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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Information frameworks for conceptual engineering design (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 22-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Schlagwort(e): Conceptual design ; Database ; Frameworks ; Information management
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract An information modeling approach is used to gain an understanding of the information and decision content of conceptual engineering design. Information frameworks are presented that attempt to represent the key decisions made during conceptual design. Elements of the frameworks are derived from results from design theory and methodology and decision theory. Using a number of products, the frameworks are demonstrated in simulated design situations. The models provide an explicit, generic and consistent perspective for identifying the information content of conceptual designs.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206537
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Aluminium electrolytic cells: A computer simulator for training and supervision (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 12-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Schlagwort(e): Aluminium electrolysis ; Expert systems ; Modelling ; Simulation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract A workstation-based simulator of an aluminium electrolytic cell has been constructed. A mathematical model of the cell is integrated with a database and a knowledge base, and the simulator serves as a tool for the training of personnel and for research related to cell dynamics and cell control. When used in conjunction with an expert system, it provides a powerful decision-making tool or an efficient supervisory system. The mathematical model, the simulator itself, the user environment, the interactive simulation procedure as well as examples of the use of the simulator are presented in detail.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206536
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A review of automatic dimensioning and tolerancing schemes (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 63-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Schlagwort(e): Dimensioning ; Tolerancing ; Variational geometry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Dimensioning and tolerancing are very important issues in product design and manufacture. This paper gives a survey and review of the current state-of-the-art solutions to the problem of finding a meaning for dimensions and tolerances. Dimensioning and tolerancing in current engineering practices and researches in these topics are also discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200178
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A new programming paradigm for engineering design software (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 95-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering design ; Formal ; Functional programming ; Object orientation ; Programming language
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Currently available programming and database systems are insufficient for engineering applications. The authors contend that a logical progression from a formal conceptual model of the engineering domain to a computational model will lead to new programming paradigms capable of directly supporting engineering applications in a rigorous, concise manner. A formal domain model devised by the authors, theHybrid Model (HM) of design information, is briefly introduced. It is an extension of axiomatic set theory and is discussed in detail elsewhere. HM forms the basis ofDesigner, a prototype-based object-oriented programming language supporting a signature-based canonical message-passing mechanism and multiple inheritance. Designer is implemented using the Scheme programming language. Because Designer satisfies a formal conceptual model, and because it is based on a formally specified language, its robustness and logical validity are superior to those of other languages not founded on formal principles. Designer combines concepts of functional and object-oriented programming to provide the formal rigor and flexibility to capture the complex and strongly interrelated information that designers use. Examples demonstrate how Designer represents design information. The results of the authors' research indicate that Designer can capture design information (including aspects of functional requirements and design intent) effectively and efficiently.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200180
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Rule-based design of a material processing component (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 81-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Schlagwort(e): Design ; Expert system ; Extension ; Material processing
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract The main thrust of this research is in developing aknowledge-based system for the design of components for a material processing system. In particular, this paper concentrates on developing methodologies forinitial design andredesign in a quantitative and qualitative format. A die for plastic extrusion has been selected as the subject material processing component. A design algorithm using best first heuristic search and expert knowledge, both in procedural and declarative form, is the core of the scheme. Apart from this expert, the suggestedselection procedure for candidate design is also seen to accelerate the design scheme. The methodologies presented enableefficient design of the component. Some generality has been accomplished by the implementation of the techniques to dies of different cross-sectional shapes. The software is written inLisp within an object-oriented software package using analysis modules written in C.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200179
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Announcement (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 124-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200182
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A tandem architecture for cooperating knowledge-based concurrent engineering systems (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 112-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Schlagwort(e): Agent-based framework ; Architecture ; Concurrent engineering ; Cooperating expert systems ; Tandem integration
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract This paper proposes a tandem architecture for cooperating heterogeneous expert systems. Two levels of meta and working expert systems are involved. The working-level expert systems (W-ES), which may be implemented in their own computational environments and in private proof languages, are mainly for application computations. The meta-level expert systems (M-ES), using a common argument language, are mainly responsible for cooperation. The prototype AGENTS system is described for constructing M-ES. Interaction among W-ES has been transformed into two forms: communication between M-ES through ordinary AGENTS messages and communication between M-ES and the corresponding W-ES using the Deductive Inference Language (DIL). DIL predicates are provided for defining DIL: messages, actuators and converters for interpreting DIL queries and instantiating variables. By this approach, stand-alone capability of infividual systems is retained at the working-level and cooperation is achieved effectively with minimum embellishment at the meta-level.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200181
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A proposed structure for a rule-based description of parametric forms (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 155-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Schlagwort(e): Constrains ; Geometric ; Parametric ; Product form
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Much work has been carried out on the creation of protocols for the exchange of data between CAD systems, but very little on the transfer of knowledge. The knowledge behind the development of a product is vital if modifications and adaptations are to be made within a concurrent development environment. Current CAD systems only contain a limited level of product knowledge through user-defined parametric structures. It is the underlying relationships in these programs that need to be communicated between systems, rather than the form of their individual programming languages. A generic structure is proposed that is able to handle both the current level of parametric programming and is suited to the resolution of conflict through the use of constraint modelling procedures. The structure of a parametric description is described and decomposed into its fundamental components. These components are then re-formed within a truth maintenance structure to allow a transfer protocol to be created. The derived protocol structure is then demonstrated on a number of simple examples.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01198741
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Concurrent iterative design and the integration of finite element analysis results (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 245-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Schlagwort(e): Design methodology ; Iterative design ; Concurrent design ; Features ; Form templates ; Finite element analysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract To help foster concurrency in engineering design, methodologies are needed to support the interpretation and abstraction of numerical simulation results for design modification purposes. A methodology is presented in this paper for the integration of continuum-based numerical simulations into a computational system for concurrent design of mechanical components. The technique involves conversion of low-level numerical data, such as that obtained by finite element analysis, into high-level symbolic representations calledform templates. The form templates are based onrudimentary features which carry meaningful qualitative descriptions abstracted from either manufacturing and/or functional numerical simulations. The form templates are superimposed on the design's primary representation in the solid modeler to facilitate the cognitive mapping of concurrent destructive or constructive solid modeling features for design modifications. Examples are presented to demonstrate the methodology.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01202369
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Symbolic analysis of linear polyhedra (1990)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 6 (1990), S. 17-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract This paper concerns several analytical problems related to linear polyhedra in euclidean three-dimensional-space. Symbolic formulas for line, surface, and volume integration are given, and it is shown that domain integrals are computable in polynomial time. In particular, it is shown that mass, first and second moments, and products of inertia are computable inO(E) time, whereE is the number of edges of the boundary. Simple symbolic expressions for the normal derivatives of domain integrals are also derived. In particular, it is shown that they are closely linked to the topology of the integration domain, as well as that they are expressible as combinations of domain integrals over lower-order domains (faces, edges, and vertices). The symbolic results presented in this paper may lead to an easy incorporation of integral constraints, for example, concerning mass and inertia, in the engineering designing process of solid objects.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200201
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Management of complex structural engineering objects in a relational framework (1990)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 6 (1990), S. 81-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract To structure the development of an integrated building design environment, the global representation of the design data may best be organized in terms of hierarchies of objects. In structural engineering design we deal with large sets of independent but interrelated objects. These objects are specified by data. For an engineering design data base the system must be able to model the objects composing the design as well as to manage effectively the design data. The data base management system therefore needs to have some knowledge of the intended use of the data, and must provide an abstraction mechanism to represent and manipulate objects. Much recent research in engineering data bases focuses on object management for specific tasks but gives little attention to the shareability of the underlying information. This paper describes an architecture for the management of complex engineering objects in a sharable, relational framework. Potential application of this approach to object management for structural engineering analysis and design is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200240
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Toward a unified representation of mechanical assemblies (1990)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 6 (1990), S. 103-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Current solid modeling systems are suitable for modeling individual mechanical parts but they do not capture therelationships and/ordependencies among the geometric features of parts in an assembly. Research in the area of “part and assembly modeling” focuses on capturing this missing information. This paper surveys feature-based models for mechanical assemblies and methods for deriving the actual part positions from the part relationships. We have attempted to extract from the literature the essential requirements for a unified feature-based assembly model. Three levels of representation are envisaged—representation of part positions in terms of their spatial coordinates, representation of geometric (feature) relations between individual parts, and representation of the assembly hierarchy. The actual relative positions can be derived from the hierarchical assembly model. Possible areas of application are tolerance analysis and synthesis, automatic generation of assembly sequences, and kinematic analysis and synthesis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200242
