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  • Articles  (1,433)
  • Engineering  (1,412)
  • Photodynamic therapy  (21)
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Life and Medical Sciences
  • 1995-1999  (1,433)
  • Technology  (1,433)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photodynamic therapy to the oral cavity, tongue and larynx: a canine normal tissue tolerance study (1995)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 13-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; Larynx ; Oval cavity ; Light dose rates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has the potential to treat early carcinomas of the oral cavity and larynx while preserving normal tissue. However, normal tissues retain the photosensitizing agents and may be activated by high light fluence and dose rates resulting in normal tissue necrosis. The effects of varying dose rates of light delivery on various tissues in the upper aerodigestive tract have not been evaluated to date and are necessary to determine a ‘therapeutic light dose range’ that will result in selective tumour necrosis. Thirty adult mongrel dogs received intravenous Photofrin, 2 mg kg−1, 48 h prior to PDT treatment. Photodynamic therapy was administered to the tongue, buccal mucosa and larynx with a microlens fibre and implantable cylindrical diffuser at various dose rates from 20 to 125 J cm−2 at 150 mW cm−2. At the same dose rate of light delivery, the tongue was the most sensitive organ, followed by the buccal mucosa, and last by the larynx. The differential tissue effect of identical dose rates of therapy must be taken into account when administering PDT so that selective tumour necrosis with normal tissue preservation may be achieved. This study indicates the need to perform evaluations of the effect of PDT on other tissue types in an animal model with each new photosensitizer prior to administering PDT to those areas in humans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02133158
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vascular and other non-tumour applications of photodynamic therapy (1996)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 3-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; Non-tumour ; Arteries ; Fibrocellular intimal hyperplasia ; Aminolaevulinic acid ; Phthalocyanine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Photodynamic therapy is being investigated as a cancer therapy. As a cytotoxic treatment, it may also have therapeutic benefits in certain non-tumour conditions. The mechanism of photodynamic therapy is discussed in relation to its cancer therapy. The literature on non-tumour applications of photodynamic therapy is subsequently reviewed, highlighting its vascular applications in particular. Arterial angioplasty restenosis has proved resistant to all treatments tried thus far. Because fibrocellular intimal hyperplasia arising from the proliferation of vascular medial smooth muscle cells forms the pathological basis of restenosis, photodynamic therapy has been considered in its prevention. The literature on two second-generation photosensitizers (5-aminolaevulinic acid and phthalocyanine) which are likely to achieve clinical application are reviewed with regard to their photodynamic effects on fibrocellular intimal hyperplasia. This review concludes that photodynamic therapy shows enough promise for the inhibition of fibrocellular intimal hyperplasia for large animal studies to be pursued.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02161287
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sensitization and photodynamic therapy of normal pancreas, duodenum and bile ducts in the hamster using 5-aminolaevulinic acid (1996)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 11-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; 5-Aminolaevulinic acid ; Pancreas ; Bile duct ; Duodenum ; Fluorescence microscopy ; Light dosimetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using 5-aminolaevulinic-acid-(ALA)-induced protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) increases survival in hamsters with pancreatic cancer. However, experiments with other photosensitizers on this model show a high risk of duodenal perforation. In this paper, the pharmacokinetics and PDT effects of ALA on normal tissues in the pancreatobiliary region are presented. Using quantitative fluorescence microscopy, maximum PPIX fluorescence was seen in the bile ducts, less in the duodenal mucosa and least in the muscularis propria and pancreas. For PDT, light was delivered either using a bare fibre touching the tissue (single-point illumination), or irradiating a 1.5 cm diameter circular area. Single-point PDT (50 J) produced only localized reversible damage without perforation. Surface irradiation of the whole periampullary region (50 J cm−2) caused extensive damage, sometimes with perforation. Before PDT can be used safely to treat tumours of the pancreas and bile duct, further studies are necessary to understand its effect on larger areas of normal tissue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02161288
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tetra(m-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin clinical photodynamic therapy of early bronchial and oesophageal cancers (1996)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 227-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; PDT ; mTHPC ; Early cancer ; Squamous cell carcinoma ; Oesophagus ; Bronchi ; Photosensitizer ; Light dosimetry ; Clinical
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract There have been few studies to date of clinical photodynamic therapy (PDT) with tetra(m-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (mTHPC). This paper describes the results of the authors' experience with this second-generation photosensitizer, used in the treatment of 40 early cancers of the oesophagus and the bronchi. Surface illumination of the tumour was performed, in most cases, 4 days after intravenous injection of 0.15 mg kg−1 of mTHPC, using 652 nm or 514 nm continuous wave laser light. Endoscopic follow-up with biopsies and brushings was possible for 35 tumours: 27 (77%) showed no recurrence after disease-free follow-ups that ranged from 3 to 38 months. Major complications, all of which were after red light illumination, included one bronchial stenosis, one oesophagotracheal fistula and two probable occult perforations of the oesophagus. Photodynamic therapy with green light renders such perforations of the oesophageal wall essentially impossible at the applied conditions, and appears not to reduce the efficacy of the treatment. Skin photosensitization, which was never observed later than the first week after injection, occurred in 12 patients. Hence, PDT with mTHPC is a safe and effective treatment for early carcinomas of the oesophagus and the tracheobronchial tree.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02134913
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photodynamic therapy of 168 early stage cancers of the lung and oesophagus: a japanese multi-centre study (1996)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 255-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; Early stage lung cancer ; Superficial oesophageal cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In 1994, the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan approved photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the treatment of early stage lung cancer (T0 and T1), superficial oesophageal cancer, superficial early stage gastric cancer and carcinoma in situ and/or dysplasia of the cervix. The decision to do so was based on studies carried out by the PDT Research Group of the Ministry, including PDT treatment of 168 early stage central lung cancers (123 superficial lesions and 45 nodular lesions) and 32 superficial oesophageal cancers. The results presented in this article were analysed according to the extent of the lesion. Of the 123 superficial lung cancers, complete remission (CR) was obtained in 93% of 89 lesions less than 1.0 cm in diameter. Larger lesions responded less well. Complete remission was obtained in 97% of the 33 superficial oesophageal cancers, although three of six patients with lesions over 3.0 cm in diameter later died of metastatic disease. The authors believe PDT to be a suitable and effective treatment for early stage lung and oesophageal cancers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02134916
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Human tissue levels and plasma pharmacokinetics of temoporfin (Foscan®, mTHPC) (1996)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 267-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photosensitizer ; Photodynamic therapy ; mTHPC ; Temoporfin ; Pharmacokinetics ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A Phase I photodynamic therapy (PDT) clinical trial was carried out with Temoporfin (Foscan®, mTHPC) at the Departments of Otolaryngology at Orebro Medical Center (OMC) and Long Island Jewish Medical Center (LIJMC). A range of drug doses, consisting of 0.3, 0.15, 0.075 and 0.0375 mg kg−1, were utilized. Light treatment was performed on the sixth day after injection of the photosensitizer mTHPC. Photodynamic therapy was done on prostate cancer (six cases), bronchial cancer (one case), nasopharyngeal cancer (three cases), laryngeal cancer (eight cases), mesothelioma (one case), laryngeal papilloma (five cases) and basal cell nevus syndrome (one case). A number of patients were treated more than once. Plasma was collected and analysed at 1, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 h and at 2 weeks post-injection, to follow the loading and clearance rate of the photosensitizer. Normal and malignant tissues were collected immediately prior to PDT, chemically extracted, and analysed for drug content spectrofluorometrically. Plasma drug levels were proportional to the dose. The half-life of the drug was 45.4 h across the entire dose range. The ratio of the drug in the tumour compared to normal adjacent mucosa was in the range of 2–3. There were no significant adverse effects. These data establish the basis for full clinical trials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02134918
