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  • Articles  (134)
  • Oryza sativa  (86)
  • Manganese
  • 1990-1994  (74)
  • 1980-1984  (60)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (134)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal variation of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and manganese contents in xylem sap of beech(Fagus sylvatica L.) in a 35-year-old limestone beech forest stand (1990)
    Springer
    Trees 4 (1990), S. 75-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Calcium ; Fagus sylvatica ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Mineral content ; Potassium ; Seasonalvariation ; Xylem sap
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In a 35-year-old calcareous beech forest stand five beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) were felled every 2 weeks, and xylem sap was obtained by means of water displacement from the lowest trunk sections, each 100 cm in length. From mid-October 1988 to mid-October 1989 a total of 130 trees were investigated. The seasonal variations of the Ca, Mg, K and Mn contents, as well as those of pH, show four characteristic phases. Additionally, distribution of the mineral contents along the trunk was studied in four trees. The seasonal increase and decrease of xylem sap mineral contents along the trunk is shown for the characteristic phenophases. The Ca, Mg, K, and Mn contents of xylem saps were determined by means of atomicabsorptionspectrophotometry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226069
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of inoculation with N2-fixing cyanobacteria on the nitrogenase activity in soil and rhizosphere of wetland rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1993)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 16 (1993), S. 16-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrogenase activity ; Acetylene reduction activity ; ARA ; Cyanobacteria ; Soil inoculation ; Wetland rice ; Root system ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A greenhouse experiment was conducted with wetland rice (Oryza sativa cv. IR-50) in a clay-loam soil (Fluventic Eutrochrept) to study the effect of cyanobacterial inoculation a mixed culture of Aulosira fertilissima, Nostoc muscorum, Nostoc spp., and Anabaena spp., applied at the rate of 0.15 g (dry weight pot-1 or 43 kg ha-1) on acetylene reduction activity in soil and the root system (excised root), and the grain and straw yield. The effects of applying P (40 kg ha-1), N (60 kg ha-1), and P+N to the soil were also evaluated. Cyanbacterial inoculation significantly increased (more than 200% on average) photo-dependent acetylene reduction activity in soils, particularly where the indigenous activity was considerably low, i.e. under unfertilized and N-fertilized conditions. The effect of inoculation was prominent at the maximum tillering and grain formation stages of the crop. This inoculation benefit was, however, marginal in P-applied soils (P and P+N), where the indigenous activity was stimulated more than threefold. The inoculation led to a remarkable increase in root-associative acetylene reduction activity after the maximum tillering stage of the crop, particularly with applied N but for other treatments this inoculation effect was not significant. Cyanobacterial inoculation also increased the grain and straw yield of the crop when N was not applied. The grain and straw yield was significantly correlated with the acetylene reduction activity in flooded soils and in the root system during the tillering and maximum tillering stages of rice growth, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336509
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Yield stability and fertilizer efficiency of long-term triple cereal cropping in paddy fields of China (1993)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 16 (1993), S. 151-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Triple cereal cropping ; Barley ; double-cropped rice ; Oryza sativa ; Wetland rice soils ; Stable grain yield ; Organic manuring ; Sustainability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Triple cereal cropping is an important grain production pattern which has been adopted on a vast area of paddy fields in Southern China. A long-term triple cereal cropping (barely with double-cropped rice) experiment has been conducted for 18 years (1974–1991) in paddy fields on the southern coastal plain of Zhejiang. The results showed that long-term triple cereal cropping has a high and stable grain yield level if certain improved crop varieties are used. Furthermore, the use of organic manure to reduce yield fluctuations and promote N-use efficiency was evaluated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369418
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mn-content of total parenteral and enteral nutrition (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 138-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Manganese ; totalparenteralnutrition ; enteralnutrition ; dailyintake ; Mangan ; total parenterale Nahrung ; enterale Nahrung ; tägliche Aufnahme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Seit 1931 ist bekannt, daß Mangan ein essentielles Spurenelement bei Tieren ist. Heute weiß man, daß Manganmangel bei Tieren zu einer Vielfalt an Stoffwechseldefekten führt. Für den Menschen ist die sichere Versorgung durch die enterale Ernährung mit 2,5–5 mg pro Tag gewährleistet, für die parenterale Ernährung wird eine Dosis von 0,15–0,8 mg pro Tag vorgeschlagen. Die Mangangehalte von Bestandteilen der Nahrung und von Infusionslösungen wurden durch Atomabsorptions-Spektrometrie bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit den (aus Tabellen) kalkulierten Werten verglichen. Der Mangangehalt der Kleinkomponenten und Zusatzstoffe einschließlich der Aromastoffe wurde ebenfalls berücksichtigt. Aus dem täglichen Gesamtverzehr wurde eine Manganaufnahme von 192–7373 µg berechnet. In der parenterelen Ernährung betrug die Manganmenge der Lösung vor Zugabe einer Supplementmischung (Oligo-Komplex) 0,2% der Gesamtdosis an Mangan. Nach Zugabe der Oligo-Komplex-Mischung wurde eine tägliche Aufnahme von 5,02±0,16 pro Tag festgestellt.
    Notes: Summary Managanese has been proven to be an essential trace element in animals since 1931. Today, it is known that manganese deficiency results in a wide variety of structural and physiological defects in animals. For humans, the safe and adequate range of intakes for manganese by enteral nutrition is 2.0 to 5 mg per day; for parenteral nutrition a range of 0.15 to 0.8 mg per day is proposed. The manganese content of components of enteral nutrition (EN) and total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solutions is determined using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Comparison is made between calculated and measured values. The manganese present in supplementary nutrition and flavor stuffs is also measured. The intake of manganese by EN is calculated based on the daily administration, and is found to vary from 192 to 7373 µg per day. In prepared TPN-solutions, the manganese contribution of all components before adding the Oligo Complex is found to be less than 0.2% of the total manganese content. After addition of the Oligo Complex mixture, a mean daily intake of 5.02±0.16 mg per day is found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01623072
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of leaf blast on growth and production of a rice crop (1993)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 99 (1993), S. 323-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Pyricularia oryzae ; Oryza sativa ; crop loss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rice crops grown under irrigated conditions were inoculated withPyricularia oryzae during early growth stages to study the effect of leaf blast on yield formation. The inoculations led to severe epidemics of leaf blast around maximum tillering, characterized by the presence of typical blast lesions and an accelerated senescence of heavily infested leaf tissue. Leaf blast led to a prolonged tillering and a delay in flowering and maturity. Crop growth rate and leaf area formation declined sharply during establishment of the disease and continued to be reduced till maturity. This resulted in a marked reduction of total dry matter production and grain yield. Dry matter distribution was not affected. Leaf blast reduced spikelet number, 1000 grain weight, and the fraction filled grains. From this last observation it was concluded that the reduction in grain yield was exclusively source determined. Nitrogen uptake of the inoculated crops before flowering was reduced compared to the N uptake of the control crop, but shoot N content of the inoculated crops at flowering was higher. Uptake of nitrogen after flowering was negligible in both healthy and inoculated crops. Redistribution from vegetative tissue was therefore the main source of N for grain growth. The higher N content of the shoot organs in the inoculated crops during ripening led to the conclusion that the reduced N uptake was not responsible for the yield reduction observed. Consequently, the reduction in grain yield was solely determined by a reduced carbohydrate supply.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01974313
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Effect of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam) de Wit. as a green manure on nitrogen uptake and yield of rice (1990)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 9 (1990), S. 68-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Leucaena leucocephala ; Green manure ; N Uptake ; Yield ; Wetland rice ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Field studies were conducted over two seasons to examine the effect of Leucaena leucocephala as a green manure on the N uptake and yield of rice grown under lowland conditions. The treatments were 0, 4, 8, and 12t Leucaena ha-1 with 0,44, and 88 kg N ha-1 as urea in a factorial combination. N uptake was evaluated at maximum tillering, panicle initiation, and harvest. The incorporation of Leucaena increased N uptake throughout the vegetative period in both seasons, irrespective of the mineral-N level. At all levels of N, the grain yield increased significantly following the incorporation of Leucaena, and in both seasons the Leucaena treatment of 8 t ha-1 was almost as effective as the highest mineral-N application.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335864
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Availability of soil and fertilizer nitrogen to wetland rice following wheat straw amendment (1991)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 11 (1991), S. 97-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Added N interaction ; Fertilizer N ; 15N ; Organic amendment ; Oryza sativa ; Wetland rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A pot experiment was conducted to study the availability of soil and fertilizer N to wetland rice as influenced by wheat straw amendment (organic amendment) and to establish the relative significance of the two sources in affecting crop yield. Straw was incorporated in soil at 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3% before transplanting rice. Inorganic N as 15N-ammonium sulphate was applied at 30, 60, and 90 μg g-1 soil either alone or together with wheat straw in different combinations. After harvesting the rice, the plant and soil samples were analyzed for total N and 15N. Straw incorporation significantly decreased the dry matter and N yield of rice, the decrease being greater with higher rates of straw. The reduction in crop yield following the straw incorporation was attributed mainly to a decrease in the uptake of soil N rather than fertilizer N. The harmful effects of organic matter amendment were mitigated by higher levels of mineral N addition. The uptake of applied N increased and its losses decreased due to the straw incorporation. Mineral N applied alone or together with organic amendment substantially increased the uptake of unlabelled soil N. The increase was attributed to a real added N interaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336371
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Soil management problems in multiply cropped paddy fields in China (1991)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 12 (1991), S. 213-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Soil management problems ; Multiply cropped paddy fields ; Mineral fertilizer ; Organic manure ; Sustainable agriculture ; Oryza sativa ; Trificum sativa ; Brassica napus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Multiple cropping of paddy fields has now been widely adopted in East China, in order to increase annual grain yields. The management practices recommended for these multiple cropped fields include the use of mineral fertilizers in combination with organic manure, to sustain a better soil nutrient balance, the adoption of rice-straw manuring, and use of zero or minimum tillage. This paper presents the results of a series of longterm experiments in multiple cropping and discusses the problems associated with these techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00337205
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  • 9
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    The influence of inorganic nutrient fertilization on the growth, nutrient composition and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of pretransplant rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants (1992)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 13 (1992), S. 85-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae ; Inorganic nutrients ; Plant growth ; Pretransplant ; Fertilization ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of P, N and Ca+Mg fertilization on biomass production, leaf area, root length, vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) colonization, and shoot and root nutrient concentrations of pretransplant rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants were investigated. Mycorrhizal plants generally had a higher biomass and P, N, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Na, B, Zn, Al, Mg, and S shoot-tissue nutrient concentrations than non-mycorrhizal plants. Although mycorrhizal plants always had higher root-tissue nutrient concentrations than non-mycorrhizal plants, they were not significantly different, except for Mn. N fertilization stimulated colonization of the root system (colonized root length), and increased biomass production and nutrient concentrations of mycorrhizal plants. Biomass increases due to N were larger when the plants were not fertilized with additional P. P fertilization reduced the colonized root length and biomass production of mycorrhizal plants. The base treatment (Ca+Mg) did not significantly affect biomass production but increased the colonized root length. These results stress the importance of evaluating the VAM rice symbiosis under various fertilization regimes. The results of this study suggest that pretransplant mycorrhizal rice plants may have a potential for better field establishment than non-mycorrhizal plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00337340
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  • 10
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    Dual inoculation of pretransplant stage Oryza sativa L. plants with indigenous vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. (1992)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 13 (1992), S. 147-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae ; Fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. ; Oryza sativa ; Pretransplant ; Nursery ; Rhizosphere interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This study examined the response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants at the pretransplant/nursery stage to inoculation with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and fluorescent Pseudomonas spp., singly or in combination. The VAM fungi and fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. were isolated from the rhizosphere of rice plants. In the plants grown in soil inoculated with fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. alone, I found increases in shoot growth, and in root length and fine roots, and decreases in root growth, and P and N concentrations. In contrast, in the plants colonized by VAM fungi alone, the results were the reverse of those of the pseudomonad treatment. Dual inoculation of soil with VAM fungi and fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. yielded plants with the highest biomass and nutrient acquisition. In contrast, the plants of the control treatment had the lowest biomass and nutrient levels. The dual-inoculated plants had intermediate root and specific root lengths. The precentages of mycorrhizal colonization and colonized root lengths were significantly lower in the dual-inoculated treatment than the VAM fungal treatment. Inoculation of plants with fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. suppressed VAM fungal colonization and apparently reduced photosynthate loss to the mycorrhizal associates, which led to greater biomass and nutrient levels in dual-inoculated plants compared with plants inoculated with VAM fungi alone. Dual inoculation of seedlings with fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. and VAM fungi may be preferable to inoculation with VAM alone and may contribute to the successful establishment of these plants in the field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336270
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  • 11
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    Sources of nitrogen and yield advantages for monocropping and mixed cropping with cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata L.) and upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1992)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 13 (1992), S. 225-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Mixed cropping ; Biological efficiency ; Nitrogen uptake ; Cowpea ; Upland rice ; Oryza sativa ; Vigna unguiculata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Sources of N used by cropped and intercropped cowpeas and rice were determined by the 15N isotope-dilution technique. The biological efficiency of intercropping cowpeas and rice was assessed by calculating the land equivalent ratio of dry matter yield, total N, and uptake of N. A reduced N uptake by both cowpeas and rice during mixed cropping was attributed to mutual competition, with both crops competing effectively for the scarce environmental resources. The lack of a significant difference in the uptake of fertilizer and soil N by mixed-crop rice and cowpeas is an indication that the soil N was sufficient and that the mixed cropping did not create any imbalance in soil and fertilizer N uptake. The land equivalent ratio ranged between 120% and 180% for shoot dry matter and total N, showing that biological efficiency was increased by intercropping cowpeas with rice. The proportion of N derived from the atmosphere by mono- and intercropped cowpeas was not significantly different, showing that the potential of cowpeas to fix N2 was independent of the cropping system, since the rice did not stimulate the cowpeas to fix more N2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00340580
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Uptake and metabolism of isouron in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings (1992)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 14 (1992), S. 1-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Isouron ; Rice seedling ; Uptake ; Translocation ; Metabolism ; Broadleaf herbicide ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Isouron, a pre-emergence herbicide, inhibited the growth of rice seedlings in a nutrient solution; the critical concentration was about 0.10 mg l-1. Isotope studies showed that isouron, added to the nutrient solution, was observed by the rice roots and translocated rapidly to the shoot. In rice seedlings, isouron was converted to six known metabolites, 3-(5-(1-dimethyl-2-hydroxy-ethy)-3-isoxazolyl]urea, 3-(5-tert-butyl-3-isoxazolyl)-1-methylurea, 3-(5-tert-butyl-3-isoxazolyl)ure, 3-amino-5-tert-butylisoxazole, 3-[5-(1,1-dimethyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-3-isoxazolyl]-1-dimethylurea, and 3-[5-(1,1-dimethyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-3-isoxazolyl]-1-methylurea, and two unknown metabolites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336295
