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  • Articles  (511)
  • Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology  (511)
  • 1990-1994  (288)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conductivity differences distort probe measurements of magnetically induced electric fields (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 483-487 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ELF magnetic field ; dosimetry ; electric field probe ; tissue conductivity ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Measuring internal induced electric fields in animals with a miniaturized probe involves a potential error related to the difference between the hole conductivity (σh) and the surrounding tissue conductivity (σt). Theory was developed to describe this phenomenon and checked by probe measurements in agar-filled petri dishes. The value measured in the hole is 2σt/(σh + σt) times the actual field in the tissue. For example, a probe hole in muscle, which is filled with blood, could yield a measurement only about 22% of the true value in the muscle. This potential source of error can be mitigated to some extent by not actually cutting a hole, by using a low-conductivity (e.g., 0.2 S/m) coupling medium in the hole, or by ensuring contact between the probe's electrodes and the tissue. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250150510
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Circularly polarized, sinusoidal, 50 Hz magnetic field exposure does not influence plasma testosterone levels of rats (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 513-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: subchronic exposure ; rotating magnetic fields ; neuroendocrine hormone ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: We exposed rats to circularly polarized 50 Hz magnetic fields to determine if plasma testosterone concentration was affected. Previous experiments indicate that magnetic fields suppress the nighttime rise in melatonin, suggesting that other neuroendocrine changes might occur as well. Male Wistar-King rats were exposed almost continuously for 6 weeks to magnetic flux densities of 1,5, or 50 μT. Blood samples were obtained by decapitation at 12:00 h and 24:00 h. Plasma testosterone concentration showed a significant day-night difference, with a higher level at 12:00 h when studied in July and December, but the day-night difference disappeared when concentrations were studied in April. In three experiments, magnetic field exposure had no statistically significant effect on plasma testosterone levels compared with the sham-exposed groups. These findings indicate that 6 weeks of nearly continuous exposure to circularly polarized, 50 Hz magnetic fields did not change plasma testosterone concentration in rats. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250150604
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of the radical pair mechanism to free radicals in organized systems: Can the effects of 60 Hz be predicted from studies under static fields? (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 549-554 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: magnetic fields ; micelles ; photolysis ; triplet radical pair ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The influence of 60-Hz magnetic fields on free radical reactions can be quantitatively predicted from the knowledge of the effect of static fields on free radical behavior. Studies of radical reactions in micellar systems show that the behavior under a 60-Hz field is identical to that under a static field at any given point in time. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250150608
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Power frequency magnetic field exposures among nurses in a neonatal intensive care unit and a normal newborn nursery (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 519-529 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electromagnetic fields ; occupational hazards ; fetal development ; carcinogenesis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Given the current interest in potential carcinogenic and developmental effects of exposure to extremely-low-frequency electromagnetic fields, there is a need to identify cohorts of exposed female workers for future epidemiologic investigations. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that nurses working in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) may be significantly exposed to power-frequency magnetic fields. An electromagnetic field monitor was used to measure magnetic fields at distances of 5, 15, 30, and 60 cm from the surfaces of each device used in the NICU. Six female nurses assigned to the NICU (the “exposed” group) and six female nurses working in the normal newborn nursery (the “referent” group) wore EMDEX dosimeters for the entire duration of their 12 h shifts. An investigator kept a detailed log of each NICU subject's whereabouts for the first one-third of her shift. Magnetic fields at 5 cm from the front (defined by the nurses' usual work area) of the NICU devices ranged from less than 0.1 to 114 μT and in all cases decreased considerably with increasing distance. The geometric mean of the shift-time-weighted average exposure of the NICU nurses was 0.17 μT compared with 0.11 μT for the normal newborn nurses. The percentage of time when subjects were exposed to magnetic fields of 0.4 μT or greater ranged from 5.8% to 15.6% for the NICU nurses, 0.4% to 2.9% for five of the comparison group nurses, and was 9.4% for one of the normal newborn nurses with unidentified aberrantly high exposures. Log data revealed that the vast majority of observed peaks among NICU nurses occurred while subjects were in close proximity to infant bed units. We conclude that NICU nurses represent one female-intensive job sector with intermittent high exposures to ELF magnetic fields and encourage larger exposure studies of nurses in a variety of medical settings. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250150605
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of 2.45-GHz microwave radiation and phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate on dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer in mice (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 531-538 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: cancer promotion ; initiation ; tumor incidence ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 2.45 GHz microwave (MW) radiation on dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon cancer in mice. The subjects were 115 Balb/c mice 4 weeks of age. The animals were divided into group A (control), group B (DMH), group C (DMH + MW), and group D [DMH + 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)]. Radiation (10 mW/cm2) was delivered dorsally with the E field parallel to the mouse's long body axis in an anechoic chamber. Radiations were administered 3 hr daily, 6 days per week, over a period of 5 months. The average SAR was estimated to be 10-12 W/kg. During the course of radiation treatments, DMH was injected once per week. The tumor promoter TPA was administered once per week for 10 weeks, from the third week on, after the initial treatment. The incidence of tumors did not significantly differ between the three test groups (groups B, C, and D; P 〉 0.25). However, the number of tumors, the size of the tumors, and the incidence of protuberant and infiltrative types in tumor-bearing animals were higher in group D compared to groups B and C (P 〈 0.05). No difference was found between groups B and C (P 〉 0.25). The study indicates that 2.45 GHz microwave radiation at 10 mW/cm2 power density did not promote DMH-induced colon cancers in young mice. The study also showed that TPA could accelerate colon tumor production if a tumor was initiated. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250150606
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clarification and application of an ion parametric resonance model for magnetic field interactions with biological systems (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 217-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: AC/DC magnetic fields ; mathematical models ; ionic resonance ; IPR ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Theoretical models proposed to date have been unable to clearly predict biological results from exposure to low-intensity electric and magnetic fields (EMF). Recently a predictive ionic resonance model was proposed by Lednev, based on an earlier atomic spectroscopy theory described by Podgoretskii and Podgoretskii and Khrustalev. The ion parametric resonance (IPR) model developed in this paper corrects mathematical errors in the earlier Lednev model and extends that model to give explicit predictions of biological responses to parallel AC and DC magnetic fields caused by field-induced changes in combinations of ions within the biological system. Distinct response forms predicted by the IPR model depend explicitly on the experimentally controlled variables: magnetic flux densities of the AC and DC magnetic fields (Bac and Bdc, respectively); AC frequency (fac); and, implicitly, charge to mass ratio of target ions. After clarifying the IPR model and extending it to combinations of different resonant ions, this paper proposes a basic set of experiments to test the IPR model directly which do not rely on the choice of a particular specimen or endpoint. While the fundamental bases of the model are supported by a variety of other studies, the IPR model is necessarily heuristic when applied to biological systems, because it is based on the premise that the magnitude and form of magnetic field interactions with unhydrated resonant ions in critical biological structures alter ion-associated biological activities that may in turn be correlated with observable effects in living systems. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250150306
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Empirical test of an ion parametric resonance model for magnetic field interactions with PC-12 cells (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 239-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: AC/DC magnetic fields ; neurite outgrowth ; nerve growth factor ; IPR ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A companion paper describes a predictive ion parametric resonance (IPR) model of magnetic field interactions with biological systems based on a selective relation between the ratio of the flux density of the static magnetic field to the AC magnetic field and the charge-to-mass ratio of ions of biological relevance. Previous studies demonstrated that nerve growth factor (NGF)-stimulated neurite outgrowth (NO) in PC-12 cells can be inhibited by exposure to magnetic fields as a function of either magnetic field flux density or AC magnetic field frequency. The present work examines whether the PC-12 cell response to magnetic fields is consistent with the quasiperiodic, resonance-based predictions of the IPR model. We tested changes in each of the experimentally controllable variables [flux densities of the parallel components of the AC magnetic field (Bac) and the static magnetic field (Bdc) and the frequency of the AC magnetic field] over a range of exposure conditions sufficient to determine whether the IPR model is applicable. A multiple-coil exposure system independently controlled each of these critical quantities. The perpendicular static magnetic field was controlled to less than 2 mG for all tests. The first set of tests examined the NO response in cells exposed to 45 Hz Bac from 77 to 468 mG(rms) at a Bdc of 366 mG. Next, we examined an off-resonance condition using 20 mG Bdc with a 45 Hz AC field across a range of Bac between 7.9 and 21 mG(rms). Finally, we changed the AC frequency to 25 Hz, with a corresponding change in Bdc to 203 mG (to tune for the same set of ions as in the first test) and a Bac range from 78 to 181 mG(rms). In all cases the observed responses were consistent with predictions of the IPR model. These experimental results are the first to support in detail the validity of the fundamental relationships embodied in the IPR model. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250150307
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250150401
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simplification of the Wertheimer-Leeper wire code (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 275-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: EMF ; exposure assessment ; wire codes ; 60 Hz ; epidemiology ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Wire codes, introduced by Wertheimer and Leeper as a surrogate for residential magnetic fields, divide imputed exposure into several categories based on the configurations of electrical wiring within 40 m of homes. Using the data set gathered by Savitz et al. in the Denver, Colorado, area of the United States, we determined which of the wiring attributes that contribute to Wertheimer-Leeper coding are actually associated with lowpower magnetic fields measured in bedrooms of subjects. The results led us to propose a considerably simplified three-category form of the Wertheimer-Leeper code that 1) drops the distinctions between thick and thin primary wires and between first-span and other secondary lines, 2) adds a new distinction between open (i.e., conductors not in physical contact) and spun secondaries, and 3) explains as much of the between-home variability in log-transformed bedroom fields as does the five categories of the original Wertheimer-Leeper code. The data necessary to classify residences using the modified code are considerably simpler to obtain and should lead to more reliable results. A separate reanalysis of the Denver data set of Savitz et al. shows that the modified code yields risk estimates that are both precise and markedly elevated for the highest exposure category, suggesting that this code may be useful in other studies. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250150402
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sinusoidal 60 Hz electromagnetic fields failed to induce changes in protein synthesis in Escherichia coli (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 283-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electromagnetic field ; protein synthesis ; Escherichia coli ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Escherichia coli JM83 {F- ara Δ(lac-proAB) rpsL [φ80dΔ(lacZ)M15]} in midlog growth phase at 30 °C were exposed to 60 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field of 3 mT of nonuniform diverging flux, inducing a nonuniform electric field with a maximum intensity of 32 μV/cm using an inductor coil. Exposed and unexposed control cells were maintained at 30.8 ± 0.1 °C and 30.5 ± 0.1 °C, respectively. Quadruplicate samples of exposed and unexposed E. coli cells were simultaneously radiolabeled with 35S-L-methionine at 10 min intervals over 2 hr. Radiochemical incorporation into proteins was analyzed via liquid scintillation counting and by denaturing 12.5% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results showed that E. coli exposed to a 60 Hz magnetic field of 3 mT exhibited no qualitative or quantitative changes in protein synthesis compared to unexposed cells. Thus small prokaryotic cells (less than 2 μm × 0.5 μm) under constant-temperature conditions do not alter their protein synthesis following exposure to 60 Hz magnetic fields at levels at 3 mT. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250150403
