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  • Articles  (132)
  • Oryza sativa
  • 1990-1994  (132)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1950-1954
  • Biology  (71)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (70)
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  • Articles  (132)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Retrotransposition of a plant SINE into the wx locus during evolution of rice (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 38 (1994), S. 132-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Plant SINE ; retroposon ; Rice evolution ; wx locus ; Oryza sativa ; PCR ; Repetitive sequences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new type of plant retroposon, p-SINE1, has been found in the wx locus of rice (Oryza sativa). It has some structural characteristics similar to those of mammalian SINEs, such as members of the Alu or Bl family. In order to estimate the time at which the integration of p-SINE1 into a single locus occurred during rice evolution, we examined the distribution of two members of p-SINE1 in several species of the Oryza genus by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We found that one member of p-SINE1 (p-SINE1-r2) in the ninth intron of the wx + gene was present only in two closely related species, O. sativa and O. rufipogon, and was not present in the other species carrying the AA genome within the Oryza genus. This result indicates that p-SINE1-r2 was integrated into the wx locus after O. sativa and O. rufipogon had diverged from other species with the AA genome. In contrast to p-SINE1-r2, another member (p-SINE1-rl) located in the untranslated 5′-region of the wx + gene was present not only in all species with the AA genome but also in species with a different genome (CCDD). This result suggests that p-SINE1-rl was integrated into that position prior to the genomic divergence. Thus, it appears that each member of p-SINE1 was retroposed at a specific site at a different time during rice evolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00166160
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developmental and light-dependent cues interact to establish steady-state levels of transcripts for photosynthesis-related genes (psbA, pbsD, psaA and rbcL) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 362-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; Chloroplast genes ; Developmental regulation ; Light regulation ; Gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The steady-state transcript levels for psbA, psbD, psaA and rbcL are low in dark-grown rice seedlings as compared to those grown in light. Following seed germination, they accumulate in an age-dependent manner, in dark as well as light, reaching a maximal level on the 7th or 8th day, before a slow decline sets in. But transcripts for psbA and psbD continue to maintain relatively-high levels even after 10 days of growth in light. Exposure of 5-day-old dark-grown seedlings to light results in an approximately 25–60-fold increase in transcripts during a period of 72 h, followed by a decrease. An analysis of data from both lines of investigation reveals that the developmental programme increases the transcript levels for psbA, psbD, psaA and rbcL by about 10-, 2.3-, 7.0- and 8.0-fold, respectively, between 5–8 days after germination and it is independent of light. At the same time, exposure of the seedlings to light during this period further enhances transcript levels by 5-, 11.4-, 6.6- and 7.8-fold, respectively. Thus, both developmental and light-dependent cues contribute to establish steady-state levels of transcripts for the chloroplast genes investigated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351491
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular changes of organelle DNA sequences in rice through dedifferentiation, long-term culture, or the morphogenesis process (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 899-907 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: amplification ; competitive PCR ; genome rearrangement ; organelle ; Oryza sativa ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Callus-specific rearranged DNA in rice (Oryza sativa L.) was isolated by in-gel reassociation procedure. Southern hybridization experiments revealed that some clones were amplified significantly in primary callus induced from scutellum tissue. Rapid amplification of these clones was observed within 2 days after plating seeds onto callus-induction medium containing 2,4-D. NAA gave no significant effect on DNA amplification event. Colony formation process from isolated protoplasts and plant regeneration process from callus showed clone-specific and process-specific fluctuation patterns of copy number. Sequence analysis of the clones suggested that most of the clones were originated from organelle DNA. Comparison of copy number fluctuation pattern of organelle functional genes with that of the clones suggested multiformity and/or construction-specific amplification of organelle DNA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028857
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palindromic repeated sequences (PRSs) in the mitochondrial genome of rice: evidence for their insertion after divergence of the genus Oryza from the other Gramineae (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 24 (1994), S. 273-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: insertion ; mitochondrial DNA ; mobile elements ; Oryza sativa ; palindromic repeated sequences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have identified a family of small repeated sequences (from 60 to 66 bp in length) in the mitochondrial genome of rice (Oryza sativa cv. Nipponbare). There are at least ten copies of these sequences and they are distributed throughout the mitochondrial genome. Each is potentially capable of forming a stem-and-loop structure and we have designated them PRSs (palindromic repeated sequences). Their features are reminiscent of the small dispersed repeats in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of some lower eukaryotes, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Neurospora crassa and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Some of the PRSs of rice mtDNA are located in the intron of the gene for ribosomal protein S3 (rps3) and in the flanking sequence of the gene for chloroplast-like tRNAAsn (trnN). An analysis of PCR-amplified fragments of these regions from the DNA of some Gramineae suggests that the PRSs were inserted into these regions of the Oryza mtDNA after the divergence of Oryza from the other Gramineae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020167
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sequence and functional analyses of the rice gene homologous to the maize Vp1 (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 24 (1994), S. 805-810 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; Oryza sativa ; transient expression ; transcriptional activation ; Viviparous-1 ; seed development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The homologous gene of the maize Vp1 gene was isolated from rice (Oryza sativa). Sequence analysis revealed that the rice Vp1 gene (Osvp1) encodes a protein of 728 amino acids and is interupted by 5 introns at positions identical to those of the maize gene. Osvp1 transcript was detected in developing embryo as early as 10 days after flowering and decreased toward maturity. Osvp1 transcript was also detected in dry as well as imbided mature embryos. The ability of Osvp1 gene product to activate a target gene was shown by transient expression experiments in rice suspension-cultured cell protoplasts using a reporter gene construct carrying the bacterial β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene fused to the promoter of OsEm gene, the rice homologue of the wheat Em gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029862
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    mRNA accumulation and promoter activity of the gene coding for a hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein in Oryza sativa (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 25 (1994), S. 159-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins ; protoplast transfection ; wounding ; microparticle bombardment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The accumulation of the mRNA corresponding to the gene coding for a hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein has been studies in rice. The patterns of gene expression obtained are similar to those observed in maize in regions rich in dividing cells such as the meristematic zones of roots. However, the gene does not seem to be induced by wounding as it is the case in maize. This effect is correlated with the absence of sequences present in the promoter of the maize gene and that have been described as responsible for ethylene induction on other plant systems. Instead, the promoter has a sequence that corresponds to abscisic acid-responsive elements and, in fact, HRGP mRNA levels can be two-fold increased in rice leaves by ABA. The genes coding for homologous proteins in two cereal species such as maize and rice appear, therefore, to have distinct mechanisms of gene regulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023234
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cyclophilins are encoded by a small gene family in rice (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 25 (1994), S. 837-843 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cyclophilin ; Oryza sativa ; peptidyl-prolylcis-trans isomerase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract cDNA clones were isolated and sequenced that encode two related but distinct rice cyclophilins,Cyp1 andCyp2. The predicted amino acid sequences of each are 72% identical to human T-cell cyclophilin. Genomic DNA gel blot analysis suggests cyclophilins in rice are encoded by a small, 6–10-member gene family. BothCyp1 andCyp2 have seven extra amino acid residues in the N-terminal portion of the proteins that are not found in human or other non-plant cyclophilins, suggesting that this is a characteristic of plant cyclophilins.Cyp2 was expressed as 1000 nt transcripts in leaf and root tissues.Cyp1 was expressed as 800 and 900 nt transcripts. Whereas the 900 nt transcript was present in both root and leaf mRNA, the 800 nt transcript was only detectable in root mRNA. A genomic clone ofCyp2 was isolated, sequenced and shown to lack introns. A single transcriptional start site was identified 27 residues downstream of a putative TATA box. The 5′ end of the transcript was shown to contain a region rich in adenyl residues (27 of 35). This region would not be conducive to secondary structure formation, which raises the possibility thatCyp2 might be preferentially translated during stress conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028878
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.): identification and parentage determination by RAPD fingerprinting (1994)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 14 (1994), S. 112-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Hybrid rice ; RAPD ; PCR ; Oryza sativa ; DNA fingerprinting ; Molecular markers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary DNA from three families of rice plants selected in Northern China (each comprising the male sterile, the restorer, the hybrid F1 and the maintainer lines) has been extracted and amplified by PCR with different random DNA primers (RAPD analysis). Then, DNA has been analysed by agarose gel electrophoresis and DNA bands scored as present or absent. The generated matrices are reproducible and amenable for identification of each single plant line. Thus, RAPD fingerprinting of the inbred parental lines and of the resulting hybrid is proposed as a convenient tool for the identification, protection and parentage determination of plant hybrids. Furthermore, by offering a molecular tool to verify the degree of dissimilarity between the parental lines, the RAPD analysis may also be used to search for new parental combinations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233772
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of monosomic alien addition lines and introgression of genes from Oryza australiensis Domin. to cultivated rice O. sativa L. (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 102-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Rice ; Oryza sativa ; O. australiensis ; Monosomic alien addition lines (MAALs) ; Alien gene transfer ; Introgression ; Resistance to bacterial blight ; Resistance to brown planthopper
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Oryza australiensis, a diploid wild relative of cultivated rice, is an important source of resistance to brown planthopper (BPH) and bacterial blight (BB). Interspecific hybrids between three breeding lines of O. sativa (2n=24, AA) and four accessions of O. australiensis (2n=24, EE) were obtained through embryo rescue. The crossability ranged from 0.25% to 0.90%. The mean frequency of bivalents at diakinesis/metaphase I in F1 hybrids (AE) was 2.29 to 4.85 with a range of 0–8 bivalents. F1 hybrids were completely male sterile. We did not obtain any BC1 progenies even after pollinating 20,234 spikelets of AE hybrids with O. sativa pollen. We crossed the artificially induced autotetraploid of an elite breeding line (IR31917-45-3-2) with O. australiensis (Acc. 100882) and, following embryo rescue, produced six F1 hybrid plants (AAE). These triploid hybrids were backcrossed to O. sativa. The chromosome number of 16 BC1 plants varied from 28 to 31, and all were male sterile. BC2 plants had 24–28 chromosomes. Eight monosomic alien addition lines (MAALs) having a 2n chromosome complement of O. sativa and one chromosome of O. australiensis were selected from the BC2 F2 progenies. The MAALs resembled the primary trisomies of O. sativa in morphology, and on the basis of this morphological similarity the MAALs were designated as MAAL-1, -4, -5, -7, -9, -10, -11, and -12. The identity of the alien chromosome was verified at the pachytene stage of meiosis. The alien chromosomes paired with the homoeologous pairs to form trivalents at a frequency of 13.2% to 24.0% at diakinesis and 7.5% to 18.5% at metaphase I. The female transmission rates of alien chromosomes varied from 4.2% to 37.2%, whereas three of the eight MAALs transmitted the alien chromosome through the male gametes. BC2 progenies consisting of disomic and aneuploid plants were examined for the presence of O. australiensis traits. Alien introgression was detected for morphological traits, such as long awns, earliness, and Amp-3 and Est-2 allozymes. Of the 600 BC2 F4 progenies 4 were resistant to BPH and 1 to race 6 of BB. F3 segregation data suggest that earliness is a recessive trait and that BPH resistance is monogenic recessive in two of the four lines but controlled by a dominant gene in the other two lines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222401
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A diallel analysis of heterosis in elite hybrid rice based on RFLPs and microsatellites (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 185-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; Hybrid vigor ; Molecular marker ; Yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hybrid rice has contributed significantly to the dramatic increase of rice production in the world. Despite this, little attention has been given to studying the genetic basis of heterosis in rice. In this paper, we report a diallel analysis of heterosis using two classes of molecular markers: restriction fragment length polymorphisms, (RFLPs) and microsatellites. Eight lines, which represent a significant portion of hybrid rice germ plasm, were crossed in all possible pairs, and the F1s were evaluated for yield and yield component traits in a replicated field trial. The parental lines were surveyed for polymorphisms with 117 RFLP probes and ten microsatellites, resulting in a total of 76 polymorphic markers well-spaced in the rice RFLP map. The results indicated that high level heterosis is common among these crosses: more than 100% midparent and 40% better-parent heterosis were observed in many F1s, including some crosses between maintainer lines. Heterosis was found to be much higher for yield than for yield component traits, which fits a multiplicative model almost perfectly. Between 16 and 30 marker loci (positive markers) detected highly significant effects on yield or its component traits. Heterozygosity was significantly correlated with several attributes of performance and heterosis. Correlations based on positive markers (specific heterozygosity) were large for midparent heterosis of yield and seeds/panicle and also for F1 kernel weight. These large correlations may have practical utility for predicting heterosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225139
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification and characterization of gibberellin-insensitive mutants selected from among dwarf mutants of rice (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1994), S. 705-712 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Rice ; Dwarf mutant ; α-Amylase ; Gibberellin ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In rice, many dwarf mutants have been isolated and characterized. We have investigated the relationship between dwarfism and the gibberellin (GA)-mediated control of physiological processes. Twenty-three rice cultivars and mutants (9 normal, 3 semi-dwarf, 11 dwarf) were analyzed in terms of two GA-mediated processes, namely, elongation of shoots and production of α-amylase activity in the endosperm. As a result, we identified four different groups (groups N, T, D and E). Two-dimensional plotting of the extent of induction of α-amylase in the endosperm versus the extent of enhancement of shoot elongation upon treatment with exogenous gibberellic acid (GA3) provided a useful method for the rapid allocation of large numbers of dwarf mutants of rice to the various groups. Members of group N (normal type), which included all normal cultivars and semi-dwarf mutants, showed a slight increase in elongation of shoots and a remarkable increase in production of α-amylase with the application of GA3 during germination. All of the dwarf mutants were classified as being members of the other three groups. Members of group T (Tan-ginbozu type), including three dwarf mutants, were highly responsive to exogenous GA3 in terms of elongation of shoots and production of α-amylase, with associated lower levels of endogenous GA. In contrast, members of the other three groups, including group N, had normal levels of endogenous GAs. Members of group D (Daikoku type) were only slightly responsive to exogenous GA3, an indication that they are GA-insensitive mutants. Members of group E (Ebisu type) had responses to GA3 similar to those of group N, not only in terms of elongation of shoots but also in terms of α-amylase production, an indication that they are dwarf mutants that can be considered as neither GA-deficient nor GA-insensitive mutants. We also examined a GA-insensitive mutant selected from among 19 near-isogenic dwarf lines of ‘Shiokari’, and we concluded that the d-1 gene is associated with the phenotype of GA-insensitive dwarf mutants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222896