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  • 13
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    The dynamic nature of plant-available manganese during storage of a calcareous soil (1993)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 15 (1993), S. 9-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Barley ; Wheat ; Manganese ; Availability ; Microorganisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of length of dry storage period and subsequent moist incubation on the availability of Mn was examined in a calcareous soil. Increasing the time of dry storage (for up to 4 years) generally increased the availability of Mn as determined by plant growth and Mn concentration in wheat and barley. Moist incubation of stored soil had variable effects on Mn availability depending on how long the soil had been stored before use and on the method used to assess Mn availability. When assessed by Mn concentration in plant tissues, increasing the moist incubation time (from 0 to 30 days) of soil stored dry for 4 years increased Mn availability in soil initially and thereafter decreased it. However, incubation time had little effect on Mn availability in soil stored for only 1 year or soil used fresh from the field. When Mn availability was assessed using a chemical extractant (DTPA; diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid), both soils showed an initial increase in Mn availability immediately on wetting. However, Mn availability in the soil stored for only 1 year decreased rapidly and remained consistently below that of soil stored for 4 years. In the latter soil, Mn availability also decreased but only after a few days. Microbial studies indicated that there was a decrease in the ratio of Mn oxidising to Mn reducing microorganisms with increasing storage time. Inoculation of one soil with another suggested that the factor responsible for the low Mn availability in soils stored for a short period could be transferred to soils stored for a longer period. These results suggest that the change in Mn availability in a calcareous soil with dry storage is a result of changes in microbial populations that cannot be fully restored by moist incubation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336281
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  • 14
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    A comparative study of the tolerance of salt marsh plants to manganese (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 81 (1984), S. 47-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Antagonism ; Halophyte ; Manganese ; Salt marsh ; Sodium ; Synergism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Salicornia europaea, Puccinellia maritima, Triglochin maritima, Aster tripolium, Plantago maritima, Armeria maritima, Juncus gerardii andFestuca rubra, collected as seed from a salt marsh at Portaferry, County Down, were grown on saline (340 mM NaCl) and non saline nutrient solutions at five concentrations of manganese sulphate (0.025–10.0 mM). After an eight week growing period, shoot and root yields and the concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium and manganese in the shoots were determined. Except forS. europaea the saline treatments had a strongly limiting effect on plant growth. Each of the species investigated showed a degree of tolerance to high concentrations of manganese which was similar to that of calcifuge species and plants characteristic of waterlogged sand dune slack communities, but which was very much greater than that ofArrhenatherum elatius a species usually excluded from acidic soils. There was little evidence to support the hypothesis that tolerance of high manganese concentrations was correlated with the position of the experimental plants in the salt marsh ecotone or that the manganese nutrition of halophytic and glycophytic marsh species differs. Whilst manganese uptake increased proportionally with solution manganese concentration, there were few other major effects of manganese on the balance of shoot cation concentrations in the plants investigated. Both antagonistic and synergistic effects of sodium on manganese uptake were recorded for different species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02206893
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  • 15
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    Effects of aluminium and micro-nutrients on the sorption of phosphorus byTrifolium repens L. cv. ‘Grasslands Huia’ from nutrient solutions during plant induced pH changes (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 81 (1984), S. 389-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Absorption ; Aluminium ; Boron ; Copper ; Factorial design ; Iron ; Manganese ; Nutrient solutions ; pH ; Phosphorus uptake ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The sorption of phosphorus from nutrient solution and the pH change in the nutrient solution were monitored over a 24 hour period forTrifolium repens L. cv. ‘Grasslands Huia’ plants. Two different concentration levels of micro-nutrients (B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) and Al formed the factors of a fractional replicate of a 26 factorial design. Measurements were made at four time intervals (30 minutes after the plants were placed on the pots, 3 hours, 6 hours and 24 hours later). In addition to phosphorus, fourteen other nutrients (including nitrate and ammonium) were monitored throughout the experiment. The sorption of phosphorus was significantly influenced by both aluminium and iron. The effect of aluminium and iron on phosphorus sorption is attributed to physico-chemical sorption processes involving the root surface. However the effect on the removal of phosphorus by boron, copper, manganese and zinc was observed only as first order interaction effects —B−Zn, Cu−Zn, Mn−Zn. Thus these three elements (B, Cu and Mn) only affect phosphorus removal in conjunction with zinc. Aluminium and iron together had a separate but very significant effect on the removal of phosphorus at most periods throughout the experiment. In contrast, pH was affected only by aluminium, iron (the pH drop was enhanced) and manganese (the pH drop was decreased) as main effects independent of the other treatment elements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02323053
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  • 16
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    Effect of autoclave sterilization of a tropical andept on seed germination and seedling growth (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 82 (1984), S. 263-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Andept ; Germination ; Manganese ; Seed traps ; Seedling growth ; Steam sterilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Steam sterilization of a Typic Dystrandept in Costa Rica resulted in a six-fold increase in extractable Mn, to levels often considered toxic. Seeds of eight species, comprised of six successional taxa and two cultivars (soybean,Glycine max and raddish,Raphanus sativus) were planted in the sterilized soil and in unsterilized soil after delays of 1, 8, 15, and 28 days. Germination and mortality were not different in the two soils, indicating that steamsterilized soil can safely be used in seed traps. Six species (including both cultivars) grew better in unsterilized soil, but two of the native taxa (Phytolacca rivinoides andBocconia frutescens) grew significantly faster in sterilized soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02220253
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  • 17
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    The effects of managanese and nitrate supply on the levels of phenolics and lignin in young wheat plants (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 81 (1984), S. 437-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Lignin ; Manganese ; NO 3 − Phenols ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Managanese deficiency (〈 18 μg g−1 Mn) resulted in decreased levels of phenols in wheat shoots and decreased levels of lignins in both roots and shoots. These observed reductions in phenol contents was due largely to a decrease in the alkaline labile phenol component. Levels of nitrate supplied in solution influenced both phenol and lignin production; high nitrate levels (15 mM) resulted in a reduction in phenol and lignin in the shoot but stimulated lignin production in root tissue.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02323058
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    Effects of leaf blast on photosynthesis of rice. 1. Leaf photosynthesis (1993)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 99 (1993), S. 197-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Pyricularia ozyzae ; Oryza sativa ; respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect ofPyricularia oryzae, the causal organism of leaf blast in rice, on photosynthesis characteristics of rice leaves was measured in two greenhouse experiments. Leaf blast reduced photosynthesis not only through a reduction in green leaf area, but also through an effect on photosynthesis of green leaf tissue surrounding the lesions. The assimilation rate at light saturation (P max ) was more affected than the initial light use efficiency (∈). Dark respiration (R d ) increased as a result of infection. The experimental data were used to derive relations between leaf blast severity andP max , ∈ andR d .
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01974664
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  • 19
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    Effects of leaf blast on photosynthesis of rice 2. Canopy photosynthesis (1993)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 99 (1993), S. 205-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Pyricularia oryza ; Oryza sativa ; simulation model ; respiration ; vertical distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect ofPyricularia oryzae, the causal organism of leaf blast in rice, on photosynthetic rate of a rice crop was determined with mobile equipment in the field. Canopy CO2 exchanges rate (CER) was significantly reduced in plots inoculated withP. oryzae. The experimentally obtained data were used to evaluate the performance of a model for the effects of leaf blast on canopy photosynthesis. The model comprised photosynthesis and respiration routines of a mechanistic crop growth model, extended with submodels for effects of leaf blast on both processes. Canopy photosynthesis and the effect of leaf blast on CER were accurately simulated with the model. Analysis showed that the reduction in canopy photosynthesis was mainly due to an adverse effect of lesions on leaf photosynthetic rate and to shading by dead leaf are resulting from disease induced senescence. A sensitivity analysis demonstrated the importance of the vertical distribution of the disease in the canopy. This implies that disease monitoring for crop loss assessment should consider vertical disease distribution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01974665
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  • 20
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    Soil physical behaviour and crop responses to tillage in lowland rice soils of varying clay content (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 126 (1990), S. 227-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; root length density ; soil impedance ; tillage ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of various tillage methods on two wetland rice soils in the Philippines is reported. The soils differed principally in clay content, 38% for the clay loam (clayey, mixed isohyperthermic Entic Hapludoll) while 56% for the clay (clayey, mixed noncalcareous, isohyperthermic Andaqueptic Haplaquoll). This had a marked effect on their response to tillage and varying water regime. The clay soil, under field conditions, showed little change in pore size distribution or soil water behaviour with different tillage methods. Crop (Rice, Oryza sativa L., var. IR20) yields were unaffected by tillage. In contrast, tillage effects were very marked in the clay loam soil, which consisted of a greenhouse and a field trial. In the greenhouse, which experienced severe dry periods, wet tillage not only increased the moisture retentivity but also the soil impedance at soil matric potential (ψ)〈−0.01 MPa. Seasonal average ψ was 〈−1 MPa. Root length density decreased by 39% with dry tillage and by 56% with wet tillage compared with zero tillage. Grain yield however, did not vary with soil treatment. In the field, which experienced moderate dry spells, ψ varied between −0.13 and −0.48 MPa. Root length density was significantly reduced at soil impedance 〉0.75 MPa. Wet tillage increased soil moisture storage which minimized the soil impedance during the dry cycle more effectively than did dry tillage. The crop performed best under wet tillage and least under zero tillage. Wet tillage in this soil was more effective under moderate than under severe water stress conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012826
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  • 21
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    Effect of Xanthobacter, isolated and characterized from rice roots, on growth of wetland rice (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 138 (1991), S. 221-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acetylene reduction ; bacteria ; greenhouse ; N2-fixation ; Oryza sativa ; rhizoplane ; scanning electron microscopy ; rhizosphere ; top dry weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract With an autotrophic, N-free medium, Xanthobacter populations were isolated from the roots of wetland rice grown under field conditions. Xanthobacter populations ranged from 3.2×104 to 5.1×105 colony-forming units (cfu) g-1 of root and averaged 47-fold higher on the root or rhizoplane than in the neighbouring nonrhizosphere. Characterization studies indicated dissimilarities in carbon utilization and motility among the isolated Xanthobacter strains and other recognized Xanthobacter species. Under gnotobiotic conditions, the population of one isolate, Xanthobacter sp. JW-KR1, increased from 105 to 107 cfu plant-1 1 d after inoculation when a rice plant was present, but declined to numbers below the limit of detection (〈104 cfu assembly-1) after 3 d in the absence of a plant. Scanning electron microscopy revealed Xanthobacter as pleomorphic forms on the rhizoplane. To assess the effect of Xanthobacter on plant growth, rice plants were grown under greenhouse conditions in plant assemblies containing sand and half-strength Hoagland's nutrient solution with and without nitrogen. Plants were either inoculated with 105 cfu Xanthobacter g-1 of sand or left uninoculated. After 40 d, plants without nitrogen showed no significant differences in top or root dry weight, plant height, root length, or number of tillers or leaves, whether the plants were inoculated or uninoculated. However, when nitrogen was added, inoculated plants had a significantly larger top dry weight (15%) and number of leaves (19%) than uninoculated plants. Under conditions of added and no added nitrogen, acetylene reduction assays showed Xanthobacter sp. JW-KR1 produced 〈0.1 (below detection limit) and 7 nmol C2H4 plant-1 h-1, respectively. Under the conditions studied, the results suggest that both Xanthobacter and wetland rice derive some benefits from their association.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012249
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  • 22
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    Elemental concentrations in plant tissues as influenced by low pH soils (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 55 (1980), S. 157-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acid mine drainage ; Aluminum ; Betula nigra ; Calcium ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Plant tissue analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soils influenced by acid mine drainage (pH〈5.0) are characterized by low concentrations of essential nutrients and increased solubility of heavy metals. The conditions typically reduce plant establishment and growth. However, river birch (Betula nigra L.) is commonly found along low pH streams in southeastern Ohio. The objective of this study was to determine the concentration of Al, Mn, Ca and Mg inB. nigra tissues. The results indicate Al and Mn are accumulating inB. nigra when compared to other species. Within river birch, Al concentrations are highest in roots; Mn concentrations are highest in leaves. There is not a concomitant reduction in Ca and Mg concentrations as suggested by soil levels.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02149720
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    Yield of submerged paddy and uptake of Zn, P and N as affected by liming and Zn fertilizers (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 56 (1980), S. 81-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: CaCO3 ; Oryza sativa ; Submerged paddy ; Zinc sources
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of CaCO3, Zn sources and levels on the yield of submerged paddy and uptake of Zn, P and N to paddy were studied in green-house at Haryana Agricultural University, Hissar. Powdered CaCO3 was mixed at 0,4 and 8 per cent and Zn was added at 0,5 and 10 ppm through ZnSO4.7H2O, ZnO and Zn EDTA separately. Dry weight at tillering and heading and grain and straw at maturity decreased significantly with 4 and 8 per cent CaCO3 in comparison to the control. Increasing Zn application increased the dry weight and grain yield. Zn EDTA gave highest yield of paddy followed by ZnSO4.7H2O and ZnO. Increasing the application of CaCO3 from 0–8 per cent decreased the concentration and uptake of Zn and increasing Zn application from 0–10 ppm increased concentration and uptake of Zn in paddy at tillering, heading and maturity. Zn EDTA gave the highest concentration and uptake of Zn followed by ZnSO4.7H2O and ZnO. There was interaction between Zn sources and CaCO3. The concentration and uptake of N and P in paddy dry matter at tillering and heading and straw and grain at maturity decreased as compared to control with increasing CaCO3 addition. The concentration and uptake of N increased and that of P decreased in paddy dry matter straw and grain with increasing Zn application. The highest concentration of N was observed with ZnO, followed by ZnSO4.7H2O and Zn EDTA. But highest uptake of N was observed with Zn EDTA followed by ZnSO4.7H2O and ZnO. As regards concentration and uptake of P, it was highest with ZnO followed by ZnSO4.7H2O and Zn EDTA.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197955
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    Effects of artificial acid rain on decomposition of spruce needles and on mobilisation and leaching of elements (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 56 (1980), S. 365-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acid rain ; Calcium ; Decomposition ; Leaching ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Mobilisation ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Spruce litter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Dry matter and chemical changes in decomposing spruce needles were investigated after 16 and 38 weeks in laboratory lysimeters treated with distilled water or distilled water acidified to pH 3 or 2 with sulphuric acid. The water was added twice weekly in quantities equal to 100 or 200 mm month−1. The CO2 evolution and leaching of P, K, Mg, Mn, and Ca was followed together with pH measurements of the leachate. The loss of dry matter was approximately 25% during the first 16 weeks and approximately 37% after 38 weeks. At the first samling, 16 weeks, the amount of material decomposed was greater from the lysimeters given 100 mm month−1 of water. At this water quantity dilute sulphuric acid increased the decomposition. After 38 weeks sulphuric acid at pH 3 and 2 had decreased the decomposition at 200 mm month−1. However, the effects of acid application were small. The effect of treatment using acidified water on the content of monosaccharides was not consistent, whereas there was an indication of reduced decomposition of lignin when treated with 200 mm water month−1 at pH 3 and 2. Nitrogen was conserved in the lysimeters with small differences between the various treatments. The order of mobility of metal elements was K〉Mg〉Mn〉Ca. Increasing the quantity of water increased the leaching of K especially, whereas addition of dilute sulphuric acid increased the leaching of Mg, Mn and particularly Ca. During the first 16 weeks of the experiment, sulphuric acid reduced the leaching of P while later on this treatment increased the leaching. The pH of the leachate from the lysimeters treated with distilled water was initially 4.0–4.6 increasing to approximately 6.6 after 22 weeks. The pH of the decomposed needle material was 4.6 and approximately 5.2 after 16 and 38 weeks respectively. When treated with water at pH 3 the pH of the leachate was between 4 and 5, and the pH of the needles 4.2–5.1. Treatment with water at pH 2 gave a leachate with pH just above 2 and decreased the pH of the needles that had received 200 mm ‘rain’ month−1 to 2.9. The effect of the artificial acid rain appears to be more pronounced on the leaching of metal elements than on the biological activity and the dynamics of N and P. The treatments must be considered extreme when compared with the acidity of natural rain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02143031