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chromosomal aberrations in human amniotic cells after intermittent exposure to fifty hertz magnetic fields (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 293-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: sinusoidal ; weak ELF magnetic field ; cultured fetal cells ; clastogenic effect ; chromatid and chromosome gaps ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Our recent studies have shown a significant increase in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in human amniotic cells after exposure to a sinusoidal 50 Hz, 30 μT (rms) magnetic field. To evaluate further interactions between chromosomes and electromagnetic fields, we have analyzed the effects of intermittent exposure. Amniotic cells were exposed for 72 h to a 50 Hz, 30 μT (rms) magnetic field in a 15 s on and 15 s off fashion. Eight experiments with cells from different fetuses were performed. The results show a 4% mean frequency of aberrations among exposed cells compared to 2% in sham-exposed cells. The difference is statistically significant, with P 〈 0.05 both excluding and including gaps. In another series of eight experiments, the cells were exposed in the same way but with the field on for 2 s and off for 20 s. Also in these experiments a similar increase in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations was seen, but only when the analysis included gaps. Continuous exposure for 72 h to 300 μT, 50 Hz, did not increase the frequency of chromosomal aberrations. The background electromagnetic fields at different locations within the two incubators used was carefully checked and was nowhere found to exceed 120 nT. Likewise, the background level of chromosomal aberrations in cells cultured at different locations in the incubators showed no significant interculture differences. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250150404
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of diazoluminomelanin (DALM) in HL-60 cells for possible use as a cellular-level microwave dosimeter (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 315-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: cancer cells ; thermochemiluminescence ; dosimetry ; melanin ; microwave radiation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Chemical and bacterial synthesis of a thermochemiluminescent polymer known as diazoluminomelanin (DALM) has been previously reported. This paper focuses on the intracellular synthesis of aminomelanin (AM) in mammalian cell lines and subsequent DALM synthesis from this core molecule. B16 melanoma cells, HL-60 myeloid leukemia cells, and RAW 264.7 macrophages show AM and DALM production. Macroscopic image analysis of HL-60 cell lysates containing DALM using the Quantitative Luminescence Imaging System (QLIS) showed increased chemiluminescence (CL) with increased microwave power input and increased temperature. This work represents a first step toward the goal of microscopic radiofrequency dosimetry of individual DALM-loaded cells using image analysis. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250150406
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exposure of simian virus-40-transformed human cells to magnetic fields results in increased levels of T-antigen mRNA and protein (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 329-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: transcription ; translation ; SV-40 ; large T-antigen ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: In its integrated form, SV-40 DNA offers an opportunity to observe the behavior of what is in effect a viral genome within a cellular genome, with transcriptional and translational products that can be clearly distinguished from those of the host cell. Exposure of SV40-transformed human fibroblasts to a 60 Hz continuous-wave sinusoidal electromagnetic (EM) field resulted in increased levels of virally derived mRNA and protein of large T-antigen. These findings provide evidence that a foreign DNA integrated into cells can be affected by EM fields under conditions known to cause increased transcripts from endogenous cellular genes. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250150407
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development and evaluation of a location-specific wire code (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 337-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ELF magnetic fields ; exposure assessment ; epidemiology ; misclassification ; statistical power ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The development of a wire code protocol based on a study of electrical installations in Melbourne, Australia, is described. Because of very significant differences between the Melbourne power distribution system and that used in Denver, Colorado, an approach different from that used by Wertheimer and Leeper was required. A combined practical and theoretical approach was used to determine a continuous exposure index, defined as a measure of the potential for exposure due to external electrical installations. The protocol was tested on a convenient sample of 41 homes in which the field was monitored over a 12 hour overnight period. A correlation of 0.85 (95% CI 0.74-0.92, P 〈 .0001) was obtained between the measured time-weighted average and the wire coding exposure index. To assess the efficacy of the wiring configuration index, a computer simulation of a case-control study was then performed. It was concluded that, using the same basic reasoning of the Wertheimer and Leeper code, it is possible to develop a location-specific code that provides a good correlation with the residential time-weighted average and an acceptable degree of exposure misclassification. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250150408
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Stochastic resonance as a possible mechanism of amplification of weak electric signals in living cells (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 539-547 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electromagnetic fields ; signal-to-noise ratio ; stochastic resonance ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The most important but still unresolved problem in bioelectromagnetics is the interaction of weak electromagnetic fields (EMFs) with living cells. Thermal and other types of noise pose restrictions in cell detection of weak signals. As a consequence, some extant experimental results that indicate low-intensity field effects cannot be accounted for, and this renders the results themselves questionable. One way out of this dead end is to search for possible mechanisms of signal amplification. In this paper, we discuss a general mechanism in which a weak signal is amplified by system noise itself. This mechanism was discovered several years ago in physics and is known, in its simplest form, as a stochastic resonance. It was shown that signal amplification may exceed a factor of 1000, which renders existing estimations of EMF thresholds highly speculative. The applicability of the stochastic resonance concept to cells is discussed particularly with respect to the possible role of the cell membrane in the amplification process. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250150607
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Character of the effect of microwave on conduction velocity of frog ventricular muscle (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 555-561 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: frog ; ventricular muscle ; conduction velocity ; 2,450 MHz ; microwave thermal effect ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Thirty-two frog hearts were divided into four groups and placed individually in temperature-controlled waveguides filled with Ringer's solution. The pacemaker was removed, and stimulation was provided at 0.3 Hz by three carbon-loaded Teflon electrodes located on the aorta and the ventricular muscle. Conduction velocity was measured from the difference between two action potentials. One group served as control; the three other groups were exposed for 2 h to pulsed 2,450 MHz microwave fields (10 μs, 0.001 duty cycle, 16 Hz modulation) at specific absorption rates (SARs) of 0.003, 2, and 6 W/kg, respectively. No significant difference in conduction velocity was found between the control and the exposed groups. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250150609
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  • 17
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    Effects of extremely-law-frequency electromagnetic fields on ion transport in several mammalian cells (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 579-588 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ELF ; magnetic fields ; cyclotron resonance ; calcium transport ; potassium transport ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: We have investigated the effects of sinusoidal electromagnetic fields (EMF) on ion transport (Ca2+, Na+, K+, and H+) in several cell types (red blood cells, thymocytes, Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, and HL60 and U937 human leukemia cells). The effects on the uptake of radioactive tracers as well as on the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), the intracellular pH (pHi), and the transmembrane potentsial (TMP) were studied. Exposure to EMF at 50 Hz and 100-2000 μT (rms) had no significant effects on any of these parameters. Exposure to EMF of 20-1200 μT (rms) at the estimated cyclotron magnetic resonance frequencies for the respective ions had no significant effects except for a 12-32% increase of the uptake of 42K within a window at 14.5-15.5 Hz and 100-200 μT (rms), which was found in U937 and Ehrlich cells but not in the other cell types. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250150611
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  • 18
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    Dielectric properties of human red blood cells in suspension at radio frequencies (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 589-591 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: dielectric measurement ; human blood ; age ; temperature ; permittivity ; conductivity ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Dielectric properties of human red blood cells (RBCs) in suspension (hematocrit 50%) from 243 healthy persons (120 males, 123 females) were measured at 25 °C in a frequency range of 1-500 MHz, with a coaxial transmission line reflection method (one-side measurement). The measuring system, controlled by an IBM-PC computer, was composed of a network analyzer (HP4195A), an impedance test adapter (HP41951-61001), a coaxial line sensor, and a temperature-controlling set. The data measured revealed a statistically significant age dependence, with a critical age of about 49 years, above which permittivity and conductivity of human RBCs in suspension decreased significantly. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Design and fabrication of well confined uniform magnetic field exposure systems (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 563-577 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: magnetic fields ; exposure system ; stray fields ; Merritt coils ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Exposure systems that provide good magnetic field uniformity, minimum stray fields, and minimal heating, vibration, and hum, as well as capability for true sham exposure in which current flows in the coils, are needed to determine rigorously the biological effects of weak magnetic fields. Designs based on acrylic polymer coil support structures and twisted pair bifilary coil windings were employed to fabricate several different systems for the exposure of laboratory animals and cell cultures to magnetic fields. These systems exhibit excellent performance characteristics in terms of exposure field uniformity, stray field containment, and exposure field cancellation in the sham exposure mode. A custom-written computer program was used to determine the best arrangement for coils with regard to field uniformity in the exposure volume and stray field containment. For in vivo exposures, modules were made up of four Merritt four-coil sets, built into a single structure and positioned to form an octapole with fields directed in the horizontal plane. For in vitro applications, two different coil configurations were selected to produce the vertical fields required. A quadrupole system, comprising modules consisting of two Merritt four-coil sets arranged side by side to limit stray fields, was built as a prototype. In the second configuration, one Merritt four-coil set was positioned inside the other to form a concentric coil set. In both in vitro systems, exposure chambers were connected to remote commercial incubators in order to reduce ambient magnetic fields in the exposure volume. An active field cancellation circuit was developed for reducing ambient AC magnetic fields in the in vitro sham exposure chamber, when necessary. These design and fabrication approaches provide systems that offer uniform field exposures and excellent stray field containment when needed and are portable, washable, and relatively inexpensive. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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    Human exposure to magnetic fields: A comparative assessment of two dosimeters (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 593-597 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: magnetic fields ; AMEX ; average magnetic field exposure system ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Two types of dosimeters for measuring human exposure to 60 Hz magnetic fields were compared. Fifty adults wore the single-axis, wrist model AMEX (average magnetic field exposure system) and the triple axis, hip-pocket or pouch model AMEX-3D meters for 2 days. Ninety-six percent of the tests were accomplished without apparent dosimeter failure. The average root mean square magnetic flux density measurements with the AMEX3D (mean = 0.10 μT, S.D. = 0.07, range = 0.03 - 0.31) were significantly higher than with the AMEX meter (mean = 0.07 μT, S.D. 0.05, range = 0.02 - 0.27 μT) (t test, P 〈 0.01). There was substantial correlation between the AMEX and the AMEX-3D measurements (Pearson's correlation coefficient = 0.65, P 〈 0.01) but poor concordance (Intraclass correlation coefficient = - 0.25). These results suggest that there is a wide variation in exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields in the population. Magnetic field measurements with the AMEX-3D are nearly always higher than with the AMEX dosimeters. Caution is advised when comparing magnetic field measurements made with different types of dosimeters. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Ouabain inhibition of kidney ATPase is altered by 9.14 GHz radiation (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 12 (1991), S. 137-143 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; adenosine triphosphatase ; transport ATPase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: At each of several stabilized temperatures between 7.0 and 43.8 °C, increases in dog-kidney, Na+ -, K+-ATPase catalytic activity were usually observed in association with exposure for 5 min to 9.14 GHz CW microwave radiation in a thin tubular reactor. However, at 24.9 °C, a 23% decrease occurred. Comparisons of activity of ouabain-inhibited reactions revealed that the efficacy of the cardiac glycoside as an inhibitor of ATPase activity was severely diminished by the microwave field. The ouabain-site control mechanism may be a specific microwave target at this exposure frequency. Experimental results can be interpreted in terms of molecular structural changes or direct energy input. The estimated SAR of energy that was incident on preparations is 20 W/kg.
