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  • Articles  (2,698)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (2,698)
  • 1990-1994  (2,698)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (1,841)
  • Sociology  (468)
  • Computer Science  (389)
Collection
  • Articles  (2,698)
Source
Publisher
Years
Year
Topic
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Introducing new computer-based systems into Zenbank (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 9 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Here the author examines the development and implementation of a computer-based system within a financial services organization. It highlights emerging paradoxes within the developments of systems design which utilise quality management methodologies to support IT intensive business processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1994.tb00055.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Power and EDP departments: a case study (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 8 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The productivity of white-collar workers in heavily computerized sectors of the economy has collapsed in recent years. This paper suggests that one reason for this involves inefficiencies generated by EDP departments, which have created systems of control enmeshing not only workers but senior management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1993.tb00042.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The involvement of trade unions in quality: evidence from EC enterprises (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 8 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: In 1987–88 a large attitudinal survey covering all 12 Member States of the European Community was carried out by the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions in Dublin which focused on various aspects of participation by employee representatives in new information technology. This paper presents evidence on one important aspect of technological change—that of participation in product and service quality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1993.tb00043.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The employment effects of new technology and organizational change: an empirical study (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 8 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Studies of the relationship between technological change and employment are placed in a conceptual framework prior to an empirical study of the direct employment effects of new technology and a comparison with the effects of organizational change. It shows that the latter are considerably greater than the former, though both are relatively minor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1993.tb00044.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Construction robotics: technological change and work organization (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 8 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Attempts to develop robots for use on construction sites are following different paths in Britain and Japan. Japanese construction firms have invested heavily in modification of existing equipment to improve productivity and quality by making good use of machine operators' skills. In contrast, British researchers are attempting to make ‘quantum leaps' in construction technologies by developing automated machinery which requires minimal human intervention and operator skills. The article assesses the viability of these two contrasting approaches.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1993.tb00029.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Information technology, organizational restructuring and the future of middle management (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 8 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article examines the impact of information technology as one of the factors affecting the numbers and roles of middle managers. The authors highlight the need to empirically examine middle management work in the context of the complexity of changes affecting the job of middle managers and the complexity of reactions to these changes, if further assertions about the future of middle management are to be avoided.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1993.tb00030.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book Reviews (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 8 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Book reviews in this article:Technology and Organization: power, meaning and design Harry Scarbrough and J. Martin CorbettRoads to Participation in the European Community—Increasing prospects of employee representatives in technological change Dieter Fröhlich, Colin Gill and Hubert KriegerAdvanced Technology in Commerce, Offices and Health Services Fe Josefina Dy (Ed.)Industrial Dislocation: The case of global shipbuilding Daniel ToddCompany and Campus Partnership: Supporting Technology Transfer D. Jane BowerHigh-Tech Fantasies: Science Parks in Society, Science and Space Doreen Massey, Paul Quintas and David WieldTechnological Change: The Role of Scientists and Engineers Derek Bosworth, Rob Wilson and Paul TaylorFarewell to Flexibility Anna Pollert (ed.)Industrial Training in a Cold Climate Peter J. SenkerManaging New Technological Change: Case Studies in the Reorganization of Work P. WilkinsOther Publications Received Dodgson, M.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1993.tb00045.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Workplace implications of FMS and CIM in Denmark and Sweden (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 8 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Drawing on experiences from the introduction of FMS and CIM in Denmark and Sweden this article deals with the impact on social relations between management and employees and the new challenges faced by the unions. The authors call for a stronger profile in union policy concerning technology and work.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1993.tb00031.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production restructuring in the textiles and clothing industries (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 8 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article analyses the processes of restructuring in the textiles and clothing industries in a locality. Particular attention here is focused on new technology, labour flexibility, sub-contracting patterns and skill factors. The extent to which the process of restructuring involves a conscious and deliberate move to new patterns of work organization is considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1993.tb00033.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Taylorism, new technology and just-in-time systems in Japanese manufacturing (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 8 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article attempts to examine what is believed to be a significant overall Taylorist influence in Japanese manufacturing as well as a specific manifestation of this phenomenon, namely the unique flow requirements of the generic Toyota system (JIT). The use of unbufferred flow, it is argued, is feasible only with consistent quality, thus making non-discretionary Taylorist job design a necessary condition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1993.tb00032.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Industrial relations in UK clearing banks: a comment on Cressey and Scott (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 8 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Here the author explores the manifestations of discontent resulting from conflictual industrial relations in banking. This has brought about changes, it is argued, that are of equal significance to those referred to by Cressey and Scott.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1993.tb00035.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    From coal mining to a high technology economy? the case of an innovation centre in South Yorkshire (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 8 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The deep coal mining industry was in rapid decline in Britain in the 1980s and 1990s. In many localities formerly associated with the industry, there was a need to encourage diversification and innovation as a means of economic regeneration. The activities of one project which aimed at this are examined here.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1993.tb00034.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Careers and industrial action in banking: reply to a comment (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 8 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1993.tb00036.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book Reviews (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 8 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Book reviews in this article:Design at Work: Cooperative Design of Computer Systems Joan Greenbaum and Morten Kyng (Eds.)Flexible Manufacturing Technologies and International Competitiveness Joseph TiddCase Studies in Information Technology, People and Organizations Karen LeggeReshaping Work: The Cadbury Experience Chris Smith, John Child and Mike Rowlinson
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1993.tb00037.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Employment, technology and industrial relations in the UK clearing banks: is the honeymoon over? (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 7 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Employment in UK retail banking has begun to decline as all the major institutions shed workers. Technological, organizational and market-driven reasons for the job losses in the major clearing banks are discussed. Irrevocable long-term changes in employers' industrial relations and human resource strategies are identified as necessary accompaniments to pushing the current retrenchment through in the context of a developing general crisis in employment relations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1992.tb00023.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pushing back the frontiers: management control and work intensification under JIT/TQM factory regimes (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 7 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Drawing on primary and secondary sources the authors argue that the JIT/TQM manufacturing system intensifies work as a result of increased surveillance and monitoring of workers' activities, heightened responsibility and accountability, the harnessing of peer pressure within ‘teams' and via ‘customers', and the fostering of ‘involvement’ in waste elimination and the continuous improvement of the production process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1992.tb00024.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Subcontracting in banking: some evidence from Britain and France (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 7 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The oversimplified analysis of subcontracting in terms of the relations between small and large firms needs to be abandoned in favour of a broader societal approach. Drawing on empirical evidence from Britain and France it is argued that such an approach can identify a wider range of political, social and economic factors affecting the decision to subcontract.