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    RFLP and RAPD mapping of the rice gm2 gene that confers resistance to biotype 1 of gall midge (Orseolia oryzae) (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1994), S. 782-788 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; Orseolia oryzae ; Gallmidge ; Diptera ; Bulked segregant analysis ; Recombinant inbred lines ; Insect resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Gm2 is dominant gene conferring resistance to biotype 1 of gall midge (Orseolia oryzae Wood-Mason), the major dipteran pest of rice. The gene was mapped by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of a set of 40 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between the resistant variety ‘Phalguna’ and the susceptible landrace ‘ARC 6650’. The gene is located on chromosome 4 at a position 1.3 cM from marker RG329 and 3.4 cM from RG476. Since the low (28%) polymorphism of this indica x indica cross hindered full coverage of the genome with RFLP markers, the mapping was checked by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)/bulked segregant analysis. Through the use of 160 RAPD primers, the number of polymorphic markers was increased from 43 to 231. Two RAPD primers amplified loci that co-segregated with resistance/susceptibility. RFLP mapping of these loci showed that they are located 0.7 cM and 2.0 cM from RG476, confirming the location of Gm2 in this region of chromosome 4. Use of these DNA markers will accelerate breeding for gall midge resistance by permitting selection of the Gm2 gene independently of the availability of the insect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221129
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of the duplicated segments in rice chromosomes 1 and 5 by linkage analysis of cDNA markers of known functions (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 722-726 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP-mapping ; Oryza sativa ; Duplication ; Oryzacystatin genes ; ADP-ribosylation factor genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We mapped two loci for ADP-ribosylation factor homologues (ARF1, ARF2) and two loci for cysteine proteinase inhibitors (oryzacystatin-I and -II: OCI, OCII) by linkage analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism loci in rice (Oryza sativa L.) genomic DNAs using their cDNAs as probes.Oc-1 andArf-2 were found to be closely located to each other on chromosome 1, whileOc-2 andArf-1,both found on chromosome 5, were also located close to each other. The map distances are about 2 cM in both pairs. In each chromosome, theArf locus was located about 27 cM from that of the aldolase gene (Ald-2 in chromosome 1 andAld-1 in chromosome 5). These three genes are in the same order,Ald-Arf-Oc, but in opposite orientations relative to the distal ends of the linkage group. The presence of two sets of three linked genes on chromosomes 1 and 5 strongly suggests a structural similarity of the blocks of the two chromosomes, which probably reflects duplication of the segment. A recent investigation by other workers has shown that these rice blocks correspond to two regions in maize chromosomes 8 and 6, that have previously been shown to share many duplicated nucleotide sequences. It is therefore very likely that the duplication of the region occurred before the divergence of rice and maize during the evolution of the subfamilies of the grasses (Gramineae). In view of a recently discovered possible structural similarity between the small GTP-binding protein superfamily, which includesArf andras proteins, and the cystatin family, the close linkage ofOc andArf loci found in the present study suggests a possible cluster of genes related to the small GTP-binding proteins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01253976
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative analysis of microsatellite DNA polymorphism in landraces and cultivars of rice (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 245 (1994), S. 187-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Genetic diversity ; Germplasm ; indica-japonica differentiation ; Oryza sativa ; Simple sequence repeat (SSR)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic polymorphisms of ten microsatellite DNA loci were examined among 238 accessions of landraces and cultivars that represent a significant portion of the distribution range for both indica and japonica groups of cultivated rice. In all, 93 alleles were identified with these ten markers. The number of alleles varied from a low of 3 or 4 at each of four loci, to an intermediate value of 9–14 at five loci, and to an extra-ordinarily high 25 at one locus. The numbers of alleles per locus are much larger than those detected using other types of markers. The number of alleles detected at a locus is significantly correlated with the number of simple sequence repeats in the targeted microsatellite DNA. Indica rice has about 14% more alleles than japonica rice, and such allele number differences are more pronounced in landraces than in cultivars. The indica-japonica differentiation component accounted for about 10% of the diversity in the total sample, and twice as much differentiation was detected in cultivars as in landraces. About two-thirds as many alleles were observed in cultivars as in landraces; another two-thirds of the alleles in the cultivar group were found in modern elite cultivars or parents of hybrid rice. The majority of the simple sequence repeat (SSR) alleles that were present in high or intermediate frequencies in landraces ultimately survived into modern elite cultivars and hybrids. The greater resolving power and the efficient production of massive amounts of SSR data may be particularly useful for germplasm assessment and evolutionary studies of crop plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00283266
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    A novel environment-induced genic male sterile (EGMS) mutant in indica rice (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 76 (1994), S. 89-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Indica rice ; Oryza sativa ; radiation mutagenesis ; thermo-sensitive male sterility ; pollen ; vigour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Male-sterile mutants were isolated from M2 and M3 generations of indica rice variety 26 Zhaizao, dry seeds of which had been exposed to 60Co-γ rays at a dose of 290 Gy. The mutants were planted in early season and ratooned in late season for two successive years for identification of fertility conversion in different growing seasons. One of the mutant lines was further observed in a growth chamber and in the field. Results showed that daily average temperature might be the major factor conditioning the male fertility conversion at a moderate daylength. The critical temperature for the male fertility conversion of the mutant grown under 12.5 h and 14.0 h daylength is about 23°C, below which the plant becomes completely male sterile. Its male fertility conversion character differs from other EGMS lines so far developed. The performance of the hybrids between the mutant and some other indica varieties demonstrated its good combining ability and its potential value in hybrid rice production. The obtained mutant line still sheds KI-stainable pollen grains under male sterilizing conditions. Nevertheless, pollen grains shed from the male sterile plants were much more vulnerable than from normal plants. At sucrose concentration below 1.5 M, the pollen grains from the mutant grown under male sterilizing conditions almost completely broke down, while above 1.5 M they became plasmolysed and shrunken. This is indicative of poor development of the membrane and walls of the pollen grains from the male sterile mutant, causing the pollen grains to be unfunctional. NBT test also clarified the abortion of the pollen grains from the mutant, which were formed in the male sterilizing environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024024
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    DNA polymorphisms in Oryza sativa L. and Lactuca sativa L. amplified by arbitrary primed PCR (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 78 (1994), S. 143-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: DNA fingerprint ; Lactuca sativa ; Oryza sativa ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Thirty-five rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties, including 18 japonica, 5 javanica and 12 indica subspecies and 12 lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) varieties were identified taxonomically, using PCR with originally designed 21 RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) primers and 8 sequence-specific primers, used for amplifying four specific DNA fragments. Use of these primers revealed polymorphisms among varieties in rice and lettuce and facilitates DNA fingerprinting. Dendrograms of both species based on polymorphisms were constructed and genetical relationships were established. In rice, half the number of amplified bands were polymorphic and almost all varieties differentiated. However, differentiation of minor genetic alterations among somaclonal variants or mutants and their mother varieties was not feasible. In L. sativa, 47% of the amplified fragments were polymorphic and all 12 varieties were differentiated. Some of the PCR fragments were variety or type specific, which could be used for indicators for type-selection. The dendrogram obtained showed differentiated clusters of crisphead, leaf and butterhead type, findings in good accord with the classification based on the genetic background.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021410
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    The effects of 2,2′-bipyridine and other metal chelators on the conversion of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid to ethylene in rice (1994)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 14 (1994), S. 145-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid ; 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase ; 2,2′-bipyridine ; ethylene ; 8-hydroxyquinoline ; Oryza sativa ; 1,10-phenanthroline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effects of metal chelators, 2,2′-bipyridine, 8-hydroxyquinoline and 1,10-phenenthroline, on the conversion of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) to ethylene in detached leaves of light-grown rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings and detached shoots of etiolated rice seedlings were investigated. Metal chelators strongly inhibited the in vivo ACC oxidase activity in detached leaves and detached etiolated shoots. This inhibition could be partially recovered by Fe2+. Our results support the notion that Fe2+ is an essential cofactor for the conversion of ACC to ethylene in vivo.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025216
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    Cadmium and nickel accumulation in rice plants. Effects on mineral nutrition and possible interactions of abscisic and gibberellic acids (1994)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 14 (1994), S. 151-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; cadmium ; gibberellic acid ; mineral nutrition ; nickel ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rice plants accumulate high quantities of Cd and Ni when grown for 10 days in a medium containing these heavy metals. Accompanying Cd and Ni uptake, a decrease in shoot and root length was observed, though dry matter accumulation was not affected accordingly. Metal treatments also induced a decrease in K, Ca and Mg contents in the plants, particularly in the shoots, indicating that Cd and Ni interfered not only with nutrient uptake but also with nutrient distribution into the different plant parts. Addition of abscisic acid (ABA) or gibberellic acid (GA3) to the external solution could not overcome the depressing effects of the metals on nutrient acquisition, and even induced a further decrease of Ca content in Ni-treated plants. Both hormones also reduced, significantly, heavy metal incorporation into the plants. Additionally, hormonal applications affected the transport of Cd and Ni to the shoots, resulting in a higher percentage of the metals taken up remaining in the roots.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025217
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  • 19
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    Polyamine metabolism during seedling development in rice (1994)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 15 (1994), S. 83-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: amine conjugates ; arginine decarboxylase ; Oryza sativa ; polyamine inhibitors ; polyamines ; seedling development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The main free amines identified during growth and development of rice seedlings were agmatine, putrescine, spermidine, diaminopropane and tyramine. Amine composition differed according to tissue and stages of development. Conjugated amines were only found in roots. We present evidence that arginine decarboxylase (ADC) regulates putrescine during the development of rice seedlings. When ADC action was blocked by DFMA (α-DL-difluoromethylarginine, a specific irreversible inhibitor of ADC), polyamine titers and seedling development were diminished; when agmatine or putrescine was added, normal polyamine titers and growth were restored. The effects of DFMA were concentration dependent. DFMO (α-DL-difluoromethylornithine, a specific irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase or ODC) promoted growth and development at concentrations below 2 mM. This effect was probably related to its unexplained, but consistently observed slight enhancement of rice ADC. When the increase in the concentration of spermidine was prevented by CHA (cyclohexylammonium sulfate), the number of roots increased and the increase in length of leaves and roots was strongly inhibited. The addition of exogenous spermidine at the time of treatment with CHA reversed the inhibition by CHA.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024680
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  • 20
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    Polyamines, indole-3-acetic acid and abscisic acid in rice phloem sap (1994)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 15 (1994), S. 125-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: rice ; Oryza sativa ; phloem sap ; polyamine ; abscisic acid ; auxin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Putrescine, spermidine, spermine and cadaverine have been identified and quantified in rice phloem sap and shoot extracts by HPLC. It is suggested that diamines, putrescine and cadaverine, easily migrate into the phloem, while movement of a triamine, spermidine, and a tetramine, spermine, tend to be restricted. Spermine especially seems to be the most immobile among polyamines. Thus it is indicated that movement of polyamines into phloem is decreased with increasing number of amino groups. Indole-3-acetic acid and abscisic acid in rice phloem sap were also analyzed by HPLC and it is suggested that indole-3-acetic acid is transported freely into phloem, while abscisic acid is much more actively exuded into phloem.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024101
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  • 21
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    Mimosine-inhibited seed germination, seedling growth, and enzymes ofOryza sativa L (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1689-1696 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Mimosine ; Oryza sativa ; nitrate reductase ; peroxidase ; isoenzymes ; catalase ; IAA oxidase ; allelopathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of mimosine (50 ppm and 100 ppm concentrations) onOryza sativa (rice) seed germination; root and shoot growth, i.e., length and fresh weight of seedlings; activities of nitrate reductase, peroxidase, catalase, and IAA oxidase were investigated. Significant inhibition in seed germination and shoot length was noted. Root length was inhibited by 100 ppm mimosine; however, the 50 ppm was not significant. Root and shoot fresh weight was not significantly inhibited by the tested concentrations of mimosine. Significant inhibition in activities of nitrate reductase, peroxidase and its isoenzymes, catalase, and IAA oxidase was observed. Ecophysiological implications of mimosine phytotoxicity are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059890
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  • 22