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    Cancer promotion in a mouse-skin model by a 60-Hz magnetic field: II. Tumor development and immune response (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 12 (1991), S. 273-287 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: skin ; mouse ; tumor promotion ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: This paper describes preliminary findings on the influence of 60-Hz (2-mT) magnetic fields on tumor promotion and co-promotion in the skins of mice. The effect of magnetic fields on natural killer (NK) cell activity in spleen and blood was also examined. Groups of 32 juvenile female mice were exposed to the magnetic field as described in part I. The dorsal skin of all animals was treated with a subthreshold dose of the carcinogen 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). One week after the treatment, two groups were sham exposed (group A) or field exposed at 2 mT (group B) 6 h/day for 21 weeks, to test whether the field would act as a tumor promoter. No tumors developed in these two groups of mice. To test whether the magnetic field would modify tumor development by directly affecting tumor growth or by suppressing immune surveillance, two additional groups of mice were treated weekly with the tumor promoter 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and then either sham exposed (group C) or field exposed (group D). The time to appearance of tumors was shorter (but not statistically so) in the group exposed to magnetic fields and TPA. Some differences in NK cell activity and spleen size were observed between the sham- and field-exposed groups.
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    Absence of a synergistic effect between moderate-power radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation and adriamycin on cell-cycle progression and sister-chromatid exchange (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 12 (1991), S. 289-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; CHO Cells ; genotoxicity ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: In our laboratories we are conducting investigations of potential interactions between radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RFR) and chemicals that are toxic by different mechanisms to mammalian cells. The RFR is being tested at frequencies in the microwave range and at different power levels. We report here on the I) ability of simultaneous RFR exposures to alter the distribution of cells in first and second mitoses from that after treatment by adriamycin alone, and 2) on the ability of simultaneous RFR exposure to alter the extent of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) induced by adriamycin alone. This chemical was selected because of its reported mechanism of action and because it is of interest in the treatment of cancer. In our studies, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were exposed for 2 h simultaneously to adriamycin and pulsed RFR at a frequency of 2,450 MHz and a specific absorption rate of 33.8 W/Kg. The maximal temperature (in the tissue-culture medium) was 39.7 ± 0.2 °C. The experiments were controlled for chemical and RFR exposures, as well as for temperature. Verified statistically, the data indicate that the RFR did not affect changes in cell progression caused by adriamycin, and the RFR did not change the number of SCEs that were induced by the adriamycin, which adriamycin is known to affect cells by damaging their membranes and DNA.
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    Electromagnetic pulsed-wave radiation in spherical models of dispersive biological substances (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 12 (1991), S. 319-333 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: pulse-train ; dispersive dielectrics ; Fourier transform ; focusing ; hot-spot ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: In analytical studies, we investigated induced-field patterns and SAR distributions in a lossy, dispersive, homogeneous, dielectric sphere typical of muscle tissue as irradiated by a plane-wave pulse train consisting of a pulse-modulated sinusoidal carrier wave. Calculations were made for carrier frequencies of 1, 3, and 15 GHz, pulse widths of 0.333, 2.0 and 4 ns, and pulse repetition rates of 1.11 × 106, 100 × 106, and 181.18 × 106 pps. The classical Mie solution was modified for a train of incident pulses that was represented by a Fourier series, and the fast-Fourier transform was used to sum the series. Computationally, the technique proved to be feasible and less expensive than we expected. The calculated field patterns show that the sphere's physical dimensions and the internal wavelength of the carrier greatly influence the nature of pulse-train propagation in the sphere. Harmonics having internal wavelengths nearly equal to the radius of the sphere produce most of the absorption; other harmonics produce little absorption. An intense hot spot is observed in spheres with radii that match the carriers' wavelengths.
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    Referees for bioelectromagnetics, 1991 (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 12 (1991), S. 383-386 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250120607
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 13 (1992) 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    Bioelectromagnetics in the service of medicine: Acceptance speech on the occasion of receiving the d'Arsonval Medal (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 13 (1992), S. 7-17 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Sex-linked recessive lethal test of Drosophila melanogaster after exposure to 50-Hz magnetic fields (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 13 (1992), S. 67-74 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ELF ; drosophila ; mutation ; X-chomosome ; helmholtz coil ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: To determine whether a 50-Hz magnetic field will induce mutations, a sex-linked recessive lethal test of Drosophila melanogaster was performed. Adult flies were exposed at an rms flux density of 500 μT or 5 mT to the homogeneous field of a Helmholtz coil. The ambient field to which controls were exposed was less than 1 μT. Exposures took place continuously for 13 to 14 days, which correspond to the life cycle of Drosophila at 25°C About 10,000 X-chromosomes were tested at each flux density. Recessive lethal mutation rates of 0.13, 0.21, and 0.18 percent were observed, respectively, for control, 500-μT, and 5-mT conditions. By the Kastenbaum-Bowman significance test, the recessive lethal mutation rates in the 500-μT and 5-mT conditions did not differ from the mutation rate of controls.
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    Masthead (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 14 (1993) 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250140601
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    Biologic effects of prolonged exposure to ELF electromagnetic fields in rats. I. 50 Hz electric fields (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 14 (1993), S. 479-493 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ELF ; electric fields ; growth curve ; hormones ; testes weight ; histology ; serum chemistry ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A three-year investigation was conducted on the biological effects of high-intensity electric field exposures of rats for up to 18% of their life span. Two hundred and forty adult male rats, divided into groups of 20 animals each, were exposed at ground potential for 8 h/ day at 25-kV/m and 100-kV/m 50-Hz electric fields or were sham exposed for 280, 440, and 1240 h. The corresponding ages at sacrifice were 140, 164, and 315 days. An additional group of 40 rats was investigated under similar experimental conditions after 440 h of exposure at floating potential.Independent of exposure duration, mode of grounding, and field strength, no statistical differences in body weight, morphology, and histology of the liver, heart, mesenteric lymph nodes, and blood variables (hematology and serum chemistry) were found in comparison with sham-exposed animals. Plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone (TS)at sacrifice varied widely among experimental animals in the same group but did not differ in exposed compared with sham-exposed rats. A nonsignificant tendency toward a decrease in the testes/body weight ratio was found after 1240 h of exposure. Microscopic examination of a large number of specimens showed no quantitative or qualitative statistical differences in testes alterations either among exposed animals or between exposed and their corresponding sham-exposed groups. We conclude that 50-Hz electric field exposure, even of long duration at very high field strengths, does not induce harmful effects on tissues with high cellular turnover rates and does not impair the reproductive function of rats. Moreover, after exposure, all variables investigated were well within the normal physiological range. © 1993 Wiley-Liss. Inc.
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    In vitro cytogenetic effects of 2450 MHz waves on human peripheral blood lymphocytes (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 14 (1993), S. 495-501 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: pulsed microwaves ; normothermal conditions ; chromosome aberrations ; micro-nuclei ; SCE ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Cytogenetic analyses were performed on human peripheral blood lymphocytes exposed to 2450 MHz microwaves during 30 and 120 min at a constant temperature of 36.1°C (body temperature). The temperature was kept constant by means of a temperature probe put in the blood sample which gives feedback to a microcomputer that controls the microwave supply. We found a marked increase in the frequency of chromosome aberrations (including dicentric chromosomes and acentric fragments) and micronuclei. On the other hand the microwave exposure did not influence the cell kinetics nor the sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequency. ©1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    The effect of pulsed microwaves on passive electrical properties and interspike intervals of snail neurons (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 14 (1993), S. 503-520 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: constant temperature ; intracellular recording ; time series ; regression analysis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The effects of pulsed microwaves (2.45 GHz, 10 μs, 100 pps, SAR: 81.5 kW/kg peak, 81.5 W/kg average) on membrane input resistance and action potential (AP) interval statistics were studied in spontaneously active ganglion neurons of land snails (Helix aspersa), at strictly constant temperature (20.8±.07°C worst case). Statistical comparison with sham-irradiated neurons revealed a significant increase in the mean input resistance of neurons exposed to pulsed microwaves (P ≪ .05 ). Pulsed microwaves had no visible effect on mean AP firing rate; this observation was confirmed by analysis of interspike intervals (ISIs). Using an integrator model for spontaneously active neurons, we found the net input current to be more variable in neurons exposed to pulsed microwaves. The mean input current was not affected. The standard deviation of ISIs and the autocorrelation of the input current were marginally affected, but these changes were not consistent across neurons. Although the observed effects were less obvious than those reported in other studies, they represent evidence of a direct interaction between neurons and pulsed microwaves, in the absence of macroscopic temperature changes. The data do not suggest a single, specific mechanism for such interaction. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Calcium-ion movement and contractility in atrial strips of frog heart are not affected by low-frequency-modulated, 1 GHz electromagnetic radiation (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 14 (1993), S. 521-533 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Key words: UHF ; amplitude modulation ; calcium ions ; contraction ; perfused atrial strips ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Calcium efflux from electrically stimulated, 45Ca2+-preloaded atrial strips of the frog heart was measured from samples of the rinsing perfusate collected at 2-min intervals for 32 min in a continuous perfusion chamber. Contractile force was simultaneously monitored. The specimen chamber was located in a stripline apparatus in which the atrial strips were exposed for 32 min to constant (CW) or amplitude-modulated (AM), 1 GHz electromagnetic (EM) fields at specific absorption rates (SAR) ranging from 3.2 μW/kg to 1.6 W/kg. Amplitude modulation was either at 0.5 Hz, in synchrony with the electrical stimulus applied to the preparation, or at 16 Hz. Neither unmodulated nor 0.5 Hz or 16 Hz modulated 1 GHz waves affected the movement of calcium ions or the contractile force in isolated atrial strips of the frog heart. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Masthead (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994) 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    Editor's note (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 14 (1993), S. i 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Adoption of Bioelectromagnetics as the official journal of the Society for Physical Regulation in Biology and Medicine (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 1-1 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
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    Associate Editor succession (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 1-2 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Bioelectromagnetics adds “comments” section (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 2-2 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Biological, physical, and electrical parameters for in vitro studies with ELF magnetic and electric fields: A primer (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 14 (1993), S. 1-73 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: dosimetry ; exposure parameters ; induced currents ; induced electric fields ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: This paper presents material which is intended to assist researchers in identifying and controlling a range of biological, electrical, and other physical parameters that can affect the outcome of in vitro studies with extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic and electric fields. Brief descriptions of power line magnetic and electric fields are provided and methods for the generation of 60 Hz as well as other ELF fields in the laboratory are surveyed. Methods for calculating and measuring exposure parameters in culture medium are also described. Relating in vitro and internal in vivo exposure conditions across different animal species is discussed to aid researchers in selecting levels of field exposure. The text is purposely elementary, and sometimes brief, with references provided to aid the interested reader in obtaining a fuller understanding of the many topics. Because the range of experimental parameters that can influence the outcome of in vitro studies with ELF fields is so broad, a multidisciplinary approach is normally required to carry out the research. © 1993 Wiley-Liss. Inc.
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    Carl H. Durney. 1993 recipient of the d'Arsonval medal (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 3-4 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Acceptance speech on the occasion of receiving the d'Arsonval medal (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 5-19 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    A model for characterizing residential ground current and magnetic field fluctuations (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 53-65 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: intermittents ; transients ; EMF ; electric power ; ground currents ; exposure assessment ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The current through the residential grounding circuit is an important source for magnetic fields; field variations near the grounding circuit accurately track fluctuations in this ground current. In this paper, a model is presented which permits calculation of the range of these fluctuations. A discrete network model is used to simulate a local distribution system for a single street, and a statistical model to simulate unbalanced currents in the system. Simulations of three-house and ten-house networks show that random appliance operation leads to ground current fluctuations which can be quite large, on the order of 600%. This is consistent with measured fluctuations in an actual house. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Exposure to 60 Hz magnetic fields in the electric utility work environment (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 21-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ELF ; EMF ; exposure assessment ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Research that has attempted to examine the relationship between work exposures to magnetic fields and health effects has suffered from limited exposure information. Power-frequency electric and magnetic (EM) field exposures vary substantially between industries, occupations, and individuals. In this study magnetic field data were collected for a variety of occupational categories within an electric utility. The sampling procedures emphasized craft occupations that were presumed to have higher exposures to magnetic fields. The objectives were to provide better exposure information for an ongoing cancer mortality study, examine the relationship between different summary measures of magnetic field exposure, and make available descriptive information useful for exposure reduction and worker education. Principal components analysis (PCA) and Varimax rotation were used to explore the relationships between the different summary measures among all utility workers and among the subset of electrical craft occupations. Discriminant analysis was used to assess summary measures of exposure that differentiated occupational groups. Measurements for 770 days generated a total of 42378 hours of magnetic field data. Eleven summary indices of exposure were calculated for specific occupational groups. These include arithmetic mean, geometric mean, median, 95th and 99th percentiles, and fraction of measurements exceeding .5, 1, 5, 10, and 100 μT. Electrical craft occupations had higher work exposures than non-craft occupations. Electricians and substation operators had the highest exposures among craft occupations.We identified subsets of summary measures that were intercorrelated. The first PCA axis included the geometric mean, median, and the fractions exceeding 0.5 and 1.0 μT. This set of measures also were best at discriminating occupational groups. The relevance of these findings may become more important if consistent associations are found between particular occupations and disease and particular occupations and magnetic field summary measures. Further research is needed to evaluate these exposure assessment findings. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Experimental results contradicting claimed 1009-MHz influence on erythrocyte mobility (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 85-88 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: erythrocytes ; electrophoretic mobility ; UHF radiation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: An attempt was made to detect the influence of ultrahigh frequency radiation (1009 MHz) on the electrophoretic mobility of human erythrocytes. Ines. In contradiction to an earlier report by Ismailov no effect was observed.
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    Effect of short electromagnetic pulses on brain acetylcholine content and spontaneous motor activity of mice (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 89-92 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave pulse ; motor activity ; brain acetylcholine ; 2,450 MHz ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Mice were exposed to a single 15-ms or 25-ms pulse of 2,450-MHz microwaves which increased brain temperature by 2 °C or 4 °C, respectively. Immediately after exposure, the mice became hypokinetic but began recovering within 5 minutes. The 25-ms pulse (18.7 j deposited in the brain) caused a significant decrease in acetylcholine content of the whole brain, probably owing to increased permeability of the membrane.
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    Development of a protocol for assessing time-weighted-average exposures of young children to power-frequency magnetic fields (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 15 (1994), S. 33-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: exposure assessment ; environmental magnetic fields ; residential magnetic fields ; epidemiological protocol ; wire codes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A study was carried out in 1990 to guide the development of a protocol for assessing residential exposures of children to time-weighted-average (TWA) power-frequency magnetic fields. The principal goal of this dosimetry study was to determine whether area (i.e., spot and/or 24 h) measurements of power-frequency magnetic fields in the residences and in the schools and daycare centers of 29 children (4 months through 8 years of age) could be used to predict their measured personal 24-h exposures. TWA personal exposures, measured with AMEX-3D meters worn by subjects, were approximately log-normally distributed with both residential and nonresidential geometric means of 0.10 μT (1.0 mG). Between-subjects variability in residential personal exposure levels (geometric standard deviation of 2.4) was substantially greater than that observed for nonresidential personal exposure levels (1.4). The correlation between log-transformed residential and total personal exposure levels was 0.97. Time-weighted averages of the magnetic fields measured in children's bedrooms, family rooms, living rooms, and kitchens were highly correlated with residential personal exposure levels (r = 0.90). In general, magnetic field levels measured in schools and daycare centers attended by subjects were smaller and less variable than measured residential fields and were only weakly correlated with measured nonresidential personal exposures. The final measurement protocol, which will be used in a large US study examining the relationship between childhood leukemia and exposure to magnetic fields, contains the following elements: normal- and low-power spot magnetic field measurements in bedrooms occupied by subjects during the 5 years prior to the date of diagnosis for cases or the corresponding date for controls; spot measurements under normal and low power-usage conditions at the centers of the kitchen and the family room; 24-h magnetic-field recordings near subjects' beds; and wire coding using the Wertheimer-Leeper method. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc. This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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    Effects of millimeter-wave radiation on monolayer cell cultures. II. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 141-150 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: millimeter-wave radiation ; BHK-21/C13 cells in monolayer culture ; scanning electron microscopy ; transmission electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Both thermal and athermal effects of millimeter-wave radiation on BHK-21/C13 cells were sought using scanning and transmission electron microscopy in conjunction with an in vitro technique that allows direct exposure of monolayer cultures to high average power densities. Culture dishes were irradiated by placing them on the open end of an E- or U-band wave guide. This technique exposes different regions of the cell monolayer lying along the longer axis of the wave guide aperture to varying power densities ranging from zero at each edge to twice the average power density at the center.Cell ultrastructure was unaffected by microwave radiation for 1 hour (41.8 or 74.0 GHz, average power densitites = 320 or 450 mW/cm2, respectively) with or without cooling by rapid recirculation of the culture medium. Temperature in recirculated cultures was held at 37.2 °C, and that in noncooled cultures never exceeded 42 °C during irradiation at either power density. In contrast, cell morphology was affected by microwave exposure whenever irradiation conditions were altered so that the temperature of the monolayer reached or exceeded 44.5 °C. Ultrastructural alterations included breakage of cell processes, progressive detachment of cells from the substrate, increased clumping of heterochromatin in the nuclei, and the appearance of large empty vesicles in the cytoplasm. Such morphological changes resulted from either application of higher average power densities or irradiation at the power densities described above at a higher ambient temperature (〉38.5°C).
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    Effects of millimeter-wave radiation on monolayer cell cultures. I. Design and validation of a novel exposure system (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 123-140 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: millimeter-wave radiation ; BHK-21/C13 cells in monolayer culture ; quantitative autoradiography ; ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis ; protein synthesis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A method has been devised whereby both the thermal and possible athermal biological effects resulting from microwave radiation can be assessed. Monolayer cultures of BHK-21/C13 cells were grown on microwave-transparent polystyrene coverslips, placed directly on the open end of a wave guide, and irradiated for 1 hour. In experiments seeking athermal biological effects of millimeter waves, culture medium was continuously recirculated over the cells to prevent temperature increases greater than 0.1 °C. Incorporation of 3H-uridine into RNA and of 3H-methionine into protein was quantified by measurement of optical densities of the autoradiographs in contiguous rectangular regions corresponding to portions of the cell monolayer immediately above the wave guide aperture and lying along its longer axis. Since power density was shown to vary with position along this axis according to a cosine2 relationship, it was possible to assess the extent of microwave effects on macromolecular synthesis at power densities ranging from zero at each edge to twice the average power density at the center of the waveguide.Monolayer cultures maintained at 37.2 °C by recirculation of the medium did not show microwave-induced changes in synthesis of RNA and protein (41.8 or 74.0 GHz at average power densities of 320 or 450 mW/cm2, respectively). Since macromolecular synthesis was examined both during and after irradiation, our results exclude both transient and persistent athermal biological effects of acute exposure to millimeter waves. In contrast, irradiation of cultures incubated in a small volume of nonrecirculated medium resulted in 1) marked heating of the monolayer, 2) a graded decline in macromolecular synthesis with increasing incident power, and 3), in some cases, destruction of the cell monolayer in the region immediately above the center of the waveguide aperture.
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    Effects of millimeter-wave radiation on monolayer cell cultures. III. A search for frequency-specific athermal biological effects on protein synthesis (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 151-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: protein synthesis ; quantitative autoradiography ; BHK-21/C13 cells ; millimeter-wave radiation ; frequency-specific biological effects ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A method recently developed in this laboratory has been used to directly expose BHK-21/C13 cells to high levels of microwave radiation without significant microwave-induced heating (≤ 0.1 °C). Monolayer cultures were grown on microwave-transparent polystyrene coverslips, placed on the open end of a wave guide, and maintained at 37.2 °C during irradiation at frequencies in both the E- and U-bands (average power densities 292 and 177 mW/cm2, respectively). Effects of microwave radiation were assessed at 0.1 GHz increments in the ranges of 38-48 GHz and 65-75 GHz. Protein synthesis was measured in quadruplicate cultures that were allowed to incorporate labeled methionine during the 15-minute period of microwave irradiation. Autoradiographs of each monolayer culture were scanned along the region corresponding to the longer axis of the wave guide aperture using a microdensitometer to quantify incorporation. Since microwave power incident on the cells was previously shown to vary along this axis according to a cosine2 relationship from zero at each edge of the wave guide to twice the average power density at the center of the wave guide, this technique should reveal biological effects that might only be manifested in narrow amplitude domains or “power windows.” Observations of protein synthesis in monolayer cultures irradiated at 202 closely spaced frequencies in the E- and U-bands failed to reveal changes associated with microwave exposure. Thus no evidence was obtained in support of the existence of frequency-specific athermal biological effects of microwaves. In addition, no support was found for the existence of amplitude-specific “power windows”.