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1992.tb00025.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CNC technology, job design and training: the scope for personnel strategies (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 7 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Drawing on empirical material from a research project on new technology and skills, the author discusses the scope for personnel strategies within a context of varying social constraints. He concludes that within a given production and at a given level of technology, a variation of strategies for staff training and development may emerge. It is argued that the style of management plays a considerable role in determining job design and skill development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1992.tb00026.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Local perspectives on new process technology and employment (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 7 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article examines the introduction of new process technology into a local labour market in the late 1980s and relates variations in adoption rates to establishment characteristics. The authors highlight the contrasts in the employment outcomes and training requirements in adopting and non-adopting establishments and find that ‘adopters' expect more changes in employment, more skills shortages and have a greater awareness of future training needs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1992.tb00027.x
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book Reviews (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 7 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Book reviews in this article:Poor Work: Disadvantage and the Division of Labour Phillip Brown and Richard Scase (eds.)Critical Theory of Technology Andrew FeenbergBuilding Capitalism: Historical Change & the Labour Process in the Production of the Built Environment Linda ClarkeRestructuring a Traditional Industry: Construction Employment and Skills in Europe Helen Rainbird and Gerd Syben (eds.)Science Policy Research: Implications and Applications Darcy F. De Almeida (ed.)Connections: New Ways of Working in the Networked Organisation L. Sproull and S. KieslerOrganizational Structure and Information Technology Jon HarringtonManufacturing Knowledge: A History of the Hawthorne Experiments Richard Gillespie
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1992.tb00028.x
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Work practice barriers to flexible manufacturing in the US and the UK (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 7 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Work practice barriers to flexible manufacturing are studied in the British and American unionized engineering industries and a comparison made of the influence of the industrial relations systems on the potential for overcoming these barriers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1992.tb00016.x
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Where are they now? Some changes in firms located on UK Science Parks in 1986 (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 7 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article looks at changes in the performance and operation of a group of high technology firms over a four year period, in particular comparing their record of employment creation with that of small new firms as a whole; examining the existence of the often discussed ‘soft-hard transition’ in products; and the importance of ownership change.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1992.tb00017.x
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Work organization and occupational development in CIM: the case of Swedish NC machine shops (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 7 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article reports the results of a large survey of Swedish manufacturing companies employing numerically-controlled technology, on work organization and the changing nature of operator skills. The results are assessed in the light of likely changes in organizational structures and skill composition in future forms of computer-integrated manufacturing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1992.tb00018.x
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Police management, office automation and organizational change (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 7 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Police forces, in common with much of the UK system of public administration, continue to come under pressure to engage in managerial and administrative modernisation. This article looks at the role office automation systems play in these processes and at the case for organizational change to accompany the adoption of these systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1992.tb00019.x
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bank computerization and organizational innovations: the long winding road to the bank of the future (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 7 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Despite increasing customer orientation and a more proactive IT policy in the services offered by Dutch banks, organizational innovation has been partial and segmented. Changes in organizational structure are complicated by the current wave of mergers between banks and insurance companies.[1]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1992.tb00020.x
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
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    Enterprise size, information technology and the service sector—the employment implications (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 7 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Using data gained from a study of the insurance and accounting industries, this article demonstrates the importance of the relationship between enterprise size and enterprise susceptibility to the employment effects of information technology in the service sector.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1992.tb00021.x
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  • 27
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    Book Reviews (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 7 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Managing Innovation: a Study of British and Japanese Factories D. H. Whittaker Systems that Support Decision Makers: Description and Analysis Mark S. Silver Modern Organisations; Organisation Studies in the Postmodern World Stewart Clegg Office Automation: Context, Experience and Future Andrew Doswell The Quest for Productivity Bruce W. Ahlstrand Feminism Confronts Technology Judy Wajcman
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1992.tb00022.x
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  • 28
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    The art of building a car: the Swedish experience re-examined (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 6 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The Swedish automobile industry has recently encountered significant difficulties. This article reviews a major study of the relationships between production, technology and work organisation in Volvo and Saab. It compares the Swedish approach to automobile production with those of the American and Japanese companies and speculates on whether the Swedish industry will survive in the coming decade.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1991.tb00134.x
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  • 29
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    Changing technology and design work in the British engineering industry, 1981–1988 (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 6 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Technologies and management strategies change over time and interact. Longitudinal studies can shed some light on this process, and can also contribute to understanding of how relationships between technology and working conditions change over time.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1991.tb00135.x
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  • 30
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    The challenge of CAD/CAM: some experiences of British and Canadian engineering companies (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 6 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article considers factors which influence the readiness of management to associate organisational with technological change. Outcomes are related to the socio-political environment of firms and the position of engineers in the two countries.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1991.tb00136.x
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  • 31
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    Restructuring, productivity and workplace relations: evidence from the textile industry (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 6 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This study analyses the nature of productivity improvements in the textile industry by focusing on the interplay between micro-electronic technologies and changes in work practices at two hosiery plants and a cotton spinning mill. The findings highlight the uneven impact of technological change on workplace relations and patterns of occupational segregation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1991.tb00138.x
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  • 32
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    New technologies and working time: The case of CAD introduction (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 6 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The introduction of new technology is often accompanied by changes in working time arrangements. These changes, however, are by no means homogeneous. They are contingent upon a variety of factors which may differ widely from organization to organization. Using findings from a study on the consequences of CAD application it is shown that among these factors the bargaining power of affected employee groups is particularly important.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1991.tb00137.x
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  • 33
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    Skill changes in maintenance work in British Telecom: an alternative view (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 6 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Here the author presents an alternative view of recent changes in skilled work in British Telecom to that provided by Roger Penn in a recent article in NTWE. In particular, he argues for a detailed analysis of changing work tasks, a clear definition of skill, and a greater focus on the changing distribution of tasks and skills between different occupational groups.
