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  • conservation  (144)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 139 (1998), S. 313-323 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Keywords: behavioural ecology ; Borneo ; conservation ; Phasanidae ; Galliformes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Habitatpräferenz und das Vorkommen des Großen Argusfasans wurden zehn Wochen lang im Flachlandurwald des Kayan Mentarang National Park, tief im Inneren von Kalimantan, Borneo, Indonesien, untersucht. Dazu wurden in vier verschiedenen Vegetationstypen die Anzahl vokalisierender Männchen entlang von Linientransekten festgestellt. Am häufigsten waren die Vögel im Primär-Urwald, seltener in altem und noch seltener in jüngerem Sekundärwald. Am geringsten war die Anzahl rufender Männchen in den flußnahen Wäldern. Die Häufigkeit des Vorkommens war positiv korreliert mit Stammdurchmesser, Stammhöhe, Höhe des ersten dicken Astes, Dichte der Krone und Entfernung zu Ansiedlungen. Die Balzpläte befanden sich immer auf Hügeln oder Hügelrücken. Der Argusfasan ist noch immer weitverbreitet aber nirgends häufig. Das rasche Abholzen von Flachlandwäldern und die zunehmende Jagd, die durch ein neues Wegenetz immer einfacher wird, sind die wichtigsten Gefährdungsfaktoren.
    Notes: Summary Habitat preference and abundance of the Great Argus Pheasant was studied over a ten week period in the lowland forests of the Kayan Mentarang National Park, in the remote interior of Indonesian Borneo. Repeat line transect surveys, counting the number of vocalising males, were conducted in four different habitat types. Argus Pheasants were found to be most common in primary forest, and progressively less common in old and young secondary forests. Numbers of calling males were lowest in riverine forest. Argus Pheasant densities were positively correlated with a number of transect characteristics, viz. increasing tree diameter, tree height, height of the first bough and canopy cover, and with increasing remoteness. Dancing grounds were invariably located on ridges. The conservation status of the species on Borneo is briefly discussed. The Great Argus Pheasant is still widespread but thinly spread. The rapid rate of lowland forest clearance, fragmentation of once continuous habitat and increasing hunting pressure owing to increasing accessibility may become serious threats in the near future.
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  • 2
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    Journal of ornithology 140 (1999), S. 87-91 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Keywords: arable land ; conservation ; micro-structures ; stunted growth ; traditional land-use
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für die Feldlerche (Alauda arvensis) sind Kleinstrukturen des Ackerlandes offenbar von großer Bedeutung. In zwei Untersuchungsgebieten (U1, U2) in SW-Deutschland bevorzugte die Feldlerche im Frühsommer Felder mit noch niedrigen Feldfrucht-Sorten, mit 88% (58%) der Reviere auf 35% (33%) der Gesamtfläche von U1 (U2), und mit 3,0–3,8 (4,1–4,3) R./10 ha. Im Vergleich mit Zufallsverteilungen zeigte die Verteilung der Feldlerchen-Reviere eine starke Bevorzugung von „Störstellen“ mit Kümmerwuchs, die durch traditionelle Bewirtschaftungsformen (kleinräumige Häufung von Richtungswechseln im Verlauf der Flurstücksgrenzen, Kleinsenken an den Längsseiten von Wölbäckern) oder mikrotopographisch-geologisch (Dolinen, staunasse oder steinige Stellen) bedingt waren; und eine starke Meidung von beliebigen Stellen frei im Feld; umgekehrt wurden durch moderne Bewirtschaftung bedingte Störstellen (aktuelle Schlaggrenzen, Erdwege) signifikant seltener genutzt als zu erwarten war (Abb. 1). Die bevorzugten traditionellen Störstellen entstanden ursprünglich oftmals an Grenzen von kleinräumiger traditioneller Bewirtschaftung, liegen aber heute meistens innerhalb der jetzigen Bewirtschaftungseinheiten und werden überackert. Aus Sicht des Naturschutzes ist zu fordern, daß solche Störstellen als Mosaik von Kleinstrukturen über Acker-Flächen möglichst gleichmäßig verteilt sein sollten.
