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  • Articles  (456)
  • Engineering General  (455)
  • Elastic analysis
  • 1990-1994  (351)
  • 1975-1979  (105)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (456)
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  • Articles  (456)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 7 (1975), S. 35-65 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Keywords: Tunnelling ; Soil Mechanics ; Tunnel shield ; Elastic analysis ; Ground deformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Ground Disturbance Associated with Shield Tunnelling, in Overconsolidated Stiff Clay The present paper attempts to describe the ground disturbance which occurs during a shield tunnelling, in an overconsolidated stiff clay. In particular, an effort has been made to find the possible main factors, which might affect the form and the magnitude of the detected ground movements. However, a correlation between the former factors and the actual performance of the clay was attempted, when it seemed possible and realizable. This was due to the fact that the overall process of tunnelling where the ground disturbance propagates in space, evolving in time is of some complexity like any multiparameter problem. Finally, by using the elasto-plastic approach, a simple analysis has been carriedout, on which the stress regime has been evaluated and properly connected with the tunnel advance. Ground deformations, predicted on that basis, were compared to the in-situ measurements making it easy to check the adopted concept.
    Abstract: Résumé Perturbation du terrain relative au tunnel construit par la méthode du bouclier, dans l'argile raide surconsolidée Le présent article décrit la perturbation du terrain qui prend lieu, lors des travaux de construction d'un tunnel, par la méthode du bouclier, dans un milieu d'argile raide surconsolidée. Un effort tout spécial s'est déployé, afin de localiser et mettre en évidenceles facteurs probables, qui par leur influence donnent naissance à la formation, comme aussi, aux formes et amplitudes des mouvements du terrain, enregistrés. L'examen tenté de la corrélation, entre les facteurs en question et le comportement du terrain, s'est avéré réaliste et opportun. Ceci est dû à la procédure compliquée de la construction d'un tunnel, qui donne lieu, à la propagation de la perturbation du terrain dans son milieu, comme aussi à l'évolution ultérieure temporelle. En somme, ce sujet présente les mêmes complication qu tout problème multiparamétral. Finalement, faisant emploi de l'adoption élastique-plastique et par le moyen d'une simple analyse, il fut possible d'évaluer l'étát des contraintes pour le tunnel á section droite circulaire. L'étát des contraintes fut ensuite combinée à la progression du tunnel. Les données prévues au moyen de la théorie d'élasticité, des déplacements radiales du terrain, après avoir été comparées avec les mensurations prises in-situ, ont donné la possibilité de la vérification et de l'adoption du principe théorique.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Erdreichstörung bei der Konstruktion eines Schildtunnels im überkonsolidierten steifen Ton Die vorliegende Arbeit betrifft die Erdreichstörung, die bei der Konstruktion eines Schildtunnels im überkonsolidierten steifen Ton vorkommt. Besondere Bemühungen wurden vorgenommen, um die möglichen Faktoren aufzufinden, welche Gestaltung und Größe der registrierten Bodenbewegung beeinflussen. Vergleiche zwischen diesen und den beobachteten Eigenheiten des Bodens wurden dann vorgenommen, wenn sie angemessen und realistisch erschienen. Das ist der Grund, daß der Fortschritt eines Tunnelbaues, welcher die Übertragung in den Raum der Erdreichstörung voraussieht und synchron die zeitliche Entwicklung dieser, ein kompliziertes dynamisches Problem darstellt. Zum Schluß wurde mit Hilfe der elastisch-plastischen Annahme eine einfache Analyse aufgestellt, aus der der Druckzustand um den Querschnitt des Tunnelhohlraumes berechnet wurde. Der Spannungszustand wurde mit dem Fortschritt des Tunnelaushubes kombiniert. Schließlich ergeben die aus der elastischen Theorie aufgefundenen Werte des Hohlraumquerschnittes, verglichen mit den Resultaten der an Ort und Stelle vorgenommenen Messungen, die Kontrollmöglichkeit der angenommenen theoretischen Annahme.
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  • 2
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2 (1978), S. 381-404 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The essential cause of the growth of pore pressure during cyclic loading is identified as an ‘autogenous’ shrinkage or densification of the solid phase of the soil and this is related to a strain path parameter. Introduction of this ‘shrinkage’ coupled with an elasto-plastic behaviour of the soil skeleton allows a full non-linear dynamic analysis to be conducted up to the point of structural failure for any earthquake input. Explicit time marching procedures are used. The procedure outlined is applicable to all problems of complex geometry and for conditions of undrained or partially drained behaviour at a moderate computational cost.
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  • 3
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 3 (1979), S. 63-78 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Problems of a raft on a visco-elastic continuum may be converted to equivalent elastic problems by means of a Laplace transformation. In this paper a numerical solution of the equivalent problem is obtained by finite element or other techniques. This solution is converted into the form of an eigenvector expansion and then transformed into a numerical solution to the original problem by inverting the Laplace transform. This form of solution has the advantage of applying to any visco-elastic model, and of requiring little additional computation as a result of changing the visco-elastic model, the relative raft-soil stiffness or the load pattern.The application of the method is illustrated by results for circular rafts, strip footings of finite length and rectangular rafts, and particular attention is paid to a realistic soil creep function which is asymptotic to a linear function of log time.