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    Effect of calcium carbonate and organic matter on the growth and concentration of iron and manganese in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 60 (1981), S. 295-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium carbonate ; Iron ; Manganese ; Organic matter ; Sorghum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of CaCO3 and organic matter on the availability of iron and manganese was studied on sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Addition of calcium carbonate caused significant decrease in dry matter and grain yield. But yields tended to increase with the addition of organic matter at the rate of 15 t/ha. The iron concentration decreased with the addition of CaCO3 at all the stages of crop growth. Like iron, concentration of manganese also decreased with the increase in added CaCO3. Organic matter increased the iron concentration both at seedling and flowering stage. The concentration of manganese was, however, dependent on the stage of the crop.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374113
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    Availability of iron, manganese, zinc and phosphorus in submerged sodic soil as affected by amendments during the growth period of rice crop (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 37-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Farmyard manure ; Gypsum ; Iron ; Manganese ; Phosphorus ; Rice ; Rice husk ; Sodic soil ; Submergence ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Effect of amendments, gypsum (12.5 tonnes/ha), farmyard manure (30 tonnes/ha), rice husk (30 tonnes/ha) and also no amendment (control) on the availability of native Fe, Mn and P and applied Zn in a highly sodic soil during the growth period of rice crop under submerged conditions was studied in a field experiment. Soil samples were collected at 0, 30, 60 and 90 days of crop growth. Results showed that extractable Fe (1N NH4OAC pH 3) and Mn (1N NH4OAC pH 7) increased with submergence upto 60 days of crop growth but thereafter remained either constant or declined slightly. Application of farmyard manure and rice husk resulted in marked improvement of these elements over gypsum and control. Increases in extractable Mn (water soluble plus exchangeable) as a result of submergence and crop growth under different amendments were accompanied by corresponding decreases in easily reducible Mn content of the soil. Application of 40 kg zinc sulphate per hectare to rice crop could substantially raise the available Zn status (DTPA extractable) of the soil in gypsum and farmyard manure treated plots while the increase was only marginal in rice husk and control plots indicating greater fixation of applied Zn. Available P (0.5M NaHCO3 pH 8.5) behaved quite differently and decreased in the following order with crop growth: gypsum〉rice husk〉farmyard manure〉control.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02203400
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    Sorption and desorption of trace elements bySpartina alterniflora detritus (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 69-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Estuaries ; Heavy metals ; Iron ; Manganese ; Plant densities ; Salt marshes ; Sorption ; Spartina alterniflora ; Trace elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Element and extractant-specific desorption of Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn fromSpartina alterniflora detritus was observed. Desorption of a substantial fraction of the total detrital Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn occured rapidly when the detritus was treated with 0.1N HCl or 1 MgCl2. This treatment removed precipitated/coprecipitated and adsorbed trace elements, respectively, suggesting that a large fraction of detritus-bound trace elements are in readily exchangeable, surface reaction sites. The carboxylic acid functional group cation exchange capacity of the detritus also suggests an important role of surface exchange reactions in the dynamics of trace elements during decomposition. The rate and magnitude of changes in the trace element content of detritus has important implications for estuarine biogeochemical cycling of these elements including the potential for biological uptake of trace elements by detritus-consuming fauna.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02203404
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    The acquisition of phosphorus byLupinus albus L. (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 68 (1982), S. 19-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Iron ; Lupins ; Lupinus albus L. ; Manganese ; Phosphorus ; Proteoid root ; Soil/Root interface
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary It has been demonstrated by an agar film technique thatL. albus can cause the breakdown of colloids of iron/silicate, iron/phosphate, aluminium/silicate and aluminium phosphate and destabilise suspensions of manganese dioxide, calcium mono-hydrogen phosphate and ferric hydroxide. Dissolution of these compounds was most marked in areas adjacent to proteoid roots (dense clusters of secondary laterals of limited growth which develop on lateral roots) and parts of the tap root. Soil associated with these regions of the root system contained more reductants and chelating agents than the bulk soil. Soil from around the roots ofL. albus exhibited much greater reducing and chelating activity than that associated with the roots of rape and buckwheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374724
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    Utility of phyllosphere N2-fixing micro-organisms in the improvement of crop growth (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 68 (1982), S. 55-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Klebsiella ; Nitrogen fixation ; Oryza sativa ; Phyllosphere ; Rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The beneficial effect of spraying some highly active phyllosphere N2-fixing microorganisms on high and low yielding cultivars of rice plants as compared with that of urea applied at different doses are described. The dry weight, N-content, 1000 grain weight, and yield were remarkably increased in all cases with the application of phyllosphere microorganisms. The performance of two isolates KUP4 and KUPBR2 with IR-8 and IR-26 rice, was better than that of 52 kg urea-N per hectare. IR-579 rice leaves in association with some phyllosphere bacteria reduced acetylene at the rate of 664–816 nmoles/g leaf/h. In IR-26 rice the effect of application of bacterial suspension at three phases of plant growth corresponded very well with that of urea application in three split doses under identical conditions. Recommended fertilizer rates produced the same yield as the half dose plus bacterial spray in the cultivars Pankaj and Rupsail. Fertilizer application in Pankaj and Rupsail rice reduced nitrogenase activity and the beneficial effects of phyllosphere N2-fixation was reduced by 40–55%.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374727
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    Effect of soil temperature on nitrogen fixation on roots of rice and reed (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 68 (1982), S. 217-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; Oryza sativa ; Phragmites communis ; Reed ; Rhizosphere ; Rice ; Roots ; Soil temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The relation of nitrogenase activity (ethylene evolution) to soil temperature or incubation temperature of roots was determined on two genera of swamp plants, namely rice (Oryza sativa) cultivated in tropical climate and reed (Phragmites communis) grown in temperate regions. For both intact rice plants and excised rice roots the optimum temperature was 35°C. On excised roots nitrogenase activity responded more sensitivity to changes in temperature. In contrast to intact rice plants no ethylene evolution occurred on excised roots at 17 and 44°C. On reed roots temperature optimum was between 26 and 30°C which is clearly lower than on rice (35°C). The temperature range in which nitrogen fixation occurred was, however, similar to that of rice, although on a lower level. The results suggest a higher potential of the tropics for associative N2 fixation, while in cooler climates the lower temperatures appear to be a major limiting factor.
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    Interaction of phosphorus and molybdenum and the availability of zinc, copper, manganese, molybdenum and phosphorus in waterlogged rice soil (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 68 (1982), S. 271-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Manganese ; Molybdenum ; Phosphorus ; Rice ; Waterlogging ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted with low-land rice soil to study the effect of applying three different levels of molybdenum (0, 2.5 and 5.0 ppm) and phosphorus (0, 100 and 200 ppm), in all possible combinations, on the changes in available Mo, P, Mn, Zn and Cu in soil. The results showed that application of Mo at both the levels increased the content of extractable Mo and P but decreased those of Cu and Mo in soil whereas application of Mo at higher level only increased the content of extractable Zn in soil. Application of P at both the levels decreased the content of extractable Mo, Mn and Cu but increased that of P whereas it showed an inconsistent effect on the extractable Zn content in soil. The P × Mo interaction effect was found to be beneficial for the content of P, Mo and Zn only. During the initial period of incubation all elements except Cu recorded an increase but with the progress of incubation period the content of all the elements except Mn gradually declined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373713
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    Cu x Mn interaction and the availability of Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn and P in waterlogged rice soils (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 131-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alluvial soil ; Copper ; Interaction ; Iron ; Manganese ; Moisture ; Phosphorus ; Rice ; Waterlogging ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted with three clay loam lowland rice soils (Haplustalf) to study the effect of application of three different levels of Cu(0, 1.25, 2.5 ppm) and Mn (0, 10, 20 ppm) in all possible combinations on the changes in the DTPA extractable Zn, Cu, F, Mn and Brays 2 extractable P in soil. The results showed that application of Cu decreased the content of extractable Zn, Fe, Mn and P in soils, the rate of decrease gradually declining with the progress of incubation period. Application of Mn also depressed the content of extractable Cu, Fe and P but increased that of extractable Zn.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185713
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    Plant genotype differences in the uptake, translocation, accumulation, and use of mineral elements required for plant growth (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 175-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Boron ; Calcium ; Copper ; Genotypic differences ; Iron ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Mineral nutrition ; Molybdenum ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Plant adaptation ; Plant breeding ; Potassium ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plant genotypes differ in their uptake, translocation, accumulation, and use of mineral elements. Examples of genotype differences to iron, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, boron, copper, zinc, and molybdenum are discussed. Current knowledge is sufficient to indicate that many crop plants can be improved for the efficient use of mineral elements and better adaptation to mineral stress conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181957
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    Soil moisture influence on micronutrient cation availability under aerobic conditions (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 77-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Gezira soils ; Iron ; Micronutrient availability ; Microbial activity ; Manganese ; Oxidation ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The three major soil series comprising the Gezira scheme (Sudan) are Hosh, Suleimi, and Laota. Surface soil samples from each soil series were employed to study the effect of soil moisture on the DTPA-extractable micronutrient cation under aerobic conditions. The study continued for 8 weeks using an incubation technique at two levels of soil moisture (continuously moist and moist/dry cycles). The DTPA-extractable Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn from air-dry soil samples were much higher compared to values from their incubated counterparts. For the three soils the CO2 production (microbial activity) reached the maximum in 5 weeks and then levelled off while the lowest values of micronutrient cation from the incubated soils were obtained between 2 to 8 weeks. Generally, the study suggests that the hot dry months preceding crop growth should increase clay surface acidity and hence availability of mironutrient cations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185096
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    A comparison of the cation/anion balance of ten cultivars ofTrifolium subterraneum L., and their effects on soil acidity (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 75 (1983), S. 235-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Anions ; Ash alkalinity ; Cations ; Cultivars ; Manganese ; pH ; Subterranean clover ; Trifolium subterraneam
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ten cultivars of subterranean clover were grown in pots on a poorly buffered, sandy soil of pH 4.9; the plants were dependent throughout upon symbiotic fixation for their supply of N. There were some marked increases in soil acidity which resulted in changes in pH of 0.76 to 1.08 (mean 0.94) units. Increasing soil acidity was associated with an increasing total content of excess cations,i.e. (Ca2+++Mg2++K++Na+)−(H2PO 4 t- +SO 4 2- +Cl−), which ranged from 15.8 to 21.9 meq pot−1. The differences between the cultivars in their effects on acidity were largely related to differences in growth rather than to marked differences in the concentration of total cations or inorganic anions. There was no obvious grouping amongst the ten cultivars in terms of either their effects on soil pH, or on their uptake of manganese.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375569
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    Soil acidity factors and nodulation ofTrifolium repens (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 367-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acidity ; Aluminium ; Calcium ; Manganese ; Nodulation ; pH Rhizobium ; Rhizosphere ; Root elongation ; Root hairs ; Trifolium repens ; White clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Effects of factors associated with soil acidity (low pH, low calcium, high aluminium and high manganese) on theTrifolium repens-Rhizobium trifolii symbiosis were investigted under laboratory conditions using an axenic solution-culture technique. 200 μM manganese increased root elongation in the range pH 4.3–5.5, but had no effect on root hair formation, the number of Rhizobium in the rhizosphere, or nodule formation. Root elongation and root hair formation were unaffected at pH 4.3 when 500 or 1000μM calcium was supplied, whereas multiplication of Rhizobium in the rhizosphere and nodulation were inhibited at pH 4.3 and 4.7.50–1000μM calcium had no effect either on the multiplication of Rhizobium in the range pH 4.3–5.5, or on nodule formation in the absence of aluminium. 50 μM aluminium inhibited, root elongation and root hair formation at pH 4.3 and 4.7; the effect on root elongation was reduced by increasing the calcium concentration from 50 to 1000μM. 50μM aluminium also inhibited Rhizobium multiplication in the rhizosphere and reduced nodule formation at pH 5.5 (at which aluminium precipitated out of solution), but root elongation and root hair formation were unaffected. These, effects of aluminium at pH 5.5 may explain the poor response to inoculation by white clover in acid mineral soils after liming.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02450370
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    Salicylic acid inhibits the biosynthesis of ethylene in detached rice leaves (1993)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 12 (1993), S. 79-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: ethylene biosynthesis ; salicylic acid ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of salicylic acid (SA) on ethylene biosynthesis in detached rice leaves were investigated. SA at pH 3.5 effectively inhibited ethylene production within 2 h of its application. It inhibited the conversion of ACC to ethylene, but did not affect the levels of ACC and conjugated ACC. Thus, the inhibitory effect of SA resulted from the inhibition of both synthesis of ACC and the conversion of ACC to ethylene.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00144586
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    Changes in putrescine accumulation induced by agents affecting cytosolic pH in detached rice leaves (1993)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 13 (1993), S. 133-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: cytosolic pH ; Oryza sativa ; putrescine ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effects of compounds that influenced cytosolic pH on the level of putrescine in detached rice leaves were examined. Permeant weak acids, isobutyric acid and propionic acid, increased the level of putrescine in detached rice leaves. Procaine and trisodium citrate, known to be permeant weak bases, on the other hand, decreased the level of putrescine. It seems possible that the level of putrescine in detached rice leaves is regulated by the cytosolic pH.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024255
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  • 39