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    In vitro study of microwave effects on calcium efflux in rat brain tissue (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 161-167 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave effects on CNS ; pulsed microwaves ; brain calcium efflux ; 1 GHz ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: In this study we investigated the prospect of microwave-induced alteration of 45Ca2+ efflux from rat neural tissue at low pulse repetition frequencies and low power densities under in vitro conditions. Rat cerebral tissue, preloaded with 45Ca2+, was exposed to pulsed-microwave radiation (1-GHz carrier frequency) according to one of several PRF-power density exposure schemes: 16 Hz at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, or 15 mW/cm2, or 32 Hz at 1.0 or 2.0 mW/cm2 average power density. Measurements of radioactivity in the efflux medium and in the tissue sample were used to calculate an efflux value for each sample. The results indicate that the radiation conditions used did not alter calcium efflux in rat brain tissue.
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    Humoral and cell-mediated immune function in adult japanese quail following exposure to 2.45-GHz microwave radiation during embryogeny (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 269-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; radiation ; Japanese quail ; immunity ; leukocytes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica, eggs were subjected to 2.45-GHz CW microwave radiation at 5 mW/cm2 (SAR = 4.03 mW/g) during the first 12 days of embryogeny. Following hatching the exposed embryos, as well as nonexposed controls, were reared to 22 weeks of age. Humoral immune potential, as indicated by comparable anti-CRBC antibody, IgM and IgG, levels at 0, 4, and 7 days postimmunization in both exposed and control quail was not affected significantly. However, cell-mediated immune potential, measured by the reaction to intradermal injection of phytohemagglutinin-P in the wing web, was reduced in the exposed females, but not in the exposed males. Additionally, total leukocyte numbers and absolute circulating numbers of lymphocytes, monocytes, and heterophils were increased significantly only in the exposed females. These data show that exposure of Japanese quail during embryogenesis reduced cell-mediated immune potential and induced a general leukocytosis in females.
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    Inhibition and recovery of growth processes in roots of pisum sativum L. Exposed to 60-Hz electric fields (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 329-340 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electric fields ; 60 Hz ; biologic effects ; membrane potentials ; recovery ; Pisum sativum ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Roots of Pisum sativum L. were chronically exposed in aqueous inorganic nutrient medium to 60-Hz electric fields between 140 and 490 V/m (growth medium conductivity ∼ 0.08 S/m). The growth rate, meristematic mitotic index, and growth rate recovery of the roots were determined. At 140 V/m there was no perturbation in growth rate or mitotic index. At 430 V/m the growth rate and the mitotic index were reduced. The mitotic index had a maximum depression (∼ 55% of control), which occurred at 4 h. The depression in growth rate was immediate and constant over time. When roots were exposed to an electric field at 430 V/m for 2 days, the growth rate was depressed by about 40%. When the field was terminated, the growth rate steadily increased and was almost normal after 5 days. At 490 V/m root growth rate was almost completely arrested. According to these results, there is a narrow range of induced membrane potentials that span the range from slightly altered to almost completely arrested growth rates.
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    Chronic exposure to 60-Hz electric fields: Effects on pineal function in the rat (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 371-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electric fields ; 60 Hz ; pineal gland ; circadian rhythm ; melatonin ; 5 methoxytryptophol ; acetyl transferase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: As a component of studies to search for effects of 60-Hz electric field exposure on mammalian endocrine function, concentrations of melatonin, 5-methoxytryptophol, and serotonin-Nacetyl transferase activity were measured in the pineal glands of rats exposed or sham-exposed at 65 kV/m for 30 days. In two replicate experiments there were statistically significant differences between exposed and control rats in that the normal nocturnal increase in pineal melatonin content was depressed in the exposed animals. Concentrations of 5-methoxytryptophol were increased in the pineal glands of the exposed groups when compared to shamexposed controls. An alteration was also observed in serotonin-N-acetyl transferase activity, with lower levels measured in pineal glands from exposed animals.
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    Temporal variation of the static electric field inside an animal cage (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 391-402 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Static electric field ; exposure systems ; animal caging ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The temporal variation of a static electric field inside an animal cage was investigated with a newly developed small, simple field meter. The field inside the cage was found to be highly dependent on the surface conductivity of the dielectric material. As the surface of the cage became dirty because of animal occupancy, the static electric field inside it became considerably smaller from the moment the field was turned on. Clean cages also modified the static electric field inside them, the field decaying from an initial to a much lower value over several hours. The mechanism of field attenuation for both cases is surface leakage. Surface leakage for a clean cage takes place much more slowly than for a dirty cage. This was confirmed by measuring DC insulation resistance. To examine this phenomenon further, the field in a metal cage with high electrical conductivity was measured. The static electric field inside the metal cage was also found to be reduced. An improved cage design that avoids these problems, is suggested for the study of the biologic effects of static electric fields.
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    Equalizing the electric field intensity within chick brain immersed in buffer solution at different carrier frequencies (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 411-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: calcium efflux ; complex permittivity ; amplitude windows ; concentric spheres ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Presented here are the numerical relationships between incident power densities that produce the same average electric field intensity within a chick brain half immersed in buffered saline solution and exposed to a uniform electromagnetic field at carrier frequencies of 50, 147, and 450 MHz. Calculations are based on modeling the buffer solution as a spherical shell in air with an inner concentric sphere of brain tissue. The results support our earlier conclusion that calcium efflux results obtained at different carrier frequencies are in agreement when related by the electric field within the brain.
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    Dielectric probe of the electric-field-sensitive peptide alamethicin (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 25-28 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: dielectric dispersion ; alamethicin ; dipole moment ; molecular shape ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Dielectric constant and loss of alamethicin in solvents of various degrees of lipophilicity (namely mixtures of n-octanol and dioxane) have been measured at frequencies from 5 kHz to 50 MHz. By means of a conventional Cole-Cole approach, dielectric properties were evaluated to obtain information about the structural and dipolar properties of the peptide in view of its function as a voltage-dependent pore former in membranes. The results for a pure octanol solvent (together with an apparent molecular weight determined by ultracentrifugation) indicate the existence of primarily monomeric particles of quite elongated shape and of comparatively high dipole moment. Adding dioxane was found to yield considerable aggregation and a decrease of polarity.
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    Electromagnetic absorption in an inhomogeneous model of man for realistic exposure conditions (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 81-90 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: dosimetry ; far-fields/near-fields ; inhomogeneous dielectric properties ; SAR distribution ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The advances made in quantifying electromagnetic absorption and its distribution for various exposure profiles are described. The conditions that have been studied extensively are: free-space irradiation and its variations, such as the presence of ground and reflecting surfaces and other humans in close proximity. Using an inhomogeneous block model of man, work has recently been extended to leakage-type near-fields such as those from RF heat sealers and other electronic equipment. Projections are made for the extension of this work to evaluate coupled near-fields, design of multielement near-field applicators to obtain physician-prescribed uniform or nonuniform rates of regional heating, and for the inverse scattering problem necessary for electromagnetic biomedical imaging. Accurate information about the dielectric properties of various tissues becomes increasingly important for proper inhomogeneous modeling of man.
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    An approach to inverse scattering problems (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 73-80 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Born approximation ; Eikonal approximation ; hyperthermia ; inverse problem ; scattering ; imaging ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: There are several reasons for investigating the inverse scattering problem in medical image processing. A typical case, that of ultrasonic fields, is considered. Assuming that a plane wave illuminates a weakly inhomogeneous two-dimensional object, the fundamental equation is derived for the scattered waves in integral as well as in differential forms. It is shown that the scattered waves observed on a circle surrounding the object is sufficient to specify the structure of the object. This information is summarized in a single term, which is a function of the wavenumber as well as the angles of incidence and observation. A successive approximation is applied to reconstruct the image of the object from this function. Since no analytic solution is available, several methods of approximations are proposed, and examples of computations are shown for the case of a cylindrical object.
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    Active electric properties of cardiac muscle (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 127-132 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: cardiac muscle ; electric properties ; syncytium ; cable theory ; cell membrane ; intracellular potential ; extracellular potential ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A model of electrical activity in the heart has been developed that treats the intracellular domain and the extracellular domain as electrical syncytia with anisotropic resistivities (bi-syncytial model). At the microscopic level, propagation is assumed to proceed primarily along the axes of individual cells. Considerations at the macroscopic level relate the transmembrane current to the intracellular and extracellular resistivity and the transmembrane potential. The result is a relationship between instantaneous extracellular potentials and cardiac action potentials.
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    A comparative study of human sensory thresholds: 2450-MHz Microwaves vs far-infrared radiation (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 117-125 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; infrared ; human ; thresholds ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Three male and three female adults individually placed the ventral surface of the right and upright forearm against a 15-cm-diameter aperture in a wall of microwave-absorbent material. Tensecond exposures occurred to E-vector-vertically polarized, 2450-MHz-CW microwave (MW) fields. Comparable exposure to infrared (IR) waves was repeated with four of the six observers. Thresholds of detection of just-noticeable warming by MW and IR radiation were determined by the double-staircase psychophysical method. Although the exposed surface areas of male observers' arm were larger than those of female observers, thresholds of warming by either source of energy overlapped; the pooled means of irradiance at threshold are 26.7 mW/cm2 (MW) and 1.7 mW/cm2 (IR). Dosimetric measures on saline models indicated virtually perfect absorption of the incident IR, but nearly two-thirds of the MW energy was scattered. Accordingly, the 15-fold difference in means of MW and IR thresholds resolves to a 5-fold difference in threshold quantities of absorbed energy. In the light of the high correlation between thresholds of IR and MW irradiation (r = .97), it is concluded that the same set of superficial thermoreceptors was being stimulated, only less efficiently so, by the more deeply penetrating, more diffusely absorbed MW energy.
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    Wideband acoustic energy studies of pulmonary airways (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 167-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: impulse response ; pulmonary system ; analog correlator ; cross correlation techniques ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The impulse response of the pulmonary system has been measured by exciting the system with wideband acoustic noise introduced through the mouth. The transmitted sound is detected using microphones placed on the patient's back at appropriate locations. A specially designed analog correlator is used to obtain the impulse response of the pulmonary system through cross-correlation techniques. Uniquely characteristic responses have been obtained from smoking and nonsmoking patient groups.
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    Investigation of the effects of continuous-wave, pulse- and amplitude-modulated microwaves on single excitable cells of chara corallina (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 203-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: S-band microwaves ; modulation ; action potential ; resting potential ; Chara corallina ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Single internodal excitable cells of Chara corallina were exposed to CW, pulse-modulated and sinusoidally modulated S-band microwave fields in a temperature-controled waveguide exposure chamber. All electrical measurements were made external to the waveguide (ie, under no impressed microwave field). The dependent variables measured before, during, and after exposure to the S-band microwave fields included: resting potential, amplitude of the action potential, rise and decay time of the action potential, conduction velocity, and excitability. Cells maintained at 22 ± 0.1 °C during exposure showed no consistent or statistically significant microwave-dependent alterations in any of the dependent variables.