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Representation of assemblies for automatic tolerance chain generation (1990)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 6 (1990), S. 121-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract A scheme of representing assemblies and an algorithm for the tolerance chain generation are developed so that tolerance chains of assemblies can be generated automatically to accommodate tolerance analysis at the assembly level. In the hierarchical data structure representing an assembly the connectivity information is carried by the instances of components and subassemblies, and the mating relations between each pair of mating entities are described by mating links, mating paths, mating conditions, and mating features. Mating graphs are derived from the mating links before they are searched for the generation of tolerance chains. The scheme has been implemented in a prototype interactive package that allows the user to model assemblies directly without detailed object modeling. Several examples of various complexity have been tested with success.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200244
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Distributed concurrent engineering computation on a network of microcomputers (1990)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 6 (1990), S. 145-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract A programming method that facilitates interworkstation communications on a local area network (LAN) of microcomputers has been developed. Communications are managed using a set of common access status and data files, which are writen to and read from the file server hard disk. Use of this programming method permits the work load associated with large computational problems to be distributed to various workstations connected to a LAN for concurrent processing, and has resulted in substantial solution time savings in problems that have been run. Test problems have been programmed in IBM Compiled BASIC [1] and are continuing with further programs in BASIC and IBM Professional FORTRAN [2]. Applications to actual computational engineering problems are presently being investigated and are briefly discussed. This paper describes the basic principles underlying the distributed processing technique that was developed and presents several example problems that were run to test the technique and develop benchmark results for a particular LAN configuration.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200312
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    An intelligent specifications extraction interface for structural design (1990)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 6 (1990), S. 153-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Many descriptions of the design process do not include the specifications as part of the process, but rather as an input to the design. Once the specifications are considered to be the input, the assumption is made that they are in a form that is suitable for the design process to proceed. The need for a design always starts with ill-defined objectives. The process by which this information is transformed into well-defined design objectives is called the design specification extraction process. An attempt to expose the underlying structure of the first step in the design process—the design specifications—is presented in this paper. The extraction of specifications is divided into four major tasks—diagnosis or information gathering, interpretation and assessment, classification and decomposition, and information patching. The conceptual framework for the design specification extraction and synthesis is implemented in the expert system program SEISD (specification extraction interface for structural design) developed in the LISP programming language. A few examples are presented to demonstrate the implementation strategies. These examples are drawn from the specific problem of a beam design.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200313
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A formal approach to automating conceptual structural design, part II: Application to floor framing generation (1991)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 7 (1991), S. 91-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract The function of the structural system in a building is to transfer gravity as well as lateral loads from their points of origin to the ground. Floor framing generation involves providing a path to transfer the gravity loads to the ground through various structural elements in an architectural plan while meeting the requirements imposed by other entities, such as the architect, the mechanical engineer, and the contractor, involved in the design/construct process. In this paper a formal approach for generating floor framing plans for steel office buildings is presented. We describe the knowledge and the reasoning behind a computer system, FFG (floor framing generator), which generates floor framing schemes for steel office buildings that are rectangular in plan and have a single service core. Constraints arising from structural as well as exogenous considerations are enumerated and their effect on framing schemes is identified. We also elaborate on the evaluation mechanism for ranking alternative schemes, in addition to providing details of the computer implementation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01195563
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Announcement (1991)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 7 (1991), S. 129-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01195566
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Design of an optimal damper to minimize the vibration of machine tool structures subject to random excitation (1991)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 7 (1991), S. 199-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract The vibration of machine tools during machining adversely affects machining accuracy and tool life, and therefore must be minimized. The cutting forces for stable turning are generally known to be random, and hence excite all the resonance modes. Of all these modes, those that generate relative motions between a cutting tool and a workpiece are of concern. This paper presents a new approach for designing an optimal damper to minimize the relative vibration between the cutting tool and workpiece during stable machining. An approximate normal mode method is employed to calculate the response of a machine tool system with nonproportional damping subject to random excitation. The major advantage of this method is that it reduces the amount of computation greatly for higher-order systems when responses have to be calculated repeatedly in the process of optimization. An optimal design procedure is presented based on a representative lumped parameter model that can be constructed by using existing experimental or analytical techniques. The two-step optimization procedure based on the modified pattern search and univariate search effectively leads the numerical solution to the global minimun irrespectively of initial values even under the existence of many local minima.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206362
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Toward the integration of knowledge for engineering modeling and computation (1991)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 7 (1991), S. 209-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Recent developments in computer science, especially in the area of artificial intelligence (AI), have made possible the representation of knowledge in symbolic terms. This, in turn, has made it possible to represent and integrate a broader range of engineering knowledge so as to provide new kinds of computer support for both analysis and design. This paper presents a typology of engineering knowledge to provide a conceptual basis for its computational integration. A review of the roles of numerical, geometric, and symbolic representations is also given within the context of the knowledge typology. Illustrations are provided from the domain of structural engineering.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206363
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Localization of rational B-spline surfaces (1991)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 7 (1991), S. 237-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Localization of curved surfaces is an important problem in the manufacturing and inspection of mechanical elements and in the simulation of manufacturing processes. The objective of this paper is to provide an efficient method for accurate localization of a single free-form surface of the rational B-spline form. Our approach is based on the following components—first, representation of position tolerances in terms of a ball offset tolerance region around the ideal rational spline surface; to facilitate interrogation and data exchange, this is followed by approximation of the bounding surfaces of the tolerance region with rational B-splines; next, optimal positioning of the target surface with respect to the ideal surface by minimizing a distance-based norm; finally, verification of compliance with position tolerance constraints. Examples illustrate our technique.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206365
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Supporting engineering applications by new data base processing concepts—An experience report (1992)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 8 (1992), S. 31-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Data base management systems for nonstandard applications (nonstandard data base systems, NDBS), in particular for engineering applications, nowadays constitute one of the most important challenges in the area of data base research. Some major obstacles are concerned with problems of modeling and processing complex engineering objects. Some new system architectures have been proposed, and appropriate concepts for handling the new types of application objects have been developed over the past few years. Based on PRIMA, an NDBS-kernel prototype implementation, we motivate a workstation-oriented architecture for NDBS application systems. We explain a prototypical application system in the environment of VLSI-chip design, which serves as a practical examples in handling complex objects. Analyzing the weaknesses of this initial approach, we derive general concepts for application linkage, discussing, in particular, key issues for an efficient object processing and language binding.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206335
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Feature-based modeling for automatic mesh generation (1992)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 8 (1992), S. 1-12 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Automatic meshing algorithms for finite element analysis are based on a computer understanding of the geometry of the part to be discretized. Current mesh generators understand the part as either a boundary representation, an octree, or a point set. A higher-level understanding of the part can be achieved by associating engineering significance and engineering data, such as loading and boundary conditions, with generic shapes in the part. This technique, called feature-based modeling, is a popular approach to integrating computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing through the use of machinable shapes in the CAD model. It would seem that feature-based design also could aid in the finite element mesh generation process by making engineering information explicit in the model. This paper describes an approach to feature-based mesh generation. The feature representation of a fully functioning feature-based system that does automatic process planning and inspection was extended to include finite element mesh generation. This approach is based on a single feature representation that can be used for design, finite element analysis, process planning, and inspection of prismatic parts. The paper describes several advantages that features provide to the meshing process, such as improved point sets and a convenient method of simplifying the geometry of the model. Also discussed are possible extensions to features to enhance the finite element meshing process.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206333
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Approaches to AI methodology in reinforced concrete structures: a case study (1992)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 8 (1992), S. 93-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract A system developed earlier for reinforced concrete halls layout is studied and justified from different aspects. Also, updates of both capabilities and limitations, which were recently incorporated in the system, are emphasized. Some of the original aspects of the system were reviewed and modified, to overcome some of the drawbacks in the earlier presentation. The system's organization remains almost the same. Some suggestions for further improvements to the system are presented as well. Finally the function of the system is illustrated by a sample run of the system.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200105
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Construction of a hybrid sweep-CSG modeler—The sweep-CSG representation (1992)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 8 (1992), S. 101-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Applying sweep operations on 2-D closed contours is a well known method for modelling 3-D solid objects. This paper deals with the implementation of a solid modeler with sweep as the basic representational scheme. In the modeler, a solid is defined by sweeping a planar polygon along a linear or curved trajectory. A sculptured solid may also be defined by using a beta-spline curve for the sweep polygon and a cubic B-spline curve for the sweep trajectory. By incorporating Boolean operations, a hybrid sweep-CSG solid modeler is implemented. The current implementation allows translational, rotational, and twisted sweep operations on a planar polygon composited of lines and arcs. In addition, a solid primitive can also be created by sweeping a planar closed beta-spline curve along a cubic B-spline curve.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200106
