: this is limited to light-induced exciton- or electron-transfer and photoisomerization. The apoproteins surrounding the chromophores provide them with the required specificity to function in various aspects of photosynthesis, photorepair, photoprotection and photosignalling. Particularly in photosynthesis several of these processes have been resolved in great detail, for others at best only a physiological description can be given. In this contribution we discuss selected examples from various parts of the field of photobiology of Bacteria. Most examples have been taken from the purple bacteria and the cyanobacteria, with special emphasis on recently characterised signalling photoreceptors inEctothiorhodospira halophila and inFremyella diplosiphon.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00872217
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    Evaluation for resistance to Pyrenophora tritici-repentis in Aegilops tauschii Coss. and synthetic hexaploid wheat amphiploids (1994)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 41 (1994), S. 27-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: Aegilops tauschii ; synthetic wheats ; tan spot resistance ; Pyrenophora tritici-repentis ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A total of 59 diploid Aegilops tauschii Coss. (syn. Aegilops sguarrosa auct. non L.) and 39 synthetic hexaploid wheat accessions were evaluated for reaction to Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechs. in a controlled environment, and classified using a disease rating system based on lesion type. 27 Ae. tauschii and 20 synthetic wheats were found to be resistant to tan spot disease. The overall mean disease ratings of Ae. tauschii and the synthetic wheat lines scored on a scale of 1 (resistant) to 5 (susceptible) were 1.80 and 2.38, respectively. Synthetic wheats generally showed a decrease in resistance, although several lines of synthetic wheat expressed a higher resistance than the diploid parents. Five synthetic wheat lines exhibited higher resistance than the standard resistant common wheat cultivar ‘Red Chief’.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051420
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    Powdery mildew resistance in Aegilops tauschii coss. and synthetic hexaploid wheats (1994)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 41 (1994), S. 151-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Aegilops tauschii (syn. Ae. squarrosa) ; Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici resistance genes ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A collection of 400 Ae. tauschii (syn. Ae. squarrosa) Coss. accessions were screened for powdery mildew resistance based on the response patterns of 13 wheat cultivars/lines possessing major resistance genes to nine differential mildew isolates. 106 accessions showed complete resistance to all isolates, and 174 accessions revealed isolate-specific resistance, among which were 40 accessions exhibiting an identical response pattern as wheat cultivar ‘Ulka/*8Cc’ which is known to possess resistance gene Pm2. Expression of both complete and isolate-specific resistance from Ae. tauschii was observed in some synthetic hexaploid wheats derived from four mildew susceptible T. durum Desf. parents, each crossed with five to 38 resistant diploid Ae. tauschii accessions. Synthetic amphiploids involving different combinations of T. durum and Ae. tauschii generally showed a decrease in resistance compared with that expressed by the Ae. tauschii parental lines.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051631
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    Genetics of leaf rust resistance in 13 accessions of the Watkins wheat collection (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 80 (1994), S. 151-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: leaf rust resistance ; Puccinia recondita ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The inheritance of leaf rust resistance was studied in 13 accessions of the A.E. Watkins wheat collection. Eight of the accessions (V409, V624, V628, V712, V731, V734, V745, and V855) were shown to have gene Lr33 and four of these (V409, V624, V628, and V731) also have LrW. Accessions V624 and V338 have LrB, and V377 and V488 have Lr11. V46 has an unidentified gene that gives an intermediate level of resistance. V860 has a partially dominant gene that gives a fleck reaction to avirulent isolates in the seedling stage. This gene is different from LrW and may be previously unidentified. It has been assigned the temporary gene symbol LrW2. In addition to seedling-effective genes, V46, V731, and V745 may have Lr34 and V745 may have Lr13. The adult-plant resistance in V488, V624, and V860 could not be identified. Seedling gene LrW2 and some of the adult-plant resistance should be useful sources of resistance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039311
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    Evolution of virulence patterns in yellow rust races and its implications for Ereeding for resistance in wheat in Kenya (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 80 (1994), S. 165-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia striiformis ; yellow rust ; durable resistance ; race-specific resistance ; residual resistance ; races ; virulence, Kenya
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Virulence patterns of yellow rust isolates collected in Kenya between 1986–1989 were compared with earlier results. The number of virulence factors per race and the range in virulence factors both increased considerably. Before 1976 races carried on average 4.5 to 5.0 virulence factors, whereas the races after 1986 had a mean of 6.5 virulence factors. The range in the number of virulence factors increased from some seven to eight in the first period to 12 in the second out of the 17 evaluated. In the period 1986–1989 another three virulence factors (2, 9 and A) were assessed. All three occurred at a high frequency. Virulence neutralizing the resistance genes Yr2, Yr2+, Yr6, Yr6+, Yr7, Yr7+, Yr8, Yr9, Yr9+ and those in the cultivars Anza (A), Strubes Dickkopf (SD) and Suwon92/Omar (SU) occurred at a high frequency, while virulence for Yr3V, Yr4+, Yr5, CV and SP (resistance in Carstens V and Spaldings Prolific resp.) were not found. The remaining three virulence factors for Yr1, 10 and 3N were rare. In the past ten years the resistance of most released cultivars became ineffective in less than six years. They were shown to carry race-specific major resistance genes such as Yr7+, Yr9+, SD and A. However, in the field, the resistance of the cultivars was not completely neutralized. A residual resistance, ranging from moderate to fairly high, was observed in all cultivars in which the major gene resistances were neutralized by corresponding virulence genes. Other wheat cultivars such as Africa Mayo, Kenya Kudu, Enkoy, Kenya Leopard, Bounty, Frontatch, Bonny and Kenya Plume appeared to keep their resistance over a condiserable period of time. They are considered to be durably resistant to the Kenyan yellow rust populations. This form of resistance, together with the residual resistance, can be recommended for use in breeding programmes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039647
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    Molecular biology of C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase: Structure, regulation and genetic engineering (1994)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 39 (1994), S. 115-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: C4 photosynthesis ; gene expression ; oligomerization ; phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cascade ; PEPC-protein kinase ; site-directed mutagenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three to four families of nuclear genes encode different isoforms of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase (PEPC): C4-specific, C3 or etiolated, CAM and root forms. C4 leaf PEPC is encoded by a single gene (ppc) in sorghum and maize, but multiple genes in the C4-dicot Flaveria trinervia. Selective expression of ppc in only C4-mesophyll cells is proposed to be due to nuclear factors, DNA methylation and a distinct gene promoter. Deduced amino acid sequences of C4-PEPC pinpoint the phosphorylatable serine near the N-terminus, C4-specific valine and serine residues near the C-terminus, conserved cysteine, lysine and histidine residues and PEP binding/catalytic sites. During the PEPC reaction, PEP and bicarbonate are first converted into carboxyphosphate and the enolate of pyruvate. Carboxyphosphate decomposes within the active site into Pi and CO2, the latter combining with the enolate to form oxalacetate. Besides carboxylation, PEPC catalyzes a HCO3 --dependent hydrolysis of PEP to yield pyruvate and Pi. Post-translational regulation of PEPC occurs by a phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cascade in vivo and by reversible enzyme oligomerization in vitro. The interrelation between phosphorylation and oligomerization of the enzyme is not clear. PEPC-protein kinase (PEPC-PK), the enzyme responsible for phosphorylation of PEPC, has been studied extensively while only limited information is available on the protein phosphatase 2A capable of dephosphorylating PEPC. The C4 ppc was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli as well as tobacco. The transformed E. coli produced a functional/phosphorylatable C4 PEPC and the transgenic tobacco plants expressed both C3 and C4 isoforms. Site-directed mutagenesis of ppc indicates the importance of His138, His579 and Arg587 in catalysis and/or substrate-binding by the E. coli enzyme, Ser8 in the regulation of sorghum PEPC. Important areas for further research on C4 PEPC are: mechanism of transduction of light signal during photoactivation of PEPC-PK and PEPC in leaves, extensive use of site-directed mutagenesis to precisely identify other key amino acid residues, changes in quarternary structure of PEPC in vivo, a high-resolution crystal structure, and hormonal regulation of PEPC expression.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029380
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    A fluorimetric assay for determining variation of lysine in wheat gliadin proteins (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 76 (1994), S. 97-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; high performance liquid chromatography ; HPLC ; nutrition ; wheat breeding ; lysine content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An effective method for estimating lysine in wheat gliadin proteins could contribute to increasing lysine in wheat. Wheat gliadin proteins were separated and collected by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). A fluorimetric assay with o-phthalaldehyde (OPA) was used to determine the lysine content of wheat gliadin proteins. The OPA reagent reacts specifically with the amino group of lysine in protein. Twenty fractions of wheat gliadins were collected and analyzed by the fluorimetric assay. Nine of these fractions were also analyzed for lysine content by an amino acid analyzer. The results obtained from the fluorimetric assay were significantly related to the results obtained from the amino acid analyzer (R=0.93 for quadratic regression of the nine selected gliadin fractions). Lysine content of the wheat gliadins varied from 0.6 to 1.4 percent of the protein. This study determined that the fluorimetric assay could accurately estimate lysine in wheat gliadin proteins. Identification of high-lysine gliadin subunits could be implemented into a program of breeding for increased lysine in wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024025
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    Combining abilities of in vitro traits in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) immature embryo cultures (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 76 (1994), S. 169-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; combining ability ; in vitro culture ; genotypic and phenotypic correlations ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Combining ability for six in vitro culture traits in wheat were studied in a 8×8 diallel cross (excluding reciprocals). Specific combining ability effects (sca) were significant for all six traits derived from immature embryos on two media protocols, whereas general combining ability (gca) variances were significant only for five of them. Furthermore, based on ratios obtained by comparing the ratio of K2 gca to K2 sca, sca was more important than gca for all six traits. Genetic correlations between shoot formation and other in vitro traits, except callus weight and root formation, were higher in magnitude than the corresponding phenotypic correlations estimates, indicating the importance of genetic effects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022161
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    Gene action and heritability for photosynthetic activity in two wheat crosses (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 76 (1994), S. 235-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; photosynthesis ; gene action ; heritability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Gene action and heritability for photosynthetic activity were estimated from generation means in two wheat crosses during two stages (5 th leaf and flag leaf between 2 and 5 days after anthesis). Six generations were available for each cross: parents (P1 and P2), F1, F2 and backcrosses (BC1 and BC2). Correlations between some morphophysiological characters and photosynthetic activity of the flag leaf was also determined. The joint scaling test described by Mather & Jinks was used to determine the gene action. It showed that them; [d]; [h]; [i], [l] (mean, additivity, dominance, additive x additive interallelic interaction effects, dominance x dominance interallelic interaction effects) model fits the two crosses at both measurement times. All the model genetic components were significant for the flag leaf, however for the 5 th leaf only [h]; [i] and [l] were significant. The presence of additive and additive x additive effects suggested the possibility of selecting for this character using the flag leaf so as to obtain pure inbred lines. Dominance effects [h] were negative and dominance x dominance effects [l] were positive. Broad sense heritability values were medium to low. There were no correlations between the studied morphophysiological characters and the photosynthetic activity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022168
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    Genetic control of frost tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 77 (1994), S. 277-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Wheat ; frost tolerance ; diallel cross ; monosomics ; Triticum aestivum ; chromosome substitutions ; wild species ; somaclonal variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The frost tolerance of winter wheat is one component of winter hardiness. If seedlings are frost resistant, it means that they can survive the frost effect without any considerable damage. To study the genetic control of frost tolerance, an artificial freezing test was used. Frost tolerance is controlled by an additive-dominance system. The results of diallel analyses indicate the importance of both additive and non-additive gene action in the inheritance of this character. The dominant genes act in the direction of lower frost tolerance and the recessive genes in the direction of a higher level of frost tolerance. The results of monosomic and substitution analyses show that at least 10 of the 21 pairs of chromosomes are involved in the control of frost tolerance and winter hardiness. Chromosomes 5A and 5D have been implicated most frequently. The geneFr1 (Frost 1) was located on the long arm of chromosome 5A. Crosses between cultivars, chromosome manipulation and the induction of somaclonal variation may be suitable methods for broadening the gene pool for frost tolerance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02262642
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    The derivation of compensating translocations involving homoeologous group 3 chromosomes of wheat and rye (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 79 (1994), S. 75-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: intergeneric gene transfer ; misdivision ; rye ; Secale cereale ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The Sr27 translocation in WRT238 was found to consist of chromosome arms 3RS of rye and 3AS of common wheat. An attempt was made to purposely produce compensating translocations having 3RS and a wheat homoeologous group 3L arm. To achieve this, plants, double monosomic for 3R and a wheat homoeologous group 3 chromosome, were irradiated (7.5 Gy gamma rays) or left untreated before being used to pollinate stem rust susceptible testers. Segregation for stem rust resistance was studied to identify F2 families with Sr27-carrying translocated chromosomes, these were confirmed by means of C-banding. Compensating translocations 3RS3AL and 3RS3BL) were obtained readily and at similar frequencies from untreated and irradiated plants (respectively, 7.2% and 9.3%). Both translocation types have impaired transmission and segregate approximately 3: 2 (present: absent) in the F2.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023578
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    Coleoptile tiller development is associated with fast early vigour in wheat (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 80 (1994), S. 119-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: coleoptile tiller ; Triticum aestivum ; vigour ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Faster canopy development in temperate cereals can result in more efficient utilization of wate, light and nutrients if these are in limited supply. It can also result in more competitive plants and less use of herbicides. The possible importance of the coleoptile tiller for increasing early vigour in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was determined for twelve F4 lines in two experiments. Each F4 line was chosen for variation in the presence and absence of a coleoptile tiller in plants in the previous generation; each F4 line was traced to a single F2 plant from a multiple convergent cross of sixteen parents. Eight plants of each of the F4 lines were grown in a single row in both experiments. Just after the coleoptile tiller appeared, plants within each line were classified into one of two groups; one group contained plants with large coleoptile tillers whereas the other group had either small coleoptile tillers or none at all. Leaf expansion rates were determined non-destructively at regular intervals, and plants were harvested to determine leaf and tiller characteristics when there were about five mainstem leaves. There was substantial variation in the leaf area of the coleoptile tiller both between groups and among lines. In both experiments plants with a large coleoptile tiller had 24–30% more leaf area and dry weight than plants selected with a small or absent coleoptile tiller up to the final harvest. Leaf expansion rates (increase in leaf area per day) were 25 to 35% greater in the large coleoptile tiller selections from the time tillers first appeared to the time of harvest, whereas the relative leaf expansion rate (increase in leaf area per unit of leaf area present per day) of the large selections was significantly greater than the small selections only at the time of appearance of the coleoptile tiller and just after. There was no evidence that the early appearance of a coleoptile tiller was associated with the largest seedlings or that it inhibited the growth of later tillers. It is concluded that selection for the appearance of a large coleoptile tiller should improve the early vigour of temperate cereals.
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    Design and application of antisense oligonucleotides in cell culture,in vivo, and as therapeutic agents (1994)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular neurobiology 14 (1994), S. 557-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6830
    Keywords: antisense oligonucleotides ; gene expression ; pharmacology ; drug design ; cell cultures ; brain research
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. Synthetic oligonucleotides can inhibit the expression of a gene in a sequence specific manner on the transcriptional and translational level. These molecules are usually referred to as antisense oligonucleotides. 2. Antisense mediated inhibition of gene expression is a valuable tool to analyze the function of a genein vivo and can also be used for therapeutic gene suppression. 3. A number of factors such as the mode of action, specificity, chemistry, and pharmacology must be carefully considered for the design and successful application of antisense oligonucleotides. 4. Assay systems and controls must be chosen as to assure that the observed biological effects of antisense oligonucleotides do in fact reflect the result of a specific gene inhibition. 5. This article critically discusses these factors in view of the literature and our own experience with a wide range of cell types and animal models, targeting different genes. The emphasis is on the use of phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides in cell cultures,in vivo, and as potential drugs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02088837
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    The homoeologous relationships of the arms of wheat chromosomes 2A and 2D to chromosome 2B and their effect on homoeologous pairing (1994)
    Springer
    Chromosome research 2 (1994), S. 275-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: C-banding ; homoeologous pairing ; homoeologous relationships ; pairing genes ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Homoeologous relationships between the arms of wheat group 2 chromosomes were analysed by studying homoeologous pairing in wheat—rye hybrids. Chromosomes 2A and 2D were identified using telocentrics 2AS, 2DS or 2DL. The remaining wheat chromosomes and their arms were identified by C-banding. Wheat chromosomes in the hybrids were derived from plants which were heterozygous(Ph1/ph1b) and monotelocentric for 2AS, 2DS or 2DL. In these plants, chromosome 2B and the telocentric showed regular bivalent pairing. From the results of homoeologous pairing in wheat—rye hybrids, normal homoeologous relationships between 2AS, 2BS and 2DS, as well as between 2AL, 2BL and 2DL, were deduced. There was no evidence that wheat group 2 chromosomes were involved in evolutionary chromosome rearrangements. The existence of a pairing promoter gene on chromosome arm 2DS was supported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01552721
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  • 90
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    Expression of the c-myc and Ca-ATPase genes in cardiac muscle during adaptation to repeated stress (1994)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 117 (1994), S. 122-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: gene expression ; c-myc ; Ca-ATPase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the course of adaptation to repeated stress, the expression of the proto-oncogene c-myc found to increase much more rapidly than that of the Ca-ATPase gene. It is suggested that an increase in the level of c-myc expression may activate the structural Ca-ATPase gene and possibly also the heat-shock proteins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02444120
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  • 91
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    Three inhibitor types from wheat endosperm are differentially active against α-amylases of Lepidoptera pests (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 66 (1993), S. 47-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: LepidopteraEphestia kuehniella ; α-amylase ; Triticum aestivum ; endosperm ; α-amylase inhibitors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Crude α-amylase preparations from seven Lepidoptera pests were susceptible to inhibition by salt-soluble proteins of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) endosperm. Protein fractions that corresponded to tetrameric, dimeric, and monomeric wheat α-amylase inhibitors, were decreasingly effective against the insect α-amylase activity. To further confirm these results, purified inhibitors were tested against an α-amylase preparation fromEphestia kuehniella (Zeller). This preparation showed decreased activity when increasing amounts of an heterotetrameric inhibitor (reconstituted from its isolated subunits WTAI-CM2, -CM3 and -CM16) were assayed. Activity was only partially inhibited by homodimeric (WDAI-1, synonym 0.53; WDAI-2, synonym 0.19) and monomeric (WMAI-1, synonym 0.28) inhibitors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02381546
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  • 92
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    Butyrate-induced reactivation of the fetal globin genes: A molecular treatment for theβ-hemoglobinophaties (1993)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 133-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Fetal hemoglobin ; sickle cell anemia ; β thalassemia ; butyrate ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The inherited β-hemoglobinopathies (sickle cell disease and β thalassemia) are the result of a mutation in the adult (β) globin gene. The fetal globin chain, encoded by the γ globin genes, can substitute for the mutated or defective β globin chain, but expression of the γ globin gene is developmentally inactivated prior to birth. Reinducing expression of the normal fetal globin genes is a preferred method of ameliorating sickle cell disease and the β thalassemias. Stimulation of as little as 4–8% fetal globin synthesis in the bone marrow can produce 〉20% fetal hemoglobin in the peripheral circulation, due to enhanced survival of red blood cells containing both sickle and fetal hemoglobin, compared to those containing sickle hemoglobin alone. Butyric acid and butyrate derivatives are generally safe compounds which induce fetal hemoglobin production by stimulating the promoter of the fetal globin genes. An initial trial with the parent compound, delivered as Arginine Butyrate, has demonstrated rapid stimulation of fetal globin expression to levels that have been shown to ameliorate these conditions. Phase 1 trials of an oral butyrate derivative with a long plasma half-life have just begun. These agents now provide a specific new apporach for ameliorating these classic molecular disorders and merit further investigation in larger patient populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01989417
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    Altered proteoglycan gene expression and the tumor stroma (1993)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 447-455 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Proteoglycan ; chondroitin sulfate ; decorin ; gene expression ; tumor stroma ; DNA methylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Tumor stroma is a specialized form of tissue that is associated with epithelial neoplasms. Recent evidence indicates that significant changes in proteoglycan content occur in the tumor stroma and that these alterations could support tumor progression and invasion as well as tumor growth. Our main hypothesis is that the generation of tumor stroma is under direct control of the neoplastic cells and that, via a feedback loop, altered proteoglycan gene expression would influence the behavior of tumor cells. In this review, we will focus primarily on the work from our laboratory related to the altered expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan and its role in tumor development and progression. The connective tissue stroma of human colon cancer is enriched in chondroitin sulfate and the stromal cell elements, primarily colon fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells, are responsible for this biosynthetic increase. These changes can be reproduced in vitro by using either tumor metabolites or co-cultures of human colon carcinoma cells and colon mesenchymal cells. The levels of decorin, a leucine-rich proteoglycan involved in the regulation of matrix assembly and cell proliferation, are markedly elevated in the stroma of colon carcinoma. These changes correlate with a marked increase in decorin mRNA levels and a concurrent hypomethylation of decorin gene, a DNA alteration associated with enhanced gene expression. Elucidation of decorin gene structure has revealed an unexpected degree of complexity in the 5′ untranslated region of the gene with two leader exons that are alternatively spliced to the second coding exon. Furthermore, a transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)-negative element is present in the promoter region of decorin gene. This regulatory domain is likely to be implicated in the silencing of decorin gene by TGF-β and may contribute to the regulation of this matrix gene in the tumor stroma.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01923588
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  • 94
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    Cryopreservation of immature spring wheat zygotic embryos using an abscisic acid pretreatment (1993)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 12 (1993), S. 89-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: cryopreservation ; Triticum aestivum ; abscisic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) zygotic embryos were successfully cryopreserved, without the addition of exogenous cryoprotectants, using only an abscisic acid (ABA) pretreatment. Optimum survival was obtained when embryos were cultured in vitro for 10 days on semisolid Murashige and Skoog (MS) nutrient medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L (±) ABA prior to cryopreservation. The embryos resumed growth within three days when returned to MS medium devoid of ABA but containing 2mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The embryogenic calli produced from these embryos exhibited normal plant regeneration on auxin-free media. Changes in dw/fw ratio, as well as the esterified fatty acid and sucrose concentrations correlated positively with the development of tolerance to cryopreservation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00241941
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    Plant regeneration from isolated microspores of Triticum aestivum (1993)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 12 (1993), S. 149-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; microspore culture ; ovary co-culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Wheat microspores were isolated, without prior anther culture, from a range of genotypes and cultured to regenerate self-fertile plants. Microspores were isolated using a microblender and competent microspores were enriched by gradient centrifugation. The use of maltose as the sole carbohydrate in the culture medium and co-culture of microspores with wheat or barley ovaries were critical for development of microspore-derived embryos. Results were also improved when spikes were pretreated by emersion of the basal ends of detached heads in water at 25°C for 2d. This procedure leads to highly reproducible production of plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239096
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    Comparative analysis of a recombining-repeat-sequence family in the mitochondrial genomes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 255-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Secale cerele ; Ribosomal RNA genes ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Recombining-repeats ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mitochondrial genomes of wheat and rye each contain a three-member family of recombining repeat peat sequences (the “18S/5S repeat”) that encode genes for 18S and 5S rRNAs (rrn18 and rrn5) and tRNAfMet (trnfM). Here we present, for wheat and rye, the sequence and boundaries of the “common sequence unit” (CSU) that is shared between all three repeat copies in each species. The wheat CSU is 4,429 base-pairs long and contains (in addition to trnfM, rrn18 and rrn5) a putative promoter, three tRNA-like elements (“t-elements”), and part of a pseudogene (“ψatpA c”) that is homologous to chloroplast atpA, which encodes the α subunit of chloroplast F1 ATPase. The rye CSU is somewhat smaller (2,855 base pairs) but contains much the same genic and other sequence elements as its wheat counterpart, except that two of the three t-elements as well as ψatpA c are found in only one of the three downstream flanks of the 18S/5S repeat, outside the CSU boundaries. In interpreting the seuuence data in terms of the evolutionary history of the 18S/5S-repeat family of wheat and rye, we conclude that (1) the wheat-rye form of the 18S/5S repeat most likely originated between 3 and 14 million years ago, in a lineage that gave rise to wheat and rye but not to barley, oasts, rice or maize; (2) the close linkage (1-bp apart) between trnfM and rrn18 is similarly limited in its taxonomic distribution to the wheat/rye lineage; (3) the trnfM-rrn18 pair arose via a single mutation that inserted a sequence block containing trnfM immediately upstream of rrn18; and (4) the presence of a putative promoter upstream of rrn18 in all wheat and rye repeats is consistent with all three repeat copies being transcriptionally active. We discuss these conclusions in the light of the possible functional significance of recombining-repeats in plant mitochondrial genomes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351504
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  • 97
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    The glucocorticoid receptor precludes the binding of a transcriptional repressor protein to the long terminal repeat of the mouse mammary tumor virus (1993)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 122 (1993), S. 25-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: glucocorticoid receptor ; MMTV ; transcription factors ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The long terminal repeat (LTR) of the mouse mammary tumor virus was used as a template to examine the dual binding parameters of the glucocorticoid-receptor (GR) and a repressor protein termed Inhibitory Factor 1 (IF1). The roceptor binds specifically to the glucocorticoid response element and precludes the binding of IF1 to its juxtaposed binding site within the LTR. When the two DNA targets are separated by the insertion of an additional 52 base pairs, coincident binding of both proteins is observed. Gel retention assays reveal three distinct nucleoprotein complexes. The first complex consists of the receptor and the LTR, the second is comprised of IF1 and DNA and the third is a multiprotein-DNA complex consisting of the GR, IF1 and DNA, migrating at a higher molecular weight position. The inhibition of IF1 binding by the presence of prebound GR leads to the repression of transcription of juxtaposed genes. The GR may act to block access of a sequence, used by the cell to titrate repressor proteins and facilitate the onset of gene expression. (Mol Cell Biochem122: 25–37, 1993)
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00925734
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  • 98
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    Expression of pregnancy-specific β1-glycoprotein genes in hematopoietic cells (1993)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 122 (1993), S. 147-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: PSG transcripts ; gene expression ; PCR ; T lymphocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The presence of PSG in blood cells has been demonstrated by immunohistochemical staining. However, the origin of these proteins is not known. This report examines the expression of the PSG genes in different types of freshly isolated blood cells. RNA isolated from bone marrow and peripheral blood cells of healthy individuals was analyzed for PSG transcripts by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction using synthetic oligonucleotide primers specific for the PSG genes. The level of expression of the PSG genes in different types of cells exhibited significant individual variation. Trace amounts of PSG transcripts could be detected in polymorphonuclear cells (PMN), monocytes and B lymphocytes while T lymphocytes always contained the highest level of transcript. The expression of PSG genes in the blood cells apparently was not affected by the method of isolation nor by overnight culturing of these cells except in the case when lymphocytes were separated by rosetting with sheep red blood cells. All reported PSG transcripts were detected in blood cells. Both type I and type II transcripts of the PSG genes were detected in blood cells with the exception of type II transcript of PSG5 and PSG11 which were only found in the placenta. Tissue specificity in the expression or alternative splicing of some of the PSG family members was implicated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01076099
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  • 99
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    Expression of an ABA-responsive osmotin-like gene during the induction of freezing tolerance in Solanum commersonii (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 21 (1993), S. 729-735 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ABA ; cDNA cloning ; freezing tolerance ; gene expression ; osmotin-like protein ; Solanum commersonii
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have isolated a cDNA (pA13) of an ABA-responsive gene from suspension cultures of Solanum commersonii. The deduced amino acid sequence of pA13 cDNA revealed 89 and 91% identity with tobacco osmotin and tomato NP24 protein, respectively. The accumulation of the transcript corresponding to pA13 cDNA was regulated by ABA, cold temperature, and low water potential treatments. Cold-induced accumulation of the pA13 transcript was partially suppressed by fluridone, an ABA synthesis inhibitor, and the suppression was restored by exogenous ABA application. The transcript corresponding to pA13 also accumulated in an organ-specific manner in response to ABA or cold treatment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014558
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  • 100
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    A large DNA repeat of the dispersion pattern common to wheat and rye genomes (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 21 (1993), S. 919-921 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ARS-related element ; dispersed repeat ; genomic DNA sequence ; molecular evolution ; Secale cereale ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A Hind III-generated fragment of wheat embryo nuclear DNA has been cloned and sequenced. The cloned fragment corresponds to a 1241 bp long, moderately repeated (60 000 copies/genome) segment of the genomic DNA. The repeat is AT-rich (67%), contains an open reading frame for 151 amino acids and several nucleotide blocks resembling the consensus domain of autonomously replicating sequences. Southern blot hybridization analyses indicate that the repeat is scattered through the wheat genome. A sequence homologous to this repeat occurs also in rye embryo nuclear DNA where it shows the same dispersion pattern as that observed for the wheat repeat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027123
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