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    Influence of 2.45-GHz CW microwave radiation on spontaneously beating rat atria (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 219-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave radiation ; nonionizing radiation ; atria ; heart rate ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The chronotropic and inotropic effects of 2.45-GHz continuous wave (CW) microwave radiation were investigated in the isolated spontaneously beating rat atria. Isolated atria were placed in specially designed tubes inserted into a waveguide exposure system. The atria were then irradiated for a period of 30 min, followed by a 30-min recovery period. The control atria were prepared simultaneously and sham exposed. Experiments were conducted at two temperatures, 22 and 37 °C, and two specific absorption rates, 2 mW/g and 10 mW/g. At both temperatures the rate of atrial contraction was not altered by a 30-min exposure at either 2 or 10 mW/g. The average rate (beats per min) was approximately 100 for both the control and exposed atria at 22 °C and 215 beats per min for both the control and exposed atria at 37 °C. In addition, no inotropic effects on the spontaneously beating atria were noted at any exposure level. These data suggest that 2.45-GHz CW microwave radiation at these intensities has no overt effect on these variables in isolated rat atria.
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    Comparative effects of pulsed and continuous-wave 2.8-GHz microwaves on temporally defined behavior (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 227-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; pulsed-wave ; continuous-wave ; operant behavior ; DRL schedule ; rats ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The effects of pulsed-(PW) and continuous-wave (CW) 2.8-GHz microwaves were compared on the performance of rodents maintained by a temporally defined schedule of positive reinforcement. The schedule involved food-pellet reinforcement of behavior according to a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate (DRL) contingency. The rats were independently exposed to PW and to CW fields at power densities ranging from 1 to 15 mW/cm2. Alterations of normal performance were more pronounced after a 30-minute exposure to the PW field than to the CW field. The rate of emission of appropriately timed responses declined after exposure to PW at 10 and 15 mW/cm2, whereas exposure at the same power levels to the CW field did not consistently affect the rate of responding. Change in performance associated with microwave exposure was not necessarily related to a general decline in responding: in some instances, increases in overall rates of responding were observed.
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    Near-field absorption in a circular cylinder from electric and magnetic line sources (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 253-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: radiofrequency ; nearfield ; hyperthermia ; dosimetry ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A homogeneous, lossy circular cylinder is used as a simple model of a biological object in which interior heating is produced by the absorption of electromagnetic waves. For this model, we determined the optimum frequency, polarization, orientation and shape of applicators. Analytical and numerical results are given for both electric and magnetic line sources, with three different polarizations relative to the cylinder. Coupling efficiencies and contour plots are presented for a range of parameters. One particularly interesting result is the production of maximum energy deposition at the center of a cylinder of muscle tissue when exposed in the 100-MHz frequency range by the use of four applicators surrounding the cylinder.
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    Erratum (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 293-293 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    Reduced weight in mice offspring after in utero exposure to 2450-MHz (CW) microwaves (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 285-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: mice ; microwaves ; body mass ; development ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Time-bred CD-1 mice (100) were sham-irradiated or irradiated with 2450-MHz (CW) microwaves at 28 mW/cm2 for 100 minutes daily from the 6th through 17th day of gestation. The offspring were examined either as fetuses after hysterotomy on the 18th day of gestation or as naturally born neonates on the 1st and 7th day of age. Fetuses of half of the dams were examined on the 18th day of gestation. The incidence of pregnancy and the numbers of live, dead, resorbed, and total fetuses were similar in both groups. The mean weight was significantly lower (10%) in live microwave-irradiated fetuses, and ossification of sternal centers was significantly delayed. In the offspring that were born naturally, the mean weight of microwave-irradiated 7-day-old suckling mice was significantly lower (10%) than that of the sham-irradiated group. Survival rates of neonates in these two groups were not different. These data demonstrate that the decreased fetal weight seen in microwave-irradiated mice is retained at least 7 days after birth. Evidence from other published studies is presented to show that the retarded growth is persistent and might be interpreted as permanent stunting.
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    Postresonance electromagnetic absorption by man and animals (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 333-339 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electromagnetic dosimetry ; man and animal models ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A surface integral equation (SIE) method is used to calculate the specific absorption rate (SAR) in spherically capped cylindrical models irradiated by an axially incident electromagnetic plane wave (K polarization) in a frequency range for which calculations previously have not been available (80-400 MHz for man models). In the SIE method, the electromagnetic (EM) field relations are formulated in terms of electric and magnetic currents on the surface of the model. The average SAR is calculated from the far scattered EM fields by means of the forward scattering theorem. SAR data calculated by the SIE method agree with data calculated by the extended boundary condition method (EBCM) for frequencies up to 80 MHz (the upper frequency limit of the EBCM) for man models. For rat models exposed to 1-3 GHz radiation, reasonable agreement was also obtained with the limited experimental data available.
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    Determination of electric current distributions in animals and humans exposed to a uniform 60-Hz high-intensity electric field (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 47-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electric fields ; 60 Hz ; induced current ; scaling ; SAR ; thermograph ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The thermographic method for determining specific absorption rate (SAR) in animals and models of tissues or bodies exposed to electromagnetic fields was applied to the problem of quantifying the current distribution in homogeneous bodies of arbitrary shape exposed to 60-Hz electric fields. The 60-Hz field exposures were simulated by exposing scale models of high electrical conductivity to 57.3-MHz VHF fields of high strength in a large 3.66 × 3.66 × 2.44-m TE101 mode resonant cavity. After exposure periods of 2-30 s, the models were quickly disassembled so that the temperature distribution (maximum value up to 7 °C) along internal cross-sectional planes of the model could be recorded thermographically. The SAR, W′, calculated from the temperature changes at any point in the scale model was used to determine the SAR, W, for a full-scale model exposed to a 60-Hz electric field of the same strength by the relation W = (60/ f2 · (σ′/σ) · W′ where f′ is the model exposure frequency, σ′ is the conductivity of the scale model at the VHF exposure frequency, and σ is the conductivity of the full-scale subject at 60 Hz. The SAR was used to calculate either the electric field strength or the current density for the full-scale subject. The models were used to simulate the exposure of the full-scale subject located either in free space or in contact with a conducting ground plane. Measurements made on a number of spheroidal models with axial ratios from 1 to 10 and conductivity from 1 to 10 s/m agreed well with theoretical predictions. Maximum current densities of 200 nA/cm2 predicted in the ankles of man models and 50 nA/cm2 predicted in the legs of pig models exposed to 60-Hz fields at 1kV/m agreed well with independent measurements on full-scale models.
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    Analysis of inphase interaction pattern in EEG (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 133-146 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: time domain analysis of EEG ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Inphase interactions among EEG signals recorded using eight electrodes were investigated. The inphase interaction parameters are presented in two ways: (1) matrix form in which the number of inphase interactions are tabulated; and (2) histogram in which the number of inphase interactions are plotted pair-wise between two sites as a function of phase delays in milliseconds. The highest number of interactions occurs between 0 and 8 ms in normal brains.The values of interaction parameters are enhanced by various activities. For example, inphase interaction parameters increase in the motor area in the right hemisphere if the EEG is recorded during repeated left fist clenching. Inphase interactions are drastically altered by the presence of a tumor. We studied the inphase interactions of the EEG of a patient having an occipital tumor. The interaction parameters are greatly diminished in this area, indicating a severe impairment of neuronal communications between both hemispheres in the occipital region.The confidence limits of the changes in inphase interaction parameters during fist clenching are tested statistically using the Student's t test. The test shows that the interaction parameters increase, in general, with 1-5% confidence limits in respective cortex areas as a result of fist clenching.
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    Masthead (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982) 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030201
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    Effects of electromagnetic radiation in the range 20-300 MHz on the vacuolar potential of characean cells (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 193-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: characean cells ; thermal response ; electromagnetic bioeffects ; real time measurement ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A giant cell (circa 10 mm long) of Chara braunii or Nitella flexilis was placed in a microstrip exposure apparatus, and the vacuolar potential at one end was monitored with a micropipette while the other end was exposed to pulses of VHF radiation at electric field strengths up to 6250 V/m. With suitable filtering and signal averaging, offsets of the vacuolar potential could be detected in real time and at levels as low as 1 μU V. The only effect that has been reproducibly observed in the carrier frequency range 20-300 MHz was the slow ramp-like hyperpolarization previously reported [Pickard and Barsoum, 1981] and tentatively attributed to electromagnetic heating of the system. The slopes of these ramps became more pronounced with increasing frequency and behaved in accordance with theoretical predictions.
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    Effect of high-voltage pulses on the viability of human leucocytes in vitro (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 213-218 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: leucocytes ; transient currents ; spark discharges ; biological effects ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Human leucocytes were exposed to high-voltage pulses (transient currents) produced by discharging a capacitor through a test chamber containing the cell suspension then tested for viability using trypan blue. With the pulse discharge times of 1 and 3 μs increases in the number of dyeloaded cells were seen for field strengths above 2.6 kV/cm in the sample. For 0.2-μs pulses the critical field strength was about 5 kV/cm.
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    Temperature dependence of ultrasound-induced cell killing: The role of membrane fluidity (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 247-251 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ultrasound ; temperature-dependent cell killing ; membrane fluidity ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Chinese hamster cells in suspension were exposed to 20 kHz ultrasound (US) at 54 W/cm2 and various temperatures between 2 and 44 °C. Activation energies were 2.6 and 24 kcal/mole below and above 35 °C, respectively. Procaine, a local anaesthetic drug known to increase membrane fluidity, enhanced cellular inactivation by US above 41 °C, increasing the activation energy to 62 kcal/mole. The inactivation of the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium by US was also dependent on the exposure temperature, with an activation energy of 2.9 kcal/mole between 2 and 44 °C. These data are most simply explained by the hypothesis that membranes are a major target for cellular inactivation by US and that the fluidity of the membranes is important in this respect.
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    Masthead (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982) 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030301
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    Low frequency amplitude modulated microwave fields change calcium efflux rates from synaptosomes (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 309-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave fields ; calcium efflux ; synaptosomes ; rate constants ; perfusion ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Calcium(45Ca2 +) efflux from preloaded synaptosomes was studied with a continuous perfusion technique and the rate constants of a two-phase efflux process calculated. When 16-Hz sinusoidally amplitude modulated 450-MHz microwave field (maximal incident intensity 0.5 mW/ cm2, modulation depth 75%) was applied during the second phase, the rate constant increased by 38%. Unmodulated or 60-Hz modulated signals were not effective. This microwave fieldinduced change can be distinguished from CaCl2-stimulated 45Ca2 + efflux which is most probably derived intracellularly. These data suggest that the microwave-field-induced change in calcium efflux probably did not involve intracellular calcium. Also, this change in the dynamic property of synaptosomes did not require gross anatomically intact tissue as a substrate for field tissue interaction.