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    Book Reviews (1991)
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    New technology, work and employment 6 (1991), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Book reviewed in this articleTechnology and the Labour ProcessUnder New Management: Australian Organisations in TransitionTechnological Development and the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions: Options for the FutureInformation Technology in European Services: Towards a Microelectronic FutureSkills, Wages and Productivity in the Service SectorThe Spatial Context of Technological DevelopmentThe Technical Challenges and Opportunities of a United EuropeTechnology and the Pursuit of Economic GrowthNew Explorations in the Economics of Technological ChangeR&D Management: Managing Products and New Processes (2nd edition)The Employment Impact of New TechnologyThe Strategic Management of Technological InnovationNew Firms in the Biotechnology Industry: Their Contribution to Innovation and Growth
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    Developing Japan's R & D staff: in search of a new personnel management? (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 6 (1991), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The traditional system of managing corporate manpower resources in Japan has fostered incremental innovation, diversification and organic growth. The establishment of R & D labs for frontier research has brought debate about the need to reform, or even abandon, traditional methods. The evidence to date suggests marginal rather than wholesale change.
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    The dynamics of just-in-time (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 6 (1991), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article analyses the impact of just-in-time production on the three resources of machines, materials and people, and suggests that JIT entails a redistribution of slack between these resources. The impact of JIT on an organization's human resources is particularly problematical; pressures towards both increased variety and intensity of work are apparent.
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    Organizational factors and technology-intensive industry: the US and Japan (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 6 (1991), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: High technology industry in the US and Japan can be thought of as distinct organizational models. Here the authors examine the historical evolution, major characteristics, and benefits and costs of these different models. This leads to the conclusion that organizational factors exert a powerful influence on the ability of firms, industries and nations to adapt to new technology-intensive industries.
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    Book Reviews (1991)
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    New technology, work and employment 6 (1991), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Book reviewed in this articleInnovation in Technology and OrganizationUnpacking the Clothing Industry: Gender, Racism and Class in ProductionComputer Systems Development: history, organisation and implementationEnvisioning A Sustainable Society: Learning Our Way OutComputers, Jobs and Skills: The Industrial Relations of Technological ChangeDeveloping Skills with Information TechnologyMaintaining Information Systems in OrganisationsHostile Brothers: Competition and Closure in the European Electronics Industry
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    A research note: information technology and company performance in the textile industry (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 6 (1991), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Here the authors examine the role of computer networks on organisations engaged in textile and clothing manufacture. The results reveal that companies with a computer network performed significantly better than those without, both in terms of growth in employment and return on sales over the period 1985–87
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    New technology and the restructuring of pit-level industrial relations in the British coal industry (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 6 (1991), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Since the 1984–85 strike, British Coal has pursued its corporate objectives by restructuring operations, introducing new technology and intensifying work. The reconstruction of industrial relations which has accompanied these changes is analysed with particular emphasis on developments at colliery level.
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    New technologies, employment shifts and gender divisions within the textile industry (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 6 (1991), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article examines the implications of the restructuring of the textile industry. In particular, the interlinked themes of technical change, employment restructuring and gender divisions are explored. The tensions which exist between production process and labour process transformations are considered, and a possible policy framework is offered.
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    Worker support for technical change (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 5 (1990), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The Workplace Industrial Relations Survey shows that in the large majority of cases the introduction of new technology is supported by the workers affected and their union representatives. In contrast, organisational change receives a more mixed response. Case studies reveal some of the principal reasons for the contrasting reactions to different forms of change.
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    In the name of progress? skill and attitudes towards technological change (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 5 (1990), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article uses case study data to explore the relationship between skill and workers’attitudes to technological change. A detailed model of skill is constructed to examine whether and how jobs are deskilled. The influence of a range of skill-based and other factors on attitudes is then assessed.
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    Labour process analysis and socio-technical design: living apart together? (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 5 (1990), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Here the authors explore how the labour process approach and the socio-technical approach can be used in the process of design and redesign of production organizations. The implications of both approaches are looked at in several cases of work reorganization in Rotterdam harbour.