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    An automatic coarse and fine surface mesh generation scheme based on medial axis transform: Part i algorithms (1992)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 8 (1992), S. 121-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract We present an algorithm for the generation of coarse and fine finite element (FE) meshes on multiply connected surfaces, based on the medial axis transform (MAT). The MAT is employed to automatically decompose a complex shape into topologically simple subdomains, and to extract important shape characteristics and their length scales. Using this technique, we can create a coarse subdivision of a complex surface and select local element size to generate fine triangular meshes within those subregions in an automated manner. Therefore, this approach can lead to integration of fully automatic FE mesh generation functionality into FE preprocessing systems.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200364
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The complementary roles of expert systems and database management systems in a design for manufacture environment (1992)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 8 (1992), S. 139-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Effective product design that satisfies functional requirements and can be manufactured easily requires vast amounts of knowledge on the part of the design engineer. This paper focuses on the complementary roles of expert systems and database management systems as they relate to the Intelligent Design System (IDS) in a Design for Manufacture (DFM) environment. Each technology complements the other in its strengths and abilities. The database management system provides during the design process. The expert system provides a reasoning mechanism for identifying manufacturing violations and generating meaningful recommendations. These components work cooperatively with a CAD interface to form a unified, intelligent design environment. An information flow analysis of the Intelligent Design System resulted in the development of three distinct classifications of information within the database: CAD data, a design catalog, and a knowledge base. The CAD data tables employ an, object oriented approach to store specific information about the physical contains cost, weight, and strength characteristics of the standard parts and fasteners used within the system. The knowledge base contains rules and heuristics concerning design and manufacturing methodologies. The placement of the expert system rules in the database represents an innovation. As a result, the expansion and updating of the materials, fasteners, standard parts, or manufacturing processes used by the Intelligent Design System is facilitated without increased due to the efficient management of the knowledge base by the database management system. This allows the designer to modify the knowledge and help the system to learn without the need for a knowledge engineer.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200365
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    An axiomatic theory of engineering design information (1992)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 8 (1992), S. 197-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Recent research in design theory has sought to formalize the engineering design process without particular concern for the paradigm used to model design information. The authors propose that no correct formalization of the design process can be achieved without first formalizing the semantics of the information used in the process. To this end, the authors present a new formal theory of design information. The theory, called the hybrid model (HM), is an extended form of axiomatic set theory, and relies on it for consistency and logical rigor. The theory is stated as a collection of axioms, using a standard logic notation. Design entities are modeled by formal units calledobjects. Generalized functions and relations are used to formalize important ordering schemes and abstraction mechanisms relevant to design, including classification by structure and by function, aggregation, specialization, and generalization. The hybrid model is meant not only to aid in the study of the design process itself, but also to improve communications between designers, assist standardization of design specifications, and develop new, powerful software tools to aid the designer in his work.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01194322
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A transaction management framework for collaborative engineering (1992)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 8 (1992), S. 213-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract This paper discusses the various novel functionalities of a transaction management system for collaborative engineering applications. These features include grouped and shared transactions, dynamic database partitioning, communicative locking, dependency maintenance, update notification schemes, and version management of data configurations. It also establishes protocols for data consistency maintenance on the basis of application semantics and encapsulation of nonserializable data sharing in local databases rather than by the notion of global database consistency. Finally, it presents strategies for implementing these features using a commercial object oriented database management system (OODBMS) environment (ONTOS).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01194323
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Engineering materials information systems (1992)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 8 (1992), S. 243-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Materials properties information systems are poorly understood. Many databases of materials properties and designations have been produced but, except in the most modest of cases, they have been less successful than their creators had hoped Knowledge based systems (KBS) are subject to exactly the same problems as data based materials information systems and it is important to realize what these are before the special character of KBSs can be used to alleviate them. This paper surveys the unusual and difficult aspects of engineering materials information that must be handled by any organizing methodology, whether manual or computerized, data based or knowledge based, handling information which is stored or inferred.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01194325
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A KBES for integrated engineering (1993)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 9 (1993), S. 1-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Schlagwort(e): Blackboard ; Expert systems ; Industrial structures ; Integrated engineering
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract The expert process of engineering involves application of knowledge fundamental to the engineering process at one end, and of compiled knowledge in the form of heuristics gained through many years of experience at the other. Developments in Artificial Intelligence have made the process of computer aided engineering richer by enabling the simulation of this human process of engineering, which until now has been difficult to capture. Knowledge Based Expert Systems (KBES) in engineering developed so far have addressed only narrow domains of the entire process of engineering. This paper discusses a KBES shell (IES) that integrates various AI technologies, which makes it possible to implement new problem-solving strategies required for efficient handling of the entire engineering process. Issues in the integrated process of engineering are discussed first, in order to evolve a specification for the shell. The blackboard architecture is shown to be the ideal backbone for such a shell. The details of inference techniques, the knowledge based backtracking mechanism and the DBMS used in the IES are presented. The application of the IES is demonstrated using the domain of integrated engineering of steel industrial structures as an example. This application encompasses the engineering activities of conceptual design, detailed design, documentation and construction planning.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01198249
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the treatment of superficial tumours on the bladder wall (1990)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 5 (1990), S. 5-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Schlagwort(e): Photodynamic therapy ; Superficial bladder tumours ; Dosimetry ; Isotropic light sensors ; Photosensitizers ; Wavelength of irradiation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Physik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract The use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the treatment of superficial tumours on the bladder wall is described. Details are given on the laser, methods of delivering light into the bladder, suitable commercial dosimetry systems and instrumentation suitable for making light measurements on the bladder wall during therapy. New alternative photosensitizers are discussed in some detail. Some early clinical results are presented and the current problems with this type of therapy are highlighted.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032616
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Copper vapour laser treatment of port wine stains: a patient questionnaire (1990)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 5 (1990), S. 43-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Schlagwort(e): Copper vapour laser ; Argon ion laser ; Port wine stains ; Telangiectasia ; Spider naevi ; Questionnaire
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Physik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract A questionnaire was sent to 242 patients who had undergone treatment with yellow light (578 nm) from a copper vapour laser for a port wine stain (PWS), for facial telangiectasia (FT), or for a spider naevus (SN). The questionnaire covered the social implications of the lesion, the physical appearance of the lesion after treatment and the patient's judgement of how the treatment has affected them. Replies were received from 73% of the patients. The replies revealed that 83% PWS, 74% FT, and 81% SN patients felt there had been an improvement in their appearance compared with 2.5% PWS, 14% FT, and 7.5% SN patients who felt that their appearance had changed for the worse. The overall impression of the treatment was also very positive, especially with PWS patients, 91% would recommend the treatment to others, 84% would have the treatment again and 60% indicated their feelings regarding their overall treatment and the effect it had on their lives was very good.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032622
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Laser lithotripsy with a 504 nm pulsed dye laser: in vitro fragmentation related to stone weight and pulse energy (1990)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 5 (1990), S. 65-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Schlagwort(e): Biliary calculi ; Laser lithotripsy ; Pulsed 504 nm dye laser ; Salivary calculi ; Urinary calculi
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Physik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Biliary, urinary and salivary stones were fragmented in vitro with a flashlamp-pumped dye laser operating at 504 nm. A clinical fragmentation criterion was formulated; fragmentation was continued until all fragments had passed through a sieve with holes of 1.5×1.5 mm2. The number of shots of 50 mJ necessary for total fragmentation appeared to be proportional to the stone mass. The three types of stones showed statistically significant differences in the number of shots per unit mass, necessary for fragmentation. On biliary calculi we investigated the influence of the energy per laser pulse. For pulse energies of 32 mJ and larger, the energy necessary for fragmentation appeared to be proportional to the initial stone mass, but did not depend on the energy per pulse.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032625
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    On the physical rationale of laser induced hyperthermia (1990)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 5 (1990), S. 121-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Schlagwort(e): Hyperthermia ; Tissue optics ; Thermal properties ; Lasers ; Cancer therapy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Physik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract The rationale of hyperthermic treatment of tumours is based on the phenomenon that several tumours have a reduced tolerance for exposure to temperatures in the region 42–47 °C for 20–30 min. Hyperthermia may also be used as an adjunct to other modalities such as chemotherapy, conventional radiation therapy or photodynamic therapy. Methods for introducing hyperthermia include electromagnetic radiation in the radiofrequency and microwave region as well as ultrasonic waves. The use of lasers emitting within the visible and near infrared part of the spectrum has the potential to initiate a local elevation of the temperature. The extension of the heated region will depend on optical wavelength, tissue composition and blood perfusion. Typical linear dimensions of the 42–47 °C temperature region will range from 2–3 mm and up to about 10 mm. Superficial tumours may be heated by direct irradiation whereas deeper lying tumours or lesions of large extent may require light delivered by one or several inserted optical fibres. Laser-induced hyperthermia may be of particular relevance in the treatment of retinal or choroidal tumours. Visible and near infrared radiation can be transmitted through the cornea, the lens and the vitreous with negligible loss. The absorption in the tumour is, however, significantly larger and the main part of the optical power will be absorbed within 0.5–5 mm into the neoplastic tissue. This paper emphasizes a discussion of the basic principles.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02031373
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Laser therapy in eye tumours (1990)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 5 (1990), S. 137-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Schlagwort(e): Retinal epiblastic tumours ; Uveal tumours ; Photocoagulation therapy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Physik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Two kinds of tumours are of particular importance in ophthalmology: the retinal epiblastic tumours, like the retinoblastoma and uveal tumours, like the uveal melanoma and the metastatic tumours. The photocoagulation therapy is sometimes used as a first treatment or as the only treatment, and this kind of therapy is useful according to our experience to complete conservative tumour therapy with radioactivity or cytostatic chemistry. A review of literature is done and we present several clinical examples from our own experience in the Lisbon Institute of ophthalmology and in the University Eye Clinic, Santa Maria Hospital, Lisbon.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02031375