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    Osmotic stress and water stress have opposite effects on putrescine and proline production in excised rice leaves (1993)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 13 (1993), S. 197-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; jasmonic acid methyl ester ; Oryza sativa ; osmotic stress ; proline ; putrescine ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of water stress and osmotic stress (sorbitol treatment) on the production of putrescine and proline in excised rice leaves were compared. Osmotic stress and water stress were found to affect differentially the levels of putrescine and proline in excised rice leaves. Putrescine accumulation is induced by osmotic stress, whereas proline accumulation is induced by water stress. The effects of ABA on the levels of proline and putrescine are similar to those of water stress, whereas the effects of jasmonic acid methyl ester (JA-Me) are similar to those of osmotic stress. Water stress results in an increase of endogenous ABA is excised rice leaves. However, neither osmotic stress nor JA-Me has effect on endogenous ABA levels in excised rice leaves. Of particular interest is the finding that proline levels increase when putrescine levels induced by osmotic stress or JA-Me are reduced by D-arginine and α-methylornithine. L-arginine and L-ornithine applied exogenously also cause an increase in proline levels. It seems that L-arginine and L-ornithine are preferentially utilized as precursors for putrescine accumulation in excised rice leaves treated with osmotic stress and JA-Me, and for proline accumulation in excised rice leaves exposed to water stress and ABA.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024262
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    The effects of 2,2′-bipyridine and other metal chelators on the conversion of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid to ethylene in rice (1994)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 14 (1994), S. 145-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid ; 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase ; 2,2′-bipyridine ; ethylene ; 8-hydroxyquinoline ; Oryza sativa ; 1,10-phenanthroline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effects of metal chelators, 2,2′-bipyridine, 8-hydroxyquinoline and 1,10-phenenthroline, on the conversion of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) to ethylene in detached leaves of light-grown rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings and detached shoots of etiolated rice seedlings were investigated. Metal chelators strongly inhibited the in vivo ACC oxidase activity in detached leaves and detached etiolated shoots. This inhibition could be partially recovered by Fe2+. Our results support the notion that Fe2+ is an essential cofactor for the conversion of ACC to ethylene in vivo.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025216
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  • 41
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    Cadmium and nickel accumulation in rice plants. Effects on mineral nutrition and possible interactions of abscisic and gibberellic acids (1994)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 14 (1994), S. 151-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; cadmium ; gibberellic acid ; mineral nutrition ; nickel ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rice plants accumulate high quantities of Cd and Ni when grown for 10 days in a medium containing these heavy metals. Accompanying Cd and Ni uptake, a decrease in shoot and root length was observed, though dry matter accumulation was not affected accordingly. Metal treatments also induced a decrease in K, Ca and Mg contents in the plants, particularly in the shoots, indicating that Cd and Ni interfered not only with nutrient uptake but also with nutrient distribution into the different plant parts. Addition of abscisic acid (ABA) or gibberellic acid (GA3) to the external solution could not overcome the depressing effects of the metals on nutrient acquisition, and even induced a further decrease of Ca content in Ni-treated plants. Both hormones also reduced, significantly, heavy metal incorporation into the plants. Additionally, hormonal applications affected the transport of Cd and Ni to the shoots, resulting in a higher percentage of the metals taken up remaining in the roots.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025217
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  • 42
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    Linkage of genes for anthocyanin pigmentation in rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1981)
    Springer
    Euphytica 30 (1981), S. 747-754 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; inheritance ; pigmentation ; panicle density ; linkage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The inheritance of anthocyanin pigmentation and the interrelationship between genes governing anthocyanin pigmentation in different parts of the rice plant and genes governing panicle density were studied in the cross Suma × Wanar-1. A ratio of 45 pigmented: 19 non pigmented was realised for anthocyanin accumulation in sheath, nodal ring, internode, leaf tip, leaf margin and apiculus whereas a ratio of 3 normal:1 laxy was observed for panicle density. Pleiotropic action of a basic gene (A) and each of the two complementary duplicate genes (P a or P b) was detected. A linkage group of genes localising pigment in six plant parts was identified, the sequence of genes being P nr-P lm-P la-P a-P sh-P in. This may form part of the III ‘S p’ group of Misro et al. (1966), in which case the genes P nr and P la are proposed to be additions to this group.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00038804
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    Linkage studies in rice (Oryza sativa L.): Flowering, awning and awn colour, panicle density and exsertion, liguleless, bent node and pigmentation (1981)
    Springer
    Euphytica 30 (1981), S. 771-790 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; inheritance ; flowering ; awning ; awn colour ; panicle density ; panicle exsertion ; liguleless ; bent node ; pigmentation ; linkage ; genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The cross of two indica types of rice T9 and M35, provided scope for the inheritance study of 16 characters such as flowering, awning and awn colour, panicle density and panicle exsertion, presence of ligule, bent node, and pigmentation in ten other characters. Besides the purple colour, yellow and chalky white were studied for their inheritance. Two to five pairs of factors were found to govern the 16 characters under study. Complementary, duplicate, complementary duplicate, inhibitory complementary and inhibitory duplicate action of genes was observed. Independent dominant action of individual genes which is equivalent to the action of two or three genes is recorded in respect of panicle density and awning and awn colour. Inheritance of the 16 characters shows the involvement of 59 genes unreported in the past. Out of them 19 are inhibitors. Combined segregation data have revaled the existence of many pleiotropic genes acting on two or more characters and exhibiting differential expression in some of them, which is an interesting part of the present study. Linkage analysis has resulted in the assignment of the record number of 17 genes to a single group, nine of them being inhibitors. The linkage map constructed in the order of genes as suggested by the cross over values shows a good agreement. This linkage group is concluded not to form part of any group propounded by Misro et al. (1966) in indica rice.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00038807
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  • 44
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    A gametocidal factor of Oryza glaberrima Steud. in O. sativa L. (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 45 (1990), S. 191-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; Oryza glaberrima ; non-glutinous pollen ; glutinous pollen ; semi-sterility ; gametocidal factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Recurrent backcrossing has been carried out with a view to transfer a gene for non-glutinous endosperm from two strains of O. glaberrima (Wx g /Wx g ) to glutinous japonica and indica varieties (wx/wx) of Oryza sativa. In the course of backcrosses Wx g /wx segregants were crossed with each of the two glutinous varieties of sativa as the respective recurrent male parent. The wx/wx and Wx g /wx segregants in the successive generations were consistently fully fertile and semi-sterile, respectively. The semi-sterility of Wx g /wx plants was attributable to abortion of most of the pollen grains carrying the gene wx. The nucleus but not cytoplasm was related to the semi-sterility. The Wx g /Wx plants having the gene for non-glutinous endosperm of a glaberrima strain and a japonica variety of sativa were also semi-sterile. Both wx- and Wx-megaspores in the plants heterozygous for the gene Wx g were deleteriously affected. The results could be explained by assuming that a factor tightly linked with the gene Wx g of glaberrima sterilizes gametes not carrying it in the heterozygotes and that the gametocidal action is exerted when combined with the sativa nucleus by the recurrent backcross method.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00032984
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  • 45
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    Inheritance of resistance to whitebacked planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) in some rice cultivars (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 46 (1990), S. 95-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; Sogatella furcifera ; whitebacked planthopper ; insect resistance ; allelic relationship ; inheritance of resistance ; genetic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The genetics of resistance to whitebacked planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) in ten resistant cultivars was studied. The reactions of the F1, F2 and F3 populations of resistant varieties with Taichung Native 1, a suspectible check, showed that WBPH resistance is monogenic in nature and governed by dominant gene(s) in Ptb 19 and IET 6288 and recessive gene in eight cultivars viz. ARC 5838, ARC 6579, ARC 6624, ARC 10464, ACR 11321, ARC 11320, Balamawee and IR 2415-90-4-3. Allelic relationship of resistance gene(s) in the test cultivars revealed recessive gene in IR 2415-90-4-3, ARC 5838 and ARC 11324 to be allelic but it was non allelic to the resistance gene in ARC 6624. Cultivars ARC 6579, ARC 11321 and Balamawee have identical gene among themselves but their relationship with IR 2415-90-4-3, ARC 5838, ARC 11324 and ARC 6624 is unknown. The recessive gene in ARC 10464 is non-identical to all other cultivars having the recessive gene except ARC 6624 with which its relationship needs further investigation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022302
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    Inheritance of aroma in rice (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 46 (1990), S. 157-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; aroma ; inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Inheritance of an aroma was worked out in crosses between ‘Brimful’ from Nepal as an aromatic rice and leading Japanese varieties ‘Koshihikari’ and ‘Nipponbare’ as non-aromatic ones. The F2 pattern of segregation for aroma to non-aroma was 3:13 indicating one dose gene for aroma and one dose inhibitor gene in two crosses. This ratio was confirmed by genetic behavior of F3 populations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022309
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  • 47
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    The indica-japonica classification of Asian rice ecotypes and Japanese lowland and upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 46 (1990), S. 161-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: ecotype ; indica ; japonica ; lowland rice ; Oryza sativa ; upland rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.) belonging to five ecotypes (aus, aman, boro, bulu and tjereh) and to two groups of Japanese rice (lowland and upland) are examined with respect to KClO3 resistance, phenol reaction and apiculus hair length. These characters have been used as available criteria to classify rice into two types indica and japonica, for the last thirty years. The findings of this study are that the aman, boro and tjereh ecotypes should be classified as typical indica; and that the Japanese lowland rice cultivars are mainly typical japonica. Some of the aus, bulu and Japanese upland rice cultivars differ from typical indica and typical japonica, so the respective terms aus type, bulu type and J.u.r. type, are proposed. Aman, boro tjereh and Japanese lowland rice are cultivated in lowland. Some of the aus, bulu and Japanese upland rice cultivars have the characteristics of upland rice. In general, lowland rice cultivars can be clearly classified into indica or japonica, while upland cultivars cannot.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022310
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  • 48
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    Analysis of ATPase and succinic dehydrogenase in F1 hybrids of rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 48 (1990), S. 91-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; ATPase ; succinic dehydrogenase ; heterosis ; correlation ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Activities of ATPase and succinic dehydrogenase were assessed in three F1 hybrids of rice and their parental lines during boot leaf stage, flowering, on 10th and 20th days after flowering. ATPase activity showed increase at the flowering and on 20th day after flowering. Succinic dehydrogenase activity continued to rise till 10th day after flowering and declined on 20th day after flowering. Hybrids with high yield were generally endowed with more positive heterosis for these two enzymes. Correlation coefficient of grain yield per panicle was significantly positive with ATPase activity at all the stages studied. Heterosis for ATPase activity might serve a reliable criterion for the selection of efficient F1 combinations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037185
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    Clonal propagation of rice through proliferation of axillary shoots (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 48 (1990), S. 123-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; clonal propagation ; cytokinins ; shoot proliferation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Shoot base segments have been explanted from seedlings of rice (Oryza sativa L. subsp. Japonica, cv. Arborio) and grown on agar-solidified MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of four cytokinins: kinetin, BAP, 2iP and zeatin. After one month, segments were explanted from proliferated shoots and subcultured on their respective media. BAP was by far the most effective in inducing shoot proliferation. Highest rates were achieved at the higher concentration used: 5 mg 1−1. Shoot base segments were subcultured fifteen times consecutively on seven different concentrations of BAP. Shoots grown in the presence of 5 mg 1−1 of BAP proliferated an average of 12 normal shoots for each base segment throughout the fifteen subcultures. The shoots rooted easily on hormone-free medium. The technique does not require any particular skill, it is very effective and, therefore, can be suggested as suitable for clonal propagation of rice.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037191
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  • 50
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    Effects of cytoplasm on heterosis and combining ability for agronomic traits in rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 48 (1990), S. 177-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; cytoplasmic effects ; heterosis ; combining ability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Effect of sterilizing (‘WA’) cytoplasm on heterosis and combining ability for days to flowering, plant height and grain yield in rice was studied in 70 crosses and their reciprocals produced by 10 cytoplasmic male sterile (A), their maintainer (B) and seven restorer (R) lines following line x tester design. The materials consisting of 140 hybrids (70 A/R and their reciprocal 70 R/B) plus 17 parental lines (10 B + 7 R) were evaluated under six environments, created by growing in three fields with different fertilizer doses (0, 60, 120 kg N/ha) and 2 seasons (dry and wet) during 1986 at IRRI farm. Reciprocal cross effect (A/R vs R/B) were highly significant for all the three traits. Interaction of reciprocal cross effects with environments were also highly significant for yield and days to flowering. Cytoplasmic effect for yield, days to flowering and plant height were estimated by comparing A/R and R/B combination and testing the significance of difference with LSD value. In order to avoid confounding effect of spikelet sterility on yields, twenty crosses showing normal spikelet fertility were selected. Both positive and negative cytoplasmic effects were observed for the three traits. The effects were modified by environments, except for plant height. Heterosis for all three traits was also affected by cytoplasm, however, manifestation of cytoplasmic effects was higher for heterosis for days to flower than in heterosis for yield and plant height. Effect of cytoplasm was more pronounced on general combining ability effects of parents than specific combining ability effects of crosses. Among the parents two CMS lines A4 (IR54752A) and A8 (IR22107-113-3-3A) and two R lines: R2 (IR46) and R7 (IR9761-19-1) showed consistent positive effect of cytoplasm on general combining ability. These lines have given several good heterotic combinations. The study indicated the usefulness of evaluating diverse cytoplasmic sources in various nuclear genotypes bred for hybrid rice breeding program.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037198
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    New sources of cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility in cultivated indica rices (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 48 (1990), S. 215-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; indica rice ; cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four indica cultivars viz. Kalinga-I, Ptb. 10, IR 27280-13-3-3-3 and Co. 41 were found to possess male sterile cytoplasm with fertility restoring genes while the cultivar Krishna was found to maintain the male sterility in all the cases. All the plants in the F1 of Kalinga-I × Krishna were observed to be completely male sterile and continued to show complete pollen sterility in subsequent backcross generations when backcrossed with recurring pollen parent, Krishna. Thus, it was posible to develop a new cytoplasmic-genetic male sterile line in indica rice (Krishna A) with Kalinga-I male sterile cytoplasm and this male sterile cytoplasm was found to be genetically different from others. Further, the newly developed male sterile line (Krishna A) was observed to be tolerant for low temperature at seedling stage.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023652
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    The electrofocusing composition of the Large and Small Sub-unit polypeptides of Fraction-1-Protein in rice x wheat and rice x sorghum hybrids (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 48 (1990), S. 219-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Sorghum bicolor ; sorghum ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Oryza sativa ; rice ; Fraction-1-Protein inheritance ; Isoelectric focusing ; intergeneric hybrids ; Large and small sub-units ; rice × sorghum ; rice × wheat hybrids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The polypeptide composition of Fraction-1-Protein (F1P) from rice × sorghum, rice × wheat hybrids and their respective parents have been analyzed by a microelectrofocusing method. The large sub-unit (LSU) is composed of three polypeptides and the small sub-unit (SSU) of two polypeptides in rice and sorghum parents and rice × sorghum hybrids. Similarly, LSU is composed of three polypeptides in the rice and wheat parents and rice × wheat hybrids. Two polypeptides occur in the SSU of rice parent and rice × wheat hybrids where as only one polypeptide in the wheat parent. These polypeptides also differ in their isoelectric points. Based on the previous reports of F1P inheritance in hybrids in other crops, F1P analysis of rice × sorghum and rice × wheat hybrids does not seem to be an important marker to identify such intergeneric hybrids. Since this is first such report of F1P inheritance in hybrids between distantly related plants, its implication in different modes of inheritance are discussed.
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    Comparison of selection indices to screen lowland rice for drought resistance (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 48 (1990), S. 253-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; drought resistance ; screening methods ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Although many selection indices have been used to screen rices (Oryza sativa L.) for drought resistance, there has been little comparison of the relative merits of these indices. Research was conducted to compare drought resistance as estimated from grain yields, canopy-temperature-based stress indices, visual scoring, and uprooting force for 30 rice genotypes grown in the field with a puddled Maahas clay (Typic Tropaquept) and to evaluate traits related to drought resistance from nonstressed plants grown in the field and in aeroponic culture. Water deficit was imposed in the field by withholding irrigation from 45 to 75 days after transplanting compared to a continuously flooded control. Grain yields in the stress treatment were most strongly correlated with visual assessment of drought stress symptoms according to a standard evaluation system (r = 0.66). Canopy-temperature-based indices were also significantly correlated with grain yields of the stress treatment (r from −0.55 to −0.63). No trait of aeroponically grown plants was correlated with traits of stressed plants in the field. We conclude that visual scoring of stressed plants was the best method of screening for drought resistance, but if controlled water deficit cannot be imposed, then drought resistance may be estimated by measuring both uprooting force and grain yield.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023658
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    Inheritance of resistance to bacterial blight disease of rice (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 49 (1990), S. 135-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae ; bacterial blight ; disease ; inheritance of esistance ; dominant ; recessive
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Inheritance of resistance to the Punjab isolate of Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae of bacterial blight disease of rice was studied in seven breeding lines resistant to the disease. The results revealed that resistance in breeding lines PAU 122-73-1-4-1, PAU 164-102-1-2-1-1-1, KJT 24, IR 5657-33-2-1-2 and IR 22082-41-2-2 was controlled by single dominant genes allelic to the dominant gene which confers resistance to the Punjab isolate in Patong 32. Resistance to the Punjab isolate in breeding lines IET 7172 and RP 2151-40-1 was found to be controlled by single recessive resistance genes allelic to one of the recessive resistance genes present in BJ 1. The two genes are independently inherited and are being used to develop bacterial blight resistant varieties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027263
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    Development of new cytoplasmic genetic male sterile lines through Indica × Japonica hybridization in rice (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 51 (1990), S. 127-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; cytoplasmic-genetic male sterile line ; Indica cytoplasm ; Japonica rice ; reciprocal differences in pollen sterility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary From 28 Indica-Japonica crosses, two Indica cultivars, V.20B and Sattari were identified to possess male sterile cytoplasm with fertility restoring genes. It was possible to develop a new Japonica cytoplasmic genetic male sterile line (Zhunghua-1) on Indica male sterile cytoplasm (V 20B) by repeated backcrossing the complete pollen sterile plants of V 20B x Zhunghua-1 to the recurring male parent, Zhunghua-1. The study indicated that it would be possible to develop male sterile lines rom indica-japonica crosses only when there is sufficient amount of reciprocal differences with respect to pollen sterility. Further, it was inferred that it would be easier to develop Japonica male sterile lines on Indica cytoplasm than developing Indica male sterile line with japonica cytoplasm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022443
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    Choosing rice germplasm for evaluation (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 54 (1991), S. 147-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; germplasm ; genetic resources ; conservation ; rice pests ; rice pathogens ; core collections ; search strategies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Using the evaluation database on the world collection of rice, Oryza sativa, conserved at the International Rice Research Institute, different sampling strategies for choosing germplasm were compared. Random, stratified, sequential and analysed sets of germplasm were chosen and the frequency of finding resistance to different rice pests, the brown planthopper, green leafhopper and whitebacked planthopper, and diseases, bacterial blight and blast were compared. The frequency of the geographically restricted javanica race of rice was also compared in the different germplasm sets. The results indicate that where no prior information is available to choose germplasm for evaluation, for the same sample number, germplasm representing broad genetic diversity are preferable to other sampling strategies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039601
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    Polyamines and related enzymes in rice seeds differing in germination potential (1994)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 15 (1994), S. 75-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: amine conjugates ; arginine decarboxylase ; germination ; Oryza sativa ; polyamine inhibitors ; polyamines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In ungerminated rice seeds, (Japonica rice variety, CV Tapei 309), the content of free amines (putrescine, spermidine, spermine, tyramine) was higher in seed lots having a low germination frequency compared to those with high germination potential. Conversely, amine conjugates (di-feruloylputrescine, di-feruloylspermidine, diferuloyldiaminopropane and feruloyltyramine) decreased with loss of viability. Thus, these compounds appeared to constitute biochemical markers of seed viability. In seeds with high germination potential, conjugates decreased drastically during germination, with an early and rapid increase in free amines (putrescine, spermidine, tyramine). Arginine decarboxylase (ADC) activity was highest during the germination of high germination potential seeds, its activity gradually declining with loss of viability and being closely correlated with agmatine content. The polyamine biosynthetic inhibitors (α-DL-difluoromethylarginine, DFMA, a specific and irreversible inhibitor of ADC; α-DL-difluoromethylornithine, DFMO, a specific irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC); cyclohexylammonium sulfate, CHA, inhibitor of spermidine synthase) neither depleted putrescine and spermidine levels nor inhibited germination in high germination potential seeds. In low germination potential seeds, the germination process was inhibited by DFMA or CHA. Application of agmatine resulted in a reversal of inhibition. DFMA inhibited ADC activity in both categories of seeds. In low germination potential seeds treated with CHA no ADC activity was found. These results suggest that amines are involved in the germination process of rice seeds. It appears that amine conjugates may serve as a storage form of amines which, upon enzymatic hydrolysis, could supply the cell with an additional amine reserve and influence cell division and/or cell elongation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024679
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    Polyamine metabolism during seedling development in rice (1994)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 15 (1994), S. 83-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: amine conjugates ; arginine decarboxylase ; Oryza sativa ; polyamine inhibitors ; polyamines ; seedling development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The main free amines identified during growth and development of rice seedlings were agmatine, putrescine, spermidine, diaminopropane and tyramine. Amine composition differed according to tissue and stages of development. Conjugated amines were only found in roots. We present evidence that arginine decarboxylase (ADC) regulates putrescine during the development of rice seedlings. When ADC action was blocked by DFMA (α-DL-difluoromethylarginine, a specific irreversible inhibitor of ADC), polyamine titers and seedling development were diminished; when agmatine or putrescine was added, normal polyamine titers and growth were restored. The effects of DFMA were concentration dependent. DFMO (α-DL-difluoromethylornithine, a specific irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase or ODC) promoted growth and development at concentrations below 2 mM. This effect was probably related to its unexplained, but consistently observed slight enhancement of rice ADC. When the increase in the concentration of spermidine was prevented by CHA (cyclohexylammonium sulfate), the number of roots increased and the increase in length of leaves and roots was strongly inhibited. The addition of exogenous spermidine at the time of treatment with CHA reversed the inhibition by CHA.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024680
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    Polyamines, indole-3-acetic acid and abscisic acid in rice phloem sap (1994)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 15 (1994), S. 125-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: rice ; Oryza sativa ; phloem sap ; polyamine ; abscisic acid ; auxin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Putrescine, spermidine, spermine and cadaverine have been identified and quantified in rice phloem sap and shoot extracts by HPLC. It is suggested that diamines, putrescine and cadaverine, easily migrate into the phloem, while movement of a triamine, spermidine, and a tetramine, spermine, tend to be restricted. Spermine especially seems to be the most immobile among polyamines. Thus it is indicated that movement of polyamines into phloem is decreased with increasing number of amino groups. Indole-3-acetic acid and abscisic acid in rice phloem sap were also analyzed by HPLC and it is suggested that indole-3-acetic acid is transported freely into phloem, while abscisic acid is much more actively exuded into phloem.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024101
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    Managing native and legume-fixed nitrogen in lowland rice-based cropping systems (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 141 (1992), S. 69-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biological nitrogen fixation ; denitrification ; fallow ; flooded soil ; leaching ; legume ; nitrate ; nitrogen balance ; nitrogen loss ; Oryza sativa ; rice ; weeds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Lowlands comprise 87% of the 145 M ha of world rice area. Lowland rice-based cropping systems are characterized by soil flooding during most of the rice growing season. Rainfall distribution, availability of irrigation water and prevailing temperatures determine when rice or other crops are grown. Nitrogen is the most required nutrient in lowland rice-based cropping systems. Reducing fertilizer N use in these cropping systems, while maintaining or enhancing crop output, is desirable from both environmental and economic perspectives. This may be possible by producing N on the land through legume biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), minimizing soil N losses, and by improved recycling of N through plant residues. At the end of a flooded rice crop, organic- and NH4-N dominate in the soil, with negligible amounts of NO3. Subsequent drying of the soil favors aerobic N transformations. Organic N mineralizes to NH4, which is rapidly nitrified into NO3. As a result, NO3 accumulates in soil during the aerobic phase. Recent evidence indicates that large amounts of accumulated soil NO3 may be lost from rice lowlands upon the flooding of aerobic soil for rice production. Plant uptake during the aerobic phase can conserve soil NO3 from potential loss. Legumes grown during the aerobic phase additionally capture atmospheric N through BNF. The length of the nonflooded season, water availability, soil properties, and prevailing temperatures determine when and where legumes are, or can be, grown. The amount of N derived by legumes through BNF depends on the interaction of microbial, plant, and environmental determinants. Suitable legumes for lowland rice soils are those that can deplete soil NO3 while deriving large amounts of N through BNF. Reducing soil N supply to the legume by suitable soil and crop management can increase BNF. Much of the N in legume biomass might be removed from the land in an economic crop produce. As biomass is removed, the likelihood of obtaining a positive soil N balance diminishes. Nonetheless, use of legumes rather than non-legumes is likely to contribute higher quantities of N to a subsequent rice crop. A whole-system approach to N management will be necessary to capture and effectively use soil and atmospheric sources of N in the lowland rice ecosystem.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011311
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    Total concentrations of Mn, Zn and Cu in certain forest soils in Greece (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 74 (1983), S. 137-140 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Forest soils ; Greece ; Manganese ; Total concentrations ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Total concentrations of Mn, Zn and Cu were determined in soil samples from 144 profiles located in remote forested areas throughout the mainland of Greece. Bio-accumulation of Mn and Zn in the humic horizon took place only in moderately acid soils (pH 5–6). Mean concentrations of Mn, Zn and Cu, in the mineral section of the soil profiles, were 1383, 93, and 51 ppm, respectively. Soils from hard limestone and basic and ultrabasic igneous rock contain these three minor elements at significantly higher concentrations compared to soils from the rest of the soil parent materials. In most of the soil profiles concentration of Cu increased, and of Mn decreased, with soil depth. Concentrations of Mn, Zn and Cu in the underlaying “rocks” were within the range of their average concentrations found in the mineral soil, except for hard limestone where much lower concentrations of these elements have been found. The latter supports the theory that the parent material of soils associated with limestones might not be a solution product of the limestone rock.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02178750
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    Effects of deep placement and surface application of urea on the yield of wetland rice in pot trials (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 29-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Deep placement ; Oryza sativa ; Rice ; Surface application ; Urea ; Yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of deep placement and surface application of urea fertilizer on the yield of rice grown in pots of alluvial clay soil covered with 5 cm water was studied under controlled conditions. Application of two levels of urea supergranules and prills (2 g and 4 g urea/0.1 m2) on the surface of submerged soil increased the vegetative growth and enhanced the grain yield as much as 85%. However, no difference in yield was found between urea prills applied in three split doses and one application of urea supergranules. Deep placement of two levels of urea supergranules in the soil at four different depths (2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 15.0 cm) resulted in the highest yields. The fertilizer was most efficient when the highest concentration was placed in the soil at a depth of 5.0 cm. This application method increased the grain yield by 20% as compared with the soil surface application.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02203399
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    Influence of soil waterlogging on subsequent plant growth and trace metal content (1982)
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    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 423-427 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cobalt ; Copper ; Iron ; Manganese ; Plant uptake ; Trace metals ; Waterlogging ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The uptake of trace metals by two plant species (French bean and maize) has been measured on two soils subjected to various waterlogging regimes. Uptake of both manganese and iron was increased due to soil waterlogging, although reoxidation of the soil affected iron more than manganese. Zinc and copper uptake was influenced by a species factor; French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) showed preferential uptake of zinc, whereas maize (Zea mays) took up copper preferentially. Uptake of cobalt by both species was increased due to waterlogging, following the pattern of manganese. The abilities of these species to take up trace metals from soil followed the pattern predicted by selective extraction of soil for manganese, iron and cobalt, but not for zinc and copper.