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    Technological change and worker participation in Europe (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 5 (1990), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article analyses the extent, evaluation and strategies for the future of employees, representatives and management regarding participation in technological change. The results from interviews in the UK, France, Germany, Italy and Denmark show a low level of involvement, particularly in strategic decision making, a positive evaluation of participation by practitioners and the intention to increase levels of involvement on both sides of industry.
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    Skilled maintenance work at British Telecom: findings from the Social Change and Economic Life Research Initiative (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 5 (1990), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Here the author examines the relationship of technical change and job skills amongst maintenance workers in telecommunications in Britain. It demonstrates that there are significant variations within different areas of such maintenance work and strongly challenges the notion that such maintenance work is subject to a generic process of deskilling in the present era.
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    Book Reviews (1990)
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    New technology, work and employment 5 (1990), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Book reviewed in this articleComputers in the Human ContextThe Technical Fix: Education, Computers and IndustryOffice Automation: The Labour Process and Women's Work in BritainManagerial Strategy for New TechnologyTelecommunications Policy and Management
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    Technology agreements and industrial relations in Belgium (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 5 (1990), S. 0 
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    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Belgium has a very developed system of national collective bargaining and as a result, it is one of the few countries with a national technology agreement. An analysis revealed that this agreement was not used very much. This article looks at the use and importance of technology agreements for unions.
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    Barriers to growth: skills and training in telematics (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 5 (1990), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Great claims have been made about the growth prospects of the telematics sector, the primary source of communications networks and services. However, this article argues that the telematics sector faces some formidable barriers to growth, especially with respect to skills provision.
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    New technology, new careers: the impact of company employment policy (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 5 (1990), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Both upskilling and deskilling theses are frequently at fault in treating the unit of analysis as the skill residing in a particular group of workers, when it is the intersecting roles and labour markets, established over a period of time by recruitment, training, and job design policies, which are analytically significant.
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    Clerical workers and information technology: gender relations and occupational change (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 5 (1990), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: A questionnaire and interview study of women office workers in the West Midlands, who had recently experienced technical change, is used to examine their perceptions both of changes in their jobs and of the implementation process. The consequences for women's opportunities are discussed.
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    Book reviews (1990)
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    New technology, work and employment 5 (1990), S. 0 
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    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Book reviewed in this articleWork-Oriented Design of Computer ArtifactsNew Technology in ContextStrategies for Success: Case Studies in Advanced Manufacturing TechnologyComputers and Democracy: A Scandinavian ChallengeTechnology and WorkOn Work: Historical, Comparative and Theoretical ApproachesPeople and Computers: how to evaluate your company's new technologyTechnology and Competition in the International Telecommunications IndustryTrading Technology: Europe and Japan in the Middle East
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    New office technology and the labour process in contemporary Japanese banking (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 5 (1990), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Japanese banks account for the top nine of the world's ten biggest banks. Rationalization has led to increased control of employees in the sphere of labour management. This article examines labour management and working conditions in relation to the introduction of new office technology.
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    GENERATING TEXT WITHOUT TREES (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: In this paper, I present an architecture for generating extended text. This architecture is implemented in a system, Salix, which incrementally generates natural language texts whose structure is derived from the domain structure of the subject matter. The architecture is composed of data-driven, domain-independent strategies for producing increments of text. The strategies include metastrategies that combine or choose among all strategies that are applicable at each increment or decide what to do if no strategy applies. Salix's capabilities are demonstrated in generating texts, in the domains of houses and families, that are comparable to descriptions elicited from human speakers. Salix has also been utilized to generate texts about text style (Germain 1991). The approach to text generation presented here is compared to others in the literature along the dimensions of local organization, coherence, focusing, and domain independence. An argument is made for the approach presented here that locally organizes and incrementally generates coherent text.
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    STORY GENERATION BASED ON DYNAMICS OF THE MIND (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A story generation system based on dynamics of the mind is presented. Semantic theories until now avoided discussing a linkage of language with encyclopedic human knowledge. This paper attacks the problem of how to make clear the complicated, wide-ranging dynamics of the mind and how to connect it to language.First, the background of this study is shown, in which our model of the mind, with both five levels along the concept formation process and eight domains according to the contents of mental activities, is surveyed.Based on this model, then, the dynamics of mind are discussed, along an Aesop fable. A unit of data processing in the mind is called a “module,” and the mental dynamics are considered as a chain activation of those modules, represented by a dynamic network. Next, a method for story generation is discussed. Propositional information of a sentence is embedded in a slot of activated, frame-structured modules, and the discourse structure of a generated story basically depends on the dynamic network. Both the chain activation and the generation processes are verified by experiments.Lastly, residual problems of our research, a comparison with related research, and its applications are discussed.This case study would be expected to give a basis to integrated systems for problem solving, natural language and image understandings, their generations, and intelligent robots.
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    Introduction to the special issue on natural language generation (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 7 (1991), S. 0 
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    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1991.tb00394.x
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    SOME NEGLECTED ASPECTS OF THE GENERATION TASK (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 8 (1992), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Looking to the future, generators will have more knowledge of language and will have to deal with inputs that are very rich in information. As a result, several problems will become more acute, including selecting what to say at the subproposition level and dealing with interaction among goals and dependencies among choices. This paper explains how these problems arise and why they are hard to handle within traditional architectures for generation. It also discusses why these issues have not been well addressed, including the current lack of demanding applications, excessive emphasis on linguistic traditions, the use of reverse engineering to determine generator inputs, and the tendency to research only one issue at a time.