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Fluorescence detection and photodynamic treatment of photosensitized tumours in special consideration of urology (1990)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 5 (1990), S. 207-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Schlagwort(e): Bladder tumour ; Diagnosis ; Fluorescence ; Photodynamic therapy ; Photosensitization
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Physik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Most methods of modern laser tumour therapy are physically based on the conversion of light to heat. Recently tumours have also been treated using ionizing processes for tissue ablation. Photodynamic laser therapy (PDT), however, involves light-induced non-thermal biochemical processes and the use of a photosensitizer. Several drugs are known to be stored selectively in tumours after systemic application. This transient marking can be used for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The marker most commonly used is dihaematoporphyrin ether/ester (DHE) intravenously injected at doses of 0.2–3.0 mg/kg bodyweight for diagnosis and therapy, respectively. The corresponding clearance intervals after injection of DHE range from 3–48 h to 25–75 h. Detection of photosensitized tumours might offer great advantages. The highly sensitive two-wavelength laser excitation method with computerized fluorescence imaging recently has been transferred to the hospital for clinical tests. Photoinduced production of singlet oxygen is claimed to be the initial process which leads to later tumour destruction and therapy. PDT has been applied to 20 patients suffering from superficial tumours (TIS GII–III) recurred after application of other treatments. The results after PDT were evaluated by three-monthly check-ups (endoscopy, cytology, bladder mapping, renal ultrasonography) as well as by computed tomography (CT) examination at 8–13 month intervals. In six patients treated by PDT no tumour recurrence has been found over the whole observation period of up to 5 years. Four patients have remained free of tumour (12 and 14 months) after repeated transurethral resection (TUR) and Nd-YAG laser therapy following PDT. Due to an initial application of insufficient irradiation four patients required a second PDT. In one patient a circumscribed dysplasia appeared at the left ostium 26 months following PDT and was treated successfully by means of thermal Nd-YAG laser irradiation following TUR. In six patients slight mucosal atypia persisted for a period of at least 2.5 years. One cystectomy had to be performed because of bladder shrinkage. The dissected bladder, however, was free of tumour. These preliminary results suggest that PDT is justified in patients who are in a worst-case situation with cystectomy recommended in case of recurrent superficial TIS bladder carcinoma and indicate the future potential of photodynamic therapy of tumours. Homogeneous irradiation of the area to be treated and a reliable light dosimetry are prerequisites for an effective tumour therapy. Standard instruments for a routine application do not exist, but are under development.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02031384
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Laser surgery and gynaecological tumours (1990)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 5 (1990), S. 213-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Schlagwort(e): Gynaecological tumours ; Endometriosis ; Haematoporphyrin derivative
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Physik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02031385
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Palliative treatment for oesophagogastric cancer by laser photocoagulation (1990)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 5 (1990), S. 217-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Schlagwort(e): Oesophageal cancer ; Nd-YAG laser ; Endoscopic treatment
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Physik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Over a 10 year period, 149 non-surgical patients were treated for palliation of an oesophageal cancer. One hundred and twenty-nine patients had an advanced cancer; 20 had a small cancer. The initial success rate was 81% and the complications rate was 3.1% for advanced cancers. Average duration of improvement after initial improvement was 138 days. Location was the only factor affecting the initial results in advanced cancers. Improvement duration was affected by the reason for treatment and an association of treatments during follow up. A complete local destruction of the small cancers was obtained in 18 patients. Three patients had a local recurrence during follow up.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02031386
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Economic appraisal of laser applications in medicine (1990)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 5 (1990), S. 253-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Physik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Laser applications are developing rapidly in medicine. Virtually every specialty of surgery, and a number of medical specialties, are using the laser for several conditions, and the number of conditions treated seems to grow every day. This fact is of concern to policy-makers in a time of limited resources for health care. Increasingly, health policy decisions are guided by costeffectiveness studies of medical applications. This paper reviews evidence of cost-effectiveness for a number of relatively mature laser applications. In general, although available studies are suggestive of benefit, effectiveness has been demonstrated for relatively few laser applications. Little reliable cost information has been developed, although out-patient therapy and shortened length of stay in hospital seem to be demonstrated for several conditions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032652
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chromophores in tissue for laser medicine and laser surgery (1990)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 5 (1990), S. 289-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Schlagwort(e): Cancer ; Laser ; Chromophores ; Photodynamic therapy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Physik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Chromophores in tissue are of considerable interest for the tissue interactions with lasers in the visible light range. The natural chromophores in man are essentially melanin and red cell haemoglobin. With the development of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) in the treatment of human cancer, the new technology of exogenous chromophores was developed and continues to expand both in laser medicine and laser surgery. This technology relates specific chromophores to specific wavelengths for the destruction of tumours and has been very effective for PDT in those instances where there is accessibility to the tumour mass by the laser beam. The problems today are concerned with how to mark these malignant foci deep in the tissue, how to detect them, and how to direct selected laser beams to the marked carcinomatous tissue. In laser medicine, the field is expanding especially for tissue and laboratory diagnostics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032656
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Quantitative and comparative study of haematoporphyrin-derived photosensitizers on a murine tumour model (1990)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 5 (1990), S. 309-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Schlagwort(e): Photodynamic therapy ; PDT ; Fluorescence ; Haematoporphyrin derivative ; HPD ; Diagnosis ; Murine tumour ; Laser ; Pharmacodynamic ; Pharmacokinetic ; Regrowth delay
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Physik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Eight commercially available HPD-photosensitizers intended for photodynamic therapy were tested in a murine tumour model with regard to their therapeutic efficacy. The regrowth delay of the fibrosarcoma SSK-2 on the mouse C3H, Neuherberg-line, was determined 3, 24, 48 and 72 h after injection of the drugs (dose: 9 mg kg−1 body weight). The corresponding pharmacodynamics, as measured by regrowth delay, were approximated by an exponential function and the characterizing coefficients derived. These coefficients served to quantify the photodynamic properties of the drugs. The pharmacodynamics of five substances were compared with those obtained fluorometrically. The latter showed shorter decay constants than the therapy-correlated substances which indicates different metabolic behaviour of the therapeutic and diagnostically useful fluorescent components of haematoporphyrin-derived photosensitizers.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032660
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Meetings announcements (1990)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 5 (1990), S. 337-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Physik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032666
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of low energy laser on the growth and regeneration of capillaries (1990)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 5 (1990), S. 381-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Schlagwort(e): HeNe laser irradiation ; Biostimulation ; Wound healing ; Capillary regeneration
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Physik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Laser light of low energy is discussed to have an accelerating effect on wound healing. The aim of the present study was to proof whether HeNe laser irradiations have a positive effect on regeneration of capillaries. For this purpose aluminium chambers were implanted in the dorsal skin flap of Syrian hamsters. After coagulation of blood vessels by means of an argon laser the tissue was irradiated daily with the low energy light of a HeNe laser. Regeneration of capillaries was studied by means of intravital microscopy. The results of the study revealed a positive effect of low dose HeNe laser irradiation on the regeneration of capillaries at day 5 after the coagulation. The measurable part of the capillaries was about 27% higher for the irradiated animals compared to controls.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032595
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New laser literature (1990)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 5 (1990), S. 411-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Physik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032599
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    In vitro effects of CO2 laser irradiation on platelets: Influence of aspirin (1991)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 6 (1991), S. 15-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Schlagwort(e): Laser ; Platelets ; Aspirin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Physik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Laser angioplasty involves intravascular laser irradiation which may affect platelets and aggregation. In this study we examined the in vitro effects of different energy doses and modes of CO2 laser irradiation on the platelet number, function and ultrastructure. Since aspirin is used in many patients suffering from coronary artery disease, the consequences of laser irradiation on aspirin-treated platelets were studied as well. We found that CO2 laser irradiation causes a dose-response reduction of the platelet number that is most pronounced with high energy-short duration irradiation, and a dose-response reduction in platelet aggregation which is independent of the mode of irradiation. Pretreatment with aspirin does not change the effects of laser irradiation on platelet number, while aggregation is reduced only at relatively high energy doses. Electron microscopy revealed significant intracellular injury following low energy irradiation, while progressive damage to membranes occurred in a dose-response mode, both in untreated and aspirin-treated platelets. The clinical application of our findings should be done cautiously since important in vivo factors, such as the effect of laser irradiation on the vessel wall and coagulation system, were not studied.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02042641
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Book review (1991)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 6 (1991), S. 53-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Physik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02042647
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Percutaneous peripheral laser angioplasty with a pulsed Nd-YAG laser and sapphire tips (1991)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 6 (1991), S. 43-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Schlagwort(e): Atherosclerosis ; Peripheral arteries ; Laser angioplasty ; Pulsed Nd-YAG laser ; Sapphire tips
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Physik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Percutaneous transluminal laser angioplasty with a pulsed Nd-YAG laser (1064 nm wavelength, 100μs pulse duration, up to 0.4 J per pulse, 10 Hz repetition rate) coupled to optical fibres with sapphire tips of 1.8 and 2.2 mm diameter was performed under experimental conditions and then in 30 chronic occlusions of femoral and popliteal arteries in 22 patients. The experimental study in 11 human cadaverous arteries revealed that this laser system was effective in the recanalization of seven femoropopliteal occlusions, but the relative rigidity of the sapphire-tipped contact probe prevented its access to two infrapopliteal vessels. Two perforations occurred after the recanalization of 18 and 15 cm, respectively. Clinically the procedure was successful in 17 out of 25 sessions (68%). The probe formed a primary channel of at least 2.0 mm width which was further dilated by conventional balloon catheter. Ankle/brachial systolic pressure index (ABPI) increased from 0.43±0.13 to 0.79±0.21 after the procedure. In eight cases complications occurred. Two reocclusions were treated by Streptokinase infusion, two procedures were repeated 2 months later, one patient was referred to elective bypass surgery, and three patients were treated conservatively. Six patients were followed-up for more than 6 months. In one patient claudication of 400 m reappeared. ABPI showed a moderate decrease from 0.84±0.20 to 0.69±0.19. These first results are encouraging and it is likely that this method could become an important adjunct to balloon angioplasty.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02042645
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Improved criteria for the recognition of atherosclerotic plaque using fluorescence spectroscopy (1991)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 6 (1991), S. 141-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Schlagwort(e): Laser angioplasty ; Coronary artery disease ; Nitrogen laser ; Tissue fluorescence
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Physik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract To determine the fluorescence pattern for distinguishing normal (N) from calcified and fibrous plaque (P), fluorescence spectra of cadaveric aorta were measured with a spectrofluorometer. Emission (Em) and excitation (Ex) spectra corrected for instrumental response were obtained from 200 to 1000 nm. Specimens from 50 patients were measured less than 24 h after autopsy and then examined histologically. Spectra from 25 specimens demonstrated that the ratio of fluorescence intensity 460 nm/385 nm with Ex=337 nm provided separation of N from P (1.53±29 vs 0.82±0.25,p〈0.01) and that a ratio of 1.25 correctly identified all N and P. A prospective test of this ratio on an additional 25 specimens yielded a significant difference between N and P (1.70±0.37 vs 0.87±0.23,p〈0.0001) with a value of 1.25 correctly identifying all (10/10) N and 93% (14/15) P. Prospective analysis of previously proposed fluorescence ratios (600 nm/580 nm at Ex=480 nm; 530 nm/550 nm at Ex=459 nm; 448 nm/514 nm and 538 nm/514 nm at Ex=337 nm) all resulted in poor separation of N from P. The ratio of 460 nm/385 nm with Ex=337 nm is superior to previously reported criteria for distinguishing N from P and may be useful for guiding laser angioplasty systems.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032541
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cutaneous phototoxicity in photodynamic therapy: Clinical experience with and without histamine antagonists (1991)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 6 (1991), S. 179-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Schlagwort(e): Photodynamic therapy ; Skin photosensitivity ; Antihistamines
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Physik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract We have investigated the incidence of cutaneous phototoxicity in 47 patients who received photodynamic therapy between April 1988 and March 1990. Of these, 15 patients received antihistamines as part of a pilot study to evluate their photoprotective role. Patients were followed-up for a minimum of 8 weeks. One out of the fifteen who received antihistamines and 15 out of the 32 patients who did not (p〈0.005), developed cutaneous phototoxicity. On the basis of these results we have initiated a randomized double-blind trial to evaluate the role of antihistamines in haematoporphyrin derivative-induced cutaneous phototoxicity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032545
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    In vitro Alexandrite laser angioplasty: A study on fibre conduction and tissue effects (1991)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 6 (1991), S. 183-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Schlagwort(e): Atherosclerosis ; Alexandrite ; Angioplasty
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Physik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Pulsed ultra-violet excimer laser radiation is capable of tissue ablation with only minimal thermal injury of adjacent tissue structures. Since difficult fibre optic coupling of energy was observed, alternative Q-switched laser sources capable of ablation of atherosclerotic plaque are under current investigation. To evaluate tissue effects of Alexandrite laser radiation, 160 arterial segments with macroscopic evidence of atherosclerotic disease were treated. The laser light was transmitted via silica based quartz fibres with different diameters. Using the Q-switched Alexandrite laser at the fundamental wavelength (748 nm) with a pulse duration of 300 ns the energy density threshold for tissue ablation was found to be in the range of 63 to 126 J cm−2 using a 300μm fibre. On macroscopic examination only limited thermal and acoustic injury was found in crater adjacent tissue structures. Crater edges were even and did not reveal signs of crater charring or debris in the crater lumen. However, the histological cross-sections revealed thermal injury extending from 100 up to 200μm lateral into adjacent tissue. The crater margins revealed fissuring as a result of shock wave injury. Thermal damage was most evident if irradiation of atherosclerotic tissue was performed in blood.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032546
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Book review (1991)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 6 (1991), S. 215-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Physik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032553
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Laser angioplasty versus balloon angioplasty: The need for imaging (1991)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 6 (1991), S. 223-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Schlagwort(e): Angioplasty ; Recanalization ; Laser ; Balloon ; Intravascular ultrasound ; Restenosis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Physik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract The current state of clinical laser angioplasty is reviewed. Compared to balloon dilation at the beginning of the past decade, both peripheral and coronary laser angioplasty devices produce better results. Compared to current balloon angioplasty techniques, however, laser angioplasty does not seem to offer improved initial or long term results. Intravascular ultrasound imaging may help to improve laser ablation of atherosclerotic plaque. It remains to be established, however, whether precise debulking of the obstruction will result in a reduced restenosis rate compared to balloon angioplasty.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02030875
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Biophysics of the photoablation process (1991)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 6 (1991), S. 241-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Schlagwort(e): Laser angioplasty ; Photoablation ; Photohydraulic effect ; Fast thermal explosion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Physik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Besides the coagulation, where the body digests the necrotic tissue and direct evaporation of tissue, the photoablation effect turns out to be very important in tissue removal. In the case of high tissue absorption the process channels in photoablation can either be photochemical (bond breaking) or fast thermal. In the case of transparent media, a plasma formation due to high irradiances and an optical breakdown is necessary for ablation or photodisruption. All the process channels lead to a fast microscale explosion and to Shockwaves. For soft tissue the main process channel is the fast thermal explosion. Assuming that tissue will be disintegrated, if the energy deposited within a single laser pulse is larger than a material specific threshold, the thresholds for the radiant exposure and ablation rates respectively can be calculated. There is a large difference, whether the laser radiation is applied to the tissue surface in noncontact or through a fibre in contact. In contact the ‘fast thermal explosion’ happens in a closed chamber and hence the photohydraulic effect will support the photoablation. The thermally damaged zone in the surrounding tissue depends on the optical penetration depth mainly in cases that the pulse duration is shorter than a critical time given by the heat conductivity. Pulsed lasers can be used ‘non-thermally’ only if the average power is less than a tenth of a watt. With a higher amount of average power a pulsed laser will act comparable to a cw laser.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02030877
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Laser-assisted fluorescence detection of plaque (1991)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 6 (1991), S. 289-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Schlagwort(e): Atherosclerosis ; Dihaematoporphyrin ether/ester, DHE ; Haematoporphyrin derivative, HPD ; Laser angioplasty ; Laser-induced fluorescence ; Plaque
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Physik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Selective fluorescence-marking of plaque offers new possibilities in cardiovascular diagnosis and therapy. Angioscopic investigations and spectrometry-assisted laser angioplasty will be simplified and more effective as compared with methods of today. It might help to make laser angioplasty a further promising interventional method to overcome, at least partially, the problems caused by atheromatous or atherosclerotic changes in the cardiovascular system. Fluorescence detection and imaging of markers is usually limited by the intrinsic fluorescence of tissue. Optical differential methods in combination with two-wavelength laser excitation and computer-assisted image processing, however, allow for discrimination of background-related signals and enable plaque detection and imaging at a high contrast. Plaque consists of either fibrotic, lipoid, or calcified depositions and is rather bradytrophic. For that reason in vitro experiments on human specimens post mortem seem to be justified and of clinical evidence. Due to intrinsically different fluorometric properties of plaque and normal vascular tissue imaging of marker-free plaque areas is possible. Additionally the specimens have been incubated with a haematoporphyrin-containing fluorescence marker at concentrations of 10–40μg ml−1 and incubation times of 60 min in order to obtain a corresponding increase in contrast. Lipoid depositions show the highest contrast because of lipophilic properties of the marker, while fibrotic and calcified plaque is slightly less effectively marked. The results, however, so far obtained indicate that fluorescence detection of plaque promises further progress in diagnosis and therapy of cardiovascular diseases.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02030882
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Improved results of coronary excimer laser angioplasty by the use of advanced transmission devices (1991)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 6 (1991), S. 317-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Schlagwort(e): Laser angioplasty ; Coronary artery disease ; PTCA
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Physik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Excimer laser angioplasty is an alternative method for the treatment of obstructive coronary lesions. Initial clinical results demonstrated the safety and feasibility of the procedure. However, efficacy was limited by low catheter flexibility and unreliable energy transmission. Advanced transmission devices were used in 80 interventions in 79 patients. The catheter diameter is 1.3, 1.5 or 1.8 mm, the catheters consist of 20, 30 or 35 quartz fibres (100 μm) respectively. The mean energy density was 55 ±18 mJ mm−2, mean loss of energy transmission was 20%. The pulse width was 60 ns and 115 ns in 40 interventions each. The target vessel was the LAD in 53, the LCX in 6 and the RCA in 21 interventions. Failure of laser angioplasty occurred in 10 patients due to failed guidewire placement (N=6), failed catheter placement (N=3) or impossibility to cross the lesion with the catheter (N=1). Stand-alone laser angioplasty was performed in 43/70 procedures. Additional balloon angioplasty was necessary due to an unsatisfactory result (N=10) or due to complications (N=17) in 27 patients. Vessel occlusion occurred in 18 patients (25%) and could be successfully resolved by balloon dilatation (N=16) or additional laser angioplasty (N=1) in 17 patients. Two early occlusions were found at the 24-h control angiography. The incidence of myocardial infarction and in-hospital death (N=1) was 1.4%. Conclusion: The use of an advanced energy delivery system with trusted energy transmission and higher energy density increased the primary success rate of stand-alone excimer laser angioplasty. However, further improvement of catheter flexibility and reduction of dead space at the catheter tip is necessary to optimize ablation efficacy.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02030887
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Excimer laser coronary angioplasty: Initial experience at St. Thomas' Hospital (1991)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 6 (1991), S. 339-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Schlagwort(e): Xenon chloride ; Excimer laser ; Coronary angioplasty
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Physik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Photochemical ablation of coronary artery atheroma using pulsed xenon-chloride excimer laser has, over the past 18 months produced promising results. Worldwide experience amounts to some 2000 cases. In the first 6 months following installation of the Dymer 200+ laser (Advanced Interventional Systems, Irvine, California, USA) at St. Thomas' Hospital, 53 procedures have been performed in 49 patients. Of these, 52.8% were ‘high risk’ (triple vessel disease, unstable angina, LV ejection fraction 〈35%, need to treat sole remaining coronary conduit). Complications were two in hospital deaths (18 and 48 h post-procedure-3.8%); one ELCA related myocardial infarct (1.9%); two haemorrhage requiring transfusion (3.8%); no emergency bypass graft surgery (0%). Current indications for the use of laser include: (1) long-segment diffuse disease; (2) proximal or ostial stenoses in coronary artery or graft; (3) restenosis after balloon angioplasty; (4) total occlusions crossed by a guidewire; (5) severe stenoses crossed by guidewire but not balloon; and (6) bifurcation lesions or stenoses compromising an important side-branch. Potential complications include: arterial perforation; aneurysm formation; peripheral embolization by plaque material; abrupt thrombotic closure; dissection; late sudden occlusion; spasm; and restenosis. Minor problems at the start of the programme involved: modifications to the machine to meet local laser safety requirements; special gases required for the machine; supply and design of fibre optic catheters; guiding catheters; heparin dose; dissection of the coronary artery (major and minor); and selection of patients.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02030891