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    Effects of 60-Hz electric fields on specific humoral and cellular components of the immune system (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 341-347 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: immunology ; mice ; 60-Hz electric fields ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: We evaluated humoral and cellular functions of the immune system of Swiss-Webster mice exposed to 60-Hz electric fields at 100 kV/m. No significant differences were observed in primary antibody response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (precipitating antibody levels) between exposed (30 or 60 days) and control mice, nor were there significant changes in mitogen-stimulation response of spleen cells from mice similarly exposed for 90 or 150 days when compared to sham-exposed animals.
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    Electromagnetic dosimetry in a sitting rhesus model at 225 MHz (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 385-389 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electromagnetic dosimetry ; rhesus model dosimetry ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Dosimetric measurements in a 9.5-kg tissue-equivalent rhesus model were conducted at 225 MHz using a nonperturbing temperature probe and a gradient-layer calorimeter. Temperature probe measurements showed deep penetration of electromagnetic energy, and calorimeter experiments showed an average SAR (0.285 W/kg per mW/cm2) that was nearly three times greater than that observed for the same model at 1.29 GHz.
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    The vacuolar potential of characean cells subjected to electromagnetic radiation in the range 200-8,200 MHz (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 393-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Characean cells ; electromagnetic bioeffects ; real time measurement ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Single giant cells of Chara braunii and Nitella flexilis were placed in a microstrip exposure apparatus and subjected to bursts of electromagnetic radiation (carrier frequencies from 200 to 8,200 MHz) at a nominal power level of 100 W/m2. The vacuolar potential was monitored with a micropipette, and offsets as low as 1 μ V could be resolved in real time by suitable filtering and signal averaging; under these conditions, no offsets of the vacuolar potential were detected. At much higher power levels (corresponding to 〉 2 V rms between microstrip and ground plane), the slow hyperpolarizing ramp reported at lower frequencies could be seen but, because of insufficient power, could not be accurately measured. It appeared to decay beyond 500 MHz and to be absent at and above 950 MHz. To investigate reports that snail neurons irradiated for 1 h at 2,450 MHz and approximately 15.5 W/kg developed lowered membrane resistivities, Characean cells were exposed in the microstrip apparatus for 1 h at 2,450 MHz and 230 W/m2; their membrane resistivities were found to be lowered about 18.5%.
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    Effects of X-band microwave exposure on rabbit erythrocytes (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 453-466 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; whole blood ; washed red cells ; permeability alterations ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Rabbit erythrocytes were exposed in vitro to continuous wave (CW) and pulse-modulated X-band microwaves in wave guide exposure chambers. Erythrocytes were exposed as whole (hep-arinized) blood suspensions or as washed cells in 1:1 isotonic buffered K+-free saline suspensions. Statistically significant increases in K+ efflux relative to thermal controls were detected when red cells were exposed in whole blood suspensions to either CW or pulsed 8.42-GHz microwaves at SARs that resulted in equilibrium sample temperatures of approximately 24 °C. Under the same exposure conditions, no statistically significant K+ efflux occurred in the case of 1:1 red cell suspensions. Measured differences in sample heating rates and temperature gradients between microwave-exposed and heated control suspensions may account in part for the differential effect of microwave exposure but such effects do not appear to explain the results of this study fully.
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    Cardiovascular alterations in Macaca monkeys exposed to stationary magnetic fields: Experimental observations and theoretical analysis (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 1-9 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Macaca monkeys ; electrocardiogram ; blood pressure ; stationary magnetic fields ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Simultaneous measurements were made of the electrocardiogram (ECG) and the intraarterial blood pressure of adult male Macaca monkeys during acute exposures to homogeneous stationary magnetic fields ranging in strength up to 1.5 tesla. An instantaneous, field strength-dependent increase in the ECG signal amplitude at the locus of the T wave was observed in fields greater than 0.1 tesla. The temporal sequence of this signal in the ECG record and its reversibility following termination of the magnetic field exposure are consistent with an earlier suggestion that it arises from a magnetically induced aortic blood flow potential superimposed on the native T-wave signal. No measurable alterations in blood pressure resulted from exposure to fields up to 1.5 tesla. This experimental finding is in agreement with theoretical calculations of the magnetohydrodynamic effect on blood flow in the major arteries of the cardiovascular system.
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    An optical method for investigating the microwave absorption characteristics of DNA and other biomolecules in solution (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 21-42 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: biomolecules ; DNA ; microwave absorption ; optical method ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Direct determination of the microwave absorption characteristics of biological molecules in solution by an optical heterodyne technique is described. A visibly transparent sample is irradiated in a spatially nonuniform manner with pulsed microwaves, and the spatial variation in temperature increase measured by detecting the phase chirp impressed on a single-frequency He—Ne laser beam passing through the heated region. Results for several liquids and solutions such as water, methanol, various saline solutions, and solutions of DNA and DNA sodium salt in water are described. Where direct comparison is possible the results agree very well with published values. A significant increase in the absorption of DNA solutions compared with pure water has been observed that is consistent with microwave absorption by the longitudinal mode of the double helix.
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    Masthead (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250040201
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    Effects of microwaves and hyperthermia on capping of antigen-antibody complexes on the surface of normal mouse B lymphocytes (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 115-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave biological effects ; hyperthermia ; B lymphocytes ; capping ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Normal mouse B lymphocytes were tested for the ability to cap plasma membrane antigenantibody complexes following exposure to 2.45-GHz continuous wave (CW) microwaves at power densities up to 100 mW/cm2 (45 W/kg specific absorption rate), at 37, 41, and 42.5 °C. After a 30-minute treatment, the irradiated cells and the nonirradiated controls were tested for capping by the direct immunofluorescence technique. First, the cells were incubated for nine minutes at 37 °C with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated goat antimouse immunoglobulin. After fixing and washing, the percentage of capped cells was determined under a fluorescence microscope. The results show that for the nonirradiated controls, capping is reduced from 90% at 37 °C, to 52% 41 °C. to less than 5% for cells that were pretreated at 42.5 °C. There was no significant difference between the microwave-treated cells and the controls when both were maintained at the same temperature. In another experiment, there was no significant difference in the percentage of capping between controls and cells that were exposed to microwave radiation during capping, when the temperature in both preparations was kept at 38.5 °C. The results demonstrate that B-lymphocyte capping is sensitive to temperature in the range that is proposed for use in tumor therapy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250040203
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    Immunological effects of amplitude-modulated radio frequency radiation: B lymphocyte capping (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 157-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: amplitude-modulated RF fields ; hyperthermia ; B lymphocytes ; capping ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: B lymphocytes collected from normal ICR Swiss mouse spleens were exposed in vitro in a Crawford cell to 147-MHz radiofrequency (RF) radiation, amplitude modulated by a 9-, 16-, or 60-Hz sine wave. The power densities ranged between 0.11 and 48 mW/cm2. The irradiated samples and the controls were maintained at 37 °C or 42 °C, with temperature variations less than 0.1 °C. Immediately after a 30-minute exposure, the distribution of antigen-antibody (Ag—Ab) complexes on the cell surface was evaluated at 37 °C by immunofluorescence. Under normal conditions (37 °C, no RF), Ag—Ab complexes are regrouped into a polar cap by an energy-dependent process. Our results demonstrate that the irradiated cells and the nonirradiated controls capped Ag—Ab complexes equally well after exposure at 37 °C. Capping was equally inhibited at 42 °C in both the controls and irradiated cells. No statistically significant differences in capping were observed between the RF-exposed and control samples at any of the modulation frequencies and power densities employed as long as both preparations were maintained at the same temperature.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250040206
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  • 86
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    Inhalation chambers for air ion research (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 167-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: air ions ; corona discharge inhalation system ; DC electric fields ; small animal exposure system ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Many previous problems in establishing the nature of biological and behavioral effects of small air ions have been due to poor control over the ion-inhalation microclimate, resulting in nonuniform electrical fields and highly uneven concentrations of small air ions. We have developed a corona discharge air ion-inhalation system for use with animals that incorporates rigorous control over the microclimate and produces highly uniform concentrations of small air ions throughout the exposure area.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250040207
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  • 87
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    Microwave effects on immobilized peroxidase chemiluminescence (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 193-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; immobilized peroxidase ; chemiluminescence ; luminol ; horseradish peroxidase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Protein gels formed by crosslinking bovine serum albumin and horseradish peroxidase with glutaraldehyde were used to measure effects on peroxidase activity of 400-MHz (CW) radiofrequency radiation (RFR) at an average specific absorption rate (SAR) of 1.45 W/ kg. The enzyme activity was measured by luminol chemiluminescence recorded on photographic film after hydrogen peroxide activation. Activity was measured during RFR exposure of gels or after exposure of gels polymerized in the RFR field. During exposure, a significant (P 〈 .05) reversible increase occurred in overall mean peroxidase activity of gels activated with 0.88 M H2O2 but not in those activated with 8.8 M H2O2. Gels containing solubilized luminol and formed in the field showed no overall mean increase in peroxidase activity, but did display a highly significant (P 〈 .001) alteration in the distribution of local activities when compared to unexposed gels. These results are apparently due to changes in the rate of diffusion (concentration equilibration) of hydrogen peroxide in the gel.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250040302
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  • 88
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    Teratogenicity of 27.12-MHz radiation in rats is related to duration of hyperthermic exposure (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 249-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: radiofrequency radiation ; 27.12 MHz ; hyperthermia ; teratology ; rat ; embryo ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Five groups of pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were either sham exposed or were irradiated in a 27.12-MHz radiofrequency (RF) field at 55 A/m and 300 V/m on gestation day 9. The absorbed power (approximately 11 W/kg) caused a relatively rapid increase in the rat's colonic temperature. Rats in group I were sham irradiated for 2.5 h at 0 A/m, 0 V/m. In group II RF irradiation was terminated after the rat's colonic temperature reached 41.0 °C. In group III the 41.0- °C temperature was maintained an additional 15 min by varying the field strength. At both temperatures the teratogenic and embryotoxic effects of the RF-induced hyperthermia increased as the exposure duration increased, but the increase was especially noticeable at 42.0 °C. The results indicate that the teratogenic and embryotoxic effects of RF-induced hyperthermia are related to both the temperature of the dam during exposure and the length of time the dam's temperature remains elevated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250040305
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    Experimental determination of whole body average specific absorption rate (SAR) of mice exposed to 200-400 MHz CW (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 267-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: mice ; specific absorption rate ; calorimetry ; TEM chamber ; 200-400 MHz CW ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A maximum of six live mice, mouse cadavers, prolate spheroids molded from muscle-equivalent tissue, or saline-filled culture flasks, were exposed to continuous wave radiation in a TEM cell at frequencies between 200 and 400 MHz. Whole-body average specific absorption rate (SAR) was determined from power meter measurements of incident, reflected, and transmitted powers. The SARs for both live mice and cadavers were approximately twice that for the prolate spheroid models, and when housed in Plexiglas restraining cages, about 2 1/2 times greater. An error multiplying factor is identified, that quantitatively expresses how SAR data obtained by the three -power-meter method becomes progressively more noisy as the irradiation frequency is lowered or as the TEM cell cross section is increased.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250040307
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    Erratum (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 294-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250040310
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    Effects of magnetic field exposure on fertilization success in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 295-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: fusion reactors ; magnetic fields ; biological effects ; fertilization ; fish ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The sensitivity of trout ova and sperm to 1-T magnetic fields was investigated. It was determined that (1) overall test results combining seven independent Z-statistics demonstrated a significant (α 〈 0.0001) enhancement of fertilization when ova alone were exposed to the magnetic field prior to fertilization; (2) similarly, overall test results combining Z-statistics from eight independent experiments indicated a significant (α 〈 0.0004) enhancement when sperm alone were exposed; and (3) statistical analysis of nine independent experiments confirmed enhanced fertilization (α 〈 0.0001) when both ova and sperm were exposed to the magnetic field prior to fertilization. Although these data indicated that both ova and sperm were sensitive to magnetic fields, simultaneous exposure of both gametes did not have a greater total effect on fertilization rate than the sum of their individual effects.