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    GUEST EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION: HERE'S THE AI (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00139.x
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    EXPLOITING CAUSAL STRUCTURE TO CONTROL RETRIEVAL AND REFITTING DURING PLAN REUSE (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The ability to reuse existing plans to solve new planning problems can enable a domain-independent planner to improve its average case efficiency by exploiting the problem distribution and avoiding repetition of planning effort. The pay-off from plan reuse, however, crucially depends on finding effective solutions to two important underlying control problems: (i) controlling the retrieval of an appropriate plan and mapping to be reused in a new situation, and (ii) controlling the modification (refitting) of the retrieved plan so as to minimize perturbation to the applicable parts of the plan. This paper is concerned with the development of efficient domain-independent solutions to these two problems. For the retrieval, it provides a domain independent similarity metric that utilizes the plan causal dependency structure to estimate the utility of reusing a given plan in a new problem situation. For the refitting, it presents a minimum-conflict heuristic, again based on the causal dependency structure of the plan, to conservatively control the modification. The paper also discusses the implementation and evaluation of these strategies within the PRIAR plan modification framework.
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    BELIEVING ON THE BASIS OF QUALITATIVE RULES: COMMENTARY ON KYBURG (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00142.x
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    INFERENCE AND ACCEPTANCE: COMMENTS ON KYBURG'S “BELIEVING ON THE BASIS OF THE EVIDENCE” (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    EVIDENTIAL PROBABILITIES ARE NOT ENOUGH (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00146.x
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    Markov analysis of qualitative dynamics (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 7 (1991), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Common sense sometimes predicts events to be likely or unlikely rather than merely possible. We extend methods of qualitative reasoning to predict the relative likelihoods of possible qualitative behaviors by viewing the dynamics of a system as a Markov chain over its transition graph. This involves adding qualitative or quantitative estimates of transition probabilities to each of the transitions and applying the standard theory of Markov chains to distinguish persistent states from transient states and to calculate recurrence times, settling times, and probabilities for ending up in each state. Much of the analysis depends solely on qualitative estimates of transition probabilities, which follow directly from theoretical considerations and which lead to qualitative predictions about entire classes of systems. Quantitative estimates for specific systems are derived empirically and lead to qualitative and quantitative conclusions, most of which are insensitive to small perturbations in the estimated transition probabilities. The algorithms are straightforward and efficient.
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    Using crucial literals to select better theories (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 7 (1991), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: When Horn clause theories are combined with integrity constraints to produce potentially refutable theories, Seki and Takeuchi have shown how crucial literals can be used to discriminate two mutually incompatible theories. A literal is crucial with respect to two theories if only one of the two theories supports the derivation of that literal. In other words, actually determining the truth value of the crucial literal will refute one of the two incompatible theories.This paper presents an integration of the idea of crucial literal with Theorist, a logic-based system for hypothetical reasoning. Theorist is a goal-directed nonmonotonic reasoning system that classifies logical formulas as possible hypotheses, facts, and observations. As Theorist uses full clausal logic, it does not require Seki and Takeuchi's notion of integrity constraint to define refutable theories. In attempting to deduce observation sentences, Theorist identifies instances of possible hypotheses as nomological explanations: consistent sets of hypothesis instances required to deduce observations. As multiple and mutually incompatible explanations are possible, the notion of crucial literal provides the basis for proposing experiments that distinguish competing explanations.We attempt to make three contributions. First, we adapt Seki and Takeuchi's method for Theorist. To do so, we incrementally use crucial literals as experiments, whose results are used to reduce the total number of explanations generated for a given set of observations. Next, we specify an extension which incrementally constructs a table of all possible crucial literals for any pair of theories. This extension is more efficient and provides the user with greater opportunity to conduct experiments to eliminate falsifiable theories. A prototype is implemented in CProlog, and several examples of diagnosis are considered to show its empirical efficiency. Finally, we point out that assumption-based truth maintenance systems (ATMS), as used in the multiple fault diagnosis system of de Kleer and Williams, are interesting special cases of this more general method of distinguishing explanatory theories.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1991.tb00331.x
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    Determining intended evidence relations in natural language arguments (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 7 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: When trying to understand a speaker's argument, it is necessary to determine what her claim is and what evidence she provides for it. It is necessary, therefore, to be able to recognize evidence relations in terms of the speaker's beliefs. This paper describes an implementation of an evidence oracle, which tests for evidence between statements and builds a model of the speaker based on the evidence relations found. This implementation is intended to be an advance in the development of practical discourse analysis systems, proposing a basis for verifying certain relationships between utterances. Another contribution of the work is a stratified speaker model which allows for varying levels of acceptance of beliefs attributed to the speaker. Integration of the implemented evidence oracle into a full discourse analyser is presented, together with output illustrating the analysis for several sample arguments. Some extensions of this approach for plan inference are also discussed.Lorsque l'on essaie de comprendre l'argument d'un locuteur, il importe de déterminer la nature de sa prétention et le type d'évidence qui l'accompagne. Par conséquent, il est nécessaire de pouvoir distinguer des relations d'évidence les croyances du locuteur. Cet article décrit la mise en oeuvre d'un oracle qui recherche l'évidence entre des énoncés et construit un modèle du locuteur en fonction des relations d'évidence constatées. Cette mise en oeuvre propose une base pour vérifier certaines relations entre des énoncés; elle se veut une contribution au développement d'un système pratique d'analyse du discours. Une autre contribution de cette recherche est l'élaboration d'un modèle de locuteur stratifyé qui tient compte de niveaux variables d'acceptation des croyances attributeés au locuteur. l'intégration de l'oracle d'évidence sous forme d'analyseur de discours est présentée, ainsi que des illustrations de l' analyse de plusieurs arguments types. Une extension de cette approche à l'inférence de plans est également discutée.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1991.tb00386.x