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Has the argon laser ever been used optimally for the treatment of port wine stain birthmarks? (1991)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 6 (1991), S. 371-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Physik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02042458
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A study of gelatin ablation induced by a novel design TEA CO2 laser (1991)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 6 (1991), S. 429-435 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Schlagwort(e): TEA CO2 laser ; Ablation ; Thermal modelling ; Pulse width ; Gelatin ; Absorption coefficient
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Physik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Ablation of gelatin samples was performed by using a semiconductively preionized TEA CO2 laser, emitting pulses of the lower TEM mode, 100 ns duration, at a repetition rate of 2.4Hz. Ablation rate experiments were performed at a range of fluences from 2J cm−2 to 10J cm−2. Assuming that the absorption coefficient is much larger than the scattering coefficient, experimental data were explained by simple models of ablation. The ablation depth per pulse and the specific absorption depth were calculated from the experimental data.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02042466
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Activity of haematoporphyrin derivative photoproduct in photodynamic therapy in vivo (1991)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 6 (1991), S. 425-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Schlagwort(e): Photodynamic therapy ; Tumour ; Haematopor-phyrin derivative ; Photoproduct ; Laser illumination
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Physik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Illumination of haematoporphyrin derivative in phosphate-buffered solutions causes the formation of a stable photoproduct with new absorption and fluorescence bands. We report data showing photodynamic activity of the photoproduct. Praestomic tumour OJ-5, carcinosarcoma W-256 (mice) and adenocarcinoma Akatol of colon (rats) have been used. Dynamics of tumour growth, life span of animals and morphological changes of tumour tissues have been the main criteria used to show the photoproduct activity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02042465
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The propagation of optical radiation in tissue. II: Optical properties of tissues and resulting fluence distributions (1991)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 6 (1991), S. 379-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Schlagwort(e): Tissue optics ; Absorption ; Scattering ; Fluence distribution
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Physik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract This paper is the second of two reviewing the propagation of electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 0.25–10μm in tissue. This part begins with a discussion of how the fundamental optical interaction coefficients of tissue may be measured. Both direct methods, in which the coefficients are measured for optically thin samples, and indirect methods, in which the coefficients are inferred from measurements on bulk samples are described. The difficulties inherent in both types of measurement are outlined. Next the wavelength dependence of the scattering and absorption coefficient is discussed, both from a heuristic point of view and by illustration from current literature. We illustrate how the optical spectrum can be divided into regions where the propagation of light is dominated by absorption or scattering effects. Finally we show how the distribution of light fluence in these spectral regions is dramatically different and illustrate the important features of these distributions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02042460
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Preliminary experience with the 1.32 μm neodymium-YAG laser in the treatment of tracheobronchial malignancy (1991)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 6 (1991), S. 407-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Schlagwort(e): Laser bronchoscopy ; 1.32μm Nd-YAG laser
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Physik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Endoscopic laser treatment for tracheobronchial malignancy is usually given with the neodymium-YAG laser using the 1.064μm output beam. However, recent experimental work suggests that the 1.32μm output beam of this laser has more desirable tissue effects. We have now treated 55 patients with the 1.32μm Nd-YAG laser (MBB-Medizintechnic) under general anaesthesia, using power settings of 10–20 W and pulse durations of up to 1 s. The indications for treatment were localized airway obstruction in each case. Airway calibre was improved in 46 (84%) patients and this was associated with an improvement in symptoms of cough and breathlessness. Patients with tracheal and carinal obstruction exhibited the most striking clinical improvements with up to four-fold increases in peak expiratory flow. In patients with more peripheral endobronchial obstruction, treatment improved airway calibre less frequently and resulted in a smaller clinical improvement. Of 11 patients with obstruction of a main bronchus and lung collapse, treatment led to partial or complete re-expansion in 10 cases (91%). The 1.32μm wavelength allows treatment to be conducted efficiently and safely but at a considerably lower power than is required for the 1.064μmwavelength. The ability to use low powers has the apparent advantage of generating only negligible quantities of smoke. Our experience with this new laser system demonstrates its considerable potential in the management of tracheobronchial malignancy.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02042463
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Clinical recording of laser-induced fluorescence spectra for evaluation of tumour demarcation feasibility in selected clinical specialities (1991)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 6 (1991), S. 415-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Schlagwort(e): Autofluorescence ; Fluorescence ; Laser spectroscopy ; Tumour detection ; Tumour diagnosis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Physik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Laser-induced autofluorescence spectra from humans were recorded in vivo at three different clinics in a study aimed at investigating the capability of this method to discriminate between malignant tumours and normal surrounding tissues. For the recordings a mobile trolley with the necessary equipment was constructed for use in an examination room or in an operating theatre environment. Laser light was guided through a 600μm optical fibre to the target tissue. The fluorescence from the excited tissue was collected with the same fibre and was fed to an optical multichannel analyser. Two excitation wavelengths were used (337 and 405 nm) in order to optimize the fluorescence signals in two interesting wavelength regions (380–500 and 550–700 nm). Oral and oropharyngeal tumours excited with 405 nm light contained detectable endogenous porphyrins and were in this way discriminated from the normal mucosa. Astrocytoma grade III–IV fluorescence different from that of normal brain tissue, while tumours in the bronchial tree were not detectable using the spectral shape of the pure tissue autofluorescence.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02042464
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The value of laser in the treatment of malignant disease of the larynx (1991)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 6 (1991), S. 451-455 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Schlagwort(e): Larynx ; Endoscopic microlaryngeal surgery ; CO2 laser
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Physik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract The value of functional and reconstructive surgery to the larynx in the treatment of malignant tumours to preserve residual function as far as possible has been clearly demonstrated. A further step in the development of ‘functional surgery’ is classical microsurgery of the larynx which facilitates diagnosis and endoscopic microsurgical treatment of benign tumours. However, recently following the introduction of the carbon dioxide (CO2) laser it has been shown that it is possible to treat also malignant tumours of the larynx by endoscopic microsurgery. An incision made by the photo-thermal CO2 laser scalpel is characterized by the relative absence of bleeding, lack of post-operative oedema, rapid epithelialization without associated infection or cicatrization and this results in optimal post-operative laryngeal function. This paper presents the results of treatment of selected cases of T1 and T2 carcinoma of the glottis treated by CO2 laser excision under microlaryngoscopic control. In this series healing was rapid with minimal hospitalization and without a tracheostomy. Excellent functional results were achieved and the patient was able to return rapidly to his original occupation. It is our opinion that at present this treatment modality represents the optimal treatment for T1 and T2 carcinoma of the glottis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02042469
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Announcements (1990)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 2 (1990), S. 61-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02029822
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Announcements (1991)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 2 (1991), S. 116-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01579256
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Grammatical approaches to engineering design, part I: An introduction and commentary (1991)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 2 (1991), S. 121-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract A grammar is a definition of a language written in a transformational form. To the extent that design requirements and designed artifacts can be represented by some language, and to the extent that design is a transformation from function to form, grammars might facilitate the development of theories and methods for design. The syntax, lexicon, and semantics of a formal language are analogous to the configuration, components, and behavior of an engineering design. Furthermore, the computational complexity of various grammatical formalisms might provide a foundation upon which to base complexity measures in design. We discuss grammatical formalisms and give examples of how grammars might facilitate design automation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01578994
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Editorial: Improving Engineering Design (1991)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 2 (1991), S. 183-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01579216
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Design synthetic reasoning: A methodology for mechanical design (1991)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 2 (1991), S. 221-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Design synthetic reasoning is a methodology to support the process of design synthesis and includes within its scope support for associated processes of design verification, behavior derivation, and function justification. The design synthesis of machines is viewed as the development of a specification of required behavior, and transformation of the specification into the description of a structure (or assembly) of machine components. In this paper, the process of design synthesis is modeled as a sequence of applications of transformation rules. These rules either respecify, elaborate, reduce, or reformulate the expression of required behavior, and ultimately allow matching and selection of structurally compatible machine components and relationships from a design library. The specification of required behavior for a simple rotary actuator is developed and progressively transformed to synthesize the structures of two different patented rotary actuating devices. The ability of both devices to produce the required behavior is verified, and the property of self-locking for both the devices is derived from the structure descriptions. The functions (purposes) of components and relationships in each device are extracted from the trace of transformation rules applied during the verification and derivation process for each device.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01579219
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Announcements (1991)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 3 (1991), S. 57-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01580068
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Dimensional Variable Expansion—A formal approach to innovative design (1991)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 3 (1991), S. 75-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract A methodology called Dimensional Variable Expansion (DVE) is presented to formalize the process of design space expansion and design innovation. Unlike parametric design, where the structure of the design is specified and only the parameters are allowed to vary, DVE creates new structures, including new variables, constraints, and a reformulation of the objective function. Via DVE, a body is expanded into multiple regions by dividing along a dimensional variable, and then each region is permitted independent properties. Optimality conditions are used to determine which variables to expand and which regions should be subject to property modifications. With DVE the degrees-of-freedom of a design can be expanded and designs with unique features can be derived.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581341