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    Orientation and integration of the classical and molecular genetic maps of chromosome 11 in rice (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 76 (1994), S. 81-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: linkage ; molecular markers ; morphological mutant markers ; Oryza sativa ; rice RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The classical genetic map and molecular map of rice chromosome 11 were oriented to facilitate the use of these maps for genetic studies and rice improvement. Three morphological markers (d-27, z-2, and la) were crossed to a rice breeding line, IRBB21, which has the Xa-21 gene for bacterial blight resistance. Three F2 populations were analyzed with RFLP markers known to be located on chromosome 11. Segregation analysis of molecular markers and morphological markers was used to construct an RFLP map for each population. The recombination frequency between markers varied from population to population although the marker order on the maps was the same for all three populations. Based on a common set of markers mapped in the three populations, an integrated map was generated consisting of both RFLP and morphological markers. The genetic distance between markers on this map was determined by taking a weighted average of the data from the three populations. The oriented map serves as a bridge to understand the relationship between the classical and molecular linkage maps. Based on this information, the location of several genes on the classical map can be approximated with respect to RFLP markers without having to map them directly.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024023
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  • 23
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    Inhibition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedling elongation by a Pseudomonas fuscovaginae toxin (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 76 (1994), S. 139-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: bacterial brown sheat rot ; germination ; Oryza sativa ; Pseudomonas fuscovaginae ; rice ; screening for toxin tolerance ; seedling growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of a Pseudomonas fuscovaginae toxin, on germination, root formation and seedling elongation, after soaking rice grains in the toxin prior to sowing, was investigated. The toxin enhanced germination, but had no apparent effect on the number of roots of the seedlings. It induced a drastic inhibition of seedlings elongation correlated to varieties susceptibility to the disease in the rice field. After denaturation of the bioactive compounds of the extract, all the previously observed effects were lost. Using the toxin and the present test, could be a reliable tool for screening genotype susceptibility to P. fuscovaginae disease.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024032
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    Specific developmental stages of gametogenesis for radiosensitivity and mutagenesis in rice (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 80 (1994), S. 27-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: gametogenesis ; mutagenesis ; radiosensitivity ; mutation frequency ; X-ray irradiation ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Developmental stages during gametogenesis of rice were histologically examined in the period from differentiation of reproductive organs to anthesis. Plants were exposed to acute X-rays of 20 Gy. Radiosensitivity and mutation frequency were investigated in relation to the developmental stages of reproductive organs. The most radiosensitive stage, as measured by reduction of the M1 pollen-and seed-fertilities, was the last premeiotic interphase. Mutations induced at different developmental stages were scored in M3 strains. Sterility mutants and short-culm mutants were most frequently observed. Grain shape, panicle morphology, heading-date and endosperm character mutants were induced at a relatively low frequency. The overall mutation frequency varied with the developmental stage at the time of irradiation. The highest overall mutation frequency was observed when radiation was applied 10 days before anthesis, the late tetrad stage of microspores. Radiation exposure of florets at the late tetrad stage was found to be a more efficient method of inducing a large number of mutations than radiations applied to seeds and fertilized egg cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039295
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    Polyamines and related enzymes in rice seeds differing in germination potential (1994)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 15 (1994), S. 75-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: amine conjugates ; arginine decarboxylase ; germination ; Oryza sativa ; polyamine inhibitors ; polyamines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In ungerminated rice seeds, (Japonica rice variety, CV Tapei 309), the content of free amines (putrescine, spermidine, spermine, tyramine) was higher in seed lots having a low germination frequency compared to those with high germination potential. Conversely, amine conjugates (di-feruloylputrescine, di-feruloylspermidine, diferuloyldiaminopropane and feruloyltyramine) decreased with loss of viability. Thus, these compounds appeared to constitute biochemical markers of seed viability. In seeds with high germination potential, conjugates decreased drastically during germination, with an early and rapid increase in free amines (putrescine, spermidine, tyramine). Arginine decarboxylase (ADC) activity was highest during the germination of high germination potential seeds, its activity gradually declining with loss of viability and being closely correlated with agmatine content. The polyamine biosynthetic inhibitors (α-DL-difluoromethylarginine, DFMA, a specific and irreversible inhibitor of ADC; α-DL-difluoromethylornithine, DFMO, a specific irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC); cyclohexylammonium sulfate, CHA, inhibitor of spermidine synthase) neither depleted putrescine and spermidine levels nor inhibited germination in high germination potential seeds. In low germination potential seeds, the germination process was inhibited by DFMA or CHA. Application of agmatine resulted in a reversal of inhibition. DFMA inhibited ADC activity in both categories of seeds. In low germination potential seeds treated with CHA no ADC activity was found. These results suggest that amines are involved in the germination process of rice seeds. It appears that amine conjugates may serve as a storage form of amines which, upon enzymatic hydrolysis, could supply the cell with an additional amine reserve and influence cell division and/or cell elongation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024679
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    Inhibition of salvinia (Salvinia molesta Mitchell) by parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.). II. Relative effect of flower, leaf, stem, and Root residue on Salvinia and Paddy (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 3123-3131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Parthenium hysterophorus ; Salvinia molesta ; Oryza sativa ; biomass ; inhibitory activity ; chlorophyll ; carotenoid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The relative effect of parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) plant residue on growth of salvinia and paddy seedlings was studied. The inhibitory activity of the residue as shown by its effect on the number of healthy fronds (HFN) and biomass was in the order: flower and leaf 〉 stem and root. The flower (FP) and leaf (LP) residue was lethal at and above 0.75% (w/v, the convention used throughout), and inhibitory at lower doses. The stem (SP) and root (RP) residue supported growth of salvinia at lower doses and were slightly inhibitory at higher (1.25%) dose. All the above residue types supported the growth of paddy seedlings except at 1.25%, the highest concentration tested, which was slightly inhibitory. The amounts of chlorophylla, b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid pigments in the leaves of the paddy seedlings grown in the medium were comparable to the amounts in the leaves of seedlings grown in distilled water. This demonstrates beneficial effects of the treatments. The study shows that salvinia is more sensitive to allelochemicals released by FP and LP into the aqueous medium. Both salvinia and paddy responded similarly to SP and RP by supporting growth at lower doses, probably due to lower levels of inhibitors. The results are discussed with reference to the possible role of allelopathy by parthenium on the population dynamics of aquatic weeds in natural ecosystems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033715
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    Evaluation and first-year field testing of efficient vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for inoculation of wetland rice seedlings (1994)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1994), S. 381-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Glomus intraradices ; mycorrhiza ; Oryza sativa ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Grain yields of the rice cultivar ‘Prakash’ were improved upon inoculation with Glomus intraradices and G. fasciculatum, by 11% and 8%, respectively, compared with an uninoculated control. The results indicate that the amount of phosphate fertilizer usually applied to rice may be decreased by 50%, without affecting yield, if G. intraradices is inoculated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00144455
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    Fine structure and evolution of the rDNA intergenic spacer in rice and other cereals (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 36 (1993), S. 369-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; Ribosomal DNA ; Ribosomal RNA ; Intergenic spacer ; Repeated sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The intergenic spacer of a rice ribosomal RNA gene repeating unit has been completely sequenced. The spacer contains three imperfect, direct repeated regions of 264–253 bp, followed by a related but more highly divergent region. Detailed analysis of the sequence allows the presentation of an evolutionary scenario in which the 264–253-bp repeats are derived from an ancestral 150-bp sequence by deletion and amplification. Comparison of the rice sequence with those of maize, wheat, and rye shows that, despite considerable divergence from the ancestral sequence, several regions have been highly conserved, suggesting that they may play an important role in the structure and/or expression of the ribosomal genes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00182184
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    Effects of inoculation with N2-fixing cyanobacteria on the nitrogenase activity in soil and rhizosphere of wetland rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1993)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 16 (1993), S. 16-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrogenase activity ; Acetylene reduction activity ; ARA ; Cyanobacteria ; Soil inoculation ; Wetland rice ; Root system ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A greenhouse experiment was conducted with wetland rice (Oryza sativa cv. IR-50) in a clay-loam soil (Fluventic Eutrochrept) to study the effect of cyanobacterial inoculation a mixed culture of Aulosira fertilissima, Nostoc muscorum, Nostoc spp., and Anabaena spp., applied at the rate of 0.15 g (dry weight pot-1 or 43 kg ha-1) on acetylene reduction activity in soil and the root system (excised root), and the grain and straw yield. The effects of applying P (40 kg ha-1), N (60 kg ha-1), and P+N to the soil were also evaluated. Cyanbacterial inoculation significantly increased (more than 200% on average) photo-dependent acetylene reduction activity in soils, particularly where the indigenous activity was considerably low, i.e. under unfertilized and N-fertilized conditions. The effect of inoculation was prominent at the maximum tillering and grain formation stages of the crop. This inoculation benefit was, however, marginal in P-applied soils (P and P+N), where the indigenous activity was stimulated more than threefold. The inoculation led to a remarkable increase in root-associative acetylene reduction activity after the maximum tillering stage of the crop, particularly with applied N but for other treatments this inoculation effect was not significant. Cyanobacterial inoculation also increased the grain and straw yield of the crop when N was not applied. The grain and straw yield was significantly correlated with the acetylene reduction activity in flooded soils and in the root system during the tillering and maximum tillering stages of rice growth, respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336509
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    Yield stability and fertilizer efficiency of long-term triple cereal cropping in paddy fields of China (1993)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 16 (1993), S. 151-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Triple cereal cropping ; Barley ; double-cropped rice ; Oryza sativa ; Wetland rice soils ; Stable grain yield ; Organic manuring ; Sustainability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Triple cereal cropping is an important grain production pattern which has been adopted on a vast area of paddy fields in Southern China. A long-term triple cereal cropping (barely with double-cropped rice) experiment has been conducted for 18 years (1974–1991) in paddy fields on the southern coastal plain of Zhejiang. The results showed that long-term triple cereal cropping has a high and stable grain yield level if certain improved crop varieties are used. Furthermore, the use of organic manure to reduce yield fluctuations and promote N-use efficiency was evaluated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369418
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    A transcription map of the chloroplast genome from rice (Oryza sativa) (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 166-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Rice ; Oryza sativa ; Chloroplast genome ; Transcription map
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The complete nucleotide sequence (134,525 bp) of the chloroplast genome from rice (Oryza sativa L.) contains four rRNA genes, 30 tRNA genes, and over 100 genes that encode proteins. However, expression of only a few of these genes, namely psbA, rbcL, and atpB/E, has been detected. We constructed the complete transcription map of rice chloroplast DNA by Northern hybridization of total RNA from rice seedlings, using subclones from a clone bank of rice chloroplast DNA as probes. Approximately 90% of the chloroplast genome was transcribed, as detected by a non-radioactive hybridization system. Most of the genes on the chloroplast DNA are organized as clusters and are co-transcribed as long primary transcripts. We identified 16 polycistronic transcripts from the rice chloroplast genome. Furthermore, the genes for components of photosystems I and II, the gene for the large subunit of RuBisCO, the genes for ATPase, the genes for components of the cytochrome complex, and the rRNA genes were expressed at the highest levels.
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    Transient and stable expression ofgusA fusions with rice genes in rice, barley and perennial ryegrass (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 22 (1993), S. 1101-1127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: transformation ; promoters ; introns ; gene expression ; Oryza sativa ; Hordeum vulgare ; Lolium perenne
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Transcriptional and translational fusions were made between the reading frame coding for β-D-glucuronidase and sequences of either a constitutively expressed rice gene (GOS2) involved in initiation of translation or a light-inducible rice gene (GOS5). The transient expression of the fusions was studied via particle bombardment of seedling tissues of rice, perennial ryegrass and barley. Furthermore, the results of transient and stable expression were compared for cell suspensions of four rice varieties, one barley variety and one perennial ryegrass variety. TheGOS2-gusA fusions were active in all three monocots studied. Best results were obtained for a construct having both a transcriptional and a translational fusion as well as intron and exon sequences (PORCEHyg). The level of GUS activity was in the range of activities as obtained by the 35S CaMV promoter transcriptionally fused togusA. ThegusA fusion with the light-inducible gene (GOS5) was active in green seedling tissues of all monocots studied. Also a weak expression compared to theGOS2 constructs was found in stably transformed rice callus. ThegusA fusions with the mannopine synthase promoters 1′ and 2′ of the TR-DNA were transiently expressed at lower levels in cell suspensions than PORCEHyg. For stably transformed rice callus the expression of theGOS2-gusA fusion often decreased during prolonged subculture. This decrease in GUS activity and the various GUS-staining phenotypes of transgenic calli are explained by the presence of different cell types in the suspensions used and in the calli. It is presumed that the nature of the cells and their relative contribution in the calli change drastically upon further subculture.
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    Antibodies raised against yeast HSP 104 cross-react with a heat-and abscisic acid-regulated polypeptide in rice (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 22 (1993), S. 1177-1180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; developmental regulation ; heat shock proteins ; Oryza sativa ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Antibodies raised against yeast heat shock protein (HSP) 104 recognized a heat-inducible polypeptide with a molecular mass of 110 kDa in shoot tissue of young rice seedlings. Root tissue of the same age showed no immuno-reaction with yeast HSP 104 antibodies. The 110 kDa polypeptide of rice was also shown to be abscisic acid-inducible in young seedlings. Though this polypeptide was seen to be constitutively present in the flag leaf of 90-day-old field-grown plant, it was not much affected by either heat shock or abscisic acid in this case.