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    A microwave-hyperthermia model of febrile convulsions (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 341-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; microwave hyperthermia ; fever ; febrile convulsions ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: While convulsions associated with fever represent a serious problem in pediatric medicine, conventional animal models of febrile convulsions suffer numerous technical limitations. A microwave-hyperthermia model that eliminates these problems was tested. Microwave energy was used to increase the core temperature of 13- and 17-day-old rats, resulting in convulsions similar to febrile convulsions in human infants. Rats were irradiated for 10 min in circularly polarized waveguides at 918 MHz, CW (average SAR = 9.4 W/kg at 13 days and 18.0 W/kg at 17 days as determined by twin-well calorimetry). Day 17 irradiated rats were less susceptible to convulsions than were day 13 irradiated rats, indicating an age-dependent decline in susceptibility. Contrary to findings of earlier models using infrared or hot-oven heating, convulsions induced with microwave hyperthermia impaired neither brain growth nor subsequent performance during behavioral testing. Simultaneous measurement of brain and rectal temperatures during microwave irradiation revealed differential heating rates that favor thermal homeostasis in brain tissue.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250040406
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  • 93
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050101
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    Electric-field exposure of persons using video display units (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: video display unit (VDU) ; electric field ; ELF ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Electric fields produced by a selection of video display units have been measured over a frequency range from DC to 1 MHz. The magnitude and the time variation of the electric fields were both recorded by means of a single broadband capacitive sensor located on the surface of a simple simulation of the human body. The electric field at a given location was found to be the sum of three discrete components, each having a different spatial and time variation. These components are produced by, respectively, the charged CRT screen, the flyback transformer, and the low-voltage circuitry. For the units tested, operator exposures are substantially below the limits of existing workplace guidelines.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050102
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    Minimal changes in hypothalamic temperature accompany microwave-induced alteration of thermoregulatory behavior (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 13-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: preoptic temperature ; thermode ; behavioral thermoregulation ; 2,450-MHz CW microwaves ; brain thermostat ; squirrel monkey ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: This study probed the mechanisms underlying microwave-induced alterations of thermoregulatory behavior. Adult male squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), trained to regulate the temperature of their immediate environment (Ta) behaviorally, were chronically implanted with Teflon reentrant tubes in the medical preoptic/anterior hypothalamic area (PO/AH), the brainstem region considered to control normal thermoregulatory processes. A Vitek temperature probe inserted into the tube measured PO/AH temperature continuously while changes in thermoregulatory behavior were induced by either brief (10-min) or prolonged (2.5-h) unilateral exposures to planewave 2,450-MHz continuous wave (CW) microwaves (E polarization). Power densities explored ranged from 4 to 20 mW/cm2 (rate of energy absorption [SAR] = 0.05 [W/kg]/[mW/cm2]). Rectal temperature and four representative skin temperatures were also monitored, as was the Ta selected by the animal. When the power density was high enough to induce a monkey to select a cooler Ta (8 mW/cm2 and above), PO/AH temperature rose ∼ 0.3°C but seldom more. Lower power densities usually produced smaller increases in PO/AH temperature and no reliable change in thermoregulatory behavior. Rectal temperature remained constant while PO/AH temperature rose only 0.2-0.3°C during 2.5-h exposures at 20 mW/cm2 because the Ta selected was 2-3°C cooler than normally preferred. Sometimes PO/AH temperature increments greater than 0.3°C were recorded, but they always accompanied inadequate thermoregulatory behavior. Thus, a PO/AH temperature rise of 0.2-0.3°C, accompanying microwave exposure, appears to be necessary and sufficient to alter thermoregulatory behavior, which ensures in turn that no greater temperature excursions occur in this hypothalamic thermoregulatory center.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050103
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    The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 63-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: hyperthermia ; microwaves ; brain ; ATP ; CP ; energy metabolism ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The effects of hyperthermia, alone and in conjunction with microwave exposure, on brain energetics were studied in anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats. The effect of temperature on adenosine triphosphate concentration [ATP] and creatine phosphate concentration [CP] was determined in the brains of rats that were maintained at 35.6, 37.0, 39.0, and 41.0°C. At 37, 39, and 41°C brain [ATP] and [CP] were down 6.0, 10.8, and 29.2%, and 19.6, 28.7, and 44%, respectively, from the 35.6°C control concentrations. Exposure of the brain to 591-MHz radiation at 13.8 mW/cm2 for 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 min caused further decreases (below those observed for 30°C hyperthermia only) of 16.0, 29.8, 22.5, and 12.3% in brain [ATP], and of 15.6, 25.1, 21.4, and 25.9% in brain [CP] after 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 min, respectively. Recording of brain reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) fluorescence before, during, and after microwave exposure showed an increase in NADH fluorescence during microwave exposure that returned to preexposure levels within 1 min postexposure. Continuous recording of brain temperatures during microwave exposures showed that brain temperature varied between -0.1 and +0.05°C. Since the microwave exposures did not induce tissue hyperthermia, it is concluded that direct microwave interaction at the subcellular level is responsible for the observed decrease in [ATP] and [CP].
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050107
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    System for the exposure of cell suspensions to power-frequency electric fields (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 117-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ELF ; electric fields ; exposure systems ; biological effects ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A system is described that uses an oscillating magnetic field to produce power-frequency electric fields with strengths in excess of those produced in an animal or human standing under a high-voltage electric-power transmission line. In contrast to other types of exposure systems capable of generating fields of this size, no electrodes are placed in the conducting growth media: the possibility of electrode contamination of the exposed suspension is thereby eliminated. Electric fields in the range 0.02-3.5 V/m can be produced in a cell culture with total harmonic distortions less than 1.5%. The magnetic field used to produce electric fields for exposure is largely confined within a closed ferromagnetic circuit, and experimental and control cells are exposed to leakage magnetic flux densities less than 5 μT. The temperatures of the experimental and control cell suspensions are held fixed within ±0.1°C by a water bath. Special chambers were developed to hold cell cultures during exposure and sham exposure. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells incubated in these chambers grew for at least 48 h and had population doubling times of 16-17 h, approximately the same as for CHO cells grown under standard cell-culture conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050202
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    Behavioral studies with mice exposed to DC and 60-Hz magnetic fields (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 147-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: DC and 60-Hz magnetic fields ; animal behavior ; memory retention ; locomotor activity ; pentylenetetrazole sezure threshold ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Behavioral measures were evaluated in adult CD-1 and LAF-1 mice continuously exposed for 72 h to a 1.5-Tesla (1 T = 104 Gauss) homogeneous DC magnetic field, and in LAF-1 mice continuously exposed for 72 h to a sinusoidal 60-Hz, 1.65-mT (rms) homogeneous AC field. Three types of behavioral tests were employed: (1) Memory of an electroshock-motivated passive avoidance task was assessed in animals that had been trained immediately prior to the field exposure. The strength of memory was varied either by altering the strength of the electric footshock during training, or by administering a cerebral protein synthesis inhibitor, anisomycin, at the time of training. (2) General locomotor activity was measured using a quadrant-crossing test immediately after termination of the magnetic field exposure. (3) Sensitivity of the experimental subjects to the seizure-inducing neuro-pharmacological agent, pentylenetetrazole, was assessed immediately after the field exposure on the basis of three criteria: (a) the percentage of subjects exhibiting a generalized seizure, (b) the mean time to seizure, and (c) the mean seizure level. The results of these studies revealed no behavioral alterations in exposed mice relative to controls in any of the experimental tests with the 1.5-T DC field or the 60-Hz, 1.65-mT (rms) AC field.
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    Effects of acute low-level microwaves on pentobarbital-induced hypothermia depend on exposure orientation (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 203-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; pentobarbital ; hypothermia ; exposure orientation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Two series of experiments were performed to study the effects of acute exposure (45 min) to 2,450-MHz circularly polarized, pulsed microwaves [1 mW/cm2, 2-μs pulses, 500 pps, specific absorption rate (SAR) 0.6 W/kg] on the actions of pentobarbital in the rat. In the first experiment, rats were irradiated with microwaves and then immediately injected with pentobarbital. Microwave exposure did not significantly affect the extent of the pentobarbital-induced fall in colonic temperature. However, the rate of recovery from the hypothermia was significantly slower in the microwave-irradiated rats and they also took a significantly longer time to regain their righting reflex. In a second experiment, rats were first anesthetized with pentobarbital and then exposed to microwaves with their heads either pointing toward the source of microwaves (anterior exposure) or pointing away (posterior exposure). Microwave radiation significantly retarded the pentobarbital-induced fall in colonic temperature regardless of the orientation of exposure. However, the recovery from hypothermia was significantly faster in posterior-exposed animals compared to those of the anterior-exposed and sham-irradiated animals. Furthermore, the posterior-exposed rats took a significantly shorter time to regain their righting reflex than both the anterior-exposed and sham-irradiated animals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050208
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    Ethanol-induced hypothermia and ethanol consumption in the rat are affected by low-level microwave irradiation (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 213-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; ethanol ; hypothermia ; fluid consumption ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Microwave irradiation of rats by circularly polarized, 2,450-MHz, pulsed waves (2-μs pulses; 500 pps) was performed in waveguides to determine effects on ethanol-induced hypothermia and on ethanol consumption. Rats injected intraperitoneally with ethanol (3 g/kg in a 25% v/v water solution) immediately after 45 min of microwave irradiation exhibited attenuation of the initial rate of fall in body temperature, which was elicited by the ethanol, but exhibited no significant difference in maximal hypothermia as compared with that of sham-irradiated rats. Microwave irradiation did not affect the consumption of a 10% sucrose (w/v) solution by water-deprived rats. However, it enhanced the consumption of a solution of 10% sucrose (w/v) + 15% ethanol (v/v) by water-deprived animals. These results were obtained at a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.6 W/kg, which rate of energy dosing would require a power density of 3-6 mW/cm2 if exposure of the animals had occurred to a 12-cm plane wave.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050209
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