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    Release of Fe, Mn and P in a calcareous vertisol and yield of upland rice as influenced by presowing soil water treatments (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 68 (1982), S. 11-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Iron ; Manganese ; Oryza sativa ; Phosphate ; Rice ; Vertisol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A field experiment was conducted on a calcareous vertisol at Mahatma Phule Agricultural University, Rahuri to study the release of Fe, Mn and P in soil and yield of two rice cultivars due to different soil water treatments for 15 days prior to sowing. Soil saturation (daily two irrigations) for 15 days prior to sowing increased the supply of Fe, Mn and P in soil at sowing as a result of reduction in pH and Eh. Dry matter yield at different growth stages as well as grain yields of Karjat 184 (dwarf) and Tuljapur 1 (tall) also increased due to presowing soil saturation treatment. Tuljapur 1 yielded more than Karjat 184 when grown under upland conditions. Laboratory incubation studies showed reduction in soil pH (from 8.6 to 7.5) and Eh (from +501 to +362 mv) at the end of 15 days under soil submergence treatment. Availability of Fe, Mn and P was also found to be increased.
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    Transformation of iron and manganese in rice soils under different moisture regimes and organic matter applications (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 45-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Iron ; Manganese ; Moisture ; Organic matter ; Rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Transformation of iron and manganese under three different moisture regimes,viz continuous waterlogged (W1), continuous saturated (W2) and alternate waterlogged and saturated (W3) and three levels of organic matterviz 0, 0.5 and 1.0% in all possible combinations was studied in four soils. The results showed that under waterlogged moisture regime there was a sharp increase in the content of water soluble plus exchangeable manganese accompanied by significant decrease in the content of reducible manganese in all the soils excepting the acidic soil which was very poor in active manganese content. The increase in respect of iron in similar form was, however, very small. The increase in the content of water soluble plus exchangeable manganese as well as iron under the continuous saturated and alternate waterlogged and saturated moisture regimes was always much lower as compared to that under the continuous waterlogged condition. Application of organic matter brought about an increase in the content of water soluble plus exchangeable manganese in all the soils excepting the lateritic one irrespective of moisture regimes but did not cause any change in the content of iron and manganese in insoluble complex. The content of water soluble plus exchangeable iron and of insoluble ferrous iron although recorded some increase due to organic matter application, the increase was not so marked in any of the soils.
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    Changes in DTPA-iron and management of iron chlorosis in rice nurseries (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 123-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: DTPA-iron ; Green manure ; Iron chlorosis ; Oryza sativa ; Rice nursery ; Sesbania cannabina ; Upland rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary On a Typic Ustochrept soil incorporation of 10 tons/ha of a green manure plus submergence for 10 days followed by raising upland nursery checked iron chlorosis. In contrast, presubmergence with and without FYM and iron sulfate or pyrite were a failure. Nor weekly sprays with 3.0% iron sulfate were found very effective. The success of green manure plus submergence was associated with the mobilization of soil iron as a result of intense reduction and its subsequent retention in available form at a sufficient high level during the growth of upland nursery.
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    Manganese and iron interactions on their uptake and distribution in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 70 (1983), S. 317-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Glycine max (L.) Merr. ; Iron ; Manganese ; Soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The uptake and distribution of iron and manganese were studied in a manganese-sensitive soybean cultivar (‘Bragg’) grown over a range of supply levels of these nutrients in solution culture. At high (90 and 275 μM) manganese levels, increasing the iron concentration in solution from 2 to 100 μM partially overcame the effects of manganese toxicity. Interactions between manganese and iron occurred for dry matter yields, rate of Mn absorption by the roots, and the proportions of manganese and iron transported to the tops. No interaction was observed for the rate of root absorption of iron. The percentage distribution of manganese in the plant top increased with increasing iron, despite a reduced rate of Mn uptake. On the other hand, iron uptake was independent of solution Mn concentration and increased with increasing solution Fe. Also more iron was retained in the roots at high Mn and/or Fe levels in solution. Concentrations of manganese and iron in roots, stems and individual leaves were affected independently by the manganese and iron supplyi.e. without any interaction occurring between the two elements. In general, the concentration in a plant part was related directly to the solution concentration. Symptoms resembling iron deficiency correlated poorly with leaf Fe concentrations whereas high levels of manganese were found in leaves displaying Mn toxicity symptoms.
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    The acquisition of phosphorus byLupinus albus L. (1983)
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    Plant and soil 70 (1983), S. 391-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Intercropping Lupins ; Lupinus albus ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Significant interactions between wheat and lupins occur below ground and wheat intercropped with lupins has access to a larger pool of available P, Mn and N than has wheat grown in monoculture. This suggests that the wheat is able to take up nutrients produced or made available by lupins grown in association with it.
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    Relationship between P and Mn in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 85-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Chickpea ; Manganese ; Phosphorus ; Yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Phosphorus and Mn relationship was studied in chickpea at two stages of growth in pot culture using 0, 7.5, 15 and 30 ppm P and 0, 5, 10 and 15 ppm Mn. The dry matter yield increased with P at both stages of growth. Manganese improved the yield only in the first stage. Initial levels of Mn enhanced while higher levels had a depressing effect on tissue P. Addition of 7.5 ppm P enhanced Mn concentration at first stage and at higher levels a marked reduction in Mn content was observed at both the stages.
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    Factors responsible for genotypic manganese tolerance in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 213-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cowpea ; Genotypical differences ; Manganese ; Manganese tolerance ; Manganese toxicity ; Vigna unguiculata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In experiments with 29 cowpea genotypes considerable variation in Mn tolerance could be found. Ranking according to Mn tolerance was almost the same in sand and water culture. Mn tolerance is not related to greater vigour or exclusion of Mn from uptake and translocation, but depends mainly on the internal tolerance to excess Mn especially in the leaf tissue. Growth depression by Mn excess is characterized by local accumulatiòn of Mn, deposition of Mn oxides, and typical macro-symptoms on the older leaves (brown spots→clorosis→shedding of the leaves). Autoradiographic studies with54Mn and extraction of the leaves with methanol and H2O indicate a causal relationship between Mn tolerance and the more homogenous distribution of Mn in the tissue. In tolerant genotypes local accumulation and deposition of Mn is inhibited or retarded. Mn applied to the petioles of fully expanded leaves induces the same toxicity symptoms on the leaf blades as Mn absorbed by the roots. There is a good agreement between the rankings of the different genotypes for Mn tolerance according to the depression of shoot dry matter production by Mn excess in long term pot experiments and the appearance of toxicity symptoms after application of Mn to the petioles. The regulation of Mn tolerance at the leaf tissue level allows a quick and non-destructive screening of large numbers of genotypes for Mn tolerance.
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    Varietal differences in physiological and biochemical responses to changes in the ionic environment (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 245-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Armeria ecotypes ; Armeria maritima ; Maize ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Mannose ; Phosphate ; Sodium ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Experimental assessment of differences between cultivars of crop species or ecotypes of wild species from different localities in their capacities for ion absorption and transport is made difficult by the problem of obtaining seed material of comparable ionic content. When young seedlings are used this problem is particularly acute if the seeds of the different cultivars have not been raised under identical soil conditions. Propagation of material from ecotypes under controlled conditions is one approach to the solution of this problem. Six maize cultivars have been selected for similarity of phosphate content and the capacity for phosphate absorption from 5 μM KH2PO4 has been shown to vary by threefold whereas the proportion of the accumulated phosphate that reaches the shoot differs by much less. This level of phosphate supply approached that likely to induce deficiency and when the concentration is reduced to 1 μM differences in transport capacity of up to fourfold were observed when the rate of arrival at the tip of the first leaf was continuously monitored. The rapidity with which the transport is shut off by adding 1 mM D(+) mannose to the root environment also varies significantly indicating that sizeable differences in either the accumulation of mannose or the activity of phosphomannoisomerase exist in these cultivars. Ecotypes ofArmeria maritima collected from three sites, inland serpentine, inland mine dumps and coastal salt marsh were maintained as stock plants on the same peat mixture. Samples taken from these stocks were raised on a standard culture solution to provide genetically different material grown under constant conditions. The capacities for ion uptake were shown to differ very considerably and these differences were accentuated when the plants were grown in a range of concentrations of MgSO4, NaCl and MnSO4. The absorption of phosphate and its incorporation into nucleic acids were increased temporarily in the presence of 50 mM MgSO4 but the pattern of these changes was different in the three ecotypes. The absorption of Na, Cl, and Rb was measured after treatment with a range of concentrations of NaCl and the effect of treatment with MnSO4 on subsequent absorption of Mn and SO4 was also measured. The coastal plants were significantly more efficient in their absorption of these ions when treated at the lower levels of NaCl (0.5 and 10.0 mM). The short term absorption rates were not reflected in the overall accumulation of sodium over periods of 10 weeks and the coastal plants appeared to reduce the root content of sodium by transfer to the shoot and by increased active pumping to the exterior.