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    PFGE analysis of the rice genome: estimation of fragment sizes, organization of repetitive sequences and relationships between genetic and physical distances (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 23 (1993), S. 243-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: high-molecular-weight DNA ; pulsed-field gel electrophoresis ; genome organization ; physical mapping ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) has been applied to analyze the rice nuclear genome. Probing 56 RFLP probes selected from the 12 rice chromosomes to PFGE blots of nine rare-cutting restriction enzymes revealed that there are relatively high numbers of ‘rare-cutting’ restriction sites in the rice genome. The average sizes of restriction fragments detected by single-copy probes are smaller than 200 kb for all of the rare-cutting restriction enzymes examined. Sizes of fragments detected by repetitive probes are variable, depending on the probes analyzed. By using PFGE, a tandemly repeated sequence, Os48, was found to be tightly linked to telomeric tandem repeats but not physically linked to r5s genes with which sequence homology had been observed. Relationships between genetic and physical distances have been established for three different chromosomal segments. In these regions 1 cm corresponds to ca. 260 kb on average. Analysis of a cluster of RFLP markers on chromosome 3 revealed that genetically clustered RFLP markers are also physically closely linked, suggesting that clustering of genetic markers may result in part from uneven distribution of single-copy sequences.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029001
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    Transient and stable expression of gusA fusions with rice genes in rice, barley and perennial ryegrass (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 23 (1993), S. 643-669 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: transformation ; promoters ; introns ; gene expression ; Oryza sativa ; Hordeum vulgare ; Lolium perenne
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Transcriptional and translational fusions were made between the reading frame coding for β-D-glucuronidase and sequences of either a constitutively expressed rice gene (GOS2) involved in initiation of translation or a light-inducible rice gene (GOS5). The transient expression of the fusions was studied via particle bombardment of seedling tissues of rice, perennial ryegrass and barley. Furthermore, the results of transient and stable expression were compared for cell suspensions of four rice varieties, one barley variety and one perennial ryegrass variety. The GOS2-gusA fusions were active in all three monocots studied. Best results were obtained for a construct having both a transcriptional and a translational fusion as well as intron and exon sequences (PORCEHyg). The level of GUS activity was in the range of activities as obtained by the 35S CaMV promoter transcriptionally fused to gusA. The gusA fusion with the light-inducible gene (GOS5) was active in green seedling tissues of all monocots studied. Also a weak expression compared to the GOS2 constructs was found in stably transformed rice callus. The gusA fusions with the mannopine synthase promoters 1′ and 2′ of the TR-DNA were transiently expressed at lower levels in cell suspensions than PORCEHyg. For stably transformed rice callus the expression of the GOS2-gusA fusion often decreased during prolonged subculture. This decrease in GUS activity and the various GUS-staining phenotypes of transgenic calli are explained by the presence of different cell types in the suspensions used and in the calli. It is presumed that the nature of the cells and their relative contribution in the calli change drastically upon further subculture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021522
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    Agrobacterium-mediated production of transgenic rice plants expressing a chimeric α-amylase promoter/β-glucuronidase gene (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 22 (1993), S. 491-506 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; α-amylase promoter ; α-glucuronidase ; Oryza sativa ; potato suspension culture ; transgenic rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have successfully transferred and expressed a reporter gene driven by an α-amylase promoter in a japonica type of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Tainung 62) using the Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer system. Immature rice embryos (10–12 days after anthesis) were infected with an Agrobacterium strain carrying a plasmid containing chimeric genes of β-glucuronidase (uidA) and neomycin phosphotransferase (nptII). Co-incubation of potato suspension culture (PSC) with the Agrobacterium inoculum significantly improved the transformation efficiency of rice. The uidA and nptII genes, which are under the control of promoters of a rice α-amylase gene (αAmy8) and Agrobacterium nopaline synthase gene (nos), respectively, were both expressed in G418-resistant calli and transgenic plants. Integration of foreign genes into the genomes of transgenic plants was confirmed by Southern blot analysis. Histochemical localization of GUS activity in one transgenic plant (R0) revealed that the rice α-amylase promoter functions in all cell types of the mature leaves, stems, sheaths and roots, but not in the very young leaves. This transgenic plant grew more slowly and produced less seeds than the wild-type plant, but its R1 and R2 progenies grew normally and produced as much seeds as the wild-type plant. Inheritance of foreign genes to the progenies was also confirmed by Southern blot analysis. These data demonstrate successful gene transfer and sexual inheritance of the chimeric genes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015978
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    Metabolic regulation of α-amylase gene expression in transgenic cell cultures of rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 23 (1993), S. 737-747 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: α-amylase ; transgenic cell culture ; gene expression ; metabolic regulation ; Oryza sativa ; transcription
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Expression of two genes in the α-amylase gene family is controlled by metabolic regulation in rice cultured cells. The levels of RAmy3D and RAmy3E mRNAs in rice cultured cells are inversely related to the concentration of sugar in the culture medium. Other genes in the rice α-amylase gene family have little or no expression in cultured cells; these expression levels are not controlled by metabolic regulation. A RAmy3D promoter/GUS gene fusion was metabolically regulated in the transgenic rice cell line 3DG, just as the endogenous RAmy3D gene is regulated. An assay of GUS enzyme activity in 3DG cells demonstrated that RAmy3D/GUS expression is repressed when sugar is present in the culture medium and induced when sugar is removed from the medium. The 942 bp fragment of the RAmy3D promoter that was linked to the coding region of the GUS reporter gene thus contains all of the regulatory sequences necessary for metabolic regulation of the gene.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021529
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    Comparison of single seed descent and anther culture-derived lines of three single crosses of rice (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 85 (1993), S. 625-631 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; Anther culture ; Single seed descent ; Inbred lines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Distribution parameters (mean, variance, skewness and kurtosis) of 12 quantitative traits were evaluated for inbred lines generated through single seed descent (SSD) and anther culture (AC) of two japonica x japonica hybrids and one japonica x indica hybrid of rice. For most of the traits the data were normally distributed, and the means and variances were found to be identical for SSD- and AC-derived lines of the given hybrids. However, for some other traits, differences between the two population types were observed, mainly in the lines derived from the intra-japonica crosses. A tentative explanation for these differences is given. Nevertheless, our results suggest that SSD and AC are equally effective breeding techniques for producing agronomically useful lines of rice.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220922
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    Variations in chloroplast DNA from rice (Oryza sativa): differences between deletions mediated by short direct-repeat sequences within a single species (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 579-584 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; Indica ; Chloroplast DNA ; Deletion ; Direct repeat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a previous study, we compared chloroplast DNAs (ctDNAs) from four species ofOryza and detected two independent deletions of DNA fragments in the ctDNAs (Kanno and Hirai 1992a). These deletions were genotype-specific variations. Since short direct-repeat sequences were detected at the borders of both deletions, the deletions were apparently the result of intramolecular recombination mediated by these direct-repeat sequences. In the present study, we examined whether or not this type of variation exists within a single species. Ishii et al. demonstrated three types of ctDNA inO. Sativa (1988), and the source of the variations that they identified seemed to be deletions. We determined the precise locations of the deletions and the sequences around them. As expected, our results showed that these variations were the results of deletions that were mediated by short direct-repeat sequences. While the deletions that had been found previously were located on spacer regions, those found in this study were located within open reading frames (ORFs). Northern hybridization analysis showed that one of the ORFs was-transcribed. In the case of this deletion, the amino acid sequence encoded by the C-terminal region of the ORF was altered and the short inverted-repeat sequences downstream of the ORF were deleted. In addition, there were other short inverted-repeat sequences downstream of the altered ORF.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00838712
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    Is an egg-killer present in rice? (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 1038-1042 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; Indica-Japonica hybrid ; Hybrid sterility ; Female sterility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genetic model for hybrid sterility that an allelic interaction at the S 5 locus induces the abortion of megaspores has been proposed as partial clarification of the wide compatibility in Asian rice cultivars; this model predicts the presence of an egg-killer. The present study was carried out in order to confirm that the proposed S 5 i allele acts as an egg-killer against its counterpart, the S 5 j allele, in the Indica-Japonica hybrid. A conspicuous feature of an egg-killer is the high rate of its transmission into the progeny through the egg. Backcrossing experiments were conducted using the Indica-Japonica hybrid in which the S 5 i and S 5 j alleles were assumed to be involved. Although an egg-killer was easily identified by these backcross experiments, it was not detected in the Indica-Japonica hybrid, which suggests that the proposed genetic mechanism for hybrid sterility in Asian rice should be viewed with caution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00211059
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    A rice (Oryza sativa L.) mutant having a low content of glutelin and a high content of prolamine (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1993), S. 374-378 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mutation breeding ; Seed protein ; Glutelin ; Prolamine ; Rice ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Among the mutant lines of rice that have been selected for morphological characters, one line, NM67, was found to have a low content of glutelin and a higher content of prolamine in its seed protein than other Japanese cultivars. This mutant is a semi-dwarf and partially sterile line, and its leaves turn yellow before heading. Genetic analysis after backcross to the original cultivar, ‘Nihonmasari’, revealed the following: (1) the character of low glutelin content was always accompanied by the character of high prolamine content; (2) the low glutelin (and high prolamine) character seemed to be manifested by a single dominant gene; and (3) semi-dwarfness, low fertility and early yellowing leaf of the mutant, which might also be pleiotropy, were controlled by a single recessive gene independent of the gene for protein content. The protein character of NM67 was genetically separated from semi-dwarfness and low fertility, and a new line having low glutelin content and high prolamine content with normal morphological characters comparable to those of the original cultivar was obtained from the progenies of the cross. The possible use of this line as a low protein rice cultivar is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01184926
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    Comparative studies of isozymes in Oryza sativa, O. minuta, and their interspecific derivatives: evidence for homoeology and recombination (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1993), S. 609-615 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; Oryza minuta ; Interspecific hybrid ; Isozyme analysis ; Introgression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Enzyme electrophoresis was used to compare the isozyme phenotypes of Oryza sativa, IR31917 (AA genome), and two O. minuta accessions (Om 101089 and Om101141; BBCC genome) for ten enzyme systems. Between the two species, two systems were monomorphic (isocitrate dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase) and eight were polymorphic (shikimate dehydrogenase, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucose isomerase, malate dehydrogenase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, esterase, aminopeptidase, and endopeptidase). Polymorphism between O. minuta accessions was detected for shikimate dehydrogenase and glutamate oxaloacetate. As expected, the quaternary structure of the O. minuta isozymes was comparable to that of O. sativa. Possible allelic relationships with known O. sativa alleles and their genomic designation are discussed. Combined with chromosome data, the interspecific variation was exploited to monitor the relative genetic contribution of the two parents in the IR31917/Om101141 F1 hybrids and recurrent (IR31917) backcross progenies. The isozyme content of F1 hybrid reflected its triploid nature (ABC genome composition), while that of the backcross progenies paralleled the duplication of the A genome and the gradual loss of O. minuta chromosomes during the backcrossing process. Evidence is provided for a degree of homoeology between the A, B, and C genomes, and for introgression from O. minuta into O. sativa.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221886
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    Effects of leaf blast on photosynthesis of rice. 1. Leaf photosynthesis (1993)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 99 (1993), S. 197-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Pyricularia ozyzae ; Oryza sativa ; respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect ofPyricularia oryzae, the causal organism of leaf blast in rice, on photosynthesis characteristics of rice leaves was measured in two greenhouse experiments. Leaf blast reduced photosynthesis not only through a reduction in green leaf area, but also through an effect on photosynthesis of green leaf tissue surrounding the lesions. The assimilation rate at light saturation (P max ) was more affected than the initial light use efficiency (∈). Dark respiration (R d ) increased as a result of infection. The experimental data were used to derive relations between leaf blast severity andP max , ∈ andR d .
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    Effects of leaf blast on growth and production of a rice crop (1993)
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    European journal of plant pathology 99 (1993), S. 323-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Pyricularia oryzae ; Oryza sativa ; crop loss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rice crops grown under irrigated conditions were inoculated withPyricularia oryzae during early growth stages to study the effect of leaf blast on yield formation. The inoculations led to severe epidemics of leaf blast around maximum tillering, characterized by the presence of typical blast lesions and an accelerated senescence of heavily infested leaf tissue. Leaf blast led to a prolonged tillering and a delay in flowering and maturity. Crop growth rate and leaf area formation declined sharply during establishment of the disease and continued to be reduced till maturity. This resulted in a marked reduction of total dry matter production and grain yield. Dry matter distribution was not affected. Leaf blast reduced spikelet number, 1000 grain weight, and the fraction filled grains. From this last observation it was concluded that the reduction in grain yield was exclusively source determined. Nitrogen uptake of the inoculated crops before flowering was reduced compared to the N uptake of the control crop, but shoot N content of the inoculated crops at flowering was higher. Uptake of nitrogen after flowering was negligible in both healthy and inoculated crops. Redistribution from vegetative tissue was therefore the main source of N for grain growth. The higher N content of the shoot organs in the inoculated crops during ripening led to the conclusion that the reduced N uptake was not responsible for the yield reduction observed. Consequently, the reduction in grain yield was solely determined by a reduced carbohydrate supply.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01974313
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    Effects of leaf blast on photosynthesis of rice 2. Canopy photosynthesis (1993)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 99 (1993), S. 205-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Pyricularia oryza ; Oryza sativa ; simulation model ; respiration ; vertical distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect ofPyricularia oryzae, the causal organism of leaf blast in rice, on photosynthetic rate of a rice crop was determined with mobile equipment in the field. Canopy CO2 exchanges rate (CER) was significantly reduced in plots inoculated withP. oryzae. The experimentally obtained data were used to evaluate the performance of a model for the effects of leaf blast on canopy photosynthesis. The model comprised photosynthesis and respiration routines of a mechanistic crop growth model, extended with submodels for effects of leaf blast on both processes. Canopy photosynthesis and the effect of leaf blast on CER were accurately simulated with the model. Analysis showed that the reduction in canopy photosynthesis was mainly due to an adverse effect of lesions on leaf photosynthetic rate and to shading by dead leaf are resulting from disease induced senescence. A sensitivity analysis demonstrated the importance of the vertical distribution of the disease in the canopy. This implies that disease monitoring for crop loss assessment should consider vertical disease distribution.
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    Molecular characterization of rgp2, a gene encoding a small GTP-binding protein from rice (1993)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 237 (1993), S. 187-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; ras superfamily ; rgp1 ; rgp2 ; Small GTP-binding proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We previously reported the isolation of rgp1, a gene from rice, which encodes a ras-related GTP-binding protein, and subsequently showed that the gene induces specific morphological changes in transgenic tobacco plants. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of an rgp1 homologue, rgp2, from rice. The deduced rgp2 protein sequence shows 53% identity with the rice rgp1 protein, but 63% identity with both the marine ray ora3 protein, which is closely associated with synaptic vesicles of neuronal tissue, and the mammalian rab11 protein. Conservation of particular amino acid sequence motifs places rgp2 in the rab/ypt subfamily, which has been implicated in vesicular transport. Northern blot analysis of rgp1 and rgp2 suggests that both genes show relatively high, but differential, levels of expression in leaves, stems and panicles, but low levels in roots. In addition, whereas rgp1 shows maximal expression at a particular stage of plantlet growth, rgp2 is constitutively expressed during the same period. Southern blot analysis suggests that, in addition to rgp1 and rgp2, several other homologues exist in rice and these may constitute a small multigene family.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00282800
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    Identification of the entire set of transferred chloroplast DNA sequences in the mitochondrial genome of rice (1993)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 236 (1993), S. 341-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Chloroplast DNA ; Interorganellar DNA transfer ; Intramitochondrial recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The entire set of transferred chloroplast DNA sequences in the mitochondrial genome of rice (Oryza sativa cv. Nipponbare) was identified using clone banks that cover the chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes. The mitochondrial fragments that were homologous to chloroplast DNA were mapped and sequenced. The nucleotide sequences around the termini of integrated chloroplast sequences in the rice mtDNA revealed no common sequences or structures that might enhance the transfer of DNA. Sixteen chloroplast sequences, ranging from 32 bases to 6.8 kb in length, were found to be dispersed throughout the rice mitochondrial genome. The total length of these sequences is equal to approximately 6% (22 kb) of the rice mitochondrial genome and to 19% of the chloroplast genome. The transfer of segments of chloroplast DNA seems to have occurred at different times, both before and after the divergence of rice and maize. The mitochondrial genome appears to have been rearranged after the transfer of chloroplast sequences as a result of recombination at these sequences. The rice mitochondrial DNA contains nine intact tRNA genes and three tRNA pseudogenes derived from the chloroplast genome.