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    Egomotion perception using visual tracking (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 7 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The ability of a biological organism to visually track a perceptually significant feature in its environment has been argued to be an important feedback mechanism guiding locomotion. This paper analyzes the constraints available from the visual motion stimuli in the context of tracking. Our aim is to show that the act of tracking simplifies the decoding of egomotion parameters from motion stimuli. The constraints obtainable under tracking are utilized to analyze a possible egomotion decoding strategy for a binocular robot eye system, modeled after the human ocular tracking (smooth pursuit) mechanism. The main result of the paper is in the derivation of a closed-form solution of the egomotion parameters using feedback information concerning the movement of the tracking motors over time. The theoretical results are verified by experiments. We believe that the active tracking approach presented here is a more simple, practical, and manageable technique in a robot navigation setting, compared to passive methods.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1991.tb00333.x
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    Denkprothesen: on programs that reason (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 7 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper considers computer programs that purport to do inference. It finds the essence of their reasoning ability to reside in a particular relationship which exists between the computations described by the texts of those programs and machine-independent formal representations of the theories in which they are said to reason. The principal novelties in the treatment of this question are the use of explicit “abstraction functions” between states of a computation and sets of sentences of a theory, and the notion of global “inference relations” which characterize the set of all inferences of which a system is capable. The central result of the paper is an “arrow-theoretic” characterization of the concept of a knowledge representation, along with the related concept of a knowledge representation realization. The notions of equivalence and subsumption for knowledge representations are defined, as well as equivalence of knowledge representation realizations. Finally, important issues of expression evaluation and control are addressed. The paper concludes with a slogan: “The AI is in the arrows.”Cet article traite des programmes informatiques qui prétendent faire de ľinférence. Ľauteur constate que ľessentiel de leur capacityé de raisonnement réside dans la relation particulière qui existe entre les calculs décrits par les textes de ces programmes et les représentations formelles non liées à un type de machine des théories dans le cadre desquelles ils sont supposés raisonner. Les principales nouveautés dans le traitement de cette question sont ľutilisation de fonctions ?abstraction explicites éntre les etats ?un calcul et les ensembles de phrases ?une théorie, et la notion de relations ?inférence globales qui caractérisent ľensemble de toutes les inférences dont un système est capable. Le principal résultat de cet article est une caractérisation du concept de la représentation des connaissances, ainsi que du concept connexe de la réalisation de la représentation des connaissances. Les notions ?équivalence et de sous-somption pour la représentation des connaissances sont définies, ainsi que ľéquivalence des réalisations de la représentation des connaissances. Enfin, des questions importantes comme ľanalyse et le contrǒle ?expressions sont traitées.
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    ON A GENERAL APPROACH TO HEDGED REASONING (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00144.x
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    HEDGES, BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE, AND EVIDENCE: A REPLY TO KYBURG'S “BELIEVING ON THE BASIS OF THE EVIDENCE” (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00147.x
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    THE ROLE OF PROBABILITY IN EPISTEMOLOGY (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00154.x
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    DISCUSSION OF KYBURG'S “BELIEVING ON THE BASIS OF THE EVIDENCE” (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00155.x
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    Taking Issue revisited (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1990.tb00133.x
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    Reversible logic grammars for natural language parsing and generation (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The use of a single grammar in natural language parsing and generation is most desirable for a variety of reasons, including efficiency, perspicuity, integrity, robustness, and a certain amount of elegance. These characteristics have been noted before by several researchers, but it was only recently that more serious attention started to be paid to the problem of creating a bidirectional system for natural language processing. In this paper we discuss a somewhat more radical version of the problem: given a parser for a language, can we reverse it so that it becomes an efficient generator for the same language? Furthermore, since both the parser and the generator are based upon the same grammar, are there any normalization conditions upon the form of the grammar that must be met in order to assure the maximum efficiency of the reversed program? Can other grammars be transformed into the normal form? We describe the results of an experiment with PROLOG-based logic grammar which has been derived from a substantial-coverage string grammar for English. We present an alogorithm for automated inversion of a unification parser into an efficient unification generator, using the collections of minimal sets of essential arguments for predicates. We discuss the scope of the present version of the algorithm and then point out several possible avenues for extension. We also outline a preliminary solution to the question of grammar's “normal form” and suggest a handful of normalizing transformations that can be used to enhance the efficiency of the generator. This research interacts closely with a Japanese-English machine translation project at New York University, for which the first implementation of the inversion algorithm has been prepared.