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  • 4
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 1 (1977), S. 319-319 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 5
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 1 (1977), S. 320-320 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 6
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 1 (1977), S. 343-375 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Bearing capacity ; Deformation ; Earth pressure ; Finite elements ; Friction plastic properties ; Retaining walls ; Soil mechanics ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Three constitutive models of soil are used in finite element analyses of lateral earth pressure and bearing capacity. The three models are an elasto-plastic formulation derived from the Mohr-Coulomb law, a similar model with the plastic dilatancy removed, and a strain hardening model with a capped yield criterion. Stiffness formulations are described; the non-dilatant model has a non-symmetric stiffness. The results for the retaining walls are in close agreement with classical soil mechanics, but the bearing capacity analyses greatly overestimate the bearing capacity. The patterns of motion are, however, reasonable. Reasons for the discripancies in the bearing capacity case include: (a) the elements are too stiff and do not permit sliding on discrete failure planes; (b) the bearing capacity problem is itself not well settled theoretically; (c) very fine element divisions are necessary in areas of strong stress gradients and (d) rotation of principal stresses is significant.
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  • 7
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2 (1978), S. 3-17 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A three-dimensional finite element program is used to analyse an 80 m high rockfill dam. An analysis is made of the deformed shape of the dam and the internal stresses and strains due to reservoir filling.
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  • 8
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2 (1978), S. 177-187 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The problem of plates on consolidating soil is considered. Biot's three-dimensional consolidation theory, the generalization of Terzaghi's model, is employed to account for the consolidation process. A mathematical model is developed and the differential equations governing the system together with the proper boundary conditions are derived. A variational formulation of the problem and a convenient approximate method of solution are also presented.For numerical analysis, the problem of a rectangular plate on consolidating soil under various loading conditions is numerically solved and the effects of various physical factors on the settlements and the pore pressures are studied.
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  • 9
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2 (1978), S. 200-200 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 10
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2 (1978), S. 203-221 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: An anisotropic hardening model for soils is proposed by applying the concept of a field of hardening moduli developed previously for metals. Besides the yield surface, a set of nesting surfaces in the stress-space specifies the variation of hardening moduli during the deformation process. Both drained and undrained soil behaviour can be treated and distortional as well as volumetric strain cycles can be considered. The model can be applied in studying soil behaviour under cyclic loading and in particular to describe densification or liquefaction phenomena.
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  • 11
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2 (1978), S. 303-310 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A finite-difference scheme widely used in analysis of pile driving is examined, the scheme is shown to yield peculiar results in simple symmetric impact problems and to inherently posses an imprecise definition of energy balance. A modified difference scheme is suggested and comparisons of the two methods are shown.
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  • 12
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2 (1978), S. ii 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 13
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 1 (1977) 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 14
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 1 (1977), S. 387-396 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A method is presented for the analysis of composite structures with prescribed frictional conditions at the interfaces. The method, which can also be used for the piecewise solution of large structures, is illustrated by analyzing a test problem with two interfaces.
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  • 15
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 1 (1977), S. 397-405 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: An approximate method, using a simplified soil model, for predicting the behaviour of raft foundations subjected to applied vertical forces and moments will be outlined. Results obtained for circular rafts of finite rigidity are compared with those obtained, from more rigorous solutions, by other authors. Satisfactory agreement is obtained for the surface settlements and raft bending moments over a wide range of soil inhomogeneity. Finally, the versatility of the method of analysis is illustrated for an unusual asymmetrical structure. Computed total and differential settlements are shown to be in reasonable agreement with measured values and those predicted by an independent plane strain finite element analysis.
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  • 16
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2 (1978), S. 57-72 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Numerical codes which use a one-point quadrature integration rule to calculate stiffness matrices for the 2-D quadrilateral element and the 3-D hexahedral element, produce matrices which are singular with respect to a number of displacement patterns, other than the rigid body patterns. In this paper an economical method is derived to remove this singularity and which also produces accurate flexural response. For rectilinear element geometry the method is equivalent to the incompatible model element of Wilson et al.7 For non-rectilinear element geometry a slight modification of the scheme is required in order to assure that it passes the patch test. The method of this paper can also be used in finite difference codes which experience similar difficulties.
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  • 17
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2 (1978), S. 87-93 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 18
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2 (1978), S. 99-128 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The paper reports on the results of theoretical and experimental investigations on the spontaneous formation of shear bands in sand bodies. The phenomenon is considered as a bifurcation problem. Consequently, material response and configuration-dependent loading determine the bifurcation mode. Both Coulomb's and Roscoe's solutions of inclination of the shear band can be correct theoretically and experimentally. The first one holds for non-rotating stress axes, the second one for co-rotating stress and strain increment axes during failure. Values in between can occur if the rotation of principal stress axes is not equal to one of these limits. If Coulomb's inclination of shear band occurs, there is a thin deforming material layer separating rigid bodies. Inside the shear band non-coaxiality of strain increment and stress holds from the beginning. If Roscoe's inclination of shear band occurs, it is separating two deforming bodies. Inside the shear band strain increment and stress are coaxial at peak.