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    Determination of critical temperatures and panicle development stage for fertility change of thermo-sensitive genic male sterile rice line ‘5460S’ (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 67 (1993), S. 27-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; thermo-sensitive genic male sterile rice (TGMSR) ; critical temperature ; sensitive panicle development stage ; fertility change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of a 1–5 day low temperature treatment applied at different stages during panicle development on the male sterility of 5460S, a thermo-sensitive genic male sterile rice line (TGMSR), was studied. Before and after the period of low temperature treatments the plants were continuously grown under 14.75 h daylength and 29.6° C average temperature (max. 33° C/min. 29° C) in growth chambers in order to avoid any other possible influences on the male sterility. The results indicate that the plant responses to low temperature was dependant on the developmental stage of the young panicle. The stages from formation of pollen mother cell to late uninucleate of pollen grains were the most sensitive to temperature. It is concluded that the critical temperature for the fertility change from male sterile to partially fertile in ‘5460S’ is about 28.5° C in the sensitive panicle development stages under the condition studied.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022721
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    Inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport is the prime cause behind proline accumulation during mineral deficiency in Oryza sativa (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 465-468 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: iron ; mineral deficiency ; mitochondrial electron transport ; NADH ; Oryza sativa ; proline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The concentration of proline in shoots of rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings raised in distilled water was about 3.3 times higher than in the seedlings raised in modified B5 medium. The shoots of seedlings raised in B5 medium which was depleted of calcium, iron, magnesium or potassium had a higher concentration of proline than those grown in standard B5 medium. The shoots of seedlings raised in distilled water with iron had a lower level of proline than those in distilled water. These results suggest that iron deficiency leads to high proline accumulation. The electron transport activity of mitochondria from shoots of etiolated seedlings raised in distilled water or iron-depleted B5 medium was significantly lower than those from equivalent seedlings raised with an iron source. As suppression in mitochondrial electron transport leads to an increase in NADH/NAD+ ratio, we propose that the prime cause of the proline accumulation during iron deficiency is to readily maintain NADH/NAD+ ratio.
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    Osmotic stress and water stress have opposite effects on putrescine and proline production in excised rice leaves (1993)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 13 (1993), S. 197-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; jasmonic acid methyl ester ; Oryza sativa ; osmotic stress ; proline ; putrescine ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of water stress and osmotic stress (sorbitol treatment) on the production of putrescine and proline in excised rice leaves were compared. Osmotic stress and water stress were found to affect differentially the levels of putrescine and proline in excised rice leaves. Putrescine accumulation is induced by osmotic stress, whereas proline accumulation is induced by water stress. The effects of ABA on the levels of proline and putrescine are similar to those of water stress, whereas the effects of jasmonic acid methyl ester (JA-Me) are similar to those of osmotic stress. Water stress results in an increase of endogenous ABA is excised rice leaves. However, neither osmotic stress nor JA-Me has effect on endogenous ABA levels in excised rice leaves. Of particular interest is the finding that proline levels increase when putrescine levels induced by osmotic stress or JA-Me are reduced by D-arginine and α-methylornithine. L-arginine and L-ornithine applied exogenously also cause an increase in proline levels. It seems that L-arginine and L-ornithine are preferentially utilized as precursors for putrescine accumulation in excised rice leaves treated with osmotic stress and JA-Me, and for proline accumulation in excised rice leaves exposed to water stress and ABA.
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    Changes in putrescine accumulation induced by agents affecting cytosolic pH in detached rice leaves (1993)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 13 (1993), S. 133-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: cytosolic pH ; Oryza sativa ; putrescine ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effects of compounds that influenced cytosolic pH on the level of putrescine in detached rice leaves were examined. Permeant weak acids, isobutyric acid and propionic acid, increased the level of putrescine in detached rice leaves. Procaine and trisodium citrate, known to be permeant weak bases, on the other hand, decreased the level of putrescine. It seems possible that the level of putrescine in detached rice leaves is regulated by the cytosolic pH.
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    Salicylic acid inhibits the biosynthesis of ethylene in detached rice leaves (1993)
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    Plant growth regulation 12 (1993), S. 79-82 
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    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: ethylene biosynthesis ; salicylic acid ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of salicylic acid (SA) on ethylene biosynthesis in detached rice leaves were investigated. SA at pH 3.5 effectively inhibited ethylene production within 2 h of its application. It inhibited the conversion of ACC to ethylene, but did not affect the levels of ACC and conjugated ACC. Thus, the inhibitory effect of SA resulted from the inhibition of both synthesis of ACC and the conversion of ACC to ethylene.
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    Effect of l-proline and l-tryptophan on somatic embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Pusa 169) (1993)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 32 (1993), S. 357-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; proline ; somatic embryogenesis ; tryptophan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00042300
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    Combination of stem elongation ability with submergence tolerance in rice (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 68 (1993), S. 11-16 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: deepwater rice ; elongation ability ; Oryza sativa ; submergence tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A study was conducted with six F2 populations to test the possibility of combining submergence tolerance and stem elongation ability into a single genotype of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Submergence tolerance and stem elongation ability could be combined in the same genotype if strongly submergence tolerant genes are present in submergence tolerant parents.
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    Latent period to leaf blast in rice and its importance as a component of partial resistance (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 69 (1993), S. 185-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: leaf blast ; Magnaporthe grisea ; Oryza sativa ; partial resistance ; Pyricularia oryzae ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In many pathosystems, a prolonged latent period is an important component of partial resistance. Latent period in rice to leaf blast was assessed in cultivars representing a fairly wide range of partial resistance under various conditions that are known to influence the expression of partial resistance considerably. The latent period was slightly more than four days and varied only little between treatments, with a maximum difference of only eight hours between cultivars. The very small differences in latent period were not associated with differences in partial resistance due to cultivar, nitrogen, or leaf age effects. It was concluded that the latent period is of no importance as a component of partial resistance to leaf blast.
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    Genetic analysis of mesocotyl length and its relationship with other agronomic characters in rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 72 (1993), S. 189-195 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: mesocotyl ; diallel cross ; rice ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Mesocotyl length is an important character in promoting seedling emergence of direct-seeded rice. Genetic analysis of rice mesocotyl length was conducted using a six parent diallel cross. Generation mean analysis was carried out on parents (P), F1, F2 and backcrosses (B) of three crosses to complement the genetic information from the diallel analysis. Both analyses demonstrated the presence of significant additive and dominance effects. Duplicate type of non-allelic interaction was detected by the generation mean analysis and two crosses showed significant negative dominance gene effect. Dominance was partial and the narrow sense heritability estimate for mesocotyl length was high, indicating the preponderance of the additive effects. Mesocotyl length was negatively but weakly correlated with the coleoptile length and length of the second internode L2. There was no correlation between mesocotyl length and other mature plant characters such as plant height and internode lengths L1, (L1 being the peduncle with subsequent internodes to the base of the plant). Selection for mesocotyl length can therefore be carried out independent of these plant characters and semidwarf rice varieties with long mesocotyl can be developed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00034157
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    Nitrogen use efficiency of rice reconsidered: What are the key constraints? (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 359-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: 15N ; microbial biomass ; nitrogen uptake efficiency ; Oryza sativa ; soil nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Recent field studies on irrigated rice at the IRRI research farm indicate efficient use of fertilizer-N based on plant uptake of applied N, (estimated by N difference), and utilization of acquired N for increased grain yield. These findings contrast with 15N uptake in microplot studies which underestimate the actual increase in plant N from added fertiliser. Constraints other than uptake efficiency, however, may govern fertiliser-N efficiency in farmers fields. In a study of 44 farmers' fields in Central Luzon, rice yields ranged from 2.5 to 6.2 t ha-1 and N uptake from 35 to 95 kg N ha-1 in plots without fertiliser-N addition. Farmers applied from 35 to 240 kg N ha-1, but there was no relationship between the N rate used by each farmer and the effective soil N supply. Mean N uptake efficiency from fertiliser by N difference was only 36%. We conclude that improved fertiliser-N efficiency by farmers will require a more information-intensive management strategy that makes N fertiliser inputs better fitted to the seasonal pattern of crop N demand and soil N supply.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025057
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    Rice (Oryza sativa L.) germplasm suitable for direct sowing under flooded soil surface (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 67 (1993), S. 177-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: direct sowing ; flooded soil ; germplasm ; Oryza sativa ; rice ; seedling establishment ; seedling growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Screening for rice germplasm which can establish seedling from flooded soil was conducted using 256 accessions of conserved germplasm from the International Rice Germplasm Center (IRGC) and 404 accessions from the International Network for Genetic Evaluation for Rice (INGER), IRRI. IRGC germplasm represented broad genetic diversity while INGER germplasm involved desirable agronomic characters. Seeds germinated for 2 d were planted at 25 mm depth in seedling trays. The trays were then submerged to a depth of 30–50 mm. Seedling establishment was evaluated by analyzing leaf development, seedling height, and percentage establishment 15 d after planting. Eight percent and 2% of IRGC and INGER germplasm, respectively, were identified statistically as superior to the control semidwarf IR varieties. Among the superior germplasm were those from Northeast India and Bangladesh which were adapted to deepwater and early summer rainfed lowland cultures. These could be utilized as parents in breeding programs which aim to develop varieties suitable for direct seeding technology (i.e., germinated seeds are sown under the surface of flooded soil).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040619
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    Pollen tube growth in crosses between Porteresia coarctata and Oryza sativa (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 69 (1993), S. 129-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Porteresia coarctata ; Oryza sativa ; rice ; intergeneric cross ; fluorescent microscopy ; pollen tube ; callose ; postzygotic barrier
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Comparative study with fluorescence microscopy revealed that the pollen tubes of the self-pollinated rice variety BR-9 reached the ovary within 75 min after pollination. In P. coarctata it took 150 min. In the cross between P. coarctata and BR-9, pollen tubes reached the ovary in 165 min but seed setting was not observed. In the cross between BR-9 and P. coarctata, small and deformed pollen tubes were formed and they failed to grow through the stylodium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021736
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    Indica-japonica differentiation in Chinese rice landraces (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 74 (1993), S. 195-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; landraces ; varietal differentiation ; hsien and keng ; indica and japonica ; isozymes ; chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) ; Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ninety Chinese rice landraces were examined with special reference to the indica-japonica differentiation in terms of traditional criteria, isozyme analysis and PCR analysis of the chloroplast DNA (cpDNA). Cultivars were separated into indica and japonica defined by a discriminant function (Z) based on key characters, as well as by isozyme genotypes. Most indica landraces had chloroplast DNAs with a deletion at the Pst-12 fragment, while most japonica landraces had cpDNAs without the deletion. Two traditionally recognized varietal groups in China, keng and hsien, corresponded largely to the respective japonica and indica revealed in our study. The results obtained in this study showed good agreement for classification of indica and japonica types by the three methods: discriminant analysis by Z value, isozyme analysis, and PCR analysis for cpDNA.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040401
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    Computer-aide automatic identification of rice chromosomes by image parameters (1993)
    Springer
    Chromosome research 1 (1993), S. 189-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: automatic identification ; condensation pattern ; image analysis ; Oryza sativa ; rice chromosomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An automatic, computer-aided method for identification of rice chromosomes was developed based on image parameters obtained by image analysis. Numerical data of the 360 condensation patterns (CPs) or the density profiles of rice chromosomes obtained from 30 chromosomal spreads of haploid rice were subjected to three different discrimination methods for identifying the chromosome: (1) discrimination flow chart, (2) linear discrimination functions, and (3) minimum distance classifer based on standardized Euclidean distance. Discrimination based on the minimum distance classifier resulted in the correct identification of more than 92% of the rice chromosomes. The first and second methods gave a correct identification of 91% and 84%, respectively. It is concluded that the 12 rice chromosomes in most spreads could be identified by a computer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00710773
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    Effect of folding and feeding by Cnaphalocrocis medinalis on photosynthesis and transpiration of rice leaves (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 63 (1992), S. 101-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Cnaphalocrosis medinalis ; rice leaffolder ; Oryza sativa ; rice ; photosynthesis ; transpiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00350352
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    The influence of inorganic nutrient fertilization on the growth, nutrient composition and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of pretransplant rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants (1992)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 13 (1992), S. 85-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae ; Inorganic nutrients ; Plant growth ; Pretransplant ; Fertilization ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of P, N and Ca+Mg fertilization on biomass production, leaf area, root length, vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) colonization, and shoot and root nutrient concentrations of pretransplant rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants were investigated. Mycorrhizal plants generally had a higher biomass and P, N, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Na, B, Zn, Al, Mg, and S shoot-tissue nutrient concentrations than non-mycorrhizal plants. Although mycorrhizal plants always had higher root-tissue nutrient concentrations than non-mycorrhizal plants, they were not significantly different, except for Mn. N fertilization stimulated colonization of the root system (colonized root length), and increased biomass production and nutrient concentrations of mycorrhizal plants. Biomass increases due to N were larger when the plants were not fertilized with additional P. P fertilization reduced the colonized root length and biomass production of mycorrhizal plants. The base treatment (Ca+Mg) did not significantly affect biomass production but increased the colonized root length. These results stress the importance of evaluating the VAM rice symbiosis under various fertilization regimes. The results of this study suggest that pretransplant mycorrhizal rice plants may have a potential for better field establishment than non-mycorrhizal plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00337340