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    Reply to rejoinder (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1990.tb00134.x
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    Reply to rejoinder (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1990.tb00135.x
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    Probability and logic: a reply to Cheeseman (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1990.tb00136.x
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    Let many flowers bloom: a response to An inquiry into computer understanding (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1990.tb00137.x
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    On the importance of evidence: a response to Halpern (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Halperri argues for alternative non-Bayesian approaches to uncertainty based on problems he perceives in the Bayesian approach. In particular, he argues for a distinction between degrees of belief and statistical statements (based on the concept of random sampling). In this response I show that there is no difference between these two concepts in the Bayesian framework, and that the replacement of variables by constants in probabilistic predicate calculus expressions is valid, despite Halpern's objections. The main reason for his rejection of the simpler approach is that he does not condition his belief statements on the evidence used to form these beliefs, and so gets into trouble when new evidence is received. This failure to properly take evidence into account invalidates most of his other criticisms. While I approve of his call for more formal rigor in representing Bayesian practice, his claim to have provided a semantics is misleading – what he has provided is not operational.
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    Formalizing planning knowledge for hierarchical planning (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A hierarchical planning system achieves efficiency by planning with the most important conditions first, and considering details later in the planning process. Few attempts have been made to formalize the structure of the planning knowledge for hierarchical planning. For a given domain, there is usually more than one way to define its planning knowledge. Some of the definitions can lead to efficient planning, while others may not. In this paper, we provide a set of restrictions which defines the relationships between a non-primitive action and its set of subactions. When satisfied, these restrictions guarantee improved efficiency for hierarchical planning. One important feature of these restrictions is that they are syntactic and therefore do not depend on the particular structure of any plan. Along with these restrictions, we also provide algorithms for preprocessing the planning knowledge of a hierarchical planner. When used during planning, the preprocessed operator hierarchies can enable a planner to significantly reduce its search space.
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    Computing occupations: organizational power, work transition and collective mobility (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 9 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The computing occupations are in a state of transition between a technical service and something more central to organizational power and decision-making. This process has had complex implications for the nature of computing work and for careers. There is no certainty that embryonic changes will carry through. But neither should the chances of these occupations of mounting a ‘collective mobility project’ be written off early.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.1994.tb00049.x
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    The ‘transformation game’: information systems and process innovation in organizations (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 9 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The relationship between new information and communication technology and organizations is the subject of considerable debate. So too is the nature of organizational transformation. ‘Business process re-engineering’, with its emphasis upon the strategic deployment of information systems, brings both debates together. But does it resolve any of the issues?
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    An expert system on a programmable logic chip with an architecture accommodating a large number of inputs (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 9 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1992.tb00387.x
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    News (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 9 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
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    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1992.tb00391.x
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    An expert system for wide area network component configuration (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 9 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Many organizations today have an interest in communications networks, either as users of public networks or as operators of their own private networks. Thus, the management of communications networks has become an important issue in the communications industry. The network design task is fundamental to the whole notion of network management; however, with the rapid rate of change in network technology and the emergence of highly sophisticated network users, network design has become an increasingly complex problem.The purpose of this paper is to describe a development effort which incorporates expert systems techniques to treat one aspect of the network design problem—the initial planning and design of a network prior to implementation. The research effort was concerned with developing an expert system for Amdahl Communications Products which could be used by sales engineers in designing wide area networks to meet specified customer requirements. The system treats both the topological design problem and the component configuration problem.
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    Interviewed for Expert Systems by Kenneth Owen (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 9 (1992), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1992.tb00384.x
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    News (1992)
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    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1992.tb00385.x
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    Expert system evaluation techniques: a selected bibliography (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 8 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: The rapid growth in the use of expert systems has led to widespread interest in techniques for their evaluation, which includes verification and validation. Evaluation techniques in the software engineering community are well established but there are different opinions about the effectiveness of transferring software engineering methodologies to expert systems. This paper outlines some of the issues involved in evaluating expert systems and cites almost 200 significant papers on the topic. We present it with the expectation that it will help both new and established researchers become acquainted with the literature of an important and growing field.
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    Designing a practical user interface for an expert system shell (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 8 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: This paper describes some of the problems encountered in developing a user interface for a commercial expert system. The emphasis is on the practical side of interface implementation while attempting to follow the many guidelines presented in the literature.
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    Integrating knowledge-based systems with mainframe data processing via terminal operator emulation (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 8 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: The need to integrate knowledge-based systems (KBS) with mainstream data processing (DP) systems is increasingly recognised. It is also recognised that there is no ideal mode of KBS integration: different types of problem call for different modes of integration. Many large organisations are now facing a serious problem in the operation of their existing DP systems. This paper focuses on the problem of providing intelligent support to the (often inexperienced) terminal users of complex mainframe systems—but without initiating any significant changes to the existing DP environment. Over the past few years we have been attempting to evolve a solution to this type of problem that is satisfactory from both a human and a software engineering perspective. This paper outlines the previous work and considerations underlying our current approach. Starting from a purely mainframe-based mode of integration, this has entailed locating an increasing number of an integrated KBS-DP system's components onto a front-end workstation. In our current solution, both user interface and KBS modules reside on a workstation linked to the (unchanged) mainframe environment. The key element of this approach is terminal operator emulation: a KBS-controlled 'script’ facility on a workstation which emulates the flexible keyboard behaviour of an experienced mainframe terminal user interacting with an existing DP system. The software tools and techniques employed in implementing this solution are discussed and details of a large operational system are presented as an example application.
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    Temporal reasoning in blood gas diagnosis (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 8 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: The aim of this paper is to describe a system whereby an intensive care unit patient's condition can be monitored and assessed over time using mostly blood gas analysis data. The first six sections analyse some major temporal reasoning approaches (with limited examples from other related areas) with the aim of selecting one for the task at hand. The last sections describe the PONJIP temporal blood gas analysis expert system with its main components, including user interfaces customised to the doctor's requirements. Since the overall aim of this paper is to describe an expert system used for the evaluation of the possible contribution of temporal medical reasoning from blood gas data, research specific to other application areas or data will not be covered here.