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    Effect of soil salinity on the electro-chemical and chemical kinetics of some plant nutrients in submerged soils (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 75 (1983), S. 455-472 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonification ; Eh ; Flooded soils ; Iron ; Manganese ; Nitrate reduction ; Phosphorus ; pH ; Salinity and extractable cations ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The electro-chemical and chemical kinetics of six California rice soils were significantly influenced by the presence of salts up to an EC of 9 mmhos/cm in saturation extract (ECe). Subsamples of each soil salinity treatment were incubated for periods up to 10 weeks after flooding. Most of the changes in Eh and pH values took place in the first 3–4 weeks after submergence. Salinity decreased pH values, but slightly increased the redox-potential. Both ammonification and nitrate reduction were significantly decreased, by increasing soil salinity. Salinity up to 9 mmhos/cm did not affect levels of Bray and Kurtz extractable P, but increased the water extractable Ca, Mg, K and Mn. In DTPA extract, salinity in incubated soils had no effect on Zn in 4 soils, but it decreased Fe in acid and neutral soils. Possible explanations for the electro-chemical and chemical kinetic changes due to flooding and salinity are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02369980
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    Relationships of bio-climatic zones and lithology with various characteristics of forest soils in Greece (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 101-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Base saturation ; Bio-climatic zones ; Calcium ; Clay accumulation ; Copper ; C:N ratio ; EDTA ; Forest soils ; Greece ; Iron ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Phosphate ; Potassium ; Soil classification ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soils derived from a number of different parent materials (lithologies) and developed along a climatic gradient, manifested by the altitudinal succession of natural vegetation zones (Mediterranean, sub-Mediterranean, Mountainous and Pseudoalpine), were sampled throughout mainland Greece. In soils derived from siliceous parent materials low in clay, acidity increase and percent base saturation decreases from the Mediterranean to the Pseudoalpine vegetation zones. Clay illuviation is found mainly in soils developed in the Mediterranean and the sub-Mediterranean zones. No such changes are apparent in clayey soils rich in bases. Organic matter content of the mineral portion of the soil profile increases by a factor of 2 with a decrease in mean annual air temperature of about 10°C. The pattern of change in clay and soil organic matter content with climate is in relatively good agreement with soil development trends in the area, when soil profiles are named according to the FAO-Unesco soil map of the world. Concentrations of Ca and Mg decrease and those of total N, total and extractable P, K, Fe, Mn and Zn increase from the Mediterranean to the Mountainous zone. Within the same zone, however, concentrations of N, Ca, K, Fe, Mn and Zn decrease, but those of Mg, total and extractable P increase with soil depth. The concentrations of most macro- and micronutrients in the humic horizon are several times higher than those in the mineral portion of the soil profile due to biological enrichment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182148
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    Some effects of nickel toxicity on rye grass (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 55 (1980), S. 139-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Iron ; Manganese ; Nickel toxicity ; Rye grass ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Rye grass (Lolium perenne, cv.S-23) was grown for 4 weeks in a non-calcareous Seaton loam soil with varying amounts of Ni as NiSO4. The purpose of this investigation was to study the Ni toxicity and the relationship of Ni with other essential elements. Nickel depressed shoot yield at all levels except at the lowest levelviz 30 μg Ni/g soil. Nickel concentration of 50 μg/g in shoots did not reduce the dry matter production in rye grass although slight chlorosis did appear at this level. The Ni and Fe concentration of the shoots increased and that of Mn and Zn decreased with increasing rates of Ni application. Uptake of Mn and Zn decreased at all level of Ni. But Fe uptake showed a slight increase at the first two levels and a profound depression at the subsequent levels. The pattern of Ni uptake is different, being highest at the middle level and decreasing on both sides which showed that the increase of Ni concentration of shoots is not proportional to the reduction in the yield. The Ni−Fe ratio rather than Ni and Fe concentration in plants has shown better relationship with the toxic effects of Ni. The implications of Ni phytotoxicity are discussed with particular reference to serpentine soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02149717
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    Cation exchange capacity of plant roots in relation to nutrients uptake by shoot and grain as influenced by age (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 55 (1980), S. 215-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: CEC ; Iron ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Organic matter ; Paddy ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four varieties of each paddy and wheat crops were grown in pots to see their cation exchange capacities of roots and their relationships with the uptake of nutrients by shoot and grain at different physiological growth stages. The results are summarised, as follows: (i) The cation exchange capacity of roots was maximum at tillering stage which continued to decrease with an increase in the age of plants. At early stages of plant growth, significant differences in the root CEC of different varieties of paddy and wheat were recorded but the differences became almost narrow in later stages of plant life and ultimately the CEC of roots became almost similar, in all the varieties as the crops reached to maturity. Higher root CEC of paddy varieties were observed than wheat varieties throughout their physiological growth. (ii) Uptake of phosphorus, potassium, iron and manganese by shoot and grain was found significantly and positively correlated with the CEC of roots in most of the varieties of both, paddy and wheat crops throughout their plant life.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181801
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    Absorption of gamma-emitting fission products and activation products by rice under flooded and unflooded conditions from two tropical soils (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 55 (1980), S. 189-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Activation products ; Antimony ; Black soils ; Cerium ; Cesium ; Cobalt ; Concentration ratio ; Fission products ; Flooding ; Iron ; Laterites ; Manganese ; Rice ; Ruthenium ; Uptake ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The absorption of gamma-emitting fission products106Ru,125Sb,137Cs and144Ce and activation products59Fe,58Co.54Mn and65Zn by rice plants grown on two contrasting tropical soils, namely, a blak soil (pellustert) and a laterite (oxisol), and the effects of flooding were studied under controlled conditions. Results indicated greater uptake of106Ru and125Sb from the black soil than from the laterite. In contrast, the uptake of144Ce and137Cs was greater in the laterite than in the black soil. Flooding treatment enhanced the uptake of all these fission products by rice plants in the laterite soil whereas this effect was observed only for125Sb and137Cs in the black soil. The plant uptake of activation products from the two soil types showed maximum accumulation of65Zn followed by54Mn,59Fe and58Co in both soil types. Besides, uptake of these nuclides was greater from the laterite soil than from the black soil. Flooding treatment for rice while showing a reduction of59Fe uptake, showed an increase in plant uptake of58Co,54Mn and65Zn in both soil types.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181798
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    pH optima for crop growth (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 54 (1980), S. 339-357 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; Cassava ; Chemical composition ; Control of solution pH ; Copper ; Flowing solution culture ; French bean ; Ginger ; Hydrogen ion injury ; Magnesium ; Maize ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Optimum pH range ; pH ; Plant growth ; Root weight ratio ; Tomato ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ginger, cassava, maize, wheat, french bean and tomato were grown for periods up to six weeks in continuously flowing nutrient solutions at seven constant pH values ranging from 3.3 to 8.5. All species achieved maximum or near-maximum growth in the pH range 5.5 to 6.5. However, there were substantial differences in the ability of species to grow outside this range. Ginger and cassava were the most tolerant species to low solution pH, while ginger and tomato were the only species to show no yield depression at the highest solution pH. Roots of all species at pH 3.3 and some species at pH 4.0 exhibited symptoms of hydrogen ion injury. In addition, the concentrations of magnesium in the tops of all six species, of nitrogen in the tops of tomato and cassava, and of manganese in the tops of maize at these pH values were inadequate for optimal growth. Growth depression at high solution pH was associated with iron deficiency in maize and wheat and with nitrogen and/or copper deficiency in cassava. The relevance of the present results to crop growth under field conditions is discussed. The complex interplay of plant and soil characteristics militates against precise definition of an optimum pH range for the growth of a particular crop unless the soil is also specified.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181830
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    Manganous oxide as a seed-pellet additive for controlling manganese deficiency in sugar-beet seedlings (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 54 (1980), S. 451-459 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Manganese ; Mineral and organic soils ; Seed-pelleting ; Sugar beet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Experiments in the laboratory, glasshouse and field during 1975–78 tested manganous oxide as a seed-pellet additive for controlling deficiency in sugar-beet seedlings. There was no experimental evidence that manganous oxide in the seed pellet was ever harmful to seedling establishment. On the contrary, germination tests in the laboratory and experiments in the glasshouse indicated that, in certain conditions, manganous oxide may improve plant establishment even when plants are not likely to be deficient, probably by accelerating germination of seed and emergence of seedlings. In field experiments where sugar beet were severely deficient, the plants were heavier and contained more manganese on plots sown with seed pelleted with material containing 50% manganous oxide than on plots sown with ordinary pelleted seed. Applying a foliar spray of manganese sulphate during the third week of June in addition to pelleting the seed with material containing manganous oxide gave bigger yields than either the seed-pellet treatment or foliar spraying alone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181837
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    Influence of sulphur on the yield and concentration of copper, manganese, iron and molybdenum in berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) grown on two different soils (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 56 (1980), S. 229-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Berseem yield ; Copper ; Iron ; Manganese ; Molybdenum ; Concentrations ; Sulphur effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A screen-house experiment with 0, 25, 50 and 75 ppm S was conducted to study the effect of S on the yield and, Mn, Cu, Fe and Mo concentrations of berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) at three stages of growth in a normal and reclaimed soil. Higher levels of S decreased the yield in both the soils. Yield in normal soil was much higher than in reclaimed soil. Application of S increased Cu, Mn, and Fe concentrations in all cuts in both soils. Molybdenum concentration was lowered following S application in both the soils in all the cuts. Molybdenum content increased with the stage of plant growth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205851
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    Effects of acid irrigation and liming on two clones of Norway spruce (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 57 (1980), S. 305-321 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aluminium ; Acid precipitation ; Calcium ; Calcium carbonate ; Clone ; Iron ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Picea abies ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Sulphate ; Sulphur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of acid irrigation on the growth of rooted cuttings ofPicea abies (L.) Karst, was investigated in a pot experiment lasting 3 years. It involved two clones of Norway spruce, H 253 Bogstad I and H 254 Bogstad II. Irrigation water of pH 5.4, 4.0, 3.0 and 2.5 was used. Liming was included in the experiment. After the experimental period, the plants of all treatments were growing reasonably well. However, those plants irrigated at pH 2.5 were slightly discoloured. The plant mortality was only 3% throughout the experiment, and was not connected to acid irrigation. The limiting growth factor was N. All other nutrient elements measured in the plants were close to optimal concentration. Plants irrigated at pH 2.5, and to some extent at pH 3, contained excessively high concentrations of Al, t-S and SO4. The total amount of Ca, Fe and Mn taken up by the plants decreased with increasing soil acidity. The increased growth of clone H 254 relative to H 253, produces a corresponding impression on soil characteristics. Soil acidity is governed by acid irrigation and CaCO3 application, but the clonal effects are also of importance. Norway spruce appears to be tolerant to Al concentrations as high as 50 mmol/kg in the needles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02211689
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    Influence of waterlogging and lime or organic matter additions on the distribution of trace metals in an acid soil (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 59 (1981), S. 317-326 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acid soil ; Complexed metals ; Iron ; Iron oxides ; Lime ; Manganese ; Manganese oxides ; Organic matter ; Redistribution ; Trace metals ; Waterlogging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A study has been made of the influence of waterlogging on the distribution of trace metals between the various reservoirs in which they are held in a soil. Selective extractants have been used to remove metals held in 4 ways: soil solution and exchangeable; specifically adsorbed by inorganic sites; adsorbed or chelated by organic sites; adsorbed onto oxide surfaces. Waterlogging over a period of 16 weeks resulted in the release of both manganese and iron from the organic — and oxide — bound reservoirs to the soluble, exchangeable and inorganic reservoirs. Addition of both 1% dried grass (as an actively decomposing organic material) and 1% CaCO3 to the soil resulted in an acceleration of the metal redistribution. For manganese, selective extraction methods accounted for the distribution of all the metal in the reservoirs studied. In the case of iron however, there appeared to be some release from a reservoir not being extracted.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184203
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    Effect of P and Mn on growth response and uptake of Fe, Mn and P by sorghum (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 62 (1981), S. 15-22 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Growth ; Interactions ; Iron ; Manganese ; Phosphorus ; Sorghum ; Uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of P and Mn on growth response and uptake of Fe, Mn and P by grain sorghum were investigated using nutrient culture. High P and Mn concentrations in solution (greater than 40 and 1 mg/l for P and Mn, respectively) markedly reduced plant height and shoot and root dry weight of 4-week-old sorghum plants. High Mn concentrations in solution increased the concentrations of Mn and P in shoot tissue and uptake of Mn, but depressed the uptake of P. High levels of P enhanced Mn uptake by sorghum and accentuated Mn toxicity at low Mn levels. The tissue Fe and total uptake of Fe were both reduced markedly by the high levels of P and Mn concentrations in solution. The increases of P, Mn and Fe concentrations in root tissue with a concomitant decrease of Fe in shoots suggested that the translocation of Fe from roots to shoots was hindered under high P and Mn conditions. Since coating occurred on root surfaces and intensified with increasing Mn concentrations in the substrate, part of the reduction of Fe in shoots could be attributed to the formation of high valent manganese oxides on the root surfaces which may retain Fe and reduce its absorption by sorghum.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205021
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    Transformations in plant-available forms of iron and manganese as influenced by manuring and cropping under irrigation (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 62 (1981), S. 323-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cropping with irrigation ; Iron ; Manganese ; Manure ; Transformations of Fe and Mn
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Vertisols from field plots fertilized continuously with P, K, FYM alone and in combination at the rate of 60 kg P2O5, 30 kg K2O and 1.5 ton FYM per ha were tested for different forms of Fe and Mn as a consequence of continuous cropping with sorghum and wheat. The transformations that occurred in different forms of plant-available iron were greater than those of Mn. Exchangeable and easily reducible Fe contents were markedly influenced by treatments. In manganese, transformations of easily reducible to exchangeable forms were conspicuous.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374098
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    Boron, copper, iron, manganese and zinc contents in leaves of flowering sunflower plants (Helianthus annuus, L.), grown with different boron supplies (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 62 (1981), S. 461-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Boron ; Copper ; Iron ; Manganese ; Zinc ; Microelements ; Sunflower
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Boron, copper, iron, manganese and zinc concentrations were measured in sunflower leaves from plants grown hydroponically in a closed continuous flow system and with boron concentrations ranging from deficient to toxic. Leaves were analyzed at the stage of flower development. There was a highly significant inverse correlation between B concentration in solution and Mn concentration in leaves. Cu, Fe and Zn concentrations in the leaves were not changed by the different B levels, although the B concentration in leaves increased with an increasing concentration in solution, showing a close correlation each other.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374142
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    Changes in the status of micronutrients in soil with long term applications of chemical fertilizers, lime and manure (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 64 (1982), S. 437-441 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Fertilizers ; Intensive cropping ; Iron ; Lime ; Manure ; Manganese ; Micronutrient ; Weedicide ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An assessment of the status of available micronutrients has been made in a long term field experiment on a fixed rotation of soybean-potato-wheat at the Ranchi Agricultural College, Kanke on acid soil. Results of eight years fertilizer applications with lime has resulted in reduction of available micronutrients whereas the FYM application with balanced dose of chemical fertilizers increased the available micronutrients of soil. The maximum loss of 1.0 Zn and 13.2 Fe kg/ha respectively were from the lime treated plots with balanced dose of fertilizers and the highest gain of 0.26 Zn, 1.08 Cu, 13.2 Fe and 54.0 Mn kg/ha respectively were recorded from the FYM treated plots with balanced dose of chemical fertilizers. Organic carbon was significantly positive correlated with av. Zn & Mn, whereas av. Mn significantly negative correlated with pH. Other relationship were found to be non significant.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372526
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    Pollution of soil and vegetation in the Thriasian Plain, Greece (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 271-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aleppo pine ; Cadmium ; Chromium ; Greece ; Heavy metals ; Lead ; Manganese ; Nickel ; Pinus halepensis ; Pollution ; Soil ; Sulfate ; Thriasian plain ; Vegetation ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The Thriasian Plain near Athens in Greece is a site of concentrated industrial development. Total concentrations of Pb, Cd and extractable SO4 2− in surface soil samples collected from this area, were found to be, respectively, 2–7, 6–34 and 2–20 times higher than those in similar soil samples from parts of the country remote from industrial activity. Total concentrations of Pb, Cd, Zn, Cr and S in samples of olive leaves from the same area were found to be, respectively, 4–40, 3–10, 3–9, 2–6 and 17–21 times higher than those found in samples of olive leaves from rural sites. Leaves of cabbages growing in the area contained between 0.82 and 40 μg/g (wet weight) of Pb. Addition of Cd, Ni and Cu to a calcareous potted soil at concentrations of 100, 200 and 200 ppm increased the concentrations of the metals in the needles of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) seedlings to 4.5, 3.5 and 10 ppm, respectively, after 7 months growth in the nursey.
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    Effect of rhizosphere pH on the availability and uptake of Fe, Mn and Zn (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 361-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: French beans ; Iron ; Manganese ; Micronutrients ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; pH Rhizosphere ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In pot experiments the relationships between rhizosphere pH, the extractable levels of Fe, Mn and Zn in the soil and their uptake into the roots and shoots of dwarf French beans have been studied. Variations in rhizosphere pH were induced by applying three different sources of nitrogencholine phosphate, ammonium phosphate and calcium nitrate-to an initially homogenised soil (preadjusted to either pH 7 or 8). The rhizosphere pH was found to be significantly lower following the application of either ammonium or choline phosphates and to be increased by calcium nitrate treatment. The Fe and Zn contents of both shoot and root were inversely proportional to rhizosphere pH. The Mn contents also increased with decreasing pH but a sharp increase was apparent below pH 5.5. The shoot Fe, Zn and Mn content were significantly correlated with the extractable levels determined in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil.
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    The acquisition of phosphorus byLupinus albus L. (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 68 (1982), S. 33-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Iron ; Lupins ; Lupinus albus L. ; Manganese ; Phosphorus ; Proteoid roots ; Soil/root interface
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The development of proteoid roots byLupinus albus was studied under glasshouse conditions in acid-washed sand with varying iron and phosphorus supply and in three contrasting soils (acid, neutral and alkaline) at a range of phosphorud levels. Aqueous extracts of soil from around the roots were compared with regard to their pH and their reducing and chelating activity. In both experiments, proteoid formation was predominantly affected by the phosphorus status of the plant. Manganese uptake in the second experiment was related to proteoid root development and decreased as phosphorus supply increased. The ability ofL. albus to utilise soil and added phosphorus decreased as pH of the soil increased.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374725
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    Interaction of phosphorus and molybdenum in relation to uptake and utilization of molybdenum, phosphorus, zinc, copper and manganese by rice (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 68 (1982), S. 261-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Manganese ; Molybdenum ; Phosphorus ; Rice Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of phosphorus and molybdenum alone and combined, on the uptake and utilization of Mo, Mn, Zn, Cu and P by rice (Var. IR-579) was studied in the greenhouse at varying levels of Mo (0, 2.5 and 5.0 ppm) and (0,100 and 200 ppm). Application of P increased the dry matter yield of shoot and root. Combined application of P and Mo increased the dry matter yield of shoot. Application of Mo increased the concentration of Mo and P in shoot. Applied P caused an increase in the concentration of Mo, Zn and P in shoot. Combined application of P and Mo resulted in an increase in concentration and uptake of Mo in shoot.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373712
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    The kinetics of ammonium and nitrate uptake by young rice plants (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 225-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium ; Nitrate ; Nutrient interactions ; Oryza sativa ; Rice ; Solution culture ; Uptake kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An important process which affects the fate of fertilizer nitrogen (N) applied to a rice crop is crop N uptake. This uptake rate is controlled by many factors including the N-ion species and its concentration. In this study the relation between N concentration at the root surface and N uptake was characterized using Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The equation considers two parameters, Vmax and Km, which are measures of the maximum rate of uptake and the affinity of the uptake sites for the nutrient, respectively. Uptake rates of intact rice plants growing in a continuously flowing nutrient solution system were fitted to the Michaelis-Menten model using a weighted regression analysis. For NH4−N the Km values for 4- and 9-week-old rice plants indicated a high affinity for the ammonium ions relative to concentrations reported for rice soils after fertilization. The Vmax values expressed on a unit-root-mass basis decreased with plant age, indicating a reduction in the average density of uptake sites on the root surface. The kinetics of NO3−N uptake was similar to that of NH4−N when NO3−N was the only N source. However, if NH4−N and NO3−N were present simultaneously in the solution the Vmax for the uptake of NO3−N was severely reduced, while the Km was affected very little. This inhibition appears to be noncompetitive. Fertilization of young rice plants leading to concentration of N at the root surface above approximately 900 μM will not increase crop uptake and may contribute to inefficient N recovery by the crop. The existence of NH4−N and NO3−N simultaneously at the root surface may also lead to inefficient N recovery because of reduced uptake of NO3−N.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374517
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    Nutrient inflows into apple roots (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 71 (1983), S. 371-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Apple ; Calcium ; Copper ; Iron ; Irradiance ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Nutrient uptake rate ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Scion effects ; Season ; Source of nitrogen ; Temperature ; Tissue nutrient level ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The rates of uptake of nutrients from solution by apple roots were measured (a) in a root laboratory, using intact roots of mature trees growing under field conditions and (b) in controlled environment using young trees. Maximum nitrate inflows into Discovery/M.9 roots under field conditions were only slightly lower than those into roots of the same genotype in controlled environment, but up to 80 times lower than those into roots of Worcester Pearmain seedlings. At any given external P concentration, P inflows into roots of field-grown trees were about 2.5-times lower than those into the roots of young trees in controlled environment. Nitrate inflows were constant above a solution concentration of 20 mmol m−3 in both field-grown and small trees. In both cases, phosphate inflows increased linearly with solution concentration up to 10 mmol m−3. Among the various plant and environmental factors influencing nutrient uptake characteristics of apple roots were: the scion genotype, tissue nutrient levels, root origin, the form in which N is supplied, level of irradiance of the shoot, root temperature and the season of the year. The effects of these factors are illustrated with examples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182678
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    Evaluation of a simple technique for characterizing rice root systems in relation to drought resistance (1981)
    Springer
    Euphytica 30 (1981), S. 283-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; root pulling force ; drought resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Drought is a constraint to rice yields in much of Asia's rainfed rice crop. Although genotypic variation for root system characteristics is well documented in this semiaquatic species, little improvement of rice for drought resistance has been attempted. No simple method to evaluate root systems exists. In this paper we report the development and testing of a simple device to measure the pulling force required to uproot rice seedlings. The force required to pull rice seedlings from the paddy soil was correlated with root weight, root branching and thick root number. The capability to separate rice cultivars by this technique and relationship of the root pulling force to other drought screening methods are illustrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033989
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    Inheritance of salt tolerance in rice (1981)
    Springer
    Euphytica 30 (1981), S. 291-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; salt-tolerance ; genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The genetic behavior of salt tolerance was studied in artificially salinized conditions at the International Rice Research Institute. Divergent selection, carried out at a salinity level where the ECe was 15.2 mmhos/cm at 25 C in F3 lines from two crosses confirmed the effects of salt tolerance on F4 progeny with realized heritability values of 0.39 and 0.62, respectively. In a cross between two tolerant cultivars there was clear over-dominance for tolerance, despite the high environmental fluctuation which resulted in a low genetic response as indicated by a low but significant repeatability of 0.20–0.25, and many progeny lines more tolerant than the parents were recovered. The superior tolerance of these progenies compared to the parents was confirmed subsequently at 3 different salt levels. In the same experiment a cross between tolerant and susceptible cultivars produced some progeny of comparable tolerance with tolerant sources. In a 6×6 diallel cross experiment with two tolerant, moderate, and susceptible varieties each, both general and specific combining ability were significant. The findings indicate the possibility of breeding rices more tolerant than existing tolerant cultivars through cumulative crosses of tolerant cultivars. Further improvement can be attained by crossing highly tolerant lines with donors of good agronomic traits and pest and disease resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033990
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    Screening rice genotypes for tolerance to alkalinity and zinc deficiency (1981)
    Springer
    Euphytica 30 (1981), S. 253-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; adverse soils ; mineral deficiency ; salinity ; alkalinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A preliminary investigation on the inheritance of tolerance to Zn deficiency and the inter-relationship of tolerances to Zn deficiency and alkalinity was made. Three generations of 2 crosses involving parents tolerant (IR20 and IR30) and sensitive (E425) to Zn stress were screened in IRRI concrete beds. One hundred genotypes (varieties and breeding lines) were screened for injury from alkalimity and Zn deficiency. The results of this experiment and earlier mass screening experiments were subjected to association analyses. The results in general indicated that tolerance to different mineral stresses behave nearly independently. The frequency distribution of ratings for 3 generations indicated that the trait tolerance to Zn deficiency is under polygenic control showing continuous variation and transgression in F2. Tolerance seems to be dominant. The heritability varied between crosses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033985
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    The transfer of a gene for glutinous endosperm to Oryza glaberrima Steud. From a japonica variety of O. sativa L. (1981)
    Springer
    Euphytica 30 (1981), S. 867-873 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza glaberrima ; African rice ; Oryza sativa ; common rice ; non-glutinous character ; glutinous character ; gene symbol ; cytoplasm substitution line ; fertility-restoring gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In common rice, Oryza sativa L. (n=12), the gene Am for ‘non-glutinous’ is dominant over the gene am for ‘glutinous’. In African rice, O. glaberrima Steud. (n=12), no spontaneous glutinous strain has been found, but recently a glutinous strain of glaberrima was induced by EMS-treatment. The interspecific cytoplasm substitution line with sativa cytoplasm and glaberrima nucleus is male sterile. It has been confirmed that the complete restoration of pollen fertility in this male sterile line is attributed to a single dominant nuclear gene Rf j.Trial to transfer gene am from sativa to glaberrima was commenced with backcrosses of the F1 hybrid (glutinous sativa cv. Iwai-mochi ♀ × glaberrima ♂) to glaberrima type plants of the substitution line homozygous for Rf j,using the latter as the pollen parent. At the B1 step, highly fertile glaberrima type Am/am plants were obtained. Thereafter plants of this type were backcrossed to normal glaberrima as the recurrent pollen parent to complete the nuclear substitution. It was confirmed that the EMS-induced glutinous character of glaberrima was a monogenic recessive and that the same gene controls the expression of glutinous character in the different rice species, sativa and glaberrima.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00038817
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    Anther and pollen grain culture of rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1981)
    Springer
    Euphytica 30 (1981), S. 541-546 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; anther culture ; isolated pollen grain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Factors favouring callus proliferation and subsequent regeneration of plants from pollen grains of rice anthers (Oryza sativa L., cvx. Bahia, Girona, Balilla × Sollana and Sequial) were determined. Cultivar differences in response were found, such as a high rate of haploid plant regeneration. In addition, isolated pollen grain culture was used to induce tissue proliferation outside the anther walls. The frequency of callus formation from isolated pollen grains was very low. It was necessary to preculture the anthers before pollen grain separation, in order to accomplish a successful development later. Root differentiation was observed in some of the obtained callus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00038780
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    Feasibility of selection for traits associated with cold tolerance in rice under rapid generation advance method (1982)
    Springer
    Euphytica 31 (1982), S. 25-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; cold tolerance ; rapid generation advance ; selection for growth ; tolerance and plant height
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Variability of the hybrid population can be preserved through generations during the process of rapid generation advance (RGA). Effective selection can be done in an early generation for those traits having high heritability value like growth duration and plant height. But selection is not advantageous for traits having low heritability. Thus, selection for panicle exsertion, cold tolerance at seedling stage and panicle length would not be wise during the early generations. However, in the low temperature areas growth duration and plant height are two important factors which determine varietal suitability. As selection of these two characters are possible through RGA, it should be a standard parctice during RGA to eliminate the plants with long growth duration and select plants with optimum plant height.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028303
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    Gene banks and their contribution to the breeding of disease resistant cultivars (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 63 (1992), S. 23-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: genetic resources ; gene bank ; pearl millet ; Pennisetum glaucum ; potato ; Solanum tuberosum ; rice ; Oryza sativa ; cotton ; Gossypium spp.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Genetic variation in crop species and their wild relatives holds the key to the successful breeding of improved crop cultivars with durable resistance to disease. The importance of the conservation, characterization and utilization of plant genetic resources nationally and internationally has been recognised, though much remains to be done. Gene banks have now been established in many countries and at most of the international crop research centres. Cell and tissue culture techniques and biotechnological aids have done much to ensure the creation and safe transfer of healthy germplasm around the world. Multidisciplinary, international research and collaboration are essential to the successful breeding of improved disease resistant cultivars. Examples are given of the effective use of genetic resources in breeding disease resistant cultivars of a number of crops, including cotton, rice, potatoes and pearl millet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023909
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    Durable resistance to rice blast disease-environmental influences (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 63 (1992), S. 115-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: environmental influence ; Oryza sativa ; Pyricularia grisea ; P. oryzae ; rice ; rice blast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Blast is one of the most serious diseases of rice worldwide. The pathogen,Pyricularia grisea, can infect nearly all parts of the shoot and is commonly found on the leaf blade and the panicle neck node. Host resistance is the most desirable means of managing blast, especially in developing countries. Rice cultivars with durable blast resistance have been recognized in several production systems. The durable resistance of these cultivars is associated with polygenic partial resistance that shows no evidence of race specificity. This partial resistance is expressed as fewer and smaller lesions on the leaf blade but latent period does not appear to be an important component. Partial resistance to leaf blast is positively correlated with partial resistance to panicle blast, although some cultivars have been found showing leaf-blast susceptibility and panicle-blast resistance. A diverse set of environmental factors can influence the expression of partial resistance, including temperature, duration of leaf-wetness, nitrogen fertilization, soil type, and water deficit. Because of the great diversity of rice-growing environments, resistance that proves durable in one system may or may not prove useful in another. In highly blast-conducive environments, other means of disease management must be applied to assist host-plant resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023917
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    Genetic effects determining rice grain weight and grain density (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 64 (1992), S. 161-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; grain weight ; grain density ; genetic effects ; heritability ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Increasing grain weight is one means of increasing rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain yields. Selection for increased density of filled grains may offer an approach to increasing rice grain weight. Before rice breeding programs can begin effectively selecting for higher grain density, the nature and amount of the genetic variation present must be evaluated. A Design II mating plant with two sets was constructed using 16 parents. The 16 parents were representative of cultivars and elite breeding material available to breeders of long-grain rice in the southern U.S. The parents and 32 F1 hybrids were evaluated in 1990 at two Arkansas locations: Stuttgart and Marianna. Additive variation was essentially zero for grain density as indicated by nonsignificant general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) mean squares and a narrowsense heritability estimate −0.04 (±0.07). Increasing rice grain weight through increased grain density would not be feasible in U.S. southern long-grain rice unless new germplasm with higher filled grain densities is introduced. Genetic variation for grain weight was predominately additive and complemented with additive x additive epistatic variation, indicating that selection for increased grain weight could be practiced in segregating generations. The small proportion of epistatic variation to additive variation would not justify delaying selection until epistatic combinations are fixed in the homozygous line. Midparent grain weight means would serve as an adequate indicator of progeny performance for cross appraisal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00046044
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