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    Dual inoculation of pretransplant stage Oryza sativa L. plants with indigenous vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. (1992)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 13 (1992), S. 147-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae ; Fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. ; Oryza sativa ; Pretransplant ; Nursery ; Rhizosphere interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This study examined the response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants at the pretransplant/nursery stage to inoculation with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and fluorescent Pseudomonas spp., singly or in combination. The VAM fungi and fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. were isolated from the rhizosphere of rice plants. In the plants grown in soil inoculated with fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. alone, I found increases in shoot growth, and in root length and fine roots, and decreases in root growth, and P and N concentrations. In contrast, in the plants colonized by VAM fungi alone, the results were the reverse of those of the pseudomonad treatment. Dual inoculation of soil with VAM fungi and fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. yielded plants with the highest biomass and nutrient acquisition. In contrast, the plants of the control treatment had the lowest biomass and nutrient levels. The dual-inoculated plants had intermediate root and specific root lengths. The precentages of mycorrhizal colonization and colonized root lengths were significantly lower in the dual-inoculated treatment than the VAM fungal treatment. Inoculation of plants with fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. suppressed VAM fungal colonization and apparently reduced photosynthate loss to the mycorrhizal associates, which led to greater biomass and nutrient levels in dual-inoculated plants compared with plants inoculated with VAM fungi alone. Dual inoculation of seedlings with fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. and VAM fungi may be preferable to inoculation with VAM alone and may contribute to the successful establishment of these plants in the field.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336270
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    Sources of nitrogen and yield advantages for monocropping and mixed cropping with cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata L.) and upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1992)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 13 (1992), S. 225-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Mixed cropping ; Biological efficiency ; Nitrogen uptake ; Cowpea ; Upland rice ; Oryza sativa ; Vigna unguiculata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Sources of N used by cropped and intercropped cowpeas and rice were determined by the 15N isotope-dilution technique. The biological efficiency of intercropping cowpeas and rice was assessed by calculating the land equivalent ratio of dry matter yield, total N, and uptake of N. A reduced N uptake by both cowpeas and rice during mixed cropping was attributed to mutual competition, with both crops competing effectively for the scarce environmental resources. The lack of a significant difference in the uptake of fertilizer and soil N by mixed-crop rice and cowpeas is an indication that the soil N was sufficient and that the mixed cropping did not create any imbalance in soil and fertilizer N uptake. The land equivalent ratio ranged between 120% and 180% for shoot dry matter and total N, showing that biological efficiency was increased by intercropping cowpeas with rice. The proportion of N derived from the atmosphere by mono- and intercropped cowpeas was not significantly different, showing that the potential of cowpeas to fix N2 was independent of the cropping system, since the rice did not stimulate the cowpeas to fix more N2.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00340580
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    Uptake and metabolism of isouron in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings (1992)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 14 (1992), S. 1-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Isouron ; Rice seedling ; Uptake ; Translocation ; Metabolism ; Broadleaf herbicide ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Isouron, a pre-emergence herbicide, inhibited the growth of rice seedlings in a nutrient solution; the critical concentration was about 0.10 mg l-1. Isotope studies showed that isouron, added to the nutrient solution, was observed by the rice roots and translocated rapidly to the shoot. In rice seedlings, isouron was converted to six known metabolites, 3-(5-(1-dimethyl-2-hydroxy-ethy)-3-isoxazolyl]urea, 3-(5-tert-butyl-3-isoxazolyl)-1-methylurea, 3-(5-tert-butyl-3-isoxazolyl)ure, 3-amino-5-tert-butylisoxazole, 3-[5-(1,1-dimethyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-3-isoxazolyl]-1-dimethylurea, and 3-[5-(1,1-dimethyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-3-isoxazolyl]-1-methylurea, and two unknown metabolites.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336295
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    Presence of three rice sucrose synthase genes as revealed by cloning and sequencing of cDNA (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 1191-1194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: rice ; Oryza sativa ; sucrose synthase ; isozymes ; cDNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract By sequencing cDNA clones, we have concluded that three distinct sucrose genes are expressed in rice (Oryza sativa cv. Tainong 67). When the amino acid sequences deduced from these cDNAs as well as those of known sucrose synthase are compared, the highest divergence is found in the C-termini. The most suitable DNA sequences for use as specific for the mRNA derived from these genes have been suggested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00047725
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    Two rice (Oryza sativa) full-length cDNA clones encoding low-molecular-weight heat-shock proteins (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 963-965 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: rice ; Oryza sativa ; low-molecular-weight heat-shock proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00019209
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    cDNA cloning and gene expression of the major prolamins of rice (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 323-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: N-terminal sequence ; nucleotide sequence ; Oryza sativa ; prolamin cDNAs ; signal peptide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A full-length cDNA (pS 18) encoding the 16 kDa rice prolamin composed of 158 amino acids was sequenced. Analysis of N-terminal amino acid sequence of a major rice prolamin indicated that an 18 amino acid signal peptide was removed from 16 kDa precursor prolamin to form the 14 kDa prolamin during seed development. Synthesis of the 16 kDa precursor prolamin began around 8 days after flowering (DAF), increased remarkably at 8–11 DAF and gradually reached maximum levels with the maturation of rice seeds.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014501
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    Genetic diversity and differentiation of indica and japonica rice detected by RFLP analysis (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1992), S. 495-499 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; Phenotypic diversity ; Differentiation ; Randomization test ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genetic diversity and differentiation in indica and japonica groups of the cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) were studied by assaying DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms of 12 indica and 14 japonica rice lines digested with three restriction endonucleases. A total of 49 probes were selected to represent the entire RFLP map at intervals of 20–30 cM. It was shown that 95 of the 145 possible probe/enzyme combinations, involving 43 probes and all three enzymes, detected restriction fragment length variation, and the degree of polymorphism varied greatly from one probe/enzyme combination to another. These results demonstrate that indica rice is genetically more diverse than japonica type. Significant differentiation between the two rice groups was detected by 33 probes representing 11 of the 12 rice chromosomes. It was deduced that the processes leading to differentiation involved a combination of molecular events that include base substitutions and insertion/deletions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226539
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    RFLP analysis of rice (Oryza sativa L.) introgression lines (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 608-616 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Rice ; Oryza sativa ; Oryza officinalis ; Introgression ; RFLP ; Wide cross ; DNA probes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Fifty-two introgression lines (BC2F8) from crosses between two Oryza sativa parents and five accessions of O. officinalis were analyzed for the introgression of O. officinalis chromosome segments. DNA from the parents and introgression lines was analyzed with 177 RFLP markers located at approximately 10-cM intervals over the rice chromosomes. Most probe/enzyme combinations detected RFLPs between the parents. Of the 174 informative markers, 28 identified putative O. officinalis introgressed chromosome segments in 1 or more of the introgression lines. Introgressed segments were found on 11 of the 12 rice chromosomes. In most cases of introgression, O. sativa RFLP alleles were replaced by O. officinalis alleles. Introgressed segments were very small in size and similar in plants derived from early and later generations. Some nonconventional recombination mechanism may be involved in the transfer of such small chromosomal segments from O. officinalis chromosomes to those of O. sativa. Some of the introgressed segments show association with genes for brown planthopper (BPH) resistance in some introgressed lines, but not in others. Thus, none of the RFLP markers could be unambiguously associated with BPH resistance.
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    Genetic and physical analysis of the rice bacterial blight disease resistance locus, Xa21 (1992)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 236 (1992), S. 113-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; RAPD ; RFLP ; Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae ; Physical mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Nearly isogenic lines (NILs) of rice (Oryza sativa) differing at a locus conferring resistance to the pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae were surveyed with 123 DNA markers and 985 random primers using restriction fragment length plymorphism (RFLP) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. One chromosome 11 marker (RG103) detected polymorphism between the NILs that cosegregated with Xa21. All other chromosome 11 DNA markers tested were monomorphic between the NILs, localizing the Xa21 introgressed region to an 8.3 cM interval on chromosome 11. Furthermore, we identified two polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products (RAPD2148 and RAPD818) that detected polymorphisms between the NILs. Genomic sequences hybridizing with RAPD818, RAPD248 and RG103 were duplicated specifically in the Xa21 NIL. All three markers cosegregated with the resistance locus, Xa21, in a F2 population of 386 progeny. Based on the frequency with which we recovered polymorphic Xa21-linked markers, we estimated the physical size of the introgressed region to be approximately 800 kb. This estimation was supported by physical mapping (using pulsed field gel electrophoresis) of the sequences hybridizing with the three Xa21-linked DNA markers. The results showed that the three Xa21-linked markers are physically close to each other, with one copy of the RAPD818 sequences located within 60 kb of RAPD248 and the other copy within 270 kb of RG103. None of the enzymes tested generated a DNA fragment that hybridized with all three of the markers indicating that the introgressed region containing the resistance locus Xa21 is probably larger than 270 kb.
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    Isolation and characterization of cDNA clones encodingcdc2 homologues fromOryza sativa: a functional homologue and cognate variants (1992)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 233 (1992), S. 10-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: p34cdc2 ; Oryza sativa ; Protein kinase ; Cell cycle control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Using probes obtained by PCR amplification, we have isolated two cognate rice cDNAs (cdc2Os-1 andcdc2Os-2) encoding structural homologues of thecdc2 +/CDC28(cdc2) protein kinase from a cDNA library prepared from cultured rice cells. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of cdc2Os-1 and cdc2Os-2 showed that they are 83 % identical. They are 62 % identical toCDC28 ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae and much more similar to the yeast and mammalian p34cdc2 kinases than to riceR2, acdc2-related kinase isolated previously by screening the same rice cDNA library with a different oligonucleotide probe. Southern blot analysis indicated that the three rice clones (cdc2Os-1,cdc2Os-2 andR2) are derived from distinct genes and are each found in a single copy per rice haploid genome. RNA blot analysis revealed that these genes are expressed in proliferating rice cells and in young rice seedlings.cdc2Os-1 could complement a temperature-sensitive yeast mutant ofcdc28. However, despite the similarity in structure, bothcdc2Os-2 andR2 were unable to complement the same mutant. Thus, the present results demonstrate the presence of structurally related, but functionally distinct cognates of thecdc2 cell cycle kinase in rice.
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    Managing native and legume-fixed nitrogen in lowland rice-based cropping systems (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 141 (1992), S. 69-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biological nitrogen fixation ; denitrification ; fallow ; flooded soil ; leaching ; legume ; nitrate ; nitrogen balance ; nitrogen loss ; Oryza sativa ; rice ; weeds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Lowlands comprise 87% of the 145 M ha of world rice area. Lowland rice-based cropping systems are characterized by soil flooding during most of the rice growing season. Rainfall distribution, availability of irrigation water and prevailing temperatures determine when rice or other crops are grown. Nitrogen is the most required nutrient in lowland rice-based cropping systems. Reducing fertilizer N use in these cropping systems, while maintaining or enhancing crop output, is desirable from both environmental and economic perspectives. This may be possible by producing N on the land through legume biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), minimizing soil N losses, and by improved recycling of N through plant residues. At the end of a flooded rice crop, organic- and NH4-N dominate in the soil, with negligible amounts of NO3. Subsequent drying of the soil favors aerobic N transformations. Organic N mineralizes to NH4, which is rapidly nitrified into NO3. As a result, NO3 accumulates in soil during the aerobic phase. Recent evidence indicates that large amounts of accumulated soil NO3 may be lost from rice lowlands upon the flooding of aerobic soil for rice production. Plant uptake during the aerobic phase can conserve soil NO3 from potential loss. Legumes grown during the aerobic phase additionally capture atmospheric N through BNF. The length of the nonflooded season, water availability, soil properties, and prevailing temperatures determine when and where legumes are, or can be, grown. The amount of N derived by legumes through BNF depends on the interaction of microbial, plant, and environmental determinants. Suitable legumes for lowland rice soils are those that can deplete soil NO3 while deriving large amounts of N through BNF. Reducing soil N supply to the legume by suitable soil and crop management can increase BNF. Much of the N in legume biomass might be removed from the land in an economic crop produce. As biomass is removed, the likelihood of obtaining a positive soil N balance diminishes. Nonetheless, use of legumes rather than non-legumes is likely to contribute higher quantities of N to a subsequent rice crop. A whole-system approach to N management will be necessary to capture and effectively use soil and atmospheric sources of N in the lowland rice ecosystem.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011311
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    Gene banks and their contribution to the breeding of disease resistant cultivars (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 63 (1992), S. 23-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: genetic resources ; gene bank ; pearl millet ; Pennisetum glaucum ; potato ; Solanum tuberosum ; rice ; Oryza sativa ; cotton ; Gossypium spp.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Genetic variation in crop species and their wild relatives holds the key to the successful breeding of improved crop cultivars with durable resistance to disease. The importance of the conservation, characterization and utilization of plant genetic resources nationally and internationally has been recognised, though much remains to be done. Gene banks have now been established in many countries and at most of the international crop research centres. Cell and tissue culture techniques and biotechnological aids have done much to ensure the creation and safe transfer of healthy germplasm around the world. Multidisciplinary, international research and collaboration are essential to the successful breeding of improved disease resistant cultivars. Examples are given of the effective use of genetic resources in breeding disease resistant cultivars of a number of crops, including cotton, rice, potatoes and pearl millet.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023909
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    Durable resistance to rice blast disease-environmental influences (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 63 (1992), S. 115-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: environmental influence ; Oryza sativa ; Pyricularia grisea ; P. oryzae ; rice ; rice blast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Blast is one of the most serious diseases of rice worldwide. The pathogen,Pyricularia grisea, can infect nearly all parts of the shoot and is commonly found on the leaf blade and the panicle neck node. Host resistance is the most desirable means of managing blast, especially in developing countries. Rice cultivars with durable blast resistance have been recognized in several production systems. The durable resistance of these cultivars is associated with polygenic partial resistance that shows no evidence of race specificity. This partial resistance is expressed as fewer and smaller lesions on the leaf blade but latent period does not appear to be an important component. Partial resistance to leaf blast is positively correlated with partial resistance to panicle blast, although some cultivars have been found showing leaf-blast susceptibility and panicle-blast resistance. A diverse set of environmental factors can influence the expression of partial resistance, including temperature, duration of leaf-wetness, nitrogen fertilization, soil type, and water deficit. Because of the great diversity of rice-growing environments, resistance that proves durable in one system may or may not prove useful in another. In highly blast-conducive environments, other means of disease management must be applied to assist host-plant resistance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023917
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    Partial resistance to neck blast influenced by stage of panicle development and rice genotype (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 64 (1992), S. 173-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Magnaporthe grisea ; Oryza sativa ; Pyricularia oryzae ; yield components ; yield loss ; partial resistance ; rice neck blast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Neck nodes of eight rice genotypes were inoculated with a virulent isolate of the blast pathogen at four slightly different, increasingly older stages of panicle development shortly after flowering. Resistance to infection as well as resistance to growth of the pathogen after infection was assessed. Significant differences between genotypes were found for both components of resistance. Resistance to growth of the pathogen sharply increased with aging of the neck node as was indicated by a large reduction of the length of the lesions on the culm, but resistance to infection did not change much. The lesion length was closely related to yield loss. A small delay in time of infection can lead to a large decrease in yield reduction. Meaningful comparison of partial resistance to neck blast between genotypes therefore requires infection at an identical stage of panicle development. In the field, where panicles are in different stages of development, selection of genotypes that do show the symptoms of neck blast together with relatively little yield loss in infected panicles is recommended.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00046046