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time-resolved confocal fluorescence microscopy of porphyrins for phototherapy (1996)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 237-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; Time-resolved confocal microscopy ; Porphyrins ; Fluorescence polarization ; Photodynamic therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The application of a novel time-resolved confocal fluorescence microspectrometer to studies of the distribution and speciation of porphyrin photosensitizers in rat C6 cerebral glioma cells is described. The instrument combines a mode-locked argon ion laser excitation source with time-correlated single photon counting fluorescence detection and has sub-micron spatial and sub-nanosecond temporal resolution. The porphyrins studied were haematoporphyrin derivative (HpD), haematoporphyrin IX (HP), porphyrinc (Pc) and the tetrakiscarborane carboxylate ester of 2,4-(α,β-dihydroxyethyl) deuteroporphyrin IX (BOPP). From the heterogeneous emission observed in vitro, assignments and spatial location of various porphyrin species are proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02134914
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Calibration of fibre optic probes used for light dosimetry measurements during photodynamic therapy (1995)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 19-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; Light dosimetry ; Fibre optic probes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We describe the calibration of fibre optic probes used to perform in vivo light dosimetry studies during the treatment of skin lesions by photodynamic therapy. Results from six individual detectors show that the linearity of the calibration and the calculated radiant energy fluence rate within a liquid phantom are independent of the type and sensitivity of the probe. The method of calibration is also shown to yield the optical interaction coefficients of the phantom.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02133159
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of an alternative light source to lasers for photodynamic therapy: 2. Comparative in vivo tumour response characteristics (1995)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 121-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; Haematoporphyrin derivative ; In vivo ; Laser ; Light source ; Murine tumour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The performance of a low cost, table-top/portable light source was tested against an argon ion pumped dye laser for in vivo photodynamic therapy (PDT). The prototype delivers up to 1 W via a 4 mm flexible lightguide within a 30 nm bandwidth centred at any wavelength from 300 nm to 1200 nm at fluence rates of up to 8 W cm−2. An in situ bioassay using regrowth delay of tumour T50/80 was used to quantify the relative efficacy of the prototype with a laser. The tumours were sensitized with haematoporphyrin derivative (HpD) and externally irradiated. There was no significant difference in the response of the tumour to treatment between the two light sources (p = 0.69). Mean growth delays ranged from 2 days (light dose 10 J cm−2) to 20 days (light dose 100 J cm−2). The estimate for the difference in means (laser minus prototype growth delay) was only 0.66 days and was not statistically significant. This in vivo study demonstrates that the prototype is equivalent to a laser in PDT effect. The device has low capital/running cost, is simple to use and is one of the most powerful, spectrally efficient non-laser PDT sources available.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02150849
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Construction, quality assurance and calibration of spherical isotropic fibre optic light diffusers (1995)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 137-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; Isotropic fibre optic light diffusers ; Construction of diffusers ; Quality assurance of diffusers ; Calibration of diffusers ; Goniometer ; Integrating sphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Spherical isotropic fibre optic light diffusers are used in photodynamic therapy either as a light source or as a light detector. The construction of light diffusers using different materials is described, viz. an optical method involving local polymerization of a dental fissure sealant, which is referred to as the Henderson method, and a second method using plastic or ceramic pre-fabricated spheres. Quality tests necessary for reliable clinical use are presented for the mechanical strength, output power and isotropy. The maximum pull-off force and blow-off output power for the different kinds of diffusers were determined. The calibration procedures are given for measurement of the output power and wavelength of the light emitted by a diffuser and for measurement of the fluence rate by a light-detecting diffuser, using a compact integrating sphere device. With all types of diffusers described, an isotropy can be obtained of better than ± 20% measured over a 320° angle for spheres as small as ≈ 1 mm. Larger ceramic diffusers are particularly suitable for delivering high output powers. A 3-mm-diameter ceramic diffuser mounted on a 600-μm-core fibre can emit up to ≈ 5 W of continuous wave (CW) visible light in air. Diffusers used for light detection can measure the light fluence rate in tissue with ≈15% accuracy or better if calibration factors are determined for each individual probe.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02150852
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