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    ALCA — automated local area networks configuration aid (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 8 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Solving the customer's LAN/WAN interconnect problem is difficult because of the need to explore many possible configurations (e.g. bridging/routing, packet/channels) and then to choose the best configuration using economic, performance and other criteria. The rapid introduction of new standards, protocols and products to the networking field brings additional complications to the solution and can cause confusion when configuring a network. ALCA is intended to generate all feasible LAN/WAN configuration possibilities automatically and to pick the most appropriate solution to solve the customer's problem, while specifically addressing open systems interconnection (OSI) standards. Matching communications protocols while searching all possible configurations is notoriously slow even on a computer. We show how the search speed can be significantly improved by using expert system knowledge compilation, a computer-aided software engineering (CASE) technique. ALCA is based on a centrally updated knowledge base of various local area networking products and their interconnect possibilities. ALCA also allows querying to find out protocol interfaces supported by a particular product/service. Finally, it includes a graphic user interface and context-sensitive menus to reduce user information load. ALCA is intended to be used by the field personnel involved in pre-sales support, by the data communication product managers, and as an educational tool for novice communication product managers.
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    The state of the AI industry: AAAI'91 show report (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 8 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1991.tb00295.x
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  • 93
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    Artificial intelligence and economic modelling (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 8 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Artificial intelligence has emerged from the toy problem world and is being applied to real domains in a more general way, the existence of several large application systems supporting the belief that a generation of smarter and more general systems will be developed. However, a new problem, sometimes referred to as the fusion problem, has been identified, which acts to restrict the development of such systems. This paper explains the nature of the problem, and by examining a proposed expert system in economics (ESE), discussing three approaches to a prototype ESE and the problems associated with them, draws some conclusions with regard to data fusion and expert co-operation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1991.tb00257.x
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  • 94
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    An IKB defect classification system for automated industrial radiographic inspection (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 8 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: This paper presents work undertaken as part of a project concerned with the development of a fully automated industrial radiographic inspection system, based on both conventional image-processing techniques for the detection and analysis of defects in the radiographic image, and intelligent knowledge-based (1KB) techniques for the classification and evaluation of defect data against the quality assurance requirements of the inspection process. In this paper the 1KB defect classification system is presented. This system is based on a hierarchical frame-based knowledge representation and a backward-chaining production rule system. Examples of the frame structures, frame taxonomies and the data-driven procedures, which maintain the knowledge base are given, along with an outline of the defect classification rules and the inference mechanism for dealing with uncertainty by means of confidence factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1991.tb00289.x
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    News (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 8 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1991.tb00294.x
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  • 96
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    Electronic Resource
    Logic aids for interviewing experts (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 8 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: The excessive time devoted to the development, testing and maintenance of expert systems (ESs) needs to be reduced radically. What is needed is general-purpose software that can interlace the extracting, structuring, testing, and encoding of knowledge gained from debriefing the expert in any field. LAPS (Logic Aids for Problem Solving) is just such a program and has been successfully used to produce an ES in the domain of submarine diving officers. This automatically-encoded ES was produced by each expert entering his responses to the LAPS series of strategic-induction, AI-jargon-free queries. Currently, the LAPS prototype has four core sessions or functions: (1) the initial or sample-solution session; (2) the dechunking or hidden-knowledge session; (3) the alternatives or completeness-testing session; and (4) the automatic rule-production session. After any session the interviewee can use the fourth function of LAPS to produce frame-laden rules (in M.I, for now; later, in CLIPS). These rules can of course be used to carry out consultation sessions, though fewer of these are needed. LAPS has itself been translated from M.I to C to provide a very fast program on an almost universally available platform — the microcomputer. In accord with the overall technical approach to this project, other successful offline rigorous interviewing functions are being added to LAPS. Other code additions pertain to (a) graphical and other user-friendly reasoning-aid enhancements; (b) a series of simpler follow-up queries; and (c) the fleshing out of many stubs, or functions having intermediate results but as yet no processing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1991.tb00292.x
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  • 97
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    Diary (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 8 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1991.tb00297.x
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  • 98
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    A shell for cooperating expert systems (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 8 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: This paper describes a shell for cooperating expert systems that has been developed at the University of Porto. The main goal of this shell is two-fold: to generate a community of cooperative knowledge-based systems and to develop several special reasoning techniques which can be used under a distributed and cooperative paradigm. UPShell is able to convert a set of generated intelligent systems (ISs) into a community of cooperative ISs. In this first version it is already possible to generate different intelligent systems which are able to run ‘simultaneously’ as separate Unix processes and, using a message-passing mechanism, to communicate among themselves. They can be set to pursue an overall goal in a cooperative way. Moreover, several tasks can be given to each IS to be solved simultaneously, and the IS can switch from task to task according to dynamic priorities reflecting the urgency attached to the specific sub-tasks that emerge. The shell described here may also be used to test, within a distributed environment, some time-bounded reasoning techniques that are presently being developed. The paper has three main parts: a general overview of the UPShell (Section 1); a tutorial explaining, by means of examples, how to use the package (Section 2); and, finally, some considerations on the reasoning techniques used and future improvements (Sections 3–5).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1991.tb00255.x
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    Interviewed for Expert Systems by Kenneth Owen (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 8 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1991.tb00259.x
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    Electronic Resource
    NEWS (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 8 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1991.tb00261.x
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