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  • 19
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2 (1978), S. 199-200 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 20
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 1 (1977), S. 25-43 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Presented in this paper is a formulation and a numerical solution method for problems which involve finite deformations of an elasto-plastic material. The governing equations are cast in rate form and the constitutive laws are formulated in a frame indifferent manner. Particular reference is made to the finite deformation of soil. Plastic failure is described by a general yield condition and plastic deformation by an arbitrary flow rule. Several examples are treated numerically.
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  • 21
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 1 (1977) 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 22
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 1 (1977), S. 151-176 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The use of discrete models for the dynamic analysis of a contiuum requires the existence of a finite domain with well defined boundaries. When these boundaries do not exist naturally but have to be artificially imposed it may be necessary to apply appropriate conditions on forces or displacements at the boundary nodes to reproduce the physical behaviour of the actual problem. In the solution of soil structure interaction problems these conditions are simulated through the use of transmitting boundaries. In this paper several of these boundaries are evaluated comparing the results they produce in the amplification of seismic motions, the determination of foundation stiffnesses and the structural response. The distance of the boundaries to the zone of interest, the level of excitation (influencing the amount of internal soil damping), the geometry of the problem (finite soil layer versus a half-space) and the relative frequency of the structure with respect to the soil and the specified motion are all parameters which must be taken into account for this evaluation.
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  • 23
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 1 (1977), S. 249-269 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A finite element study is presented of the short-term effects that develop when a tunnel is driven in a ground showing viscous behaviour associated with the deviatoric deformations. Axisymmetric conditions around the tunnel centreline are assumed and the process of excavation is simulated by means of a step-by-step time incremental technique. The Kelvin's model is used to approximate the medium creep behaviour and a simple procedure is presented that allows the determination of the creep model constants from the laboratory test data. Various rates of advancing, the presence of an unsupported zone close to the tunnel face and the temporary interruption of the excavation process are considered. For the viscous model and the analytical technique used, simple, approximate relationships are presented for the displacements around the tunnel and the overexcavation volume as functions of the rate of excavation advancing.
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  • 24
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 1 (1977), S. 323-341 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A numerical step-by-step procedure, analogous to the ‘Initial Stress Method,’ is presented for the analysis of a single-layer jointed rock beam subjected to gravity loads and in-plane in situ formation pressure. The joints are permitted to open at locations where the flexural stresses exceed flexural strength. The material properties may be different for each rock block and joint. A detailed algorithm is given for the solution of the problem. The results of several analyses indicating the relative effects of initial formation pressure, transverse load, stiffness of the joint material, and joint spacing on the response of a jointed beam are presented. The convergence characteristics of the numerical procedure are included. The joint material is assumed to be ‘no-tension’ type. Both the geometric and material non-linear effects are considered.
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  • 25
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 1 (1977), S. 407-407 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 26
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2 (1978), S. 35-56 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Incremental theory of plasticity has been used to derive associated and non-associated stress-strain relations for analysing the undrained stress-strain response of isotropic normally and lightly overconsolidated clays. A series of comparisons between the theoretical stress-strain-pore pressure response and laboratory test results for 3 in. × 6 in. samples of very high degree of repeatability and reproduceability have been described. From these comparisons it can be seen that both the associated and, non-associated Cam clay models appear to give consistently the best correlations between the theoretical results and the experimental observations.
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  • 27
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2 (1978), S. 19-34 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Isothermal moisture movement ; Non-isothermal moisture movement ; Moisture model ; Transient steady state moisture flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: An investigation was conducted to develop a comprehensive moisture model for predicting non-isothermal moisture conditions in soils. An extensive literature review indicated that a model based on the Philip and de Vries equations for non-isothermal moisture movement and heat conduction would give the best results. By using numerical methods, the implicit finite difference approximations to the moisture movement and heat-transfer equations were programmed for computer solution of water content and temperature in the soil with time.Validation studies indicate that the moisture model can be used to predict accurately moisture conditions in the soil. The model was validated by using hydraulic data from laboratory studies conducted on soil columns compacted with AASHO A-3 and AASHO A-4 soil.The application of the moisture model to the study of non-isothermal moisture movement in the field is demonstrated. The influence of parameters such as water table depth, precipitation, and soil hydraulic properties on soil moisture content are shown by use of the moisture model. The model is shown to be applicable to a wide range of boundary conditions and that it predicts the moisture-temperature regime with time in soils utilizing climatic input data.
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  • 28
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2 (1978), S. 73-86 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The paper deals with the determination of the flow properties of expansive and unsaturated clays under different conditions of stress. By choosing the moisture content as the dependent variable, the well known non-linear diffusin equation is derived. Numerical solutions using a finite element program are presented, assuming a linear relationship between the moisture diffusivity and the concentration (the relative moisture content). These solutions are interpreted and a procedure is proposed to derive the flow properties of the clay from the sorption curves. Results of tests are presented and used to illustrate the procedure. It is found that the lower the stress applied, the smaller the initial moisture diffusivity and the stronger the dependence of the moisture diffusivity upon the concentration.
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  • 29
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2 (1978), S. 129-158 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 30
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2 (1978), S. 189-197 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The equations governing the undrained linear elastic behaviour of a saturated soil are formally similar to the equations governing slow of an incompressible Newtonian viscous fluid. This principle of equivalence can then be effectively employed to obtain the load-deflection reiationship for a deep rigid anchor with the shape of a solid of revolution which is embedded in bonded contact with an unbounded incompressible elastic medium. It is found that the load-deflection relationship for the deep rigid anchor can be directly recovered from the expression for the drag induced on an impermeable object with the same size and shape as the anchor, which is appropriately placed in a slow viscous flow region of uniform velocity.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2 (1978) 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 32
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2 (1978), S. 202-202 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2 (1978), S. 283-301 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: The effects and simulation of driving of structures (piles) into saturated soil media are discussed, and procedures for numerical simulation of driving are proposed. Consolidation caused by changes in stresses and in pore water pressures in the soil mass due to the driving is solved by using a finite element procedure. The changes in stresses and pore water pressures due to driving are obtained on the basis of the cavity expansion approach, and are introduced in the finite element procedure as initial conditions. Stresses and deformations around a pile as consolidation proceeds are plotted and related to the quantities such as a wall friction, and point and total loads relevant to analysis and design.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2 (1978) 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 3 (1979), S. 279-283 
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    Notes: The failure criterion for a special rate-type material is derived using a method similar to that of Tokuoka.7 For particular choices of constitutive parameters it is shown that this failure criterion contains, as special cases, failure criteria suggested in four recent works dealing with elastic-plastic response of granular media.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 3 (1979), S. 303-303 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 3 (1979), S. 403-403 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 14 (1990), S. 223-226 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 14 (1990), S. 191-207 
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    Notes: This paper presents an analytical solution of the permeability alteration problem around the wellbore. This alteration may be a permeability reduction due to drilling fluid invasion or mudcake formation around the wellbore. On the other hand, the alteration may be a permeability increase resulting from stimulation by acidizing the formation matrix around the well. This permeability discontinuity in a reservoir forms a composite reservoir system. With the composite model, both the degree and the radial extent of permeability alteration can be adequately predicted. The conventional skin concept is inadequate and physically unrealistic in most of these cases.This paper describes the application of an automatic weighted constrained least-squares parameter estimation technique and the analytical model for pressure transient analysis. The parameters of the composite reservoir system are determined from a match of the pressure transient data. The behaviour of the pressure transient in such composite systems is presented using the analytical solution.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 14 (1990), S. 297-301 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 14 (1990), S. 279-296 
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    Notes: A probabilistic model for stability analysis of a deepwater gravity-based platform foundation is defined, based on theory for wave loading in conjunction with conventional slip surface considerations. The model accounts for uncertainties in loading as well as in soil properties, and model uncertainties are also considered. The model is updated through in-service measurements of some of the governing variables, and measurement uncertainties are included. The practical application of the model is illustrated by presentation of calculations for a typical foundation. Probability calculations are performed by first-order reliability methods.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 14 (1990), S. 209-222 
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    Notes: The propagation characteristics of dispersive SV/P surface waves are analytically studied in a linear-elastic, isotropic, compressible half-space with constant mass density and Poisson's ratio and shear modulus increasing according to a continuous, bounded function of depth. Dispersion relations for the particular wave modes are evaluated over wide ranges of the parameters involved. Displacement profiles are presented for typical values of these parameters. Finally, an equivalent depth is given for use in connection with steady-state vibration techniques for site investigation.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 14 (1990) 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 14 (1990), S. 351-366 
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    Notes: The displacement formulation of the finite element method is well suited to the analysis of elasto-plasticity problems involving compressible material behaviour, but it is well known that numerical difficulties occur when the material is incompressible or nearly incompressible. The effect of these additional constraints depends on both element formulation and mesh topology. A two-dimensional plane strain finite element formulation suitable for the solution of problems involving large strains and displacements (but small rotations) based on the isoparametric approach is described. The kinematics of deformation are defined in terms of the Eulerian strain rates that are invariably used in small strain analysis; the formulation therefore retains some of the character of small strain theory but includes additional geometrically non-linear terms. The results of a series of plane strain finite element analyses of two cylindrical expansion problems are presented. These results confirm the previously observed trend that as Poisson's ratio approaches 0·5 then the quality of the calculated stress deteriorates. The study also indicates that the solution quality depends increasingly on mesh topology as perfect incompressibility is reached.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 14 (1990), S. 379-399 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: In a previous paper1 the authors have developed and implemented a new boundary element (BE) model to simulate and predict land subsidence occurring over three-dimensional gas/oil fields in a homogeneous and isotropic half-space. The approach relies on Betti's reciprocal theorem and makes use of the classical fundamental solution of Boussinesq in the framework of the theory of linear poroelasticity. The BE method is here extended to inhomogeneous, transversally anisotropic soils by the aid of a two-dimensional finite element (FE) model which provides a fundamental numerical solution for the actual multi-layer setting of the subsurface system. The new FE-BE approach is then used to simulate the subsidence caused by gas production over the deep reservoir of Campo Ravenna Terra, Ravenna (Italy) from 1950 to 1980. The results compare very favourably with the outcome from a full more expensive three-dimensional FE model of the same occurrence.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 14 (1990) 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 14 (1990), S. 509-517 
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    Notes: Laboratory uniaxial tests on cylindrical specimens of a simulated rock are used to identify the influence of the diameter (D) and height (L) of the specimens on the damage parameters. The relations are expressed in terms of the characteristic parameter C = L2/D.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 14 (1990), S. 519-523 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 14 (1990), S. 587-594 
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    Notes: A simple hyperbolic function is often used to illustrate typical stress-strain behaviour of geomaterials during monotonic loading. This approach has the disadvantage that the failure condition is approached asymptotically, whereas in reality failure must occur at a finite value of strain. A modified hyperbolic function with one adjustable parameter is proposed in this paper. The function is shown to be capable of spanning all likely soil stress-strain data up to and including peak strength.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 14 (1990) 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 14 (1990), S. 649-662 
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    Notes: The dynamic response of an inhomogeneous, linear-elastic half-space to a time-harmonic vertical line load on its surface is studied. The mass density and the Poisson's ratio are assumed to be constant and the shear modulus to increase continuously with depth according to a function which is bounded at infinity. This model can describe a wide range of uniformly deposited soil strata. Analytical solutions for the displacement field at the surface are obtained using the classical contour integration method by means of the residue theorem. The dependence of the displacement field on distance from the source, frequency and shear modulus variation is examined as well as the relative contribution of the higher surface wave vibration modes to the total displacement.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 15 (1991) 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 15 (1991), S. 41-50 
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    Notes: Probabilistic slope stability analyses incorporate more information regarding the input variables than do traditional deterministic analyses. Consequently, more information is contained in the results. A probabilistic method for slope stability analysis for very general problems was presented by Wolff and Harr.1 The method allows analysis of a broad range of slope stability problems. In this Application Brief, the method is reviewed and used to illustrate the significant change in reliability of a dam slope from the time of an actual slide to the time the slide was repaired by the construction of a rock toe berm.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 16 (1992), S. 3-23 
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    Notes: Solutions for the expansion of cylindrical and spherical cavities in sands are presented. The sand is modelled using recently proposed critical-state models in which the values of the friction and dilation angles depend on the deformation history. Similarity solutions are obtained which enable the limit pressure to be calculated as a function of the initial conditions. Comparisons with existing perfectly plastic theories are made and consequences for the interpretation of cone penetrometer measurements are indicated.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 16 (1992), S. 45-64 
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    Notes: A solution is developed for a point dislocation traversing a slab of saturated porous material under prescribed upper and lower hydraulic boundary conditions as an analogue to penetration in a layer of finite thickness. Pressure response is conditioned by geometrical parameters and those of dimensionless penetration rate UD, dimensionless time following penetration initiation tD, and dimensionless time following penetration arrest t′D. The extended set of dimensionless parameters controlling the response makes parameter determination problematic and questionably non-unique. Pressure response in the proximity of a lower permeable or impermeable boundary is indistinguishable from the homogeneous case for coefficients of consolidation c in excess of 2 cm2/s. Below this threshold, penetration-generated pore pressures are visibly modified in the presence of a discrete boundary. In situ parameters inferred directly from pressure magnitudes, without due consideration for the influence of layering, may therefore be in considerable error. In the hydraulically visible range, the influence of layering on the generated tip pressures is apparent at a separation of the order of 1·5 cm for standard penetration. Although absolute pressure magnitudes are strongly modified in the presence of boundaries, dissipation rates remain relatively unaffected and are consistent with those recorded in the absence of boundaries. The monitoring of dissipation rates, post-arrest, is suggested as the most reliable and accurate method of extricating parameters, in situ.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 16 (1992), S. 101-130 
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    Notes: An updated Lagrangian finite-element formulation has been developed for time-dependent problems of soil consolidation involving finite deformations. Large plastic strains as well as rotations occur in such problems and nominal stress measures are introduced in the formulation to redefine stresses. This leads to corrective terms for equilibrium and yield violations in addition to geometric stiffening terms in the governing integral equations. The soil is considered to be either a linear elastic or an elastoplastic, critical-state material. Some simple numerical examples are studied to validate the formulation, followed by a detailed analysis of the problem of penetration of a pile into soil. The results of this problem are viewed with emphasis on the physical interpretation and practical significance.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 16 (1992), S. 151-153 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 16 (1992), S. 227-229 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 15 (1991), S. 681-682 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 15 (1991) 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 16 (1992), S. 571-579 
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    Notes: Two liquefaction effects are described here which account for the fluidization phenomena observed in the collapse of water-saturated sloped-embankments. A surface erosion effect is a process in which the top layer of a submerged embankment liquefies. The subsequent reconstitution is a gradual process for which the time dependence is calculated.Internal liquefaction takes place suddenly and a criterion is derived to describe its onset. It is shown that the process is associated with the change from loading to unloading of an external shearing loaded on top of the slope and that there is no stable elastic unloading process.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 16 (1992), S. 581-601 
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    Notes: The governing equation for steady flow in a homogeneous, partially saturated, porous medium can be written in a linear form if one adopts a hydraulic conductivity function which varies exponentially with capillary-pressure head. The resulting linear field equation is a steady Fokker-Planck equation and is well-suited to numerical solution by the boundary integral equation method (BIEM). The exponential conductivity function is often used in soil physics and is known to be a reasonable approximation over limited ranges of pressure head. A computer code based on the BIEM for obtaining numerical solutions is described and tested. The BIEM is found to exhibit quadratic convergence with element size reduction on smooth solutions and on singular problems, if mesh grading is used. Agreement between results from the BIEM code and a finite element code that solves the fully non-linear problem is excellent, and is achieved at a substantial advantage in computer processing time. As an illustrative example, the code is applied to determine the distribution of moisture in the vicinity of a tunnel.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 16 (1992), S. 697-699 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 16 (1992), S. 701-716 
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    Notes: A two-dimensional hybrid method for solving elastoplastic problems in engineering is presented by coupling two existing methods, namely, the boundary element method and the characteristics method. The formulation of this method is presented, as well as an excellent procedure for the determination of the boundary between elastic and plastic regions. It is shown not only that this method is a powerful and accurate method for evaluating the shape and extent of the plastic region around rock caverns, which is of prime importance for the construction of rock caverns, but also applicable to a given range of the initial stress field ratio where only compressive failure occurs. Then, some typical examples are solved in order to check the accuracy of the solution by this method. Furthermore, its successful applications are presented and discussed to determine the shape and the extent of the plastic regions around parallel, circular and rectangular openings.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 16 (1992), S. 775-776 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 16 (1992), S. 779-796 
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    Notes: A return mapping algorithm based on the concept of virtual surfaces is presented for stress integration in the numerical solution of boundary value problems using an elastoplastic multiple yield surface model. Both kinematic hardening and isotropic softening yield surfaces are addressed. With the implementation of virtual surfaces, the active yield surface is located before a stress update is implemented. The return mapping algorithm consists of only two steps. The first step consists of performing the intermediate update of the trial stress corresponding to the translation of all yield surfaces inside the active yield surface. Little calculation is involved in this step. The second step consists of performing the conventional explicit one-step radial return mapping of the updated trial stress on the corresponding active yield surface. The algorithm efficiency resides in the virtual surface based return mapping which preserves the elastic predictor representation of the updated trial stress, and limits iterations to at most two steps.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 16 (1992), S. 815-831 
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    Notes: A general analytical solution, which is more explicit than the one given by Schiffman and Stein,1 for the problem of one-dimensional consolidation of layered soils is presented. A relevant computer program is developed and the computed results on some examples are included. From these results, an in-depth study on the one-dimensional consolidation behaviour of layered systems is then made. It is demonstrated through these examples that both the solution technique and the computer program developed are very efficient. It is found that the effects of coefficients of permeability and volume compressibility of soil on the consolidation of layered systems are different and cannot be embodied into the coefficient of consolidation of soil. The stiffness of soil layer also plays an important role on the rate of consolidation.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 16 (1992) 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 16 (1992), S. 439-451 
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    Notes: Singularities leading to the calculation of spurious velocity fields have been observed in the tangent stiffness equations assembled during the finite-element analysis of square blocks of purely cohesive perfectly plastic material. These occur because of weaknesses in conventional implementations of the plastic flow rule. Both twisting and swaying modes occur which interfere with the calculation of uniform velocity fields for blocks responding to uniform applied stress. Various techniques can be used to eliminate the problem. The phenomenon does not eventuate when non-uniform stress fields are acting, so does not affect the solution of practical plasticity problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 16 (1992), S. 463-466 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 16 (1992), S. 493-527 
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    Notes: The paper considers a plane joint or interface element suitable for implementation into a standard non-linear finite element code. The element is intended to model discontinuities with rough contact surfaces, such as rock joints, where dilatant behaviour is present. Of particular concern is the formulation of a constitutive model which fully caters for all possible histories of opening, closing and sliding (accompained by dilation or contraction) in any direction.The non-linear incremental constitutive equations are formulated in a manner appropriate for a back-ward difference discretization in time along the path of loading. The advantage of such an approach is that no essential distinction need be drawn between opening, closing and sliding. Further, a convenient formulation of the constitutive equations is facilitated by representing the different contact conditions in relative displacement space. The state diagram in relative displacement space, however, changes from one time step to the next, and evolution equations for the updating must be formulated.These concepts are illustrated for two rock-joint models: a sawtooth asperity model and a limited dilation model. The models are based on a penalty formulation to enforce the contact constraints, and explicit equations for the tangent stiffness matrix and for the corrector step of the standard Newton-Raphson iterative algorithm are derived. These equations have been implemented as an user element into the finite element code ABAQUS7. Three examples are presented to illustrate the predictions of the formulation.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 16 (1992), S. 603-618 
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    Notes: An empirically established rule of Wroth1 for the dependence of the shear modulus on the mean effective pressure and the overconsolidation ratio in clays is investigated within the framework of non-linear elasticity. The resulting isotropic-deviatoric coupling is derived and compared to experiments.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 16 (1992) 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 17 (1993), S. 175-196 
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    Notes: Numerical results of the simulations of the saturated clay response to a line heat source with a constant power output are presented and compared to the analytical solutions. Mixture theory of two interacting thermoelastic constituents is employed for the modelling. In this theory, mass transfer between the adsorbed water and bulk water is included to simulate the degeneration of adsorbed water into bulk water occurring at elevated temperatures. A finite difference method with non-uniform mesh is adopted to determine both the near- and far-field behaviour. The degeneration of adsorbed water into bulk water is more pronounced close to the heat source. This may produce a lower excess pore water pressure, a higher permeability increase, and accelerate the water flow in the vicinity of the heat source.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 16 (1992), S. 717-736 
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    Notes: This paper seeks to reconstruct the parameters of elastic layered media such as P-wave velocity, S-wave velocity, density and thickness from the multioffset seismic reflection data. Since the data are highly non-linear to the low-wavenumber components, the non-linear waveform inversion method, with the aid of generalized ray theory, is proposed to solve this problem in space-time domain. As opposed to the layer-stripping method, the present method attempts to invert all layer parameters simultaneously, thus reducing the cumulative errors resulting from the upper layers. The parameters are inverted by minimizing the weighted square error between the observed data and the calculated data of the layered model, the optimization of which is based on the quasi-Newton method. In synthetic tests, we find that the inverted results are good when the variation of parameters between layers is not too large. The modified method for large variation of parameters is first to fix those of deeper layers and neglect the signals reflected from them, then recover some other parameters simultaneously until those of upper layers attain a stable value, and finally, invert all parameters simultaneously. The results so obtained show a significant improvement. This method was tested to be stable in the presence of noise in seismograms.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 16 (1992), S. 777-778 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 16 (1992), S. 833-837 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 16 (1992), S. 839-840 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 16 (1992), S. 887-890 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 16 (1992), S. 869-886 
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    Notes: A finite element analysis is presented of some direct shear tests carried out on samples of a stiff, heavily overconsolidated clay. The effects of softening are accounted for through a simple material model which views this phenomenon as a consequence of an intrinsic loss of strength of the material taking place when plastic strains increase. After illustrating the main characteristics of the finite element approach, with particular reference to the correct determination of the non-reversible strains, its use in the interpretation of the mentioned shear tests is discussed. Some comments are also presented on the mesh dependence of the numerical results, and on the use of a relation between material parameters and element size which reduces this negative effect. Finally, the solution procedure is applied to the simulation of a compression test in order to investigate the possibility of numerically detecting the ‘spontaneous’ (i.e. not directly induced by the boundary conditions) formation of shear zones within the specimen.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 17 (1993) 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 17 (1993), S. 139-163 
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    Notes: The Green's functions for a set of fully coupled linear equations governing thermal consolidation of a homogeneous isotropic material are presented. The Green's functions are evaluated for one, two and three spatial dimensions, and in the Laplace and real-time domains. The Green's functions are employed in a boundary integral analysis of a simple problem to demonstrate the influence of full coupling on the field quantities.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 17 (1993), S. 205-207 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 17 (1993), S. 213-215 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 17 (1993) 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 17 (1993), S. 217-241 
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    Notes: The effect of homogeneous sand lenses on the groundwater flow in an otherwise homogeneous clayey deposit is examined by performing Monte Carlo simulations using a finite element flow model. In the simulations, the locations of the sand lenses are assumed to be mutually independent. The paper examines the effect on the flow field in a clayey deposit of (a) different percentages of sand lenses, (b) different hydraulic conductivities of the sand lenses, (c) different average sand lens sizes, (d) non-uniformity of the sizes of the sand lenses, and (e) localization of the sand lenses. The effect of these non-uniform flow fields on contaminant migration is then examined using a finite element contaminant transport model. For the range of cases considered it is shown that: the volume of sand lenses present has a greater influence than the shape, size, location and hydraulic conductivity of the sand lenses; simplified calculations performed using the geometric and harmonic means of hydraulic conductivity bracket the behaviour evident from more complex analyses; and the maximum impact on an aquifer separated from a waste disposal facility by a deposit containing sand lenses can be modelled to sufficient accuracy, using quite simple flow and contaminant transport models.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 17 (1993), S. 343-353 
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    Notes: The present paper examines the axisymmetric problem related to the loading of a rigid circular anchor plate which is embedded in bonded contact with an isotropic elastic half-space. A Hankel transform development of the governing equations is used to reduce the associated mixed boundary value problem to a set of coupled Fredholm integral equations of the second kind. These equatons are solved in a numerical fashion to generate results of engineering interest. In particular, the results indicate the influence of the depth of embedment on the axial stiffness of the rigid anchor plate.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 17 (1993), S. 355-356 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 17 (1993), S. 471-492 
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    Notes: A two-dimensional boundary integral method to analyse the flow of contaminant in fractured media having a two- or three-dimensional orthogonal fracture network is presented. The method assumes that the fractures provide the paths of least resistance for transport of contaminants while the matrix, because of its low permeability, acts as ‘storage blocks’ into which the contaminant diffuses. Laplace transform is used to eliminate the time variable in the governing equation in order to facilitate the formulation of a boundary integral equation in the Laplace transform space. Conventional boundary element techniques are applied to solve for the contaminant concentrations at specified locations in the spatial domain. The concentration in the time domain is then obtained by using an efficient inversion technique developed by Talbot. The method is able to analyse the behaviour of waste repositories which have diminishing concentration due to the mass transport of the contaminant into the surrounding fractured media.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 17 (1993), S. 871-890 
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    Notes: A finite element approach is presented to determine the bearing capacity of shallow footings on silica sand deposits. The approach can take into account the effects of relative density and stress level on the shear strength of granular soil and is applicable to a fairly large effective stress range. The strength of sand is characterized by a non-linear Mohr-Coulomb criterion which depends on maximum and critical friction angles, widely used parameters in engineering practice. The results of analysis indicate that this approach yields reliable predictions of bearing capacity and, in particular, it can model the volumetric behaviour of the soil at failure.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 17 (1993), S. 849-869 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: A piled raft foundation comprises both piles and a pile cap that itself transmits load directly to the ground. The aim of such a foundation is to reduce the number of piles compared with a more conventional piled foundation where the bearing effect of the pile cap, or raft, is ignored. This paper describes a ‘hybrid’ approach for the analysis of piled raft foundations, based on a load transfer treatment of individual piles, together with elastic interaction between different piles and with the raft. The numerical analysis is used to evaluate a simple approximate method of estimating the overall response of the foundation from the response of the component parts. The method leads to estimates of the overall foundation stiffness, the proportion of load carried by the pile group and the raft, and an initial assessment of differential settlements. Parametric studies are presented showing the effect of factors such as raft stiffness and pile spacing, length and stiffness, and a worked example is included demonstrating the accuracy of the approximate design approach.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994) 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18 (1994), S. 1-24 
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    Notes: Overestimation of displacements in numerical calculations can occur if some requirements are not met by the constitutive relations. Along with consideration for small strain behaviour of soils1 the stiffening effects of unloading in shear should be taken into account. The latter problem is analysed in the paper using embankment dams as a typical example. Strain and stress paths in their cores and shells were derived from field measurement results and frequent path direction changes during seemingly monotonic loading process were discovered. Proportional loading test results of isotropically and anisotropically consolidated sand allowed interpretation of the in situ paths by the incremental theory of plasticity and distinction between the sections where unloading and reloading in shear develop. Furthermore, the analysis of these tests showed a marked stiffening of the soil due to unloading as well as neutral loading in shear. The strain redistribution due to material inhomogeneity, either inherent or introduced by the loading process, was identified as a common reason for the frequent occurrence of this phenomenon. Consequently, overestimations in displacement calculations can be brought about by neglecting this important effect by the constitutive model used. Accordingly, the unit response envelopes of some typical constitutive laws have been checked from this special point of view, and the models properly describing this phenomenon selected.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 17 (1993), S. 625-645 
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    Notes: Settlement of the surrounding soil due to surcharge placement may give rise to negative skin friction developed in piles. In this paper, a simple discrete element approach using subgrade reaction method is proposed to analyse negative skin friction on single piles. The pile is embedded in a two-layer soil where the upper soil layer undergoes consolidation while the lower soil layer acts as a stiffer bearing stratum. Two different and uncoupled deformation modes, one at the pile shaft and the other at the pile toe have been assumed in the determination of the soil stiffness. The effects of a compressible bearing stratum and embedment length of the pile in the bearing stratum are considered in the analysis. This simple approach is verified by comparison with rigorous methods of modelling the soil as an elastic continuum. Three reported case histories are analysed and the computed results are shown to be in reasonable agreement with the field measurements.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 17 (1993), S. 669-674 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 17 (1993), S. 699-714 
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    Notes: Mathematical modelling of the ascent of free fluid through relatively strong rock, deep in the Earth's mantle, presents a challenge in geomechanics. Here the medium is considered as fluid-saturated, porous, elastic and bounded, and the fluid enters at a point source. An explicit finite difference method is developed for the numerical solution to the problem of the dilatation of a fluid-saturated porous elastic sphere due to a point fluid source of constant strength at the centre of the sphere. A cubic spline interpolant is used to evaluate a definite integral which occurs in the boundary condition for the pore fluid pressure at the surface of the sphere. The numerical solutions for the dilatation and pore fluid pressure are compared with analytical solutions and the absolute and relative errors of the numerical solutions are calculated. When the fluid source is switched on, the pore fluid pressure starts to decrease, reaches a minimum value and then steadily increases. The initial time rate of decrease of the pore fluid pressure is independent of the radial distance from the source. It decreases as the radius of the sphere increases and vanishes for a point fluid source in an infinite porous elastic medium.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 17 (1993), S. 821-823 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 17 (1993), S. 827-847 
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    Notes: An equivalent homogeneous continuum theory is developed for modelling discretely drained soil stratum. The model accounts for the local horizontal flow to discrete vertical drains such as wick or sand or stone columns as well as direct vertical drainage of the soil and global horizontal flow due to non-uniform horizontal conditions. Calibration curves for the model are presented for the case of no soil smear due to the drain installation and for the case when smear exists. The model is implemented in both analytical and finite element analyses for those cases where no well resistance is present and when it is of importance. The accuracy and applicability of the model is demonstrated for simple one- and two- layered problems including smear and well resistance.
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