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    Effect of leaf age on components of partial resistance in rice to leaf blast (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 63 (1992), S. 271-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: leaf blast ; Magnaporthe grisea ; Oryza sativa ; partial resistance ; Pyricularia oryzae ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ten rice genotypes were inoculated with a virulent isolate of Magnaporthe grisea to study the effect of leaf age on components of partial resistance, and evaluate associations between these components. The number of sporulating lesions per cm2 leaf declined with increase of leaf age in all genotypes. The number of lesions per cm2 leaf area in one week old leaves was about 25% that of the number in very young leaves in the susceptible cultivar CO39, but less than 2% in the more resistant cultivars IR36, IR60 and IR62. Large differences between genotypes were found for the number of sporulating lesions that developed, and this factor was closely related to the period that leaves remained susceptible after appearance. The number of lesions in the most susceptible cultivar CO39 was about 7 times that in the cultivars IR60 and IR64. Differences between genotypes were also found for lesion size. The effect of aging on average lesion size was less pronounced than on lesion density. Lesion size and lesion density were positively correlated, but a rapid decline of density was not necessarily accompanied by a rapid decline of size. No apparent differences between genotypes were observed for latent period. Genotypes with leaves that became highly resistant soon after appearance expressed higher levels of partial resistance in the field.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024554
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    Genetic effects determining rice grain weight and grain density (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 64 (1992), S. 161-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; grain weight ; grain density ; genetic effects ; heritability ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Increasing grain weight is one means of increasing rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain yields. Selection for increased density of filled grains may offer an approach to increasing rice grain weight. Before rice breeding programs can begin effectively selecting for higher grain density, the nature and amount of the genetic variation present must be evaluated. A Design II mating plant with two sets was constructed using 16 parents. The 16 parents were representative of cultivars and elite breeding material available to breeders of long-grain rice in the southern U.S. The parents and 32 F1 hybrids were evaluated in 1990 at two Arkansas locations: Stuttgart and Marianna. Additive variation was essentially zero for grain density as indicated by nonsignificant general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) mean squares and a narrowsense heritability estimate −0.04 (±0.07). Increasing rice grain weight through increased grain density would not be feasible in U.S. southern long-grain rice unless new germplasm with higher filled grain densities is introduced. Genetic variation for grain weight was predominately additive and complemented with additive x additive epistatic variation, indicating that selection for increased grain weight could be practiced in segregating generations. The small proportion of epistatic variation to additive variation would not justify delaying selection until epistatic combinations are fixed in the homozygous line. Midparent grain weight means would serve as an adequate indicator of progeny performance for cross appraisal.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00046044
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    Comparison of fertility between the F1, F2 and anther derived lines in the crosses of indica/japonica and japonica/indica in rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 66 (1992), S. 19-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; indica-japonica interracial hybrids ; haploid regeneration ; fertility restoration ; doubled haploid line
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Response of anthers in in vitro culture was examined in the indica-japonica hybrids of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Significant genotypic differences were observed for callus induction and regeneration among the different interracial hybrids of indica-japonica races. Induction frequency of haploids ranged from 57.7 to 72.9 per cent and doubled haploid androgenic lines ranged from 27.1 to 42.3 per cent in the anther culture of the different hybrids. The indica-japonica hybrids recorded partial pollen grain and spikelet fertility in F1 (29.9 to 41.5% and 19.4 to 48.7% respectively) as well as in F2 (42.7 to 50.6% and 37.1 to 54.4% respectively). In contrast, the androgenic doubled haploid lines recorded significant increase and the pollen grain and spikelet fertility was 76.3 and 78.6 per cent respecitively. The results suggested that the sterility barriers for realising genetic recombinants and fixation of fertile homozygous lines in indica-japonica hybridization programme could be overcome through F1 anther culture technique.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023504
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    Protoclonal variation of plant regeneration in rice (1992)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 28 (1992), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; mutation ; protoclone ; protoplast ; totipotency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Protoplasts were isolated from callus derived from a single homozygous seed of Oryza sativa L. var. Norin 8. Thirty protoclones were randomly selected and these showed variation in regeneration frequency ranging from 0–87% with an average of 52%. The potential for regeneration of each protoclone as reflected in the regeneration frequency was analyzed five times over a period of 250 days and showed that the protoclones can be classified into three types, namely: protoclones with high regeneration frequency; protoclones with low regeneration frequency, both of which maintained their respective levels of regeneration potential; and protoclones with gradually decreasing regeneration frequency. Secondary protoclones established from protoplasts isolated from some of these protoclones and regenerated 2–3 times for a period of 120 days also showed further reduction in regeneration frequency. The polypeptide composition analyzed by two dimensional gel electrophoresis suggests the presence of specific polypeptides related to regeneration potential. Analysis of ploidy level based on plant morphology and pollen size suggests the predominance of tetraploids among the regenerated plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039909
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    Wide compatibility in rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1992)
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    Euphytica 64 (1992), S. 71-80 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; wide crosses ; hybrid sterility ; wide compatibility genes ; genetic analysis ; inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wide compatible varieties (WCVs) show normal spikelet fertility in crosses with Indica and Japonica rice varieties. Crosses of Indica and Japonica varieties frequently show high spikelet sterility which prevents exploitation of heterosis for grain yield. We screened 41 rice varieties for the wide compatibility trait by crossing each with three Indica and three Japonica testers. Varieties giving fertile F1 hybrids with both groups of testers were classified as WCVs. Seven varieties viz., BPI-76 (Indica); N 22; Lambayeque-1 and Dular (Aus); Moroberekan, Palawan and Fossa HV (Japonicas), were identified as WCVs. The frequency of WCVs was higher among Aus and Japonicas. The wide compatibility trait in varieties: Dular and Moroberekan was controlled by a single dominant gene linked with the Est-2 and Amp-3 loci (mean recombination 32.0%). Est-2 and Amp-3 showed complete linkage. Pgi-2 was found to be linked with Est-2 and Amp-3 (mean recombination 16.1%). Est-2 and Amp-3, showed a tighter linkage with C + (mean recombination 4.1%). Pgi-2 showed a lower linkage with C + (mean recombination 17.3%). The recombination values between the WC gene in Dular and C + was much higher than those reported in Japan for the WC gene (S5 n) from Ketan Nangka. It is possible that the WC gene from Dular is different from that in Ketan Nangka. Linkage intensities with the WC gene were not strong enough to be of use for indirect selection for the wide compatibility trait. A search for a more closely linked isozyme or DNA marker was proposed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023540
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    Small differential interactions for partial resistance in rice cultivars to virulent isolates of the blast pathogen (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 64 (1992), S. 143-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: blast ; Magnaporthe grisea ; Pyricularia oryzae ; Oryza sativa ; race-non-specific resistance ; face-specific resistance ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Six rice genotypes, differing in partial resistance, were exposed to three isolates of the blast pathogen. Of the variance due to host and pathogen genotypes, 39% was due to host genotype effects, 60% was due to isolate effects, and only 1% was due to host genotype × isolate interactions. Although small, this interaction variance was highly significant and mainly due to the IR50 × W6-1 and IR37704 × JMB8401-1 combinations. Although behaving largely as race-non-specific (large main effects only), the partial resistance cannot be classified as race-non-specific. The results suggest that minor genes for partial resistance operate in a gene for gene relationship with minor genes in the pathogen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023548
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    Effect on leaf photosynthetic rate by leaf blast for rice cultivars with different types and levels of resistance (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 66 (1992), S. 81-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: leaf blast ; Oryza sativa ; photosynthesis ; Pyricularia oryzae ; rice ; tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of an inoculation with Pyricularia oryzae (isolate P06-6) on net leaf photosynthetic rate of rice (Oryza sativa) was studied with four cultivars. Measurements were taken on the sixth leaf of the main culm of plants in the early tillering stage. On cultivars CO39, IR50 and IR64 a susceptible infection type developed, but a clear difference in relative infection efficiency of the cultivars was observed. The highest number of lesions developed on leaves of CO39, whereas the lowest number was found on leaves of IR64. For all three cultivars the effect of a single lesion on the reduction in net leaf photosynthetic rate was found to be equal to a reduction in leaf area of three times the area occupied by the visible lesion. On IR68, a cultivar with complete resistance, brown specks of pinpoint size appeared without any effect on net leaf photosynthetic rate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023511
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    Correlation between α-amylase gene expression and seedling vigor in rice (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 66 (1992), S. 163-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: α-amylase enzyme activity ; α-amylase mRNA levels ; cold temperature ; differential gene expression ; Oryza sativa ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This report examines the relationship between seedling vigor, α-amylase enzyme activity and α-amylase mRNA accumulation in ten varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown at two temperatures (15°C and 30°C). A significant, positive correlation was observed between seedling vigor, α-amylase enzyme activity, and the accumulation of mRNA from one rice α-amylase gene (RAmy1A) at both temperature regimens. The results of this study support previous experiments which have correlated α-amylase enzyme activity to seedling vigor. We have extended this correlation to the expression of one of ten genes that comprise the rice α-amylase multigene family. These results suggest that the expression of α-amylase gene RAmy1A is an important, and possibly rate-limiting factor in determining seedling vigor in rice.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025299
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    Preference of white-backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera to different rice varieties (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 59 (1991), S. 87-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Sogatella furcifera ; Oryza sativa ; host plant preference
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Preference studies of the white-backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) (Delphacidae: Homoptera) (WBPH) for different growth stages of rice, Oryza sativa L., indicated that WBPH selected its preferred variety for feeding by alighting on the plant and feeding briefly, ‘tasting’ the plant. Differential preference for shelter, food or oviposition by WBPH were observed for different rice varieties and for different stages of a variety. With the advancement of plant age, rice varieties became more unsuitable for feeding and a process progressing more rapidly in resistant varieties. Most of the resistant varieties viz. Pundia, Landi Sarakanti and Ptb-33, unsuitable for shelter and feeding were usually not preferred for oviposition. However, the tolerant variety Mahia bankoi, though suitable for shelter and feeding was also not preferred for oviposition. Therefore, when screening varieties by only measuring feeding preference sources having tolerance mechanisms of resistance may be overlooked.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187970
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    Availability of soil and fertilizer nitrogen to wetland rice following wheat straw amendment (1991)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 11 (1991), S. 97-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Added N interaction ; Fertilizer N ; 15N ; Organic amendment ; Oryza sativa ; Wetland rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A pot experiment was conducted to study the availability of soil and fertilizer N to wetland rice as influenced by wheat straw amendment (organic amendment) and to establish the relative significance of the two sources in affecting crop yield. Straw was incorporated in soil at 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3% before transplanting rice. Inorganic N as 15N-ammonium sulphate was applied at 30, 60, and 90 μg g-1 soil either alone or together with wheat straw in different combinations. After harvesting the rice, the plant and soil samples were analyzed for total N and 15N. Straw incorporation significantly decreased the dry matter and N yield of rice, the decrease being greater with higher rates of straw. The reduction in crop yield following the straw incorporation was attributed mainly to a decrease in the uptake of soil N rather than fertilizer N. The harmful effects of organic matter amendment were mitigated by higher levels of mineral N addition. The uptake of applied N increased and its losses decreased due to the straw incorporation. Mineral N applied alone or together with organic amendment substantially increased the uptake of unlabelled soil N. The increase was attributed to a real added N interaction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336371
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    Soil management problems in multiply cropped paddy fields in China (1991)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 12 (1991), S. 213-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Soil management problems ; Multiply cropped paddy fields ; Mineral fertilizer ; Organic manure ; Sustainable agriculture ; Oryza sativa ; Trificum sativa ; Brassica napus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Multiple cropping of paddy fields has now been widely adopted in East China, in order to increase annual grain yields. The management practices recommended for these multiple cropped fields include the use of mineral fertilizers in combination with organic manure, to sustain a better soil nutrient balance, the adoption of rice-straw manuring, and use of zero or minimum tillage. This paper presents the results of a series of longterm experiments in multiple cropping and discusses the problems associated with these techniques.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00337205
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    Molecular identification and comparison of the starch synthase bound to starch granules between endosperm and leaf blades in rice plants (1991)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 29 (1991), S. 301-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; O. glaberrima ; Wx protein ; starch synthase ; immunological assay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Normal (nonglutinous) rice plants (Oryza sativa andO. glaberrima) contain more than 18% amylose in endosperm starch, whilewaxy (glutinous) plants lack it in this starch. In contrast, leaf starch contained more than 3.6% amylose even inwaxy plants. SDS-PAGE analysis of proteins bound to endosperm starch granules in the normal plants revealed a single band with aMr of 60 kd, whereaswaxy plants did not exhibit a similar band. The activity of starch synthase (NDP-glucose-starch glucosyltransferase) was completely inhibited by antibody against the 60-kd protein. Thus, we conclude that the 60-kd protein is thewaxy protein encoded by theWx allele, which also plays a role in the synthesis of nonglutinous starch in endosperm tissue. In leaf blades, the proteins bound to starch granules separated into five bands withMr's of 53.6 to 64.9 kd on SDS-PAGE. Analysis of these proteins by immunoblotting using antiserum againstWx protein and inhibition of starch synthase activity by the synthase antibody revealed that none of these proteins was homologous toWx protein. We suggest that the synthesis of amylose in leaf blades is brought about by a protein encoded by a gene(s) different from theWx gene expressed in the endosperm.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00554138
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    Characterization of an α-amylase multigene cluster in rice (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 579-591 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: DNA rearrangement ; gene duplication ; genomic sequences ; Oryza sativa ; PCR ; quantitative primer extension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rice genomic clones containing eight different α-amylase genes have been previously classified into five groups based on DNA hybridization studies and restriction site mapping. This report describes the clustering of three Group 3 genes (RAmy3A, RAmy3B and RAmy3C) within 28 kb of genomic DNA. The genes are separated from each other by about 5 kb and transcribed in the same direction. At the protein level, RAmy3B and RAmy3C are 95% homologous while each is 78% homologous to RAmy3A. All three genes have relatively small introns in the first and third positions. RAmy3A; however, has an additional 409 bp intron in the second intron insertion site. Nucleotide sequence comparisons of the coding and 3′ flanking regions suggest that clustering of the RAmy3 genes occurred by gene duplication resulting from unequal crossing-over at repetitive sequences. A comparison of the 5′ flanking regions revealed several sequences that may be involved in transcription. Expression of RAmy3B/C first appears in the germinating seed after two days and at a higher level after four days. Quantitative primer extension analysis indicates that RAmy3B and RAmy3C contribute 25% and 75%, respectively, of the transcripts from this cluster at four days of germination. No primer extension band specific to RAmy3A transcripts could be detected at this time point. However, RAmy3A PCR products could be amplified from RNA isolated from embryo-derived callus tissue.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023423
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    Transgenic rice cell lines and plants: expression of transferred chimeric genes (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 807-820 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: methylation ; Oryza sativa ; protoplasts ; transformation ; β-D-glucuronidase ; methotrexate ; hygromycin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cell suspension-derived rice (Oryza sativa L.) protoplasts were transformed by direct gene uptake. PEG-mediated transformation was more efficient than electroporation. Plasmid DNA containing a hygromycin phosphotransferase (HPT) gene (which confers hygromycin resistance) driven by the CaMV 35S promoter and a β-D-glucuronidase (GUS) gene under control of the 1′, 2′ double promoter of the mannopine synthase (mas) locus of Agrobacterium tumefaciens was introduced into rice protoplasts. Southern analysis of DNA from transformed cell lines showed that the HPT and GUS genes were present intact. Both genes were expressed in transgenic cell suspensions. GUS activity was detected by histochemical staining of the cells and by enzyme assays. During a 12-day culture period the proportion of stained cells rose to a maximum and then decreased again. Considerably higher numbers of blue-stained cells were obtained when the transgenic cell lines were grown in the presence of 5-azacytidine. Transcripts of the GUS gene could not be detected, in contrast with the HPT gene. Plantlets were regenerated from one transgenic cell line. GUS activity was found in both leaf and root tissues of these plants, particularly, but not exclusively, in vascular bundles. A mouse dihydrofolate reductase coding sequence (DHFR), conferring methotrexate resistance, fused to the CaMV 35S promotor and the wild-type nopaline synthase (NOS) gene of A. tumefaciens were also introduced into rice protoplasts. Stable integration of both genes was confirmed by Southern analysis. Expression of the DHFR gene was demonstrated by high levels of resistance to methotrexate of the transgenic cell suspensions and by the presence of DHFR transcripts. Expression of the NOS gene at enzyme or RNA level was not detected. Southern analysis suggests that this gene was probably either methylated or scrambled in these lines.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015073
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    A novel glycine-rich cell wall protein gene in rice (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 187-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; cell wall protein ; secondary structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A genomic clone isolated from rice (Oryza sativa var. IR 36) contains a gene that encodes a glycine-rich cell wall protein. This gene is a member of a multi-gene family. Two transcripts with different 5′ termini are encoded by this gene and the expression of these two transcripts is differentially regulated. The amino acid sequence derived from the DNA sequence of this gene has a putative amino terminal signal peptide, and a highly repetitive structure in the putative mature protein. A model is proposed which describes the potential monomeric structure of this glycine-rich protein and how these monomers may be covalently linked to produce a network-like structure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020551
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    Identification and genetic analysis of semidwarfism-related proteins in rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 376-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Rice ; Oryza sativa ; Embryo protein ; Genetic analysis ; Semidwarfism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary By transferring a semidwarf gene (sd-1) from Taichung Native 1 into a tall Japanese cultivar, Norin 29, through seven backcrosses, a semidwarf near-isogenic line SC-TN1 was obtained. The proteins of the embryo in Norin 29 and SC-TN1 were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Most of the proteins showed the same electrophoretic pattern. However, it was found that there was a difference in the appearance of two basic glycoproteins designated as SRP-1 and SRP-2. These proteins exhibited the same molecular mass, but different isoelectric points. Hybridization results indicated that a single locus controls SRP-1 and SRP-2 with codominant alleles. The gene symbol Srp was given to this locus, with alleles Srp-1 and Srp-2 responsible for SRP-1 and SRP-2, respectively. Srp-2 was found in all of the semidwarf cultivars and lines having sd-1, except a tall cultivar Tsaiyuan-chung. This finding suggests that Srp-2 may be closely linked with sd-1. The amounts of these proteins markedly increased after water absorption of the seed, suggesting that these proteins may be related to the early development of the plant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228679
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  • 94
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    Genetic analysis of endosperm mutants in rice Oryza sativa L. (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1991), S. 146-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; Endosperm mutants ; Trisomics ; Chromosomal location ; Allelic relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Sugary, shrunken, floury, white core, amylose extender and dull mutants induced in japonica varieties were used in this study. The results of an allelic analysis conducted in japonica background indicated that the two sugary mutants 82GF and EM5 are allelic. The two amylose extender mutants 2064 and EM16 are also allelic. The opaque mutant ESD7-3(0) and floury mutants 2047, EM17 and EM28 are allelic as well and have the flo-1 gene. The three white core mutants EM3, EM24 and EM66 were found to be non-allelic. Eleven dull mutants were investigated. Dull mutants 2057, 2083, 2091 and EM15 were found to be allelic to each other. Similarly, dull mutants 2077, 2078 and 2120 have allelic genes. Dull mutants 2035, EM12, EM47, and EM98 are non-allelic to the above loci. Dull genes in EM12, EM15, and EM98 were designated earlier as du-1, du-2 and du-4, respectively. The mutant genes were transferred to indica background by two backcrosses to IR36. Some of the mutant genes were located to respective chromosomes through trisomic analysis using primary trisomics of IR36. In this way the amylose extender gene ae was located to chromosome 2, the flo-1 was located to chromosome 5 and the flo-2 to chromosome 4. Dull genes of EM47, 2120, and 2035 were assigned to chromosomes 6, 9, and 6, respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226243
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  • 95
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    RFLP analysis of Zea mays callus cultures and their regenerated plants (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 227-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Callus cultures ; RFLP ; Zea mays ; Oryza sativa ; Regeneration ; Somaclonal variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Tissue culture of the Zea mays inbred line A188 resulted in the regeneration of plants having a high level of phenotypic variation compared to seed-grown control plants. To determine how such variation was induced and whether this could be related to specific in vitro culture methods, callus cultures were established and maintained on different, commonly used culture media. Plants were regenerated and the genomic DNA of callus cultures and regenerants analysed for RFLP differences. The results show that regardless of the gene probe used, callus formation resulted in significant deviations from the DNA pattern normally found in seed-grown control plants. Alterations in gene copy number also occurred. As differentiation and organogenesis began, the level of DNA variation fell, and most of the regenerated plants showed a genetic similarity to the controls; those with RFLP differences were the somaclonal variants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215727
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  • 96
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    Degradation of chloroplast DNA in second leaves of rice (Oryza sativa) before leaf yellowing (1991)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 160 (1991), S. 89-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; Chloroplast DNA ; Degradation ; Metallonuclease ; First leaf ; Second leaf
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The second leaf ofOryza sativa develops, grows and ages within the 10 days that follow imbibition under our controlled continuous-light conditions. Proplastids in the leaf cells develop, mature to become chloroplasts and then age and disintegrate. In an examination of this life process, we studied first the behavior and the number of copies of plastid DNA and levels of chlorophyll by epifluorescence microscopy after staining with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), and by fluorimetry with a video-intensified microscope photon-counting system (VIMPCS). The results indicated that the number of copies of the plastid DNA per plastid increased and reached to plateau value of approximately 100 at the time when the elongation of the mesophyll cells and the enlargement of chloroplasts ceased 96 h after imbibition. However, 24 h later, the number of copies of plastid DNA per chloroplast began to decrease and fell rapidly to approximately 30 copies within 168 h after imbibition. Our examination of the number of chloroplasts per mesophyll cell indicated that no division of chloroplasts occurred more than 72 h after imbibition. The results suggest that the decrease in number of copies of plastid DNA per chloroplast was not due to an increase in the number of chloroplasts, but that this decrease was caused by degradation by unidentified enzymes. Since visible senescence of leaves, which was characterized by development of a yellowish color, began 168 h after imbibition, the degradation of plastid DNA seemed to occur 48 h before the visible leaf senescence. When we tested the nucleolytic activities in the second leaves after imbibition by digestion of plasmids in vitro and DNA-SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, five Ca2+−, four Zn2+−, and four Mn2+−dependent nucleases were detected in the leaf blades, and one of the Ca2+−, two of the Zn2+−, and two of the Mn2+−dependent nucleases were also identified in a purified preparation of intact chloroplasts. When the activity of the Zn2+−dependent nucleases (51 kDa and 13 kDa) increased markedly, degradation of the plastid DNA occurred. These results suggest that the destruction of chloroplast DNA, which occurs approximately 48 h before leaf yellowing, could be due to the activation of some metallo-nucleases and, furthermore, this enzymatic degradation propels the leaf towards senescence.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01539960
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  • 97
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    Isolation and characterization of a rice gene encoding a basic chitinase (1991)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 226 (1991), S. 289-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Fungal elicitor ; Gene family ; Oryza sativa ; Pathogenesis-related proteins ; Plant defense genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Chitinase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of the β-1,4-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine linkages of the fungal cell wall polymer chitin, is involved in inducible defenses of plants. A basic chitinase genomic sequence was isolated from a rice (Oryza sativa L.) genomic library using a bean chitinase gene fragment as a probe. The complete nucleotide sequence of the rice chitinase RCH10 gene was determined, and shown to contain an open reading frame with no introns, encoding a polypeptide of 336 amino acids. This polypeptide consists of a 21 amino acid signal peptide, a hevein domain, and a chitinase catalytic domain. The RCH10 gene has 63% identity at the nucleotide level and 75% identity at the amino acid level with chitinase genes from dicotyledonous plants such as bean, potato, and tobacco. A gene fusion of trpE and the coding region of RCH10 expressed in Escherichia coli gave a product that reacted with antiserum to bean chitinase, confirming the identity of RCH10 as a rice chitinase gene. Primer extension analysis identified two transcription start sites 53 by and 55 by upstream from the translation initiation codon. The 5′ flanking region contains TATA and CART boxes, and the 3′ region contains an AATAA polyadenylation signal. Southern blot hybridization indicated that there is a family of chitinase genes in the rice genome. Northern blot analysis showed that the RCH10 chitinase gene is induced in suspension cultured cells by a fungal cell wall elicitor. Rice chitinase transcripts accumulate to a high level in roots, but only low levels are found in stem and leaf tissue.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00273615
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  • 98
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    A novel ras-related rgp1 gene encoding a GTP-binding protein has reduced expression in 5-azacytidine-induced dwarf rice (1991)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 228 (1991), S. 227-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: DNA methylation ; GTP-binding protein ; Oryza sativa ; ras-related gene ; rgp1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Exposure of normal, tall rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings to 5-azacytidine, a powerful inhibitor of DNA methylation in vivo, induced both demethylation of genomic DNA and dwarf plants. Genes that had been affected by treatment were identified by differential screening of a cDNA library, and a ras-related gene, rgp1, was subsequently isolated. The cDNA of rgp1 was found to encode a deduced protein sequence of 226 amino acids with a relative molecular mass of 24850, which was most closely related to the ras-related ypt3 protein of fission yeast, Shizosaccharomyces pombe. The rgp1 protein, expressed in transformed Escherichia coli, clearly showed GTP-binding activity. During seedling growth, rgp1 expression was first observed 14 days after germination, reaching a maximum level between 28 and 42 days, and gradually decreased thereafter until 63 days when it attained the same level of expression as in 14-day-old seedlings. Expression of rgp1 was found to be markedly reduced throughout the growth period of both 5-azacytidine-induced dwarf plants and their progenies, relative to levels in untreated tall control plants. These results suggest that expression of rgp1 may be influenced, either directly or indirectly, by DNA methylation, and that the rgp1 protein may play an important role in plant growth and development.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00282470
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  • 99
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    phyB is evolutionarily conserved and constitutively expressed in rice seedling shoots (1991)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 225 (1991), S. 305-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; Phytochrome ; Multigene family ; Gene sequence conservation ; Gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Southern blot analysis indicates that the rice genome contains single copies of genes encoding type A (phyA) and type B (phyB) phytochromes. We have isolated overlapping cDNA and genomic clones encoding the entire phyB polypeptide. This monocot sequence is more closely related to phyB from the dicot, Arabidopsis (73% amino acid sequence identity), than it is to the phyA gene in the rice genome (50% identity). These data support the proposal that phyA and phyB subfamilies diverged early in plant evolution and that subsequent divergence accompanied the evolution of monocots and dicots. Moreover, since rice and Arabidopsis phyB polypeptides are more closely related to one another (73% identity) than are monocot and dicot phyA sequences (63–65% identity), it appears that phyB has evolved more slowly than phyA. Sequence conservation between phyA and phyB is greatest in a central core region surrounding the chromophore attachment site, and least toward the amino-terminal and carboxy-terminal ends of the polypeptides, although hydropathy analysis suggests that the overall structure of the two phytochromes has been conserved. Gene-specific Northern blot analysis indicates that, whereas phyA is negatively regulated by phytochrome in rice seedling shoots in the manner typical of monocots, phyB is constitutively expressed irrespective of light treatment. In consequence, phyA and phyB transcripts are equally abundant in fully green tissue. Since Arabidopsis phyB mRNA levels are also unaffected by light, the present results suggest that this mode of regulation is evolutionarily conserved among phyB genes, perhaps reflecting differences in the functional roles of the different phytochrome subfamilies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00269863
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  • 100
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    Genetic analysis of, and selection for, factors affecting quantitative resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae in rice (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 53 (1991), S. 235-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae ; bacterial blight ; quantitative resistance ; polygenic resistance ; transgressive segregation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four cultivars moderately resistant to Philippine isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae races 2, 3, 5 and 6 and highly resistant to race 1 were crossed with two susceptible cultivars and with each other. The F1 populations were as or more susceptible than the least resistant parent cultivar when assessed for lesion length (cm) by clip-inoculating booting plants with two race 2 and one race 6 isolates of X.c. oryzae. The F2 populations showed continuous distributions when assessed with the race 6 isolate PX099, although populations from crosses between moderately resistant cultivars were positively skewed. Mean broad-sense heritability in the F2 was 0.50. Selection for varying levels of resistance was carried out in the F2 and F3 generations. F3 lines selected from the F2 population modes had variances and ranges equal to those selected from the F2 population extremes and larger than the variances of the parent cultivars. Line selection in the F3 generation was more effective than plant selection in the F3 and in the F2. Realized h2 was 0.39 for line selection in the F3 but only 0.24 for plant selection. A number of lines more resistant than both parents were recovered in crosses between moderately resistant cultivars. Lines more susceptible than both parents were also recovered in crosses between moderately resistant cultivars, but few of these lines were as susceptible as the susceptible cultivars. This indicates that the moderately resistant cultivars had some resistance factor(s) in common. All test cultivars, including the susceptible cultivars, carry few to several factors for quantitative resistance. A model based on nine minor resistance factors is proposed to explain the pattern of transgression found in crosses between the six cultivars.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023275
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