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    An application of axiomatic design (1992)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 3 (1992), S. 149-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract For the field of design to become a discipline, it must have the prerequisites of a discipline: principles and a process of solving problems using these principles. This paper presents a case study for axiomatic design, illustrating the process of using the design axioms (i.e., the Independence Axiom and the Information Axiom) in designing an artificial skin. The axioms are used to guide the analysis of a process design for an artificial skin graft. The analysis indicates that the current design does not meet the requirements specified by the axioms and should be redesigned to overcome the difficulties it has experienced in the field. Alternative solutions are generated following a systematic analysis of the design problem, and the best alternative is identified.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01580517
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Book review (1992)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 3 (1992), S. 243-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01580846
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Editorial: Research in Engineering Design (1992)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 3 (1992), S. 193-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01580841
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A taxonomy for mechanical design (1992)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 3 (1992), S. 179-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract This paper presents a taxonomy that provides a basis for characterizing mechanical design methods and theories. The taxonomy has three primary divisions: the environment, the problem, and the process. Each of these factors is further subdivided into its important characteristics. For example, the process is divided into plan, processing action, effect, and failure action. This paper discusses the options for each characteristic. An overview of the proposed taxonomy is given in section 2 of this paper. Section 3 describes details of the design environment; section 4 gives details on the description of the design problem itself; and section 5 provides details on the design process. In section 6, the taxonomy is applied in two ways: it is first used to clarify the meaning of differing, commonly used design terms, such as selection design, configurational design, parametric design, and redesign; and, second, the taxonomy is used to classify a representative sample of design process research efforts.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01580519
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Integrating the user into research on engineering design systems (1992)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 3 (1992), S. 211-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Engineering design research has historically been evaluated in terms of its computational performance. However, in many cases this research implies hypotheses about human behavior which are ignored. In this paper, we argue that the systems emerging from design research will benefit from investigating how people use them to accomplish work, and from the incorporation of principles of Participatory Design (Floyed et al., 1989) at the earliest stages of the development process. Using a case study, we present the evolution of a CAD system that supports complex mathematical modeling. This design effort is examined according to principles outlined in another well-documented effort in Participatory Design. Finally, despite the common misconception that such considerations impede basic research, we argue that continuous user involvement can guide research by validating experimental hypotheses and pointing to areas for future inquiry.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01580843
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A data representation for collaborative mechanical design (1992)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 3 (1992), S. 233-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Collaborative design projects place additional burdens on design documentation practices. The literature on group design has repeatedly documented the existence of problems in design decision-making due to the unavailability of design information. This paper describes a data representation developed for collaborative mechanical design information. The data representation is used to record the history of the design as a sequence of design decisions. The resulting data base records the final specifications, the alternatives which were considered during the design process, and the designers' rationale for choosing the final design parameters. It is currently implemented in a computerized data base system under development at Oregon State University (OSU).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01580845
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Design principles for cognitive artifacts (1992)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 4 (1992), S. 43-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Modern designs are more than ever before required to be understandable and usable by their intended audience. As machines get ever more complex, it becomes essential for designers to provide a user-centered design that focuses upon the needs and abilities of the user. This paper presents an analysis of cognitive artifacts—devices designed to maintain, display, or operate upon information in order to serve a representational function. An important design consideration is the human action cycle which means that artificial devices must support both execution and evaluation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032391
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Simulation of human error in reinforced concrete design (1992)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 4 (1992), S. 51-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Available statistical data suggest that human error in design causes a significant proportion of performance failures; namely, structural failure, cost overruns, and delays. A Human Reliability Analysis (HRA) model has been developed to simulate the effect of human error on the design computations of a reinforced concrete beam. The proposed HRA model incorporates the effect of “self-corrections”; this is a process where tasks are re-evaluated if the result appears to be not within “reasonable” expectations. Calculation, table look-up, chart look-up, and table ranking microtasks were incorporated into the proposed HRA model; human perormance data are described for each of these microtasks. It was found that human error, particularly multiple errors, lead to a significant loss of structural safety.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032392
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Evolutionary design theory using dynamic variation and thermodynamic selection (1991)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 3 (1991), S. 39-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract A general evolutionary design theory is presented which incorporates variation processes and selection processes to design fluid/thermal/chemical devices. A biologically consistent view of evolution splits the process into variation and selection. The variation process is quantitatively modeled using dynamic equations that govern structural changes. Steady-state and stability of design variation is related to growth and decay factors and environmental control parameters. The selection process is quantitatively modeled using nonequilibrium thermodynamics to indicate performance. Both structure and environment contribute to entropy production. This requires computational modeling of fluid dynamics, heat transfer, chemical diffusion, and reactions. Special cases of engineering design evolution are shown theoretically and with a numerical example. The theory could rectify the impact of engineered structures on the natural environment and provide a basis for designing machines with coupled physics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01580067
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Paconius and the pedestal for Apollo: A case study of error in conceptual design (1991)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 3 (1991), S. 123-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract A classic case history of an engineering failure related by Vitruvius is presented as a paradigm of human error in the design process. It is argued that a familiarity among designers with such case studies could be instrumental in reducing conceptual errors in the design process generally.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581344
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Announcements (1992)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 3 (1992), S. 191-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01580520
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Knowledge-based interpretation of architectural drawings (1992)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 3 (1992), S. 195-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract A method for machine interpretation of architectural (or other) schematic drawings is presented. The central problem is to build an efficient drawing parser (i.e., a program that identifies the semantic entities, characteristics, and relationships that are represented in the drawing). The parser is built from specifications of the drawing grammar and an underlying spatial model. The grammar describes what to look for, and the spatial model enables the parser to find it quickly. Coupled with existing optical recognition technology, this technique enables the use of drawings directly as: (1) a database to drive various Architecture-Engineering-Construction (AEC) applications; (2) a communication protocol to integrate CAD systems; (3) a traditional user interface.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01580842
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Preface (1992)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 4 (1992), S. 1-1 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032387
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Announcements (1992)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 3 (1992), S. 247-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01580847
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Shared memory in design: A unifying theme for research and practice (1992)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 4 (1992), S. 23-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract This paper presents a new unifying theme for design theory by emphasizing the importance of context. We arrive at our conclusions by examining and then criticizing the legitimacy of universal methods in design upon which the critical importance of context emerges. The collaborative aspects of design focuses attention on the conception of shared meaning. We introduce and elaborate the concept of shared memory as the embodiment both of context and of shared meaning. Using the concept of shared memory in vertical and horizontal forms, within and between disciplines, respectively, we both account for past observations of design in practice and recommend actions to improve design in the future. We examine several practical implications of the growing importance of shared memory in industrial firms and for design teams. We then consider and recommend specific research programs which will help designers capture and make better use of this critical resource.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032390
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Encoding mechanical design features for recognition via neural nets (1992)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 4 (1992), S. 67-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Within mechanical computer-aided design (CAD), pattern-recognition techniques are fundamental to feature recognition. The use of neural net software as the pattern-recognition element depends upon encoding schemes which extract critical information from candidate geometric subsets. The trained memory can then determine if a particular candidate geometric subset corresponds to a feature of interest. Successful experiments with particular encoding schemes over a restricted class of features will be presented. Neural nets were chosen with the long-term view toward a feature-recognition architecture where the end-user could customize the domain of features that can be recognized. The training of the neural net memory would be achieved through a graceful graphics interface. Extensive programming and knowledge bases would be avoided. This envisioned architecture will be presented to provide a context for the encoding schemes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01580145
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Topological properties that model feature-based representation conversions within concurrent engineering (1992)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 4 (1992), S. 147-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract One of the fundamental axioms of concurrent engineering is that undertaking functional design without foreseeing the manufacturing process leads to production delays and increased costs. This widely accepted concurrent engineering principle is given a formal basis by development of a mathematical model for the conversion of a feature-based design representation to a manufacturing representation. Within the domain of thin-walled components, it is shown that the conversion to tooling cost representations can result in a discontinuous function when the sets of design and manufacturing representations have been formulated as topological spaces. This discontinuity formally reflects the folklore that a small design change can significantly increase product cost. The mathematical sophistication required within this model is suggestive of why manufacturability evaluations can be quite difficult.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01607943
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Announcements (1992)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 4 (1992), S. 191-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01607947
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A taxonomy of the product realization process environment (1992)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 4 (1992), S. 203-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract The realization of concepts into products is an extremely complex and poorly understood process. Companies and researchers are developing software aids and tools in a somewhat ad hoc manner. Differing claims are made for such tools, without there being much underlying understanding about what they are supposed to do. As part of a project to develop a strategy for applying computer-based tools to the process of realizing products, this paper proposes a taxonomy which encompasses most of the factors involved and defines the environments in which computer-based tools operate. Several other uses for this taxonomy are suggested, including identifying how the different types of computer-based tools support or replace various human activities or tasks; outlining a strategy for automating the process, as part of a strategy for applying the right tool for the task; and identifying where new tools might be developed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032464
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Structural synthesis under manufacturability constraints: A CAD system for the design of injection-molded product housings (1993)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 5 (1993), S. 185-201 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Schlagwort(e): Computer-aided design ; Design for manufacture ; Injection molding ; Structural synthesis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract We describe a computer-aided design system that automatically constructs the internal functional surface shapes of plastic injection molded product housings. Fundamental manufacturability constraints related to the geometry of injection mold parting and the solidification of molten plastic are identified. These constraints are embodied in structural synthesis operators that create the internal shapes given a set of functional requirements. An implementation, which is integrated with a system that automatically designs the external visible surface of the housing, is discussed. Algorithms for the structural synthesis operators are provided along with sample output demonstrating their operation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01608362
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A meta-model for mechanical products based upon the mechanical design process (1993)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 5 (1993), S. 140-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Schlagwort(e): Design documentation ; Features ; Functional modeling ; Product modeling
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract This paper describes preliminary work toward the develoment of a framework and a system for modeling the “meta-physical” information of mechanical products. Meta-physical information is that information which describes the nature or reason for existence of objects in the physical product model. Such information includes product and feature functionality, design intent, relations, constraints and viewpoint-dependent definitions. This effort has resulted in an initial model structure and a prototype system. The product model consists of a meta-physical product model with attached physical product models containing, among other information, geometry, dimensions, tolerances, and features. The content and structure of the product model correspond directly to the information used and produced during the mechanical design process. The prototype system integrates a solid modeler, a feature modeler, a dimension and tolerance modeler, and a meta-physical modeler. This paper provides an overview of the meta-model structure, usage and potential.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01608360
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Announcements (1993)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 5 (1993), S. 238-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01608365
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Constraint-based design using an operational approach (1993)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 5 (1993), S. 202-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Schlagwort(e): Constraint-based design ; Feature modeling ; Geometric reasoning ; Graph grammar ; Knowledge-based inference
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Constraint-based design, which explicitly represents and operates upon constraints, has been recognized as a promising tool for achieving intelligent support of design, particularly the design of mechanical parts or assemblies. It is essential for a constraint-based system to realize the constraint-solving capability. This paper presents an operational approach to constraint solving using incremental feature operations. The approach is based on an operational interpretation of constraints, i.e. the constraint satisfaction is carried out in terms of operations incrementally. A grammatic formalism is used for operational modeling of constraints. Each graph production within a graph grammar corresponds to an operation or a sequence of operations designated for constraint satisfaction that is related to a rule or a procedure. Therefore, a constraint satisfaction process can be represented by a graph grammar parsing process. The operation sequence is planned by graph grammar parsing and invocation of the related rules or procedures. Constraints are then evaluated by invoking the sequenced operations. Features are introduced as higher-level abstractions into the geometric constraints network. This enables reasoning about design validation from topological and manufacturing views.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01608363
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Announcements (1993)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 5 (1993), S. 240-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01608367
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Robust optimal design using a second-order tolerance model (1994)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 25-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Schlagwort(e): Optimization ; Robust design ; Tolerances ; Variation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract In this paper we present a general, quantitative method for developing designs that are robust to variation in design variables and parameters. Variation is defined in terms of tolerances which bracket the expected deviation of uncertain quantities about nominal values. We specifically address the case where input variations are assumed to be random variables that are normally distributed. The method incorporates a second-order tolerance model as part of a nonlinear optimization process. The second-order tolerance model makes it possible to estimate the skewness of function distributions, which are modeled with a three-parameter gamma distribution. We apply the method to determine robust designs for 11 test cases that span a variety of problems; robustness is verified with Monte Carlo simulation. The method enables a designer to understand and account for the effects of tolerances, making it possible to build robustness into an engineering design.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01588089
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A model-based method for organizing tasks in product development (1994)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 1-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Schlagwort(e): Concurrent engineering ; Design management ; Design process improvement
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract This research is aimed at structuring complex design projects in order to develop better products more quickly. We use a matrix representation to capture both the sequence of and the technical relationships among the many design tasks to be performed. These relationships define the “technical structure” of a project, which is then analyzed in order to find alternative sequences and/or definitions of the tasks. Such improved design procedures offer opportunities to speed development progress by streamlining the inter-task coordination. After using this technique to model design processes in several organizations, we have developed a design management strategy which focuses attention on the essential information transfer requirements of a technical project.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01588087
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Testing the hypothesis law of design: The case of the Britannia Bridge (1994)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 38-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Schlagwort(e): Britannia Bridge ; Design laws ; Design process ; Design reasoning ; Hypotheses
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract In a recent paper, Dasgupta[6] has claimed to have identified two universal, qualitativelaws of design. Of these, one is called thehypothesis law, which states that: “A design process that reaches termination does so through one or more cycles of hypothesis creation, testing and (if necessary) modification.” This law was arrived at from arguments based on a model of the design process at the “knowledge level”[9] and on the concept of “bounded rationality”[15]. In the present article we describe an extensiveempirical test of the hypothesis law using an important historical case study. The case in question is the design, conducted between 1844 and 1847, of the Britannia Bridge which spanned the Menai Straits in Wales. Using published records of the project as the basis for our evidence, we shall show that the design process followed in this project strongly corroborates the hypothesis law.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01588090
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Qualitative reasoning and the representation of fundamental principles in structural engineering (1994)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 61-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Schlagwort(e): Inference strategy ; Qualitative reasoning ; Structural engineering
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Qualitative reasoning is a methodology for deriving the behavior of a device from a declarative representation of relevant fundamental principles and a high-level description of the device. This article and its companion present a qualitative reasoning framework, named the space-centered framework, for reasoning about the behavior of structural systems subjected to loads. The framework includes a representation of the topology and geometry of a structure, and the fundamental principles of equilibrium, compatibility and force-deformation relationships. A parameter, such as a displacement or an internal force, is represented qualitatively by its algebraic sign and its relationship in magnitude with other parameters in the model. Component qualitative states incorporate the fundamental principles for a class of components, such as frame members or supports. The conjugate analogy between the equilibrium and compatibility laws is recognized in the representation. Processes acting between components represent fundamental principles of equilibrium and compatibility at the connections. A companion paper presents the inference strategy for the space-centered framework and its application to qualitative analysis of conceptual designs of structures.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01579984
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A referential scheme for modeling and identifying spatial attributes of entities in constructed facilities (1994)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 142-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Schlagwort(e): Geometric modeling ; AEC ; CAD/CAE ; Facility
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract This paper presents a referential scheme for representing and identifying the spatial extent of physical entities of constructed facilities, such as buildings and offshore structures. Using the basic operations of a non-manifold geometric modeler, a set of high-level algebraic operations is defined. The scheme and its algebra are used for modeling the spatial attributes of a facility entity at two levels: primary and secondary. The primary representation uniquely captures an entity's spatial attributes at the “skeletal” level and is used mainly for identifying discipline-independent topological relationships of that entity with others. Secondary representations, on the other hand, are used to provide an entity's discipline-specific geometric attributes. The topological relationships and geometric attributes of facility entities thus need not be explicitly stored, but can be computed on demand by the underlying non-manifold modeler.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01607276
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Automatically deriving behavior constraints for performance variables in mechanical design (1994)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 85-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Schlagwort(e): Analysis ; Behavior derivation ; Constraints
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Generation of the behavioral constraint equations needed for analysis in the mechanical design synthesis-analysis iteration loop is currently based on approaches that model the behavior of an entire system or subsystem of the design. This paper presents a general approach to constraint derivation that is localized around design performance variables. The approach consists of an amenable design configuration representation, a standard format for representing behavior knowledge, and an algorithm that builds a constraint network that can be used to solve for the performance variables by applying behavioral knowledge to the configuration. The algorithm works outward from the initial performance variables, creating new performance variables as required, and processing only those behavior laws and components of the design needed to obtain a solution. It can take design variables (known conditions or variable parameters) into account, takes advantage of the part-subpart hierarchy in the configuration, can exploit previous solutions, and can detect indeterminacy that is sometimes caused by simplifying assumptions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01579986
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