    Notes: Summary Micro-structures in arable fields are apparently of great importance for the Skylark, a species which has declined over vast areas of Europe. In two study areas (U1, U2) in SW-Germany, in early summer the Skylark showed a preference for arable fields with low emergent crops, with 88% (58%) of the territories on 35% (33%) of the total area of U1 (U2), and with 3.0–3.8 (4.1–4.3) territories per 10 ha. The distribution of Skylark territories showed a strong preference for "places with stunted growth" caused by traditional cultivation practices (clumping of abrupt changes in the direction of the edges of plots, shallow depressions along the longer margins of plots with elevated central parts, i.e. furrow and ridge), or by microtopographical-geological conditions (doline over karst, wet or stony places); and a marked avoidance of arbitrary places anywhere in the fields; on the other hand, places with stunted growth caused by modern cultivation (edges of stands, clay- or grass-covered country-lanes) were used less frequently than expected (Fig. 1). The preferred places with stunted growth often originated around edges of plots in traditional small-scale cultivation, but are nowadays mostly situated within actual stands, the former edges having been tilled over. With respect to conservation, preferred places like these should be evenly dispersed over the arable fields, thus building up a mosaic of micro-structures.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: acidophilic ; strain ; oxidation ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Recovery of metal values from sulfide ores by use of acidophilic microorganisms is gaining importance. A number of commercial/pilot plants are setup to find out the techno-economic feasibility of the overall process. The main drawback in the process is the slow kinetics of dissolution of metal values from the sulfide ores. To make the technology e attractive the kinetics should be improved considerably. There are various factors which determine the overall kinetics such as bacterial activity and concentration, iron and sulfur oxidation, oxygen consumption, reactor design and nature of ore. A brief review has been made dealing with the above parameters
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  • 4
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 15-24 
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: census ; conservation ; Lepidoptera ; population monitoring ; survey techniques
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The use of light traps in sampling moth populations is an established technique used by entomologists and ecologists. However, trap data partly reflect the variable attractiveness of UV light to different species of moth. There are also potential problems of the practicality and expense of running traps in certain locations. An alternative method of recording moth populations is developed, using a modification of the transect count technique used for butterflies (Pollard and Yates, 1993) and recently applied to moths (Spalding, 1997). During transects, moths were observed by torch-light in a 5 by 5 m box, before the recorder walked on for 10 paces, and recorded moths in the next 5 m box. The transect approach was tested in the field, alongside traditional light trap and sugar methods. Transects recorded moth species for relatively little effort, produced repeatable measures of relative density, and provided habitat-specific data. This approach is likely to provide a valuable addition to light trapping in biodiversity inventories, species surveys, and in monitoring the effects of habitat management for conservation.
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  • 5
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 145-161 
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: conservation ; dispersal ; forest management ; polypore fungi ; saproxylic insects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Many insects dependent on dead wood are considered threatened by modern forestry. This may partly be due to substrate patches being too widely scattered to be effectively colonized. We studied how rates of colonization by insect species breeding in polypore fruiting bodies are affected by interpatch distance and habitat matrix characteristics. In field experiments, fruiting bodies of Fomitopsis pinicola and Fomes fomentarius were put out at different distances from natural sources of insects. The anobiid beetles Dorcatoma spp. were the most successful colonizers of distant patches, and they readily flew over open fields. Cis beetles were less successful colonizers, despite their generally higher abundance. We hypothesize that the Dorcatoma spp. are inferior competitors, but superior colonizers of distant resources compared with Cis spp. The flies Leucophenga quinquemaculata (Drosophilidae) and Medetera impigra (Dolichopodidae) appeared to be more affected by distance than the beetles studied in their colonization of fungal fruiting bodies. Lower rates of parasitism were recorded on distant patches, and parasitoids appeared more affected by distance than their hosts. Most of the insect species studied can probably persist in the managed forest landscape if suitable breeding substrate is created continuously on a 1 km2 scale.
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  • 6
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 75-84 
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: conservation ; dung beetles ; habitat and food selection ; domestic and wild ungulates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract There is increasing concern about the conservation of dung beetles which are threatened by several peculiar dangers world-wide, both at the population and community level. A noticeable threat in Europe is the dramatic reduction in the number of cattle and sheep grazing in the open, which is associated with both intensive agriculture and the progressive reforestation of previously pastured areas. We studied dung beetle habitat and resource preferences at La Mandria Park (north-west Italy) which is a mosaic of open and wooded patches where domestic (cows and horses) and wild ungulates (deer and wild boar) co-exist. Scarabaeidae were numerically dominant, accounting for 61.5% of the approximately 3000 individuals sampled (Aphodiidae accounted for 32.5% and Geotrupidae for only 6%). However, when species richness was considered, Aphodiidae were dominant, with 17 of the 27 species found (Scarabaeidae with eight and Geotrupidae with two). Assuming a null hypothesis of equal probability of colonizing any habitat or faeces, we found that most species were significantly associated with one of the four dung types or with one of the two habitats considered. On average, Scarabaeidae preferred cattle dung and open habitats whereas most Aphodiidae used deer lumps and wooded habitats. In spite of the precise ecological choices observed at La Mandria, surveys from other European areas suggest that both habitat and food selection are quite flexible. From a conservation viewpoint, the ability of coprophagous beetles to choose herbivore faeces according to their availability and to select habitats that satisfy their own microclimate requirements may certainly be useful in preserving biodiversity. Agroecology, which implies some woodland and hedgerow management practices associated with pastoralism, could be the right approach to the management of the agricultural landscape. Conversely, in reforested areas, while wild ungulate populations should be preserved, some form of human disturbance, particularly clearings used for pastoralism, should also be maintained.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: Parnassius mnemosyne ; butterfly population ; dispersal ; oviposition behaviour ; conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A population of Parnassius mnemosyne L., an endangered butterfly species, was studied for two seasons by mark–release–recapture (MRR) techniques in the Litovelské Pomoraví Protected Landscape Area, Czech Republic. There were four distinct colonies in the area; the MRR data indicate that the largest colony contained over 1000 adult males during peak flight in 1996 suggesting that the area harbours one of the largest populations of the species in the Czech Republic. The detected rate of intercolony movements showed that the individual colonies were not genetically isolated, but the interchange of individuals was limited. Capture sex ratio and estimated sex ratios were both consistently male-biased. We suggest that this might be caused by different behaviour of the sexes which renders the males more catchable: the females spent most of their time either egg laying or resting, which makes them inconspicuous compared to the patrolling males. Preferred oviposition sites were open, sunny patches such as forest clearings which may be due to different hostplant quality compared to hostplants under closed canopy. The heliophily of the species and the dependency of females on open oviposition sites render the butterfly vulnerable due to a decline in coppice management and replacement of fine mosaic of sunny and shady patches by even-aged forest stands.
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  • 8
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 341-347 
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: spiders ; conservation ; heritage programs ; databases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Although spiders play important roles in terrestrial ecosystems and are negatively impacted by human activity, they have received little attention from the US conservation community. Information gaps may prohibit the inclusion of spiders in conservation planning. Conservation priority setting, environmental review and local land-use planning activities in the US increasingly rely on information compiled by the Natural Heritage Network. A review of heritage database content and a survey of natural heritage programs both indicate a paucity of compiled data on the US spider fauna. Heritage programs are probably hampered by the unavailability of current species checklists, identification services and keys, and a general unfamiliarity with the fauna. Clearly, further development of information on rare or imperiled spiders will depend on increased communication and collaboration with arachnologists.
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  • 9
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    Landscape ecology 14 (1999), S. 333-343 
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: boundary effects ; conservation ; corridor ; ecotone ; fragment ; landscape ; matrix ; metapopulation ; patch ; spillover predation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Life generates discontinuites (boundaries) in the distribution of matter and energy. One class of these constitutes the edges between habitat-types; these are fundamental structures in landscape functioning, and hence are of central importance in conservation biology. The symposium on which this series of papers is based focused on the responses of mammals to habitat edges. A diversity of views are represented, and a variety of edge related behaviors illustrated. A survey of general ecology texts dating back to 1933 demonstrates a decline of interest in ecotones and edge effects extending into the 1980's but showing a resurgence of interest in the 1990's. Habitat edges are defined operationally with respect to particular focal species leading to a number of important corollary features. The variety of phenomena subsumed under ‘edge effects’ is emphasized, and an initial attempt at classification is proposed based primarily on the presence or absence of emergent properties in edge response behaviors (matrix vs. ecotonal effects). This scheme provides for clear null hypotheses needed to distinguish the two types, enlightens mechanistic explanations of edge effects, and encourages predictions about the results of untested management schemes or other novel situations. The use and design of landscape corridors are tied to edge related behaviors. A functional and general definition of corridors is urged, so that their effectiveness can be judged with respect to specified attributes rather than to a general collection of things that might be termed corridors. Linear habitat patches are specifically excluded from the definition. Studies on small mammals have contributed to our understanding of the potential role of corridors in metapopulation dynamics. Fine versus coarse grained perceptions of environment by different species will generate ecotonal edge effects such as spillover predation. In general, the effects on landscape processes of various species operating on different spatial scales seems a fruitful direction for future research.
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  • 10
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    Journal of insect conservation 1 (1997), S. 43-62 
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; biogeography ; endemism ; conservation ; butterflies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The addition of species to the European butterfly list since 1983 has resulted in a number of highly significant changes. Most important are the increases in the number and proportion of endemics and of rare species, and a regional excess of species and endemics for southern Europe compared to northern Europe. There is also a surplus of Lycaenidae and Satyridae compared to other families, and an increase in species per genus associated with the reduction in genera. These additions raise two issues. First, the potential conservation load for European butterflies is inflated at species level. This is especially the case for southern Europe, which has disproportionate increases in rare and endemic species, more particularly if rarity and endemism are found to equate with threat of extinction. Second, the inflation in rarity and endemism suggests that there is a trend to promote ever more local populations (races, subspecies) to species. The taxonomic status of species being added to the list, a quarter of which are regarded as doubtful, is increasingly difficult to determine. Consequently, there is a danger that this may call into question the validity and objectivity of taxonomic practices, and of databases dependent on them, used by conservation. Revision of higher and lower butterfly taxa is urgently required.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: environmental gradient ; extinction ; conservation ; persistence ; parasite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The lycaenid butterfly, Maculinea rebeli, and its specialist parasitoid, Ichneumon eumerus, live in small, closed populations. Given the threatened status of the butterfly, it is reasonable to assume that its specialist parasitoid is even more vulnerable to local extinction than the butterfly host. Based on a mechanistic model recently developed for the tightly-woven community surrounding M. rebeli at a site in the Spanish Pyrenees, we investigate how the removal of habitat, and more particularly, specific habitat promoting the persistence of the butterfly, affects the population persistence of the parasitoid. Because of the relatively small impact of the parasitoid on the butterfly population in the Spanish Pyrenees, guidelines for conserving the parasitoid are only slightly more restrictive than those for its host. It is argued that at sites of more marginal quality for the butterfly than the reference site, achieving the dual aims of conserving both species will be more problematic. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998
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  • 12
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 97-106 
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: peat bogs ; relict insects ; ecological succession ; conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The isolated habitat of the Červené Blato bog (South Bohemia, Czech Republic) and its relict insect fauna have been the subject of long-term monitoring. The species composition and abundance of Lepidoptera (light traps) and Coleoptera (pitfall traps) were monitored for 4 years (1994–1997) simultaneously on two sites – in the edaphic climax pine forest and in wetland successional habitats. The method of statistical evaluation by RDA and CCA ordination, representing the habitat preference of species of Coleoptera (Carabidae only) and Lepidoptera (all nocturnal phototactic taxa) between the edaphic climax forest and succession stages, was used. All categories of the peatland taxa (tyrphobiontic, tyrphophilous and tyrphoneutral species) were analysed. Ten highly stenotopic tyrphobiontic species and 23 tyrphophilous species of Lepidoptera (out of 487) were most characteristic of the bog habitat. Only two tyrphophilous carabid species (out of 20) were characteristic of the bog. The most important relict species (tyrphobionts) of Lepidoptera are most diverse and abundant within the successional habitats and in the open wet forest. The relict fauna of the closed climax pine forest is much less diverse and composed mostly of abundant tyrphophilous and tyrphoneutral forest species. Preservation or restoration of sufficiently constant hydrological conditions, which prevents formation of the closed forest, is the basic management for habitat conservation of all relict tyrphobiontic species of the Červené Blato bog and similar peat land habitat islands. The peat bog is a unified complex system of specific diverse and relict taxa. The most specific taxa are tyrphobiontic Lepidoptera, but a number of other vulnerable tyrphophilous and tyrphoneutral insects are associated with the peat bog as well.
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  • 13
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    Landscape ecology 11 (1996), S. 115-127 
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: roads ; Colorado ; fragmentation ; conservation ; landscape structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Roadless areas on public lands may serve as environmental baselines against which human-caused impacts on landscape structure can be measured. We examined landscape structure across a gradient of road densities, from no roads to heavily roaded, and across several spatial scales. Our study area was comprised of 46,000 ha on the Roosevelt National Forest in north-central Colorado. When forest stands were delineated on the basis of seral stage and covertype, no relationship was evident between average stand size and road density. Topography appeared to exert a greater influence on average stand size than did road density. There was a significant positive correlation between the fractal dimension of forest stands and road density across all scales. Early-seral stands existed in greater proportions adjacent to roads, suggesting that the effects of roads on landscape structure are somewhat localized. We also looked at changes in landscape structure when stand boundaries were delineated by roads in addition to covertype and seral stage. Overall, there was a large increase in small stands with simple shapes, concurrent with a decline in the number of stands 〉 100 ha. We conclude that attempts to quantify the departure from naturalness in roaded areas requires an understanding of the factors controlling the structure of unroaded landscapes, particularly where the influence of topography is great. Because roads in forested landscapes influence a variety of biotic and abiotic processes, we suggest that roads should be considered as an inherent component of landscape structure. Furthermore, plans involving both the routing of new roads and the closure of existing ones should be designed so as to optimize the structure of landscape mosaics, given a set of conservation goals.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: habitat isolation ; thresholds ; quantification ; deciduous ; long-tailed tit ; Aegithalos caudatus ; forest management ; conservation ; Sweden
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We assessed the habitat patch occupancy of a deciduous-mixed forest specialist, the long-tailed tit (Aegithalos caudatus), in a 1000 km2 conifer dominated landscape in relation to two landscape parameters, namely proportion and isolation of suitable habitat. Data from five consecutive spring seasons were used and within habitat variation controlled for. The occurrence of long-tailed tits was positively related to the amount of habitat within 1 km2 (p=0.0007) and negatively related to the distance between habitat patches (p〈0.0001). When combined, the two variables explained 〉78% of the variation in local patch occupancy. There were distinct thresholds in these landscape variables for the probability of local long-tailed tit presence. In the model the probability increased from 0.1 to 0.8 when interpatch distance decreased from 500 to 100 m with 5% total habitat coverage. With a total proportion of 15% suitable habitat, the same probability jump occurred when interpatch distance changed from 900 to 500 m. The general importance of defined measurements and quantified threshold levels for species conservation and landscape management is discussed.
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  • 15
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    Mangroves and salt marshes 3 (1999), S. 117-125 
    ISSN: 1572-977X
    Keywords: alien species ; biogeography ; bioregions ; conservation ; mangal ; pattern and process ; sustainable use
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Despite an undeserved reputation for being dull and homogenous systems, mangal and saltmarsh in Australia have highly complex patterns and processes. Their role as key ‘edge’ systems between land and sea has implications for many species which have larval stages in mangal and saltmarsh, but spend adult life as benthic, pelagic or demersal species. Many such species are also important commercially. Mangal and saltmarsh are both highly dynamic systems, reacting rapidly to changes in hydrological condition and sedimentation. In many areas of the world mangal and saltmarsh are threatened systems, especially near human habitation. Appropriate management strategies for mangal and saltmarsh are therefore critical for both conservation and sustainable use, the two key objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Clearing and associated development, invasion of alien species, pollution effects and poor management are the key threats to these systems. Management at a bioregional level, including the development of a comprehensive system of protected areas, is identified as the key management strategy which will ensure an adequate future for these dynamic systems.
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  • 16
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    Landscape ecology 14 (1999), S. 493-507 
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: area ; colonisation ; conservation ; extinction ; isolation ; metapopulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract (1) The presence and absence of 22 plant species of various growth forms and habitat associations were analysed in 423 habitat fragments totalling 10.4 km2 in a 268 km2 urban and suburban region, in Birmingham, UK. (2) Multivariate logistic regressions were used to assess the effects of patch geometry and quality on the species distributions. Measures of geometry were area, shape (S-factor), distance from open countryside and various measures of isolation from other patches. Potential habitat for each species was determined quantitatively, and the distribution of each species was considered within a subset of patches containing potentially suitable habitat types. There was found to be a significant positive correlation between the density of patches available to a species and the proportion of these patches which were occupied. (3) Logistic analyses and incidence functions revealed that, for many of the species, occupancy increased with site age, area, habitat number and similarity of adjacent habitats, while increasing distance to the nearest recorded population of the same species decreased the likelihood that a species would be found in a patch. (4) Patterns of occupancy are consistent with increased extinction from small sites, and colonisation of nearby habitats, coupled with an important role for site history. We conclude that spatial dynamics at the scale of the landscape are of importance to the long-term persistence of many plant species in fragmented landscapes, and must be seriously considered in conservation planning and management. These results have direct implications for the siting and connectivity of urban habitat reserves.
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  • 17
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    Journal of insect conservation 1 (1997), S. 99-111 
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: Maculinea ; conservation ; genetic markers ; population structure.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated the genetic population structure within and the genetic differentiation between local populations of the large blue butterfly Maculinea alcon throughout the Jutland peninsula. Samples were collected as eggs on foodplants (Gentiana pneumonanthe), and reared to 4th instar caterpillars in the laboratory. A significant excess of homozygotes was found for all the investigated allozyme loci in most of the populations. A North-South cline was observed for the allele frequencies at some of the loci and for several linkage groups. Because some of the allele frequency clines were parallel to clines in adult morphological variation, we interpret our results as evidence for the co-existence of at least two gene pools within the Danish Maculinea alcon populations. Multilocus electrophoretic data revealed highly positive but variable FST values, which under this scenario would reflect varying frequencies of the Maculinea gene pools across the local populations. The significantly positive FIS values indicate that these gene pools are at least partly reproductively isolated (Wahlund effect). The co-occurrence of several Maculinea alcon gene pools on many local sites in Jutland is of great importance for conservation of the fragmented Maculinea populations. Our results show that there is probably more Maculinea biodiversity to conserve than was previously thought, and suggests that extant populations are more fragmented and vulnerable than counts of flying adults or eggs on foodplants indicate.
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  • 18
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    Journal of insect conservation 1 (1997), S. 159-166 
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: butterfly ; Eurodryas aurinia ; conservation ; Wales ; metapopulation.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract We surveyed populations of Eurodryas aurinia (a butterfly listed as ‘Threatened in Europe’) in Glamorgan (South Wales, UK). The survey may provide a model for similar work, which is urgently needed throughout the species' European range. For each colony, we established population size, vegetation types, and current management regimes. Populations were assessed using larval surveys, a method which has several advantages over conventional adult surveys. With approximately 35 local populations, Glamorgan is among the most important areas for E. aurinia in the UK, and is of importance in a European context. However, 15 local populations were under immediate threat from unfavourable management or industrial developments, and only seven populations were on Sites of Special Scientific Interest. Colonies showed a clustered pattern, and varied greatly in size: 50% supported 20 or fewer larval webs. Many of the small populations may be temporary offshoots of larger, more permanent populations nearby. The largest local populations occupied Molinia caerulea - Cirsium dissectum fen meadow habitats (National Vegetation Community M24), which were unmanaged, grazed by cattle, horses or ponies, or subject to periodic burning. Detailed local surveys such as this one, which assess the relative sizes of populations and the impact of current management practices, may be the best way to plan future conservation measures for E. aurinia.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: Core/edge-of-range populations ; niche breadth ; climate ; conservation ; myrmecophily.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Analyses were made of the habitats of the endangered myrmecophilous butterfly, Maculinea arion, and its host ant, Myrmica sabuleti, in five regions, spanning most of the climatic range of the butterfly in west Europe. Near their altitudinal or north latitudinal limits, both species are confined to warm south-facing slopes where the turf is grazed 〈3 cm tall, but at low altitudes further south, where the summer climate is 4°C warmer, the butterfly and ant inhabit ground with any aspect other than south-facing, and the butterfly is restricted to swards 〉20 cm tall. Intermediate types of habitat were used in regions with intermediate summer climates. The implications for conservation management are discussed. The fact that M. arion has a narrow niche and occupies very early successional stages near its range-edge makes it difficult to conserve in regions with cool climates. A successful example is described from one site in the UK. During 20 years of intensive management the sward structure was altered from being tall and dense to that predicted as optimal for M. arion at its range-edge. The species of Myrmica changed greatly during this period, with thermophilous ants, including M. sabuleti, supplanting cool-loving non-host species. A population of M. arion now inhabits this site. We predict that the conservation of M. arion will be easier and cheaper to achieve under the warm climates of central lowland Europe where different, less intensive, management is required. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998
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    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: conservation ; captive breeding ; reintroduction ; Gryllus campestris ; Decticus verrucivorus.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The development of ex situ conservation work for Orthoptera is demonstrated by examples of two captive-breeding programmes at the Zoological Society of London. The field cricket Gryllus campestris and wart-biter bush cricket Decticus verrucivorus are both species that have been bred in captivity and reintroduced to field sites in attempts to strengthen dwindling wild populations. Despite a similar approach to both programmes, we have encountered significant differences in the practical applications of the captive management process for the two species. By reviewing these breeding programmes, we examine some of the practical considerations associated with ex situ orthopteran programmes and compare some of the different elements that can influence programme success.
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    Journal of insect conservation 2 (1998), S. 143-149 
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: Orthoptera ; conservation ; pests ; paradoxes ; biodiversity.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Orthoptera species and assemblages vary enormously in biology, abundance, population variability and geographic range. This means that some are major pests but others are threatened with extinction or are extinct through human agency. Most pest species are in the Acrididae, yet proportionately more threatened species are in the less speciose families. Pest Orthoptera species are unusual on islands, which nevertheless support several threatened non-acridid species. In contrast, continental species of Acrididae and Tettigoniidae are the ones principally threatened. Many of the threatened Orthoptera species are confined to a small geographical area and are highly threatened by anthropogenic impacts that coincide with their small ranges. Yet some formerly widespread pest taxa have become extinct. Genetic polymorphism to a solitary phase appears to be an extinction-avoidance mechanism. While ‘classically’ threatened point endemics can receive conservation action, not much can be done for the periodically at risk abundant species. Preservation of orthopteran biodiversity is a complex and paradoxical task.
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    Journal of insect conservation 2 (1998), S. 211-216 
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: conservation ; crickets ; China.
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    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Several species of Tettigoniidae and Grylloidea are collected and traded as singing or fighting insects in China. There is anecdotal evidence that this trade is causing a reduction in the ranges and populations of some species. However, before any conservation status can be assigned to any species reliably, it will be necessary to reconcile the long-established traditional classification system of singing and fighting insects with scientific classification, determine the ranges and monitor the populations of selected species of commonly traded species, and initiate an educational programme for invertebrate conservation using these crickets as flagship taxa.
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 5-14 
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: butterflies ; air-pollution ; soot ; extinction ; conservation ; Epping Forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Air-pollution has frequently been suggested as a cause of the decline of some butterfly species: a suggestion based mainly on lowered species richness close to industrial areas in Europe. There have been frequent calls, in vain, for research on the direct effect of air-pollution on Lepidoptera, recent research being confined to the indirect role via climate change. Based on studies of the species loss and natural recolonisation of Epping Forest (a large woodland area close to London, UK) I suggest that those species feeding as adults on sugar-rich fluids direct from the surface of trees or leaves (i.e. aphid honeydew on leaves or sap-runs on tree-trunks) were affected by particulate air-pollution. Species loss was high during the period of maximum smoke emissions. Since 1950 five species have recolonised naturally, of which four are honeydew feeders. It is possible that high levels of particulate air-pollution caused the extinction of butterflies feeding on honeydew from polluted leaves. Predictions are made which will allow this hypothesis to be tested.
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 85-95 
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: saproxylic ; old growth ; forest management ; decaying wood ; conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The effects of commercial forestry harvest and regeneration practices (clearfelling and slash-burning) on the lucanid fauna of the wet sclerophyll forests of southern Tasmania and the dry sclerophyll forests of eastern Tasmania were examined using pitfall catches. Lucanids are saproxylic beetles, dependent on dead, moribund and decaying wood. Samples taken from old-growth forest and from a chronosequence of sites regenerating after logging, in each forest type, were used to compare the species richness and abundance of the lucanid assemblages. In both forest types, species richness and abundance was highest in the youngest regeneration sites (1–3 year), reflecting the species richness of the original and adjacent unlogged forest, lowest in the older (20–25 year) sites, and variable in the old-growth sites. TWINSPAN cluster analysis showed no clear distinction between regeneration and old-growth forest. The post-harvest slash and stump residue provided an important refugium and initial habitat, but our research indicates that some species may not maintain populations in the long term. Our results suggest that most species of lucanids will find a continuous supply of suitable habitat only in old-growth forests; and such species may become less common as clearfell harvesting leads to a replacement of heterogeneous old-growth forest with single-aged monospecific stands. Continuity of supply of wood in all decay stages, the maintenance of sufficient source areas, and biological connectivity between old-growth stands to enable dispersal, are all likely to be essential to maintain lucanid beetle community integrity. If similar principles apply to other saproxylic species of invertebrate, then clearfelling and slash-burning may cause a gradual extinction of an important element of the forest biota.
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    Insectes sociaux 43 (1996), S. 329-332 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Formica cinerea ; conservation ; monogyny ; polygyny ; relatedness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Formica cinerea is a rare ant species in northern Europe where it occurs in few isolated populations. Estimates of genetic relatedness among worker nestmates revealed very different colonial structures. Relatedness was g = 0.81 in one population, and g = −0.03 and = 0.01 in two others. These results indicate that some populations of the species have mainly monogynous colonies (perhaps with monandrous queens), whereas others consist of polygynous and possibly polydomous colonies. Genetic differentiation of closely located populations suggests restricted dispersal.
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    Archives of microbiology 163 (1995), S. 352-356 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key wordsThiobacillus ferrooxidans ; Sulfide ; oxidation ; Sulfur colloids ; Bioleaching
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was cultivated on 100-nm-thick synthetic pyrite (FeS2) films. The steps of biooxidation were studied with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The crystallized sulfide was transformed into colloidal sulfur (4–70 nm, depending on the age of the cell and the degree of substrate oxidation; 70 nm initially and 4 nm after oxidation of the pyrite substrate), which was taken up and distributed over an organic capsule around the bacteria. This colloidal sulfur acted as intermediate energy storage and was transferred by contact to daughter cells not directly attached to the sulfide substrate.
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Fumarase ; Syntrophy ; Propionate ; oxidation ; Fumarate fermentation ; Anaerobic oxidation ; Iron-sulfur cluster
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fumarase from the syntrophic propionate-oxidizing bacterium strain MPOB was purified 130-fold under anoxic conditions. The native enzyme had an apparent molecular mass of 114 kDa and was composed of two subunits of 60 kDa. The enzyme exhibited maximum activity at pH 8.5 and approximately 54° C. The K m values for fumarate and l-malate were 0.25 mM and 2.38 mM, respectively. Fumarase was inactivated by oxygen, but the activity could be restored by addition of Fe2+ and β-mercaptoethanol under anoxic conditions. EPR spectroscopy of the purified enzyme revealed the presence of a [3Fe-4S] cluster. Under reducing conditions, only a trace amount of a [4Fe-4S] cluster was detected. Addition of fumarate resulted in a significant increase of this [4Fe-4S] signal. The N-terminal amino acid sequence showed similarity to the sequences of fumarase A and B of Escherichia coli (56%) and fumarase A of Salmonella typhimurium (63%).
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Heterologous expression ; Methane ; oxidation ; Methane monooxygenase ; Methanotroph ; Regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract The methanotrophs Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) and Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b contain particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO) and soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO) genes. Other methanotrophs such as Methylomicrobium album BG8 and Methylocystis parvus OBBP contain only pMMO genes. Although molecular genetic techniques are poorly developed in methanotrophs, sMMO genes were expressed in methanotrophs normally containing only pMMO genes. This was achieved by conjugation using broad-host-range plasmids containing the native promoter and sMMO genes from Mc. capsulatus (Bath) and Ms. trichosporium OB3b. sMMO genes derived from Ms. trichosporium OB3b were expressed in an active form in Mcy. parvus OBBP and in Mm. album BG8. Therefore, all of the genes required for active sMMO synthesis were contained on the broad-host-range plasmids and were expressed in the heterologous hosts. Constitutive synthesis of pMMO was observed in Mm. album BG8 when grown at high and low copper-to-biomass ratios, while transcription of the recombinant sMMO genes was only observed under growth conditions of low copper-to-biomass ratios. Therefore, the regulatory protein(s) for sMMO synthesis was also present on the plasmid used, or the heterologous host contained a regulatory system for sMMO. Expression of sMMO genes in methanotrophs containing only pMMO will assist further investigations on the expression and regulation of MMO genes in methanotrophs.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key wordsNitrospira moscoviensis ; Non-marine ; bacteria ; Obligate chemolithoautotroph ; Nitrite ; oxidation ; Nitrate reduction ; 16S rRNA gene sequences
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A gram-negative, non-motile, non-marine, nitrite-oxidizing bacterium was isolated from an enrichment culture initiated with a sample from a partially corroded area of an iron pipe of a heating system in Moscow, Russia. The cells were 0.9–2.2 μm × 0.2–0.4 μm in size. They were helical- to vibroid-shaped and often formed spirals with up to three turns 0.8–1.0 μm in width. The organism possessed an enlarged periplasmic space and lacked intracytoplasmic membranes and carboxysomes. The cells tended to excrete extracellular polymers, forming aggregates. The bacterium grew optimally at 39°C and pH 7.6– 8.0 in a mineral medium with nitrite as sole energy source and carbon dioxide as sole carbon source. The optimal nitrite concentration was 0.35 mM. Nitrite was oxidized to nitrate stoichiometrically. The doubling time was 12 h in a mineral medium with 7.5 mM nitrite. The cell yield was low; only 0.9 mg protein/l was formed during oxidation of 7.5 mM nitrite. Under anoxic conditions, hydrogen was used as electron donor with nitrate as electron acceptor. Organic matter (yeast extract, meat extract, peptone) supported neither mixotrophic nor heterotrophic growth. At concentrations as low as 0.75 g organic matter/l or higher, growth of nitrite-oxidizing cells was inhibited. The cells contained cytochromes of the b- and c-type. The G+C content of DNA was 56.9 ± 0.4 mol%. The chemolithoautotrophic nitrite-oxidizer differed from the terrestrial members of the genus Nitrobacter with regard to morphology and substrate range and equaled Nitrospira marina in both characteristics. The isolated bacterium is designated as a new species of the genus Nitrospira. Comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed a moderate phylogenetic relationship to Nitrospira marina, leptospirilla, Thermodesulfovibrio yellowstonii, "Magnetobacterium bavaricum," and the isolate OPI-2. Initial evidence is given that these organisms represent a new phylum of the domain bacteria.
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    Archives of microbiology 164 (1995), S. 370-376 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Methanogenic archaea ; Energy ; conservation ; Gene expression ; Hydrogenase ; Heterodisulfide reductase ; Formyl-MF dehydrogenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The expression of the vho and vht operons from Methanosarcina mazei Gö1, which each encode a membrane-bound hydrogenase and a cytochrome b, was analyzed under various growth conditions. Synthesis of both hydrogenases was induced at the level of transcription during methanogenesis from H2/CO2 or methanol. Transcripts of the vho operon were also detected when Ms. mazei Gö1 was grown on acetate, indicating that this operon is constitutively expressed. In contrast, mRNA from the vht operon was not found in acetate-grown cells. Downstream of the structural genes vhtG and vhtA and the cytochrome-b-encoding gene vhtC, an additional open reading frame (vhtD; 486 bp) was identified. vhtD is followed by six tandem repeats of an 11-bp sequence, which is probably a termination site of transcription. Northern blots revealed that vhtD is part of the vht operon. In the vho operon, a vhtD-like gene and a terminator composed of tandem repeats could not be identified. The physiological function of two genetically distinct, membrane-bound hydrogenases from Ms. mazei Gö1 is discussed.
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    Archives of microbiology 167 (1997), S. 106-111 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key wordsNitrosomonas ; Anaerobic ammonia ; oxidation ; Anaerobic cell growth ; Nitrogen dioxide ; Nitric oxide ; Nitrous oxide ; Dinitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nitrosomonas eutropha, an obligately lithoautotrophic bacterium, was able to nitrify and denitrify simultaneously under anoxic conditions when gaseous nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was supplemented to the atmosphere. In the presence of gaseous NO2, ammonia was oxidized, nitrite and nitric oxide (NO) were formed, and hydroxylamine occurred as an intermediate. Between 40 and 60% of the produced nitrite was denitrified to dinitrogen (N2). Nitrous oxide (N2O) was shown to be an intermediate of denitrification. Under an N2 atmosphere supplemented with 25 ppm NO2 and 300 ppm CO2, the amount of cell protein increased by 0.87 mg protein per mmol ammonia oxidized, and the cell number of N. eutropha increased by 5.8 × 109 cells per mmol ammonia oxidized. In addition, the ATP and NADH content increased by 4.3 μmol ATP (g protein)–1 and 6.3 μmol NADH (g protein)–1 and was about the same in both anaerobically and aerobically grown cells. Without NO2, the ATP content decreased by 0.7 μmol (g protein)–1, and the NADH content decreased by 1.2 μmol (g protein)–1. NO was shown to inhibit anaerobic ammonia oxidation.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Syntrophy ; Fumarate reduction ; Propionate ; oxidation ; Anaerobic growth ; Electron transport chain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The growth of the syntrophic propionate-oxidizing bacterium strain MPOB in pure culture by fumarate disproportionation into carbon dioxide and succinate and by fumarate reduction with propionate, formate or hydrogen as electron donor was studied. The highest growth yield, 12.2 g dry cells/mol fumarate, was observed for growth by fumarate disproportionation. In the presence of hydrogen, formate or propionate, the growth yield was more than twice as low: 4.8, 4.6, and 5.2 g dry cells/mol fumarate, respectively. The location of enzymes that are involved in the electron transport chain during fumarate reduction in strain MPOB was analyzed. Fumarate reductase, succinate dehydrogenase, and ATPase were membrane-bound, while formate dehydrogenase and hydrogenase were loosely attached to the periplasmic side of the membrane. The cells contained cytochrome c, cytochrome b, menaquinone-6 and menaquinone-7 as possible electron carriers. Fumarate reduction with hydrogen in membranes of strain MPOB was inhibited by 2-(heptyl)-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide (HOQNO). This inhibition, together with the activity of fumarate reductase with reduced 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-naphtoquinone (DMNH2) and the observation that cytochrome b of strain MPOB was oxidized by fumarate, suggested that menequinone and cytochrome b are involved in the electron transport during fumarate reduction in strain MPOB. The growth yields of fumarate reduction with hydrogen or formate as electron donor were similar to the growth yield of Wolinella succinogenes. Therefore, it can be assumed that strain MPOB gains the same amount of ATP from fumarate reduction as W. succinogenes, i.e. 0.7 mol ATP/mol fumarate. This value supports the hypothesis that syntrophic propionate-oxidizing bacteria have to invest two-thirds of an ATP via reversed electron transport in the succinate oxidation step during the oxidation of propionate. The same electron transport chain that is involved in fumarate reduction may operate in the reversed direction to drive the energetically unfavourable oxidation of succinate during syntrophic propionate oxidation since (1) cytochrome b was reduced by succinate and (2) succinate oxidation was similarly inhibited by HOQNO as fumarate reduction.
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key wordsParacoccus denitrificans ; Sulfide ; oxidation ; Sulfide-quinone reductase ; Cytochrome ; bc complex ; Flavocytochrome c
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Reduction of exogenous ubiquinone and of cytochromes by sulfide in membranes of the chemotrophic bacterium Paracoccus denitrificans GB17 was studied. For sulfide-ubiquinone reductase activity, