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  • Articles  (76)
  • Nitrification
  • Springer  (76)
  • 1990-1994  (29)
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  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (76)
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  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (76)
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  • Biology  (61)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of bamboo harvest on dynamics of nutrient pools, N mineralization, and microbial biomass in soil (1994)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 18 (1994), S. 137-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial biomass ; Bamboo savanna ; N mineralization ; Nutrient pools ; Temporal variations ; Nitrification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of harvesting bamboo savanna on the dynamics of soil nutrient pools, N mineralization, and microbial biomass was examined. In the unharvested bamboo site NO inf3 sup- -N in soil ranged from 0.37 to 3.11 mg kg-1 soil and in the harvested site from 0.43 to 3.67 mg kg-1. NaHCO3-extractable inorganic P ranged from 0.55 to 3.58 mg kg-1 in the unharvested site and from 1.01 to 4.22 mg kg-1 in the harvested site. Over two annual cycles, the N mineralization range in the unharvested and harvested sites was 0–19.28 and 0–24.0 mg kg-1 soil month-1, respectively. The microbial C, N, and P ranges were 278–587, 28–64, and 12–26 mg kg-1 soil, respectively, with the harvested site exhibiting higher values. Bamboo harvesting depleted soil organic C by 13% and total N by 20%. Harvesting increased N mineralization, resulting in 10 kg ha-1 additional mineral N in the first 1st year and 5 kg ha-1 in the 2nd year following the harvest. Microbial biomass C, N and P increased respectively by 10, 18, and 5% as a result of bamboo harvesting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336460
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Baythroid on nitrogen transformations in soil (1994)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 17 (1994), S. 173-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Ammonification ; Cyfluthrin ; Nitrification ; Nitrogen ; N mineralization ; N transformations ; Pesticides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted in soil to study the influence of the insecticide Baythroid on immobilization-remineralization of added inorganic N, mineralization of organic N, and nitrification of added NH inf4 su+ -N. Baythroid was applied at 0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2, and 6.4 μg g-1 soil (active ingredient basis). The treated soils were incubated at 30°C for different time intervals depending upon the experiment. The immobilization and mineralization of N were significantly increased in the presence of Baythroid, the effect being greater with higher doses of the insecticide. Conversely, nitrification was retarded at lower doses of Baythroid and significantly inhibited at higher doses. The results of these studies suggest that excessive amonts of insecticide residues affect different microbial populations differently, leading to changes in nutrient cycling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336318
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of preemergence and postemergence herbicides on urea hydrolysis and nitrification of urea nitrogen in soil (1994)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 17 (1994), S. 309-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Herbicides ; Urea hydrolysis ; Nitrification ; Ammonia toxicity ; Nitrification inhibitors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of 5 and 50 mg active ingredient kg-1 soil of nine preemergence and nine postemergence herbicides on transformations of urea N in soil was studied in samples of two coarse-textured and two fine-textured soils incubated aerobically at 20°C. The effects of each herbicide on soil urea transformations was measured by determining the amounts of urea hydrolyzed and the amounts of NO inf3 sup- and NO inf2 sup- produced at various times after treatment with urea. Applied at the rate of 5 mg active ingredient kg-1 soil, none of the herbicides retarded urea hydrolysis in the four soils used, but four of the postemergence herbicides (acifluorfen, diclofop methyl, fenoxaprop ethyl) retarded urea hydrolysis in the two coarse-textured soils. All the herbicides tested except siduron retarded nitrification in the two coarse-textured soils when applied at 50 mg of urea N active ingredient kg-1 soil, and fenoxaprop ethyl and tridiphane markedly retarded nitrification of urea N in all four of the soils when applied at this rate. One-way analysis of variance and correlation analyses indicated that the inhibitory effects of the 18 herbicides tested on nitrification of urea N in soil increased with a decrease in the organic-matter content and an increase in the sand content of the soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00383987
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increase in nitrous oxide production in soil induced by ammonium and organic carbon (1994)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 18 (1994), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Ammonium ; Denitrification ; Nitrification ; Nitrous oxide ; Organic carbon ; Acetylene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We observed that soil cores collected in the field containing relatively high NH inf4 sup+ and C substrate levels produced relatively large quantities of N2O. A series of laboratory experiments confirmed that the addition of NH inf4 sup+ and glucose to soil increase N2O production under aerobic conditions. Denitrifying enzyme activity was also increased by the addition of NH inf4 sup+ and glucose. Furthermore, NH inf4 sup+ and glocose additions increased the production of N2O in the presence of C2H2. Therefore, we concluded that denitrification was the most likely source of N2O production. Denitrification was not, however, directly affected by NH inf4 sup+ in anaerobic soil slurries, although the use of C substrate increased. In the presence of a high substrate C concentration, N2O production by denitrifiers may be affected by NO inf3 sup- supplied from NH inf4 sup+ through nitrification. Alternatively, N2O may be produced during mixotrophic and heterotrophic growth of nitrifiers. The results indicated that the NH inf4 sup+ concentration, in addition to NO inf3 sup- , C substrate, and O2 concentrations, is important for predicting N2O production and denitrification under field conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336436
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wood-ash fertilization and fire treatments in a Scots pine forest stand: Effects on the organic layer, microbial biomass, and microbial activity (1994)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 17 (1994), S. 57-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Coniferous humus ; Ergosterol ; Soil respiration ; Substrate induced respiration ; Metabolic quotient ; Nitrification ; Pinus sylvestris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We studied the reactions of humus layer (F/H) microbial respiratory activity, microbial biomass C, and the fungal biomass, measured as the soil ergosterol content, to the application of three levels of wood ash (1000, 2500, and 5000 kg ha-1) and to fire treatment in a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand. Physicochemical measurements (pH, organic matter content, extractable and total C content, NH 4 + and total N content, cation-exchange capacity, base saturation) showed similarity between the fire-treated plots and those treated with the lowest dose of wood ash (1000 kg ha-1). The ash application did not change the level of microbial biomass C or fungal ergosterol when compared to the control, being around 7500 and 350 μg g-1 organic matter for the biomass C and ergosterol, respectively. The fire treatment lowered the values of both biomass measurements to about half that of the control values. The fire treatment caused a sevenfold fall in the respiration rate of fieldmoist soil to 1.8 μl h-1 g-1 organic matter compared to the values of the control or ash treatments. However, in the same soils adjusted to a water-holding capacity of 60%, the differences between the fire treatment and the control were diminished, and the ash-fertilized plots were characterized by a higher respiration rate compared to the control plots. The glucose-induced respiration reacted in the same way as the water-adjusted soil respiration. The metabolic quotient, qCO2, gradually increased from the control level with increasing applications of ash, reaching a maximum in the fire treatment. Nitrification was not observed in the treatment plots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00418673
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of long-term field exposure of soil to acetylene on nitrification, denitrification, and acetylene consumption (1994)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 18 (1994), S. 42-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: N2O ; Coated Calcium Carbide ; Acetylene ; Nitrification ; Denitrification ; Soil respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Coated CaC2 is a newly developed product which can supply nitrification-inhibiting quantities of C2H2 (1–10 Pa) to the soil, throughout a cropping season. This method of applying C2H2 to the soil maintains C2H2 in the soil continuously for several months. It is not know whether these low C2H2 concentrations alter soil microbial processes. A field study was initiated to determine the effect of supplying C2H2 to a clay soil, using coated CaC2, on soil respiration, denitrification, nitrification, and C2H2 consumption. The C2H2 consumption rate increased with length of soil exposure to C2H2 (r 2=0.59). The rates of CO2 production (r 2=0.88) and denitrification (r 2=0.86) were both highly correlated with the C2H2 consumption rates. The nitrifier potential decreased to a minimum of 21% of the control after 3 months of C2H2 treatment. After this time, nitrifier activity increased to 41% of the control after 11 months of treatment. This increase was due to increased C2H2 consumption in the soil. After 3 months of continuous application of C2H2 to the soil, the C2H2 concentrations were generally below that necessary to inhibit nitrification. No adaptation to the C2H2 by nitrifiers was found. Repeating these measurements 1 year later showed that soils previously exposed to C2H2 retained their enhanced C2H2 oxidation capacity and the capacity to use C2H2 to increase denitrification. Nitrification potentials remained about 50% lower in soils exposed to C2H2 a year earlier compared to soils not previously exposed to C2H2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336443
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature dependence of nitrification, denitrification, and turnover of nitric oxide in different soils (1993)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 15 (1993), S. 21-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: NO production ; NO consumption ; Chemodenitrification ; Nitrification ; Denitrification ; Activation energy ; Temperature optimum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The temperature dependence of the NO production rate and the NO consumption rate constant was measured in an Egyptian soil, a soil from the Bavarian Forest, and a soil from the Donau valley, together with the temperature dependence of the potential rates of ammonium oxidation, nitrite oxidation, and denitrification, and the temperature dependence of the growth of NH inf4 sup+ -oxidizing, NO inf2 sup- -oxidizing, and NO inf3 sup- -reducing bacteria in most probable number assays. In the acidic Bavarian Forest soil, NO production was only stimulated by the addition of NO inf3 sup- but not NH inf4 sup+ . However, NO production showed no temperature optimum, indicating that it was due to chemical processes. Most probable numbers and potential activities of nitrifiers were very low. NO consumption, in contrast, showed a temperature optimum at 25°C, demonstrating that consumption and production of NO were regulated individually by the soil temperature. In the neutral, subtropical Egyptian soil, NO production was stimulated only by the addition of NH inf4 sup+ but not NO inf3 sup- . All activities and most probable numbers showed a temperature optimum at 25° or 30°C and exhibited apparent activation energies between 61 and 202 kJ mol-1. However, a few nitrifiers and denitrifiers were also able to grow at 8° or 50°C. Similar temperature characteristics were observed in the Donau valley soil, although it originated from a temperate region. In this soil NO production was stimulated by the addition of NH inf4 sup+ or of NO inf3 sup- . Both NO production and consumption were stimulated by drying and rewetting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336283
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal nitrification measurements with different species of forest litter applied to granite-sand-filled lysimeters in the field (1993)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 15 (1993), S. 28-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Plant forest litters ; Biodegradation ; Nitrification ; Nitrogen mineralization ; Litter decomposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The biodegradation of litter from Festuca silvatica, Abies pectinata, Fagus silvatica, Calluna vulgaris, Picea abies associated with forest brown acid soils or with podzolic soils was studied in field lysimeters filled with granite sand. Analysis of the leachates collected during 2 years made it possible to determine NO inf3 sup- , NH inf4 sup+ , and soluble organic N production in order to investigate the specific influence of the different species of litter on the mineralization of organic N and the variations in nitrification. With Festuca silvatica (grass), active nitrification was observed after the addition of fresh litter in autumn (fall of leaves). Nitrification remained significant in winter, reached a maximum in spring until early summer, and then decreased after mineralization of the easily mineralizable organic N. Nitrification was the major N transformation process in this litter. The addition of fresh litter of Abies pectinata (fir), Fagus silvatica (beech), Calluna vulgaris (heather), and Picea abies (spruce) in autumn induced an inhibition of nitrification during winter and spring. With these litter species, nitrification started again by the end of spring and was at a maximum in summer and autumn until leaf fall. By comparison with Festuca, inhibition observed in winter and spring with the other litter species was definitely due to the chemical composition of the leaves. Simultaneously, a lower C mineralization of these plant material occured. These litter species, in particular Calluna and Picea released leachates containing significant amounts of soluble organic N that were only slightly decomposed. We conclude that NO inf3 sup- production outside of the plant growth period can definitely be involved in soil acidification and weathering processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336284
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrification and nitrifying potential of tropical and subtropical soils (1993)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 15 (1993), S. 87-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrification ; Tropical soil ; Subtropical soil ; Nitrifying population
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrification was measured in five different soils (slate alluvial soil, sandstone shale alluvial soil, sandstone shale and slate alluvial soil, red soil, and Taiwan clay). In these soils different lag periods were recorded before the onset of nitrification. Nitrifying activity was highest in sandstone shale alluvial soil and the lowest in acidic red soil. A part from those in the red soil, the numbers of nitrifying bacteria detected were all higher than numbers reported in temperate soils. However, there were no clear relationships between the numbers of nitrifying bacteria and the rate of nitrification in these soils. When soil cores were incubated for 3 weeks, no NO inf2 sup- or NO inf3 sup- was defected in the slate alluvial soil. This was ascribed to denitrification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336423
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In situ net N transformations in pine, fir, and oak stands of different ages on acid sandy soil, 3 years after liming (1993)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 15 (1993), S. 120-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Lime ; Forest soil ; Nitrification ; N mineralization ; Nitrate leaching ; Pinus sylvestris ; Pseudotsuga menziesii ; Quercus robur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of liming on in-situ N transformations was studied in two stands of different ages of each of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco], and common oak (Quercus robur L.). The stands were located on acid sandy soils in an area with high atmospheric N input. The organic matter of the upper 10-cm layer of the soil, including the forest floor, had a relatively high N content (C: N ratio 〈25) in all stands. Using a sequential core technique, N transformations were measured in both control plots and plots that had been limed 3 years previously with 3 t ha-1 of dolomitic lime. Limed plots had a higher net NO inf3 sup- production and a higher potential for NO inf3 sup- leaching than the controls in all stands except that of the younger oak. Net N mineralization did not differ significantly between limed and control plots in oak stands and younger coniferous stands but was significantly lower in the limed plots of the older coniferous stands. It is concluded that long-term measurements of net N mineralization in limed forest soils are needed to evaluate the effect of liming with respect to the risk of groundwater pollution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336429
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mineralization of nitrogen in fertilizer-acidified lime-amended soils (1993)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 15 (1993), S. 249-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: N fertilizer requirement ; Nitrification ; Zea mays ; N mineralization ; Lime ; Soil pH ; Nitrate-N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The application of NH inf4 su+ -based fertilizers to soils slowly lowers soil pH, which in turn decreases nitrification rates. Under these conditions nitrification and N mineralization may be reduced. We therefore investigated the impact of liming fertilizer-acidified soils on nitrification and N mineralization. Soil samples were collected in the spring of 1987 from a field experiment, initiated in 1980, investigating N, tillage, and residue management under continuous corn (Zea mays L.). The pH values (CaCl2) in the surface soil originally ranged from 6.0 to 6.5. After 6 years the N fertilizer and tillage treatments had reduced the soil pH to values that ranged between 3.7 and 6.2. Incubation treatments included two liming rates (unlimed or SMP-determined lime requirement), two 15N-labeled fertilizer rates (0 or 20 g N m-2), and three replicates. Field-moist soil was mixed with lime and packed by original depth into columns. Labeled-15N ammonium sulfate in solution was surface-applied and columns were leached with 1.5 pore volumes of deionized water every 7 days over a 70-day period. Nitrification occurred in all pH treatments, suggesting that a ferilizer-acidified soil must contain a low-pH tolerant nitrifier population. Liming increased soil pH values (CaCl2) from 3.7 to 6.2, and increased by 10% (1.5 g N m-2) the amount of soil-derived NO3 --N that moved through the columns. This increase was the result of enhanced movement of soil-derived NO3 --N through the columns during the first 14 days of incubation. After the initial 14-day period, the limed and unlimed treatments had similar amounts of soil N leaching through the soil columns. Lime increased the nitrification rates and stimulated the early movement of fertilizer-derived NO3 --N through the soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00337208
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phosphorus and nitrogen dynamics during field incubations in forest and fallow subarctic soils (1993)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 16 (1993), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrification ; Mineralization ; Immobilization ; Forest floor ; Subarctic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A knowledge of the nutrient dynamics that occur with land use changes, e.g., in clearing forests for farmland, is useful in choosing the most efficient soil and fertilizer management practices. To determine net in situ P and N mineralization and nitrification rates of forest floor materials and their nutrient value for agricultural crops, plastic bags containing different materials (moss, O horizon, and A horizon) collected from a subarctic black spruce (Picea mariana Mill.) forest were incubated for 2 years in their respective forest horizons and at 7.5 cm depth in a nearby fallow field. Net amounts of P and N mineralized were highest in moss and were similar in forest and field when the temperature and moisture content were similar, but smaller in forest when the water content was higher. Net nitrification was negligible in O and A horizon material but significant in moss during the 2nd year, occurring sooner and producing higher NO inf3 sup- levels in the field (171 mg ha-1) than in the forest (13 mg ha-1). Moss P and N mineralization rates were correlated in the fallow field. Temperature, moisture content, and substrate quality were important factors controlling P and N dynamics of forest floor materials in a subarctic fallow field and native forest. In subarctic regions, incorporation and mineralization of forest floor materials could provide an early source of N and P (70 and 17 kg ha-1, respectively) for succeeding agricultural crops.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369299
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of cattle slurry in grassland on microbial biomass and on activities of various enzymes (1993)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 16 (1993), S. 249-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial biomass ; Soil enzymes ; Nitrification ; Cattle slurry ; Grassland soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We examined the long-term effects of cattle slurry, applied at high rates, on microbial biomass, respiration, the microbial quotient (qCO2) and various soil enzyme activities. In March, June, July, and October 1991, slurry-amended grassland soils (0–10 cm) contained significantly higher levels of microbial biomass, N mineralization and enzyme activities involved in N, P, and C cycling. With microbial biomass as the relative value, the results revealed that the slurry treatment influenced enzyme production by the microbial biomass. High levels of urease activity were the result not only of a larger microbial biomass, but also of higher levels of enzmye production by this microbial biomass. The ratio of alkaline phosphatase and xylanase to microbial biomass was nearly constant in the different treatments. The metabolic quotient (qCO2) declined with increased levels of slurry application. Therefore it appears that microorganisms in slurry-amended soils require less C and energy if there is no competition for nutrients. The results of this study suggest that urease activity, nitrification, and respiration (metabolic quotient) can be used as indicators of environmental stress, produced by heavy applications of cattle slurry.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369300
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  • 14
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    Effect of wax-coated calcium carbide and nitrapyrin on nitrogen loss and methane emission from dry-seeded flooded rice (1993)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 16 (1993), S. 71-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrification ; Denitrification ; Nitrification inhibitors ; 15N balance ; Nitrous oxide ; Greenhouse gases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effectiveness of wax-coated calcium carbide (as a slow-release source of acetylene) and nitrapyrin in inhibiting nitrification and emission of the greenhouse gases N2O and CH4 was evaluated in a microplot study with dry-seeded flooded rice grown on a grey clay near Griffith, NSW, Australia. The treatments consisted of factorial combinations of N levels with nitrification inhibitors (control, wax-coated calcium carbide, and nitrapyrin). The rate of nitrification was slowed considerably by the addition of wax-coated calcium carbide, but it was inhibited only slightly by the addition of nitrapyrin. As a result, the emission of N2O was markedly reduced by the application of wax-coated calcium carbide, whereas there was no significant difference in rates of N2O emission between the control and nitrapyrin treatments. Both nitrification inhibitors significantly reduced CH4 emission, but the lowest emission rates were observed in the wax-coated calcium carbide treatment. At the end of the experiment 84% of the applied N was recovered from the wax-coated calcium carbide treatment compared with ∼ 43% for the nitrapyrin and control treatments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336519
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  • 15
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    Effect of acetylene provided by wax-coated calcium carbide on transformations of urea nitrogen applied to an irrigated wheat crop (1993)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 16 (1993), S. 86-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrogen immobilization ; Mineralization ; Nitrification ; Nitrification inhibitor ; Acetylene ; CaC2 ; 15N enrichment ; Urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of acetylene (provided by wax-coated calcium carbide, CaC2) on N transformations in a red-brown earth was measured in a field experiment with irrigated wheat by determining the change in the concentration and 15N enrichment of the organic N and mineral N pools with time. The study was conducted in the Goulburn-Murray Irrigation region of south-eastern Australia using 0.3 m by 0.3 m microplots fertilized with 15N-labelled urea (10 g N m-2; 5 atom% 15N). Acetylene was effective in slowing the nitrification of both unlabelled and labelled N. Nitrate derived from the added fertilizer reached a maximum 19 days after sowing in the treatment without CaC2, whereas little nitrate accumulated in the 8 g CaC2 m-2 treatment. There was significant immobilization of the urea N by 19 days after sowing in all treatments, but the extent of immobilization was not affected by the acetylene. The addition of acetylene slowed net mineralization of labelled and unlabelled N from the organic N pool, and resulted in increased accumulation of both unlabelled and labelled N in wheat tops.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369408
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  • 16
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    Carbon and nitrogen mineralization and ammonia volatilization from fresh, aerobically and anaerobically treated pig manure during incubation with soil (1992)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 13 (1992), S. 135-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Ammonia loss ; CO2-C evolution ; Combined first- and zero-order kinetics ; N-immobilization ; Nitrification ; Non-linear regression ; Priming effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary We studied the decomposition of aerobically and anaerobically treated pig manure during a 2-month incubation with soil. The manure samples had not been in contact with straw or with animal urine. The aerobically decomposed manure proved to be the most stable (23% C mineralization), followed by fresh (75%) and anaerobically treated manure (105%, priming effect). The course of mineralization fitted combined first- and zeroorder kinetics. In the anaerobically treated manure, 76% of NH 4 + -N was immobilized during the initial incubation phase, followed by a slow linear mineralization. In the aerobically treated manure there was a slow linear mineralization after 5 days, and in the fresh material, a slightly faster linear mineralization after 6 days. Total mineralized N was very similar after 2 months (12%) in all treatments. Total NH3 losses were highest from the anaerobically treated manure (14%), reflecting a higher NH 4 + content with N mineralization following first-order kinetics. Relating NH3 losses to the initial NH 4 + content showed that all NH3 in the aerobically treated manure was volatilized, whereas only 28% was volatilized from the fresh and the anaerobically treated manure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336268
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    Effects of long-term 2,4-D application on microbial populations and biochemical processes in cultivated soil (1992)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 13 (1992), S. 187-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Dehydrogenase activity ; DHA ; Microbial biomass ; Microbial populations ; 2,4-D ; Nitrification ; Soil respiration ; Urease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of 15 years of field applications of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetate (2,4-D) on soil microbial population and biochemical processes were studied in a field cropped with maize followed by potatoes. Amine or ester formulations at the rate of 0.95 kg 2,4-D per hectare applied in May and October every year. Fungal, bacterial, and actinomycete populations, and microbial biomass C and N were reduced by the 2,4-D treatment, the reduction being more marked where the ester was used. N mineralization, nitrification, and potentially mineralizable N were reduced by the 2,4-D ester only, while urease activity was depressed by both formulations. Dehydrogenase activity and soil microbial respiration tended to be temporarily increased by the amine, but were reduced substantially by the ester, indicating that the ester probably interfered with nutrient cycling.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336278
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    Nitrogen turnover rates in a riparian fen determined by 15N dilution (1992)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 14 (1992), S. 230-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: N mineralization ; Assimilation ; Nitrification ; NO in3 sup- reduction ; Riparian fen ; 15N substrates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Gross rates of N mineralization, assimilation, nitrification, and NO in3 sup- reduction were determined in soil from a wet riparian fen by 1-day incubations of soil cores and slurries with 15N-labelled substrates. N mineralization transformed 0.1% of the total organic N pool daily in the soil cores, of which 25% was oxidized through autotrophic nitrification and 53%–70% was incorporated into microorganisms. N mineralization and nitrification were markedly inhibited below 5 cm in soil depth. At least 80% of the NO in3 sup- reduction in aerated cores occurred through dissimilatory processes. Dissimilatory reduction to NH in4 sup+ (DNRA) occurred only below 5 cm in depth. The results show that NH in4 sup+ oxidation was limited by available substrate and was itself a strong regulator of NO in3 sup- -reducing activity. NO in3 sup- reduction was significantly increased when the soil was suspended under anaerobiosis; adding glucose to the soil slurries increased NO in3 sup- reduction by 2.4–3.7 times. Between 3% and 9% (net) of the added NO in3 sup- was reduced through DNRA in the soil slurries. The highest percentage was observed in soil samples from deeper layers that were pre-incubated anaerobically.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00395457
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    Turnover of15N ammonium sulfate with dicyandiamide under aerobic and anaerobic soil conditions (1991)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 29 (1991), S. 191-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrification ; nitrification inhibitor ; 15N-labelled N-fertilizer ; non extractable N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) on the turnover of15N-labelled ammonium sulfate (AS) was investigated in two soils under aerobic and waterlogged conditions. Nitrification of ammonium sulfate was markedly inhibited by addition of DCD in both soils. Up to 45% of the supplied N was transformed into a non-extractable N form, which only slowly released nitrogen over 147 or 264 days. This immobilization was higher in the presence of DCD than without DCD. In all aerobic experiments, the recovery was 100% ± max. 2.4%, indicating that no gaseous losses of N occurred. If aerobic preincubation of 28 or 42 days was followed by water-logging with H2O or a solution of glucose, considerable N losses occurred only in presence of the carbohydrate. DCD retarded nitrification and thus reduced losses by denitrification from 61 to 15%. DCD application resulted in an increased immobilization of labelled N into the non-exchangeable soil N fraction. This amounted to more than 50% of the applied N, compared to 39% without DCD.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048959
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    Decomposition of sawdust and bark treated with cellulose-decomposing microorganisms (1991)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 11 (1991), S. 105-110 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Compost ; Sawdust ; Bark ; Cellulolysis ; Ammonification ; Nitrification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The decomposition of coniferous sawdust and bark with added N and P was studied in relation to its capacity to serve as a substrate for plant growth. With sawdust as a substrate, there was more microbial biomass, greater CO2 evolution, more ammonification and more actinomycetes but less nitrification and less fungi compared with bark. All groups and activities were greater in sawdust and bark compared with soil used as the substrate. Inoculation with cellulolytic strains of Bacillus sp. Cephalosporium sp. and Streptomyces sp. sometimes increased these activities but only marginally. The derived sawdust and bark composts increased the yields of tomato compared with soil to which the same nutrients had been added.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336373
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    Variations in the rates of nitrification and denitrification during the growth of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) in soil with different carbon inputs and the effect of these inputs on soil nitrogen and plant yield (1991)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 11 (1991), S. 157-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Carbon ; Denitrification ; Immobilisation ; Mineralisation ; Nitrification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A potato crop (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Maris piper) was grown in a soil to which N was added, as NH4NO3, with or without added C, as sucrose or straw. Shortly after amendment the soil, in all treatments, contained only relatively low levels of mineral N. However, these levels increased later. The increase, which was greatest in the absence of added C and least with added sucrose, occurred before the emergence of the plant canopy. The addition of C to the soil had no effect on plant yield, measured either as dry matter or total N content. The potential nitrification rate was high early in the season, and decreased significantly as the plants developed. The potential denitrification rate showed two significant peaks in activity, possibly related to plant development, the first to the development of new roots and the second to root senescence. It seems probable that the amount of C released by the potato plants was only about one-quarter of that required for the maximum microbial activity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336382
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    Inhibition of nitrification in soil by gaseous hydrocarbons (1991)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 11 (1991), S. 231-233 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrification ; Hydrocarbons ; Methane ; Ethane ; Ethylene ; Acetylene ; Nitrosomonas europaea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Recent work has shown that gaseous hydrocarbons such as methane, ethane, and ethylene are competitive inhibitors of the monooxygenase enzyme responsible for oxidation of ammonia by chemoautotrophic nitrifying microorganisms such as Nitrosomonas europaea. Because methane, ethane, and ethylene are produced by microbial activity in soil, we studied the possibility that they may inhibit oxidation of ammonia by the nitrifying soil microorganisms. We found that all three of these gaseous hydrocarbons inhibited nitrification in soil and that their ability to inhibit nitrification decreased in the order: ethylene 〉 ethane 〉 methane. Ethylene was much more effective than ethane or methane for inhibiting nitrification of ammonium in soil, but it was much less effective than acetylene, and it seems unlikely that the amounts of ethylene produced in soils will be sufficient to cause significant inhibition of nitrification by soil microorganisms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335773
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    A simple gas chromatographic approach to evaluate CO2 release, N2O evolution, and O2 uptake from soil (1991)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 12 (1991), S. 1-4 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial activity ; Gas chromatographic analysis ; Soil atmosphere ; N2O release ; CO2 evolution ; O2 uptake ; Denitrification ; Nitrification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary We have developed a simple method for the determination of gaseous compounds that reflect microbial activity in soil, as affected by factors such as the presence of an organic amendment (peat) or a variation in soil moisture. The method is based on a gas chromatographic analysis of the headspace of vials containing the soil under examination. A single gas chromatograph can detect up to 10 different gases. As expected, after peat was added to the soil, CO2 evolution and O2 uptake increased significantly. Positive relationships were found between the evolution of N2O, and soil moisture and the amount of peat added to the soil. Both the these variables influenced the CO2:O2 ratio. The results given by this method show high reproducibility.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369380
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    Coupled nitrification-denitrification associated with liquid manure in a gel-stabilized model system (1991)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 12 (1991), S. 19-27 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Manure ; Nitrification ; Denitrification ; Silica gel ; Phospholipids ; Microbial biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Following the application of liquid manure to soil, the development of the two processes, nitrification and denitrification, was studied in a two-phase model system. A saturated mixture of manure and soil, stabilized with silica gel, was overlain by an aerobic soil phase. Profiles of the redox potential pH, inorganic N, dissolved organic C, nitrification and denitrification potentials, and phospholipid concentrations for an estimate of microbial biomass were measured during a 20-day period. NH 4 + diffusing into the aerobic soil was oxidized within 10 mm of the interface, but with only a small accumulation of NO 2 - and NO 3 - . It was estimated that N equivalent to approximately 70% of the NH 4 + originally present in the manure was lost through coupled nitrification-denitrification. The potentials for nitrification and denitrification increased 40-and 20-fold, respectively, around the interface. Maximum values were recorded after 14 days. Within 0–5 mm of the anaerobic zone, apparent generation times for NH 4 + -oxidizing bacteria of 1.1–1.8 days were estimated between day 1 and day 7. The phospholipid concentration profiles suggested that the biomass within 2 mm on either side of the interface was stimulated throughout the 20-day period.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369383
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    Effects of organic manure on nitrification in arable soils (1991)
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    Biology and fertility of soils 12 (1991), S. 147-153 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrification ; Integrated farming ; Conventional farming ; Ammonification ; Fluorescence antibody microscopy ; Nitrobacter spp.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The production of nitrate by the process of nitrification is highly dependent on other N-transforming processes in the soil. Hence, changes in the type of N compound applied to enrich agricultural soils may affect the production of nitrate. The size and activity of the chemolithotrophic bacterial community were studied in an integrated farming system, with increased inputs of organic manure and reduced inputs of mineral nitrogenous fertilizer, versus conventional farming. The integrated farming had a positive effect on potential nitrifying activity, but not on the numbers of chemolithotrophic nitrifying bacteria as determined by a most probable number technique or by fluorescence antibody microscopy. Cells of the recently described nitrite-oxidizing species Nitrobacter hamburgensis and Nitrobacter vulgaris were just as common as the cells of the well known species Nitrobacter winogradskyi. It was concluded that nitrification is stimulated by integrated farming, presumably by an increased mineralization of ammonium which is not immediately consumed by the crop or immobilized in the heterotrophic microflora of the soil. Since nitrifying bacteria are involved in the production of NO and N2O, integrated farming with the application of manure may favour the production of noxious N-oxides.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00341492
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    Urea losses in flooded soils with established oxidized and reduced soil layers (1990)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 9 (1990), S. 283-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrogen transformations ; Flooded soil ; Nitrogen loss ; Nitrification ; Dentitrification ; Urea ; NH3 volatilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Laboratory batch incubation experiments were conducted to determine in fate of urea-15N applied to floodwater of four rice soils with established oxidized and reduced soil layers. Diffusion-dependent urea hydrolysis was rapid in all soils, with rates ranging from 0.0107 to 0.0159 h-1 and a mean rate of 0.0131 h-1. Rapid loss of 53%–65% applied urea-15N occurred during the first 8 days after application, primarily by NH3 volatilization. At the end of 70 days, an additional 20%–30% of applied urea-15N was lost, primarily through nitrification-denitrification processes. The soil types showed significant differences in total applied urea-15 recovery. Conversion of urea-15N to N2-15N provided direct evidence of urea hydrolysis followed by nitrification-denitrification in flooded soils.
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    Potential variation of nitrogen transformations in pinyon-juniper ecosystems resulting from burning (1990)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 10 (1990), S. 35-44 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Pinus edulis ; Juniperus osteosperma ; Carbon ; Nitrogen ; Nitrification ; Microbial N ; N immobilization ; Fire ecology ; Nitrifying bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Forest floor litter, duff, and underlying soils were assembled in laboratory microcosms representing pinyon, juniper, and interspace field conditions. Burning removed more than 95% of both N and C from the litter, with losses from the duff dependent on soil moisture conditions. No significant changes in total N or C were noted in the soil. Immediate increases were observed in soil NH inf4 sup+ , decreasing with depth and related to soil heating. The greatest increases were noted in both the pinyon and juniper soils that were dry at the time of the burn, with interspace soils exhibiting the least changes. Soil NH inf4 sup+ closely approximated the controls on day 90 after the burns in all treatments. Ninety days after the burn microbial biomass N was highest in the controls, followed by the wet and then the dry-burned soils, in both the pinyon and juniper microcosms. This was inversely related to the levels of accumulated NO inf3 sup- . Nitrifying bacteria populations were indirectly correlated to soil temperatures during the burn. Population levels 90 days after the burn showed increases in both the wet- and the dry-burn treatments, with those in the pinyon treatments exceeding those found in the nitial controls of pinyon soils.
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    Can acidification associated with nitrification increase available soil phosphate or reduce the rate of phosphate fixation? (1990)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 10 (1990), S. 145-151 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrification ; Soil acidification ; Carbonate dissolution ; Available P ; Phosphate precipitation ; Intensive agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary It is often proposed that soil acidification by microorganisms dissolves unavailable soil phosphates, especially crystalline Ca phosphates. Unavailable phosphates, it is suggested, could thus become available to crops. Microorganisms that oxidize one ammonium ion to one nitrate ion excrete two protons into the soil solution. In the present study, this universal biological process of soil acidification was used to measure, in neutral and calcareous soils, the effect of acidification on available soil phosphate and on the rate of phosphate fixation when water-soluble phosphate fertilizers are added to soils. During nitrification the Ca2+ and Mg2+ ion concentrations in soil solutions increase but the phosphate ion concentration remains constant. The excreted protons preferentially dissolve soil Ca and Mg carbonates. Soil Ca phosphates are not dissolved; they remain unavailable. When P fertilizers were applied, the rate of fixation of phosphate ions was not slowed down by acidification associated with nitrification. This biological acidification may have a long term effect, over many years, on the slow accumulation of available phosphate in soils under native grasslands, but it cannot have a significant effect on the availability of soil P under intensive agricultural practices.
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    Influence of pH on the release of NO and N2O from fertilized and unfertilized soil (1990)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 10 (1990), S. 139-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Denitrification ; Nitrification ; Chemodenitrification ; Ammonium ; Nitrite ; Nitrate ; Nitric oxide ; Nitrous oxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary NO and N2O release rates were measured in an acidic forest soil (pH 4.0) and a slightly alkaline agricultural soil (pH 7.8) after the pH was adjusted to values ranging from pH 4.0 to 7.8. The total release of NO and N2O during 20 h of incubation was determined together with the net changes in the concentrations of NH 4 + , NO 2 − and NO 3 − in the soil. The release of NO and N2O increased after fertilization with NH 4 + and/or NO 3 − ; it strongly decreased with increasing pH in the acidic forest soil; and it increased when the pH of the alkaline agricultural soil was decreased to pH 6.5. However, there was no simple correlation between NO and N2O release or between these compounds and activities such as the NO 2 − accumulation, NO 3 − reduction, or NH 4 + oxidation. We suggest that soil pH exerts complex controls, e.g., on microbial populations or enzyme activities involved in nitrification and denitrification.
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    Detection of nitrification in a stagnohumic-gley soil (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 335-338 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Autotrophy ; Lime ; Lolium perenne ; Nitrate reductase ; Nitrification ; Stagnohumic gley
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three different nitrification assays (short-term nitrifier activity, assimilatory nitrate reductase activity of Lolium perenne, and nitrate accumulation in the absence of plants) were performed either on soil from a naturally acidic stagnohumic-gley or on leaves from L. perenne grown in this soil. Before the investigation the soil was limed and fertilised in a manner consistent with established agricultural pasture improvement strategies. Short-term nitrifier activity was only detected in soils above pH 5.6. However, nitrate reductase activity and nitrate accumulation both showed a near linear increase between soil pH 3.8 and 6.8. These findings are attributed to the nature of the assays, each of which considers a different component of the soil nitrifier population.
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    Abiotic factors regulating nitrification in a Swedish arable soil (1989)
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    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 247-254 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrification ; Abiotic factors ; Ammonium concentration ; Vmax of nitrification ; Michaelis-Menten constant for ammonium oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of temperature, water potential and ammonium concentrations were studied in field and laboratory experiments on arable soil. The two field experiments used different sampling intervals, one at daily (short-term) and the other at monthly (long-term) intervals. In the short-term field experiment, the numbers and activities of nitrifiers were assessed before and after natural rain or irrigation. The nitrifiers were apparently outcompeted by heterotrophs during the first days after wetting the soil. Potential nitrification was affected only slightly by changes in water potential, whereas the numbers of ammonium and nitrite oxidizers appeared more sensitive to these changes. The numbers of ammonium and nitrite oxidizers correlated strongly during the daily samplings. The potential nitrite-oxidation rates correlated with water potentials whereas the potential ammonium oxidation rates did not. Extractable ammonium decreased in proportion to increasing nitrate concentrations in both the rain-fed and the irrigated plots. In the long-term field experiments, the numbers of ammonium oxidizers correlated with water potentials but not with in situ temperature or with ammonium concentrations. The potential ammonium-oxidation rates correlated with water potentials and with ammonium-oxidizer numbers. The potential nitrite-oxidation rates correlated strongly with the potential ammonium-oxidation rates. The field experiments implied that nitrite oxidizers obtained substrate from ammonium oxidizers but also from nitrate reduction. In laboratory experiments nitrate accumulated at a Q 10 of about 2 and the V max for nitrification was observed at a water potential of −0.11 MPa (65% of water-holding capacity). The K m for ammonium oxidation at pH 8.2 was 1.72 mg l−1 soil water.
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    Long-term effects of different inorganic pollutants on nitrogen transformations in a sandy cambisol (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 254-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: N-mineralisation ; Nitrification ; Arginine ammonification ; Inorganic pollutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Long-term effects of 12 inorganic pollutants on N transformations were studied in a sandy cambisol. As, Be, Br, Cd, Cr, F, Pb, Hg, Se, Sn, and V were added to the soil as inorganic salts in 1975 and 1976. Soil samples were taken in 1984 to determine total N mineralisation and nitrification. All pollutants except Se and Sn inhibited N mineralisation. The most toxic elements under investigation were Be and Hg. Nitrification was reduced to a lower degree than total N mineralisation. As, Be, Cd, Cr, F, Pb, Se, and Sn failed to inhibit this process at all. It is assumed that nitrifying bacteria became adapted to these pollutants in the course of time. The arginine-ammonification method was less sensitive in detecting the effects of pollutants on N transformation than the N mineralisation test.
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    Inhibition of nitrification in soil by heterocyclic nitrogen compounds (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 204-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrification ; Heterocyclic N compounds ; Pyrazoles ; Triazoles ; Pyridines ; Thiadiazoles ; 2-Ethynylpyridine ; Nitrapyrin ; Etridiazole
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The relationship between the structures of diverse heterocyclic nitrogen (N) compounds and the effectiveness of these compounds for the inhibition of nitrification in soil was studied by determining the effects of different amounts of 12 unsubstituted and 33 substituted heterocyclic N compounds on the production of (NO 2 − +NO 3 − )-N in soils incubated at 25 °C for 21 days after treatment with ammonium sulfate. The results showed that unsubstituted heterocyclic N compounds containing two adjacent ring N atoms inhibit nitrification in soil and that two of these compounds, pyrazole and 1,2,4-triazole, are potent inhibitors. They also showed that several substituted pyrazoles and thiadiazoles are good inhibitors of nitrification in soil (e.g., 3-methylpyrazole and 3,4-dichloro-1,2,5-thiadiazole).
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    Nitrification and nitrate movement from ammonium sulphate and urea in sandy soils as affected by their previous applications (1989)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 21 (1989), S. 29-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrification ; nitrate movement ; urea ; ammonium sulphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two successive applications of urea and ammonium sulphate (AS) at varying intervals were given in two soils, one of which was salt affected. The nitrification and nitrate leaching after both the applications of fertilizers was studied. The nitrification of first application of AS was faster than urea on both soils. However, the nitrification rate of both fertilizers was slow in salt effected soil. The same trend of results was observed with second application of fertilizers. However, the nitrification of second application given within 6 weeks of the first application proceeded at a much faster rate than that of the first application. The amount of NO 3 - that moved down with periodic water application was related with nitrification rate and the amount of fertilizer nitrified at the time of water application.
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    Carbon and nitrogen mineralization in subarctic agricultural and forest soils (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 33-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial activity ; Nitrification ; Taiga ; Tillage system ; Crop residue management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary C and N mineralization potentials were determined, in a 12-week laboratory incubation study, on soil samples obtained from recently cleared land which had been cropped to barley for 4 years (field soils) and from nearby undisturbed taiga (forest soils). Treatments for the cropped soils were conventional and no-tillage with and without crop residues removed. An average of about 3% of the total C was evolved as CO2 from the field soils compared with 〉 10% and 4% for the upper (Oie) and lower (Oa) forest-floor horizons, respectively. Significantly more C was mineralized from the Ap of the no-till treatment with residue left on the surface than from the other field Ap horizons. Both forest-floor horizons showed rather long lag periods for net mineralization compared with the field soils, but at the end of the incubation, more mineral N was recovered from the forest Oie despite a rather wide C:N ratio, than from the field soils. After 12 weeks about 115, 200 and 20 μg mineral N/g soil were recovered from the field Ap, the forest Oie and the forest Oa horizons, respectively. Very little C or N was mineralized from the B horizon of the forest or the field soils. Nitrification was rapid and virtually complete for the field soils but was negligible for both forest-floor O horizons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257917
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    The effect of fertilisation on soil nitrifier activity in experimental grassland plots (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1988), S. 344-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrification ; Deamination ; Grassland ; N fertilisers ; pH ; Denitrification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soil nitrification was compared in soils from 89-year-old grassland experimental plots with diverse chemical characteristics. Measurements of NaClO3-inhibited short-term nitrifier activity (SNA) and deamination of 1,2-diamino-4-nitrobenzene were used to study nitrification and deamination activities, respectively, in soil from each of 12 plots. Using multiple regression analysis, an expression for the relationship between SNA, soil pH and fertiliser N additions was derived which indicated that both the frequency and the quantity of farmyard manure additions were important in determining the rate of nitrification. SNA was greatest where there were large and frequent additions of farmyard manure. In soil with pH below 5.2 SNA was very low or insignificant. The effect of (NH4)2SO4 additions could not be assessed because they acidified the soil. We suggest that additions of farmyard manure increase the potential for NO3 − leaching or for denitrification. Deaminase assays indicated that soils with a higher pH showed greater N mineralisation than soils with a lower pH, except at the low extreme. There was no obvious relationship between SNA and deaminase activity at higher levels of pH.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00262144
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    Seasonal, annual, and treatment-induced variation in available nitrogen pools and nitrogen-cycling processes in soils of two Douglas-fir stands (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 93-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Ammonium ; Nitrate ; N-mineralization ; Nitrification ; Fertilization ; Irrigation ; Forest ecosystems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Forest-floor and 0–10 cm depth mineral soil horizons in two stands of Douglas fir were sampled for available NH4 +-N and NO3 −-N, N-mineralization potentials, and nitrification potentials for 2 years. The plots in each stand were sampled for 1 year, treated with either ammonium sulfate, carbohydrate (sawdust-sucrose), irrigation, carbohydrate plus irrigation, or no treatment (control), and then sampled for 1 year following treatment. In general, the direction of change following the treatments was the same for both the forest-floor and the mineral soils. Fertilization increased the NH4 +-N and NO3 −-N pools, nitrification potential, and N-mineralization potential, while treatment with carbohydrate decreased all of these characteristics. Irrigation generally increased NH4 +-N pools, nitrification potential, and N-mineralization potential, but decreased these characteristics in the soil at one site. Irrigation plus carbohydrate gave similar results to those of carbohydrate alone. Treatments altered pool sizes and/or potentials, but did not reduce within-year variance in any of these characteristics. Distinct seasonal patterns occurred in all measurements, suggesting that control of short-term variation in N-transformation processes is by factors which are dynamic in nature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257656
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    Relationships between soil moisture content and nitrous oxide production during nitrification and denitrification (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 106-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrification ; Denitrification ; Soil water content ; N2O production ; Acetylene ; Ammonium fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of soil water content [60%–100% water-holding capacity (WHC)] on N2O production during autotrophic nitrification and denitrification in a loam soil was studied in a laboratory experiment by selectively inhibiting nitrification with a low C2H2 concentration (2.1 Pa). Nitrifiers usually produced more N2O than denitrifiers. During an initial experimental period of 0–6 days the nitrifiers produced more N2O than the denitrifiers by a factor ranging from 1.4 to 16.5, depending on the water content and length of incubation. The highest N2O production rate by nitrifiers was observed at 90% WHC, when the soil had become partly anaerobic, as indicated by the high denitrification rate. At 100% WHC there were large gaseous losses from denitrification, while nitrification losses were smaller except for the first period of measurement, when there was still some O2 remaining in the soil. The use of 10 kPa C2H2 to inhibit reduction of N2O to N2 stimulated the denitrification process during prolonged incubation over several days; thus the method is unsuitable for long-term studies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257658
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    A method of selective inhibition to distinguish between nitrification and denitrification as sources of nitrous oxide in soil (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 112-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Denitrification ; Nitrification ; Selective inhibitors ; Nitrapyrin ; Acetylene ; Nitrous oxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrapyrin and C2H2 were evaluated as nitrification inhibitors in soil to determine the relative contributions of denitrification and nitrification to total N2O production. In laboratory experiments nitrapyrin, or its solvent xylene, stimulated denitrification directly or indirectly and was therefore considered unsuitable. Low partial pressures of C2H2 (2.5–5.0 Pa) inhibited nitrification and had only a small effect on denitrification, which made it possible to estimate the contribution of denitrification. The contribution of nitrification was estimated by subtracting the denitrification value from total N2O production (samples without C2H2). The critical C2H2 concentrations needed to achieve inhibition of nitrification, without affecting the N2O reductase in denitrifiers, must be individually determined for each set of experimental conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257659
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    Carbon and nitrogen accretion and dynamics in volcanic ash deposits from different subarctic habitats (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1988), S. 79-87 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial biomass ; Mineralization ; Nitrification ; Subarctic ; Volcanic ash
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary C and N pool sizes and rates of mineralization were studied in volcanic-ash deposits found in different subarctic habitats in southwestern Alaska. Surface ash samples were taken from white-spruce, alder, and moist- and dry-tundra habitats and were analysed for total and microbial C and N. C and N dynamics were studied using a 28-day aerobic laboratory incubation, with weekly measurement of evolved CO2 and determination of inorganic-N pools initially and after 10 and 28 days. Total and microbial C and N and cumulative respired CO2 all followed a similar pattern among the different habitats, with the moist-tundra habitat having the highest values and the spruce site the lowest. The size of the microbial biomass C and N pool in the spruce habitat was among the lowest reported for any ecosystem. Little net N mineralization occurred in the spruce-forest and dry-tundra ash over 28 days. Ash from the moist-tundra habitat immobilized a significant amount of N during the first 10 days of incubation, yet showed a large net release of N after 28 days. In contrast, the ash from the alder site exhibited net mineralization after both periods, with N production after 28 days being about 3.5 times that after 10 days. In addition, the alder-habitat ash was the only soil that showed net nitrification. Rates of total C and N accretion in the tundra and alder habitats were rapid relative to rates found for primary successions. The results of this study show that habitat has a profound effect on C and N cycling in subarctic environments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260737
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    Influence of smoke exposure on soil enzyme activities and nitrification (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 341-346 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrification ; Phosphatase ; Dehydrogenase ; Aerosol ; Soil thickness ; Soil enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soil was exposed to red phosphorous/butyl rubber (RP/BR) aerosols at various relative humidities in a recirculating environmental wind tunnel. Soil microbial and enzymatic activities were measured immediately after exposure and periodically thereafter for 56 days. The nitrification potential was significantly reduced in soil amended with ammonium sulfate and exposed to RP/BR smoke, and could be related to a decline in soil pH. The rate of nitrate formation in unamended soil with time was also reduced, but by 57 days postexposure, concentrations were similat to those of unexposed controls in all but the thinnest soil lense. Soil dehydrogenase and phosphatase enzyme activities were sensitive to RP/BR smoke and in some treatments no activity was detected. The measured activities did not recover within the 56-day postexposure period and in some cases declined. Soil lense thickness was the greatest factor controlling the degree of RP/BR effects, indicating that injury to soil microbial and enzymatic activities may be surficial. Deposition of smoke particles increased with increasing relative humidity, which had a significant impact on the activities measured.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261024
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    Control of nitrification rate by increasing ammonium concentration (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 177-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Ammonium concentration ; Incubation experiments ; Kinetic model ; Lysimeter experiments ; Nitrification ; Maize (Zea mays)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Lysimeter experiments with maize and incubation experiments showed that increased ammonium concentrations in soil reduced nitrification rates. A modified Lees and Quastel kinetic model was proposed for predicting the relation between initial ammonium concentration in soil and nitrification rate. A term Mi strongly dependent on initial ammonium concentration ([NH40]) was introduced into the model which took the form: dy/dt = R(A − y)(Mi + y), where R is a rate constant, y represents the concentration of formed nitrate and A is an asymptotic value of initial ammonium concentration. Mi was obtained by a curve fitting procedure applied to experimental data. An exponential decay of Mi with [NH4]0 was formulated. The modified model thus obtained provides an effective tool for predicting nitrification rates related to a wide range of ammonium concentrations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050278
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    Factors controlling nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in forest ecosystems in New Mexico (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1987), S. 195-202 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrogen mineralization ; Nitrification ; Organic quality ; New Mexico
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Forest floor and mineral soil from ponderosa-pine, Douglas-fir, aspen and spruce-fir ecosystems located along a rising gradient in New Mexico were tested with laboratory assays for factors controlling N mineralization and nitrification. We concluded that low pH in combination with factors associated with organic quality controlled N mineralization and almost completely limited nitrification in spruce-fir soils, while N mineralization in the forest floor of ponderosa-pine was limited by low nutrient availability (other than N). Organic quality of the substrate and temporal changes in organic quality appeared to control N-mineralization and nitrification processes in forest-floor and mineral soils from all other sites.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256900
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    Active methanotrophs suppress nitrification in a humisol (1987)
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    Biology and fertility of soils 4 (1987), S. 205-212 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrate production ; Nitrification ; Humisol ; Methane oxidation ; Methanotrophs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The coexistence of chemoautotrophic nitrifiers and methanotrophs in a cultivated humisol was investigated. Under laboratory conditions which supported the growth and activity of methanotrophs, the nitrifiers were partially or completely inhibited. The inhibition was related to a competition for available oxygen and a high assimilatory requirement for inorganic nitrogen by the Methanotrophs. Dissolved methane concentrations as high as 250 μM had no direct effect on the oxidation of ammonium. Simultaneous nitrification and methane oxidation was observed only if relatively high levels of ammonium and oxygen were maintained. Coupled nitrification-assimilatory/dissimilatory nitrate reduction resulted from the high oxygen demand of the actively growing methanotrophs. This study suggests that the potential competitive effects of methanotrophs may influence nitrification by chemoautotrophic nitrifiers in certain environmental systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00270942
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    The effect of high solute concentrations on nitrification rates in soil (1987)
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    Plant and soil 97 (1987), S. 37-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium ; Chloride ; Inhibition ; Nitrification ; Osmotic pressure ; Sorbitol ; Sulphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A short term nitrification assay (〈18 h) was used to assess the effect of high concentrations of different solutes on the rate of nitrate production. High solute concentrations were found to inhibit nitrification and the degree of inhibition was related both to the osmotic pressure of the soil solution and the osmoticum used. Ammonium chloride, ammonium sulphate and sorbitol were used as sources of osmotic pressure. The results showed that, with ammonium salts, no inhibition was observed with pressures less than 2 atm. Above these values, the severity of the inhibition followed the order ammonium chloride〉ammonium sulphate〉sorbitol up to the maximum osmotic pressure studied (25 atm). With ammonium chloride, a pressure of 3.5 atm. was sufficient to cause a 90% inhibition of nitrification rate. The inhibition produced by mixtures of ammonium chloride and sorbitol, each mixture generating an osmotic pressure of 5 atm. in the assay, was also investigated. The results suggest that inhibition by Cl-ion is disproportionate to its contribution to the osmotic pressure of the soil solution. The recovery of the nitrification rate, following exposure to high osmotic pressure solutions, was also investigated. It was found that the recovery of the nitrification rate was only partial, with the extent of the recovery diminishing as the severity of the initial osmotic stress applied increased. These results suggest that both reversible and irreversible mechanisms are involved in the inhibition of nitrification.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02149821
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    Effects of field fertilizer practices on labeled ammonium-nitrogen transformations and its utilization by winter wheat (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 97 (1987), S. 189-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Immobilization ; Leaching ; Nitrification ; 15N ; N fertilizers ; Winter wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Field experiments with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were conducted in two years at two locations using15N-enriched (NH4)2SO4 on Smolan silt loam (Pachic Argiustoll) and Ost loam (Typic Arguistoll) soils. The objective was to relate differences in crop utilization of fertilizer to movement and transformations of the N in a complete factorial experiment having fall and spring applications, banded and broadcast, with and without nitrapyrin. Plant uptake of the 60 kg N/ha applied varied from 31% to 62% with greatest uptake when fertilizer was banded in the spring without nitrapyrin and least uptake from fall and spring broadcast treatments using nitrapyrin. Analysis of single factor effects showed greater crop contents of fertilizer N for spring than fall applications. That was related to immobilization of the applied N. Much more fertilizer N was in inorganic forms during the period of rapid wheat growth with spring applications than with fall. Banding the fertilizer at a depth of 0.05 m resulted in greater plant uptake than broadcasting or banding it on the soil surface. A significant portion of the applied N was immobilized near the point of application. That limited the downward movement of the N placed on the surface, making it less available to plant roots than the N placed 0.05 m deep where soil moisture was more favorable. Use of nitrapyrin resulted in lowered amounts of fertilizer N as NO3-until mid-May for fall treatments and until harvest with spring treatments. That appeared to be the reason for lowered plant uptake when nitrapyrin was used.
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    Nitrogen dynamics in conventional and no-tillage agroecosystems with inorganic fertilizer or legume nitrogen inputs (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 97 (1987), S. 315-332 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Denitrification ; Leaching ; Legumes ; Nitrification ; Nitrogen ; Tillage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrogen (N) dynamics were studied in conventional and no-tillage agroecosystems on the Georgia Piedmont. Nitrogen inputs in the form of ammonium nitrate (95 kg-N/ha) and winter legume (crimson clover) residues were compared. The legume provided adequate N for summer crop (grain sorghum) production, but water use by the legume reduced the ability of sorghum to utilize the N. Legume N inputs became availabe to plants more gradually than fertilizer inputs. Weed growth and potential denitrification activity were higher in legume-N treatments than in fertilizer-N treatments. Tillage affected the timing of N avaialbility more than the total amount of available N. Summer crops took up more N under conventional tillage while winter crops took up more N under no-tillage. Denitrification activity was higher under no-tillage but was not a significant output from the agroecosystems. Leaching losses of N differed seasonally between treatments but were not significant in any of the agroecosystems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383222
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    Nitrification and denitrification in soil: A comparison of enzyme assay, incubation and enumeration methods (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 97 (1987), S. 445-450 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Dentrification ; Enzyme assays ; Most probable numbers ; Nitrification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three methods for assaying nitrification and denitrification were compared in agricultural field plots in the Southeastern USA. Nitrification was measured using the chlorate inhibition enzyme assay, by measuring (NO 3 − −N) production in controlled incubations and by most probable number (MPN) determinations. Denitrification was measured by the phase I enzyme assay, by incubation of soil cores and by MPN determinations. The methods were compared in terms of their representation of seasonal patterns and treatment differences. The enzyme assays were most effective for showing treatment differences because they measure maximum potential enzyme biomass activity which is an integrated product of treatment effects. The incubation methods required minimal alteration ofin situ soil conditions but were confounded by other biological processes and by high spatial and temporal variabiltiy. MPN determinations were time consuming and were least effective for illustrating treatment differences and seasonal patterns.
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    Epidemiology of wheat take-all as influenced by soil pH and temporal changes in inorganic soil N (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 98 (1987), S. 221-230 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium ; Disease suppression ; Gaeumannomyces graminis var.tritici ; Liming ; N fertilizer sources ; Nitrate ; Nitrification ; Triticum aestivum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soil pH, NH 4 + and NO 3 − concentrations in soil, and take-all root rot of winter wheat grown in the field were measured concurrently from sowing to anthesis in order to relate disease development to liming and N fertilization practices. Experimental variables included soil pH (5.5 and 6.0) and three N sources (NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4, NH4Cl) banded with the seed at sowing in factorial combination with the same three N sources topdressed in the spring. Take-all severity was increased by increasing soil pH and by fertilization with NO 3 − . Disease severity on crown roots increased exponentially following spring N fertilization and was affected more by soil pH and N-form than was severity on seminal roots. Grain yield ranged from 4.70 Mgha−1 with spring NH4NO3 at soil pH 6.0 to 7.65 Mgha−1 with spring NH4Cl at soil pH 5.5. Sixty-six percent of the variability in grain yield was explained by the number of take-all infected crown roots per tiller at anthesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374825
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    Dinitrogen and nitrous oxide produced by denitrification and nitrification in soil with and without barley plants (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 99 (1987), S. 303-319 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Barley (Hordeum disticum) ; Denitrification ; Green house experiment ; Nitrification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary To examine the effect of barley roots on denitrification, a pot experiment was designed to compare N2O production and denitrification in soils with and without barley plants. Denitrification, N2O resulting from denitrification and nitrification, and respiration were estimated by incubating pots with soil with and without intact plants in plastic bags at high moisture levels. C2H2-inhibition of nitrous oxide reductase (partial pressure of 10 kPa C2H2) was used to determine total denitrification rates while incubations with ambient air and with C2H2 at partial pressures of 2.5–5 Pa were used to estimate the amounts of N2O released from autotrophic nitrification and from denitrification processes. Other sources of N2O were presumed to be negligible. Potential denitrification, nitrification and root biomass were measured in subsamples collected from four soil depths. A positive correlation was found between denitrification rates and root biomass. N2 was the predominant denitrification product found close to roots; N2O formed by non autotrophic nitrifiers, assumed to be denitrifiers originated in soil not affected by growing roots. Apparently, roots promote denitrification because they consumed oxygen, thereby increasing the anaerobic volume of the soil. The ratio of actual to potential denitrification rates increased over time, especially in the presence of roots.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370877
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    A theoretical consideration of the implications of cell clustering for the prediction of nitrification in soil (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 99 (1987), S. 387-400 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium oxidation ; Clusters ; Modelling ; Nitrification ; pH effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The time course of nitrate production is different in different soils; in some soils, nitrate is produced at a constant rate while in others, this rate increases with time, often exponentially. Mechanistic models, based on the Monod equations, cannot account for a constant rate of nitrification. All such mechanistic models make the implicit assumption that the nitrifying organisms are distributed uniformly as single cells throughout the soil volume, while in reality, the cells might be expected to occur in small clusters formed by repeated cell division. This paper examines the effects of allowing the ammonium oxidising cells to occur in evenly distributed clusters of cells of equal volume. One effect of clustering would be the lowering of soil pH around the cluster, caused by differences in the rates of acid production and diffusion. The effects of this pH depression were examined using a mathematical model. In general, it was found that the effect of clustering was to reduce the rate of ammonium oxidation. In extreme cases, in which the fraction of the soil volume occupied by the cells was assumed to be small, the model predicted a constant rate of ammonium oxidation with time in contrast to the increasing rate with time predicted by a model based on a uniform single cell distribution. The clustering model was therefore capable of reproducing the different time courses of ammonium oxidation reported in the literature. The differences between the time courses of ammonium oxidation predicted using the two different assumptions was affected by the initial pH of the soil. This observation suggested a possible experimental test of the clustering hypothesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370884
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    Gaseous nitrogen losses from fertilized soil during nitrification and denitrification using the acetylene blockage technique (1986)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 2 (1986), S. 65-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Fertilized soil ; Nitrification ; Denitrification ; N2O production ; C2H2 blockage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A sandy soil amended with different forms and amounts of fertilizer nitrogen (urea, ammonium sulphate and potassium nitrate) was investigated in model experiments for N2O emission, which may be evolved during both oxidation of ammonia to nitrate and anaerobic respiration of nitrate. Since C2H2 inhibits both nitrification and the reduction of N2O to N2 during denitrification, the amount of N2O evolved in the presence and absence of C2H2 represents the nitrogen released through nitrification and denitrification. Results show that amounts of N2O-N lost from soils incubated anaerobically with 0.1% C2H2 and treated with potassium nitrate (23.1 µg N-NO 3 − /g dry soil) exceeded those from soils incubated in the presence of 20% oxygen and treated with even larger amounts of nitrogen as urea and ammonium sulphate. This indicates that nitrogen losses by denitrification may potentially be higher than those occurring through nitrification.
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    Nitrogen availability in some Wisconsin forests: comparisons of resin bags and on-site incubations (1986)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 2 (1986), S. 77-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Ecosystem production ; Mineralization ; Nitrification ; Ion exchange resin bag method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Estimates of ammonium and nitrate availability in conifer and hardwood forests using an ion exchange resin (IER) bag method and with on-site incubations of soil cores in buried bags were compared. Correlations between the two methods were generally high. Correlation coefficients (r) between IER nitrate and buried-bag mineralized nitrate ranged from 0.87 to 0.92. Both methods also correlated well with aboveground net primary production, litter fall N content, and fine root biomass. The major differences between the methods related to the relative importances of ammonium and nitrate forms of available N. The IER method indicated that both ammonium and nitrate were important on all sites, with nitrate predominating in most soils. The buried-bag results indicated that available N was primarily in the form of nitrate (all ammonium was oxidized), but that nitrate was insignificant on infertile sites.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257583
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    Volatile and water-soluble inhibitors of nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in a ponderosa pine ecosystem (1986)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 2 (1986), S. 97-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrogen mineralization ; Nitrification ; Water-soluble inhibitors ; Allelochemic control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Bioassay experiments were performed to test for inhibition of the processes of nitrogen mineralization and nitrification by organics in the forest floor of a ponderosa pine ecosystem. Water-extractable organics in the forest floor were tested by applying filtered extracts to the assay soil. The extract decreased nitrate production by 17.0% and decreased net mineralization by 4.1%. Inhibition by volatile organics was tested by placing vials containing forest floor or selected terpenoids of ponderosa pine in sealed jars containing the assay soil. Nitrate production was inhibited by 87.4% and 100%, and net nitrogen mineralization was inhibited by 73.3% and 67.7% in the jars with forest floor and terpenoids, respectively. Organics which are partially water-soluble and are volatile (such as terpenoids) would be very effective inhibitors of nitrogen cycling processes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257586
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    Effects of prescribed fire on rates of decomposition and nitrogen mineralization in a ponderosa pine ecosystem (1986)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 2 (1986), S. 87-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Fire effects on mineralization ; Ammonification ; Nitrification ; Ponderosa pine soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of a prescribed fire in a ponderosa pine ecosystem on the rates of decomposition and nitrogen mineralization (including ammonification and nitrification) in the forest floor and mineral soil horizons were evaluated. The prescribed fire immediately increased the rates of nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in the forest floor of all burned plots and in the mineral soil of one plot. The rates of decomposition, as measured by CO2 evolution, in both the forest floor and mineral soil were not significantly different immediately after the burn when expressed on an organic matter basis. The rates of nitrogen mineralization in the forest floor and mineral soil were higher 6 and 10 months after the burn. The rate of decomposition (as measured by respiration) was lower in the forest floor but not in the mineral soil 6 and 10 months after the burn. Volatile organics that may inhibit rates of nitrogen mineralization may have been consumed by prescribed fire.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257585
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    Effects of rate and depth of fertilizer application on emission of nitrous oxide from soil fertilized with anhydrous ammonia (1986)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 2 (1986), S. 201-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Fertilizer ; Nitrification ; Denitrification ; N2O emission ; Anhydrous ammonia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Field studies to determine the effect of different rates of fertilization on emission of nitrous oxide (N2O) from soil fertilized with anhydrous ammonia showed that the fertilizer-induced emission of N2O-N in 116 days increased from 1.22 to 4.09 kg ha−1 as the rate of anhydrous ammonia N application was increased from 75 to 450 kg ha−1. When expressed as a percentage of the N applied, the fertilizer-induced emission of N2O-N in 116 days decreased from 1.6% to 0.9% as the rate of fertilizer N application was increased from 75 to 450 kg N ha−1. The data obtained showed that a 100% increase in the rate of application of anhydrous ammonia led to about a 60% increase in the fertilizer-induced emission of N2O. Field studies to determine the effect of depth of fertilizer injection on emission of N2O from soil fertilized with anhydrous ammonia showed that the emission of N2O-N in 156 days induced by injection of 112 kg anhydrous ammonia N ha−1 at a depth of 30 cm was 107% and 21 % greater than those induced by injection of the same amount of N at depths of 10 cm and 20 cm, respectively. The effect of depth of application of anhydrous ammonia on emission of N2O was less when this fertilizer was applied at a rate of 225 kg N ha−1.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260844
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    Effects of various nitrogen fertilizers on emission of nitrous oxide from soils (1986)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 2 (1986), S. 195-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Fertilizer N ; Nitrification ; Denitrification ; N2O emission ; Anhydrous ammonia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Field studies of the effects of different N fertilizers on emission of nitrous oxide (N20) from three Iowa soils showed that the N2O emissions induced by application of 180 kg ha−1 fertilizer N as anhydrous ammonia greatly exceeded those induced by application of the same amount of fertilizer N as aqueous ammonia or urea. On average, the emission of N2O-N induced by anhydrous ammonia was more than 13 times that induced by aqueous ammonia or urea and represented 1.2% of the anhydrous ammonia N applied. Experiments with one soil showed that the N2O emission induced by anhydrous ammonia was more than 17 times that induced by the same amount of N as calcium nitrate. These findings confirm indications from previous work that anhydrous ammonia has a much greater effect on emission of N2O from soils than do other commonly used N fertilizers and merits special attention in research relating to the potential adverse climatic effect of N fertilization of soils. Laboratory studies of the effect of different amounts of NH4OH on emission of N2O from Webster soil showed that the emission of N2O-N induced by addition of 100 μg NH4OH-N g−1 soil represented only 0.18% of the N applied, whereas the emissions induced by additions of 500 and 1 000 μg NH4OH-N g−1 soil represented 1.15% and 1.19%, respectively, of the N applied. This suggests that the exceptionally large emissions of N2O induced by anhydrous ammonia fertilization are due, at least in part, to the fact that the customary method of applying this fertilizer by injection into soil produces highly alkaline soil zones of high ammonium-N concentration that do not occur when urea or aqueous ammonia fertilizers are broadcast and incorporated into soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260843
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    Nutrient cycling and nitrogen mineralization in eucalypt forests of south-eastern Australia (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 92 (1986), S. 341-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Eucalypt forests ; Fire Immobilizxtion ; Nitrogen mineralization ; Nitrogen turnover ; Nitrification ; Nitrogen conservation ; Resilience
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrogen mineralization was measured in the laboratory andin situ in eight eucalypt forests covering a wide range of climates and soil types. Aerobic and anaerobic incubations as well as chemical indices showed consistently higher rates of mineralization and nitrification and higher mineralization potentials in the wetter, high productivity forests. Nitrification was not confined to these forests and appears best related to soil C/N ratios and the rate of N turnover. Immobilization is recognized as a major process in eucalypt forest soils; in two forests which were burnt by bushfire during this study immobilization prevented over-accumulation of inorganic-N and possible leaching of NO 3 − −N. Calculated fromin situ incubations, annual uptake of inorganic-N ranged from 27 to 160 kg N ha−1; in two of four forests nitrate uptake was not apparent, in a third forest nitrate accounted for 10% of total uptake and in the remaining forest nitrate comprised about one-third of inorganic-N taken up. Ammonium is thus the dominant inorganic form taken up in eucalypt forests of this region. There was general agreement between laboratory andin situ incubations as to the occurrence of nitrification and the difference in mineralization rates between forests. In conjunction with previous studies, the turnover and maintenance of N-pools in eucalypt forests is discussed; forests with low N-capital appear to be resistant to possible N-loss after perturbation, forests with higher N-capital are more susceptible to loss but recover quickly. Immobilization of inorganic-N is central to the recovery process. These results agree with recent hypotheses proposed by Vitousek and Boerner.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372483
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    Influence of neem leaf on nitrification in a lowland rice soil (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 93 (1986), S. 133-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azadiractin ; Heterotrophic flora ; Neemcake ; Nimbidin ; Nitrification ; Nitrifying bacteria ; Zymogenous flora
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Application of neem products like neem leaf and neem cake to wetland soil did not have any adverse effect on the population of heterotrophic microflora; nitrifying bacteria, on the other hand, decreased significantly due to addition of neem cake and fresh and dried neem leaf with urea. It is suggested that neem leaf could be used as an inhibitor of nitrification for enhancing nitrogen use efficiency of fertilizers where neem leaf is available in plentiful supply.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02377153
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    Uptake and use patterns of nitrogen from urea, oxamide, and isobutylidene diurea by rice plants (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 94 (1986), S. 109-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Denitrification ; Isobutylidene diurea ; N balance ; Nitrification ; 15N Oxamide ; Rice ; Slow-release N ; Urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two15N-labelled slow-release nitrogen (N) sources, oxamide and isobutylidene diurea (IBDU), each at two particle sizes, and15N-labelled urea were compared at two rates as sources of N for rice (Oryza sativa) under two watering regimes which simulated a transplant (continuous flood, CF) and a direct-seeded (A/F) system of paddy rice culture. Highest grain yields were obtained from −8+10-mesh oxamide particles applied at the rate of 2,000 mg of N/5 kg of soil, CF series; this yield was slightly higher than that obtained from −3+4-mesh oxamide, A/F series. Incubating the N fertilizers in moist (22% water) soil for 21 days immediately before flooding and transplanting rice greatly reduced N supply because of nitrification during the preflood period, followed by denitrification after flooding. This resulted in less plant uptake of N and less grain yield from urea, fine oxamide and IBDU, A/F series. For coarse oxamide, N release during the preflood period resulted in higher N uptake and grain yield in the A/F rather than in the corresponding CF series. The pattern of fertilizer N uptake by rice plants was affected by kind of fertilizer, particle size of oxamide and IBDU, and watering regime. Uptake of fertilizer N generally paralleled uptake of soil N throughout the growth period. Plant tops continued to accumulate some N during the period of grain filling, but much of the N in plant tops was translocated to the grain after heading. There was a large decrease in dry weight, N content, and15N content of tops after heading. Root weight and N content increased rapidly at first, and then at a diminishing rate until maturity. Unexplained N deficits occurred in the CF series (14–23% of the N applied, depending on N rate and source), and in the A/F series for IBDU (37–43% of the N applied).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380593
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    Nitrification and mineralization potentials in a limed Ultisol in the humid tropics (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 92 (1986), S. 153-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Liming ; Nitrate leaching ; Nitrification ; N-mineralization ; Rain forest ; Soil acidity ; Tropics ; Ultisol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary We studied the effect of liming on the rates of mineralization and nitrification in a coarse-textured kaolinitic Ultisol. Soil samples were taken from field plots which received lime rates from 0 to 4mt/ha three years prior to the study. The pH of the soil samples varied from 4.2 to 6.1. Ammonification of soil organic N and added urea source proceeded readily and was not affected by lime rate. Nitrification occurred in both limed and unlimed soils but the rate of nitrification depended upon the rate of lime application. Soil pH, exchangeable Ca and exchangeable A1 were significantly correlated with the amount of NO3-N accumulated at the end of the 65 days incubation period. Nitrification of NH4-N from ammonium sulfate was absent in soils receiving lower rates of lime which gave pH values ranging from 4.2 to 4.8. Added ammonium source was nitrified readily after a 3-week delay period in the soil (pH 6.1) which received a higher rate of lime (4 mt/ha).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372276
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    Effect of phenylphosphorodiamidate on urea hydrolysis, ammonia volatilization and rice growth in an alkali soil (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 94 (1986), S. 313-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alkali soil ; Ammonia volatilization ; Nitrification ; Phenylphosphorodiamidate ; Rice ; Urea ; Urease inhibitor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In order to improve nitrogen recovery by rice, the effect of a urease inhibitor phenylphosphorodiamidate (PPD) on the efficiency of fertilizer urea was studied in laboratory and greenhouse. Addition of PPD to urea (5% w/w) delayed urea hydrolysis by 3 to 4 days and reduced ammonia volatilization from 45% (without PPD) to 8.5% (with PPD). Ammonia volatilization obeyed first order kinetics. Urea hydrolysis was sufficiently strongly inhibited to match the nitrification potential of the soil. N application to rice by three different modes showed that a delayed mode (4 splits) was superior to two conventional modes (3 splits) in nitrogen recovery and fertilizer efficiency since it met nitrogen requirement of plants at reproductive stage. In 2 out of 3 modes of application, there was a 14% increase (relative) in grain yields and dry matter, and 6.8% increase in N uptake efficiency on application of PPD along with urea. The results indicate that urease inhibitors like PPD can be effectively used to block urea hydrolysis, reduce ammonia volatilization losses and improve N use efficiency by rice.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374325
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    Binding of nitrite-N on polyphenols during nitrification (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 94 (1986), S. 369-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azido nitro benzene ; Nitrapyrin ; Nitrification ; Nitro and nitroso aromatic compounds ; Organic nitrogen ; Phenolic compounds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The conversion of substantial amounts of ammonia nitrogen into organic nitrogen as a direct result of nitrification at neutral pH-values, was monitored in soil suspensions amended with ammonium nitrogen. The influence of the chemolithotrophic nitrifying bacteria was verified by applying nitrapyrin as a selective inhibitor in control experiments. In addition, the role of phenolic compounds was examined by adding α naphthol. The factors influencing the nitrification processi.e. pH, NH 4 + −N, NO 2 − −N, NO 3 − −N were measured during a 60 days incubation period. Nitrification started to be active after 5 and 10 days in the normal and the naphthol spiked soil suspensions respectively; it was inhibited in the nitrapyrin controls. Parallel with nitrification, formation of organic nitrogen was observed. The humic matter fractions were extracted and analyzed by I.R. spectroscopy which revealed the valence vibration ranges of nitro and nitroso groups fixed in different positions on aromatic compounds, both for normal and naphthol spiked samples. High resolution gas chromatography combined with mass spectroscopic analysis indicated the formation of nitrosonaphtholes. In addition a novel organic nitro compound was identifiedi.e. an azido nitro benzene. No nitrogen was fixed in the samples treated with nitrification inhibitor. A mechanism for the fixation of nitrite nitrogen during nitrification is proposed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374331
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    Nitrification and organic nitrogen formation in soils (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 94 (1986), S. 383-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Nitrapyrin ; Nitrification ; Organic nitrogen formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The formation of mineral nitrogen species and of organic nitrogen was studied in three different types of soils in relation to the application of the nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin. The results indicate that nitrification brings about a deficit in total mineral nitrogen and a concomitant surplus in non biomass organic nitrogen. This phenomenon increases with increasing levels of applied ammonium nitrogen and soil organic matter. The phenomenon is considered to be due to the reaction of the transient nitrite formed with soil phenolic compounds and appears to be of significance in all soils in which nitrification occurs, even neutral to alkaline and low carbon soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374332
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    Nitrification mediated nitrogen immobilization in soils (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 94 (1986), S. 401-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Immobilization ; Labelled fertilizer ; Mineralization ; Mineral nitrogen incorporation %15Natom excess ; Nitrapyrin ; Nitrification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The influence of nitrification on the status of soil organic nitrogen is examined by applying NH 4 + -15N to the soil in the absence and the presence of a selective inhibitori.e. nitrapyrin. Parallel with nitrification, formation of organic nitrogen from the added fertilizer was followed. In the soil examined (pH 6.5, 4% organic carbon),ca. 55% of the fertilizer-N was immobilized during the 60 days incubation period, as a consequence of the nitrification process. Nitrification not only appeared to contribute to the binding of added mineral nitrogen onto soil organic matter, but also to re-immobilization of mineralised soil nitrogen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374333
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    Microclimatic controls of nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in shortgrass steppe soils (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 93 (1986), S. 347-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Dew ; Grasslands ; Nitrification ; Nitrogen ; Semiarid ecosystems ; Soil texture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The depth distributions of rates of net nitrogen mineralization and nitrification were measured in a series of field and laboratory incubations. Field studies suggested that the highest rates of mineralization and nitrification occurred in the surface 2.5 cm such that forty to sixty percent of the N mineralization in 20-cm soil column occurred in the surface 2.5cm. Some upward nitrate movement occurred but laboratory studies suggested that surface rates were not an artifact of nitrate mobility alone. Microclimatic data indicate that either dew or upward movement and condensation of soil water vapor may drive biological activity at the soil surface. High rates of N mineralization even in dry horizons were sustained as long as water was stored within the 0-to 20-cm depth. High rates of nitrification were found in all incubations, and field measurements showed NO 3 − to be the predominant form of inorganic N, despite previous characterization of the shortgrass steppe as an NH 4 + -dominated system.
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    Effects of organic matter on sulphur oxidation in soil and influence of sulphur oxidation on soil nitrification (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 96 (1986), S. 369-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Nitrification ; Organic matter ; Sulphur cycle ; Sulphur oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of wheat straw and pressed sugar beet pulp on sulphur oxidation were determined in a loam soil amended with 1% (w/w) elemental sulphur. Wheat straw stimulated the oxidation of elemental sulphur over the first 2 to 3 weeks of the incubation period, resulting in an increase in LiCl-extractable sulphate. After 4 to 7 weeks incubation however, the only significant increase in soil sulphate followed the 1% straw addition, while at week 7 sulphate concentrations in the 0.25% and 5.0% straw amended soils were lower than the control. Pressed sugar beet pulp (1% w/w) initially stimulated the oxidation of elemental sulphur in the soil, but by weeks 3 to 7 of the incubation period rates of oxidation in pulp-amended soils were lower than the control. Towards the end of the incubation period however, sulphate concentrations in the amended soils exceeded the control values, significantly so by week 11. The concentration of thiosulphate and tetrathionate also increased in soils receiving sugar beet pulp. Nitrification was inhibited in soils in which sulphur oxidation was actively occurring. Although possible alternatives are mentioned, such inhibition appears to result from a decrease in soil pH brought about by the oxidation of elemental sulphur to sulphuric acid.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375141
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    Site of nitrous oxide production in field soils (1985)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 1 (1985), S. 3-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrification ; Denitrification ; Soil profile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes at the soil surface and concentrations at 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 m were determined in a 40-year-old planted tallgrass (XXX) prairie, a 40-year-old white pine (Pinus strobus) plantation, and field plots treated annually for 18 years either with 33 metric tons of manure ha−1 (330 kg N ha−1) and NH4NO3 (80 kg N ha−1) or with only NH4NO3 (control). Nitrous oxide fluxes from the prairie, forest, manure-amended, and control sites from 13 May to 10 November 1980 ranged from 0.2 to 1.3, 3.5 to 19.5, 3.7 to 79.0, and 1.7 to 24.8 ng N2O-N m−2s−1, respectively. We observed periods when there was no apparent relationship between the N2O flux from the surface and N2O concentrations in the soil profile. This was generally the case in the prairie and in the field sites following the application of N fertilizer. The N2O concentrations in the soil profile increased markedly and coincided with increased soil water content following periods of heavy rainfall for all sites except the prairie. Nitrous oxide concentration gradients indicate that following heavy rainfalls the site of N2O production was moved from the surface deeper into the soil profile. We suggest that the source of N2O production near the surface is nitrification and that N2O is produced by denitrification of NO3 leached into the soil following heavy rainfall.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00710964
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    Ammonium oxidizer numbers, potential and actual oxidation rates in two swedish arable soils (1985)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 1 (1985), S. 131-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrification ; MPN of ammonium oxidizers ; Chlorate inhibition ; Arable soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The number of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria was measured with the most probable number (MPN) method while potential ammonium oxidation rates were determined with a chlorate inhibition technique in two arable soils. A new method for measuring actual in situ ammonium oxidation in soil cores is presented. One soil was cropped for 4 years with one of four crop-fertilizer combinations: Unfertilized lucerne ley, unfertilized barley, nitrate-fertilized grass ley, or nitrate-fertilized barley. The highest ammonium oxidizer numbers and potential rates were found in the grass ley. The unfertilized barley had one-third the number and activity of the grass ley. Actual rates were in general 5–25 times lower than potential rates. The other soil was that undergoing a 27-year-old field trial with a fallow and four different cropping treatments: No addition, nitrate, nitrate + straw, or manure. Ammonium oxidizer numbers were highest in the manure and straw treatments. MPN numbers and potential rates were lowest in the fallow treatment. Typical specific potential rates were 30 ng N oxidized cell−1 h−1. Actual rates were in general 40 times lower than potential rates. Actual ammonium oxidation measurements seem to correspond to actual in situ activity at the moment of sampling, whereas the MPN technique and the potential measurements reflect events that occurred weeks to months before the sampling.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301780
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    Net mineralization and nitrification rates in a clay soil measured and predicted in permanent grassland from soil temperature and moisture content (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 86 (1985), S. 151-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonification ; Clay soil ; Exchangeable ammonium ; Grassland ; Incubation ; Kinetics ; Nitrate ; Nitrification ; N cycle ; N mineralization ; Soil Moisture ; Soil temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Net mineralization of N and net nitrification in field-moist clay soils (Evesham-Kingston series) from arable and grassland sites were measured in laboratory incubation experiments at 4, 10 and 20°C. Three depth fractions to 30 cm were used. Nitrate accumulated at all temperatures except when the soil was very dry (θ=0.13 cm3 cm−3). Exchangeable NH4-ions declined during the first 24 h and thereafter remained low. Net mineralization and net nitrification approximated to zero-order reactions after 24 h, with Q10 values generally 〈1.6. The effect of temperature on both processes was linear although some results conformed to an Arrhenius-type relationship. The dependence of net mineralization and net nitrification in the field soil on soil temperature (10 cm depth) and moisture (0–15, 15–25, 25–35 cm depths) was modelled using the laboratory incubation data. An annual net mineralization of 350 kg N ha−1 and net nitrification of 346 kg N ha−1 were predicted between September 1980 and August 1981. The model probably overstressed the effect of soil moisture relative to soil temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182891
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  • 71
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    Modelling growth responses of soil nitrifiers to additions of ammonium sulphate and ammonium chloride (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 86 (1985), S. 425-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium ; Chloride ; Growth ; Inhibition ; Monod model ; Nitrification ; Soil ; Sulphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Following the addition of 0–75 μmole N g−1 as ammonium chloride or ammonium sulphate to a sandy loam soil the nitrate formed was measured daily for a period of 15–17 days. The nitrate produced as a function of time was described using the Monod equation for microbial growth. An optimisation technique is described for obtaining, from the nitrification time course data, the maximum specific growth rate, the affinity constantant and an index limited by the concentration of ammonium in soil solution. Additions of more than 7.3 μmoles N g−1 soil as ammonium chloride were found to inhibit nitrification. The inhibition was interpreted as being caused by osmotic pressure or by chloride ion. A similar effect was not found with ammonium sulphate, because the salt concentration in the soil solution was restricted by the precipitation of calcium sulphate. The model developed was capable of accounting for nitrate production in the soil under non-steady state conditions of substrate concentrations and nitrifier biomass.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02145463
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  • 72
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    The influence of western hemlock and western redcedar on microbial numbers, nitrogen mineralization, and nitrification (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 88 (1985), S. 259-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Fungi ; Mineralization ; Nitrification ; Thuja plicata ; Tsuga heterophylla
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Microbial numbers in the forest floor and mineral soil (Al horizon) under large individual western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and western redcedar (Thuja plicata) trees were compared. The lower pH and base saturation of hemlock samples was associated with higher fungal spore counts while cedar samples had higher total microbial counts and populations of ammonium oxidizing bacteria. Nitrogen mineralization rates were greater in laboratory incubations of hemlock soil but nitrification was only observed in incubations of cedar soil. These differences in nitrogen mineralization and nitrification are aspects of species-specific nutrient cycling regimes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182452
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  • 73
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    Chemical properties, populations of nitrige oxidizers, urease and phosphatase activities in sewage sludge-amended soils (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 84 (1985), S. 79-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonification ; Groundwater pollution ; Hydrolyzable-N ; Nitrification ; Phosphatase ; Urease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The aim of this work has been to determine the effect of sterilized and non-sterilized, acrobically or anaerobically digested sewage sludges on urease and phosphatase activities, on populations of nitrite oxidizers and on some chemical properties in laboratory conditions and for long incubation periods. Both urease an phosphatase activities were affected when anaerobic sludges were added to the soil. The inhibitory effects on both enzyme activities attributed to the presence of heavy metals were probably masked by the additional source of organic matter both with acrobic and anaerobic sludges. The level of the NO 2 − oxidizer populations was higher in the aerobic than in the anaerobic sludge amended soil. Ammonia-N concentration were increased when the soil received sludges reflecting a higher mineralization rate probably due to a stimulation of the indigencous ammonia producing microorganisms since differences between non-sterilized and sterilized treatments were minimal or absent. Nitrate-N concentrations increased in amended soils and care must be taken to restrict as much as possible the downward movement of nitrate in order to minimize ground-water pollution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197869
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  • 74
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    Salt effects on urea hydrolysis and nitrification during leaching through laboratory soil columns (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 85 (1985), S. 219-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Leaching ; Nitrification ; Nitrogen fertilizer ; Salinity ; Urea hydrolysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary We studied the transport and transformation of urea under steady-state conditions in two soils and at three water salinities (1.0, 5.0, and 10.0 dS/m) using laboratory soil columns. A mathematical model that considers diffusion, convection, adsorption and first-order kinetic transformation of nitrogen was used to describe measured effluent concentration of the two nitrogen species. Increasing salt levels in the applied water decreased the hydrolysis of urea in the two soils studied with first-order rate coefficients decreasing from 0.015 to 0.009 h−1 in the fine sandy loam, and from 0.075 to 0.015 h−1 in a silty loam. Similarly, the nitrification rate decreased by 50% and 70% in the two soils as salinity increased. The rate coefficients measured in the leaching studies were much smaller than measured in incubation-type experiments. Calculated half-lives for urea and NH 4 + provided a method interpreting the kinetic rate coefficients as a function of the experimental conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02139626
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  • 75
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    Influence of slurry applications on the EUF-N fractions in the soil (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 83 (1985), S. 47-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: EUF-N fractions ; Nitrification ; NO3 leaching ; Slurry-N ; Dicyandiamide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Increasing quantities of slurry (30, 60 and 90 m3/ha as well as 60 m3/ha + DIDIN) were applied to two sandy soils both in September and in December 1982. During the 1982/83 winter EUF-N was determined in soil horizons (0–30 cm, 30–60 and 60–90 cm). EUF-NO3 and EUF-Norg clearly reflected the different quantities of slurry applied. The retarding effect of DIDIN on nitrification could also be demonstrated by means of the EUF-N contents. Due to the mild and humid climate prevailing in the winter of 1982/83 slurry-NO3 of the September applications had obviously been leached out of the 0–60 cm soil layer in all treatments by February and even out of the 60–90 cm layer by March 24. Translocation of NO3 was also observed for slurry applied in December. But in this case on March 24 the EUF-NO3 contents in the 60–90 cm layer still reflected the quantities of slurry applied four months earlier. After slurry application the EUF-Norg fraction of a soil initially consists mainly of NH 4 + which is rapidly oxidized to NO3 and transferred in this form to deeper layers. As a consequence a rapid decline in EUF-Norg fraction is observed. It could therefore be expedient to consider the Norg and EUF-NH 4 + fractions separately when slurry applications are concerned.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182714
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  • 76
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    Electronic Resource
    The effect of air-borne ammonium sulphate onPinus nigra var.maritima in the Netherlands (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 84 (1985), S. 45-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acidification ; Air pollution ; Aluminium ; Ammonium sulphate ; Nitrification ; Nutrient leaching ; Pinus nigra var.Maritima ; Potassium deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary As a result of air pollution, considerable deposition of ammonium sulphate occurs on vegetation and soil in the vicinity of chicken farms and fields dressed with animal slurry. A clear relation exists between this ammonium sulphate deposition and the distance to certain agricultural activities. Field investigations and ecophysiological experiments both show that the needles ofPinus nigra var.maritima (Ait.) Melville take up ammonium and excrete potassium, magnesium and calcium. This often results in potassium and/or magnesium deficiencies and may lead to premature shedding of needles. The high levels of nitrogen in the needles are strongly correlated to fungal diseases. Whether the observed cation leaching will result in disturbed nutrient budgets depends mainly on soil conditions. Leaching of K, Mg and Ca from the soil, caused by ammonium sulphate, may further inhibit nutrient uptake. Field investigations show a clear correlation between increased ratios of NH4 to K, Mg and Ca in the soil solution and the damage to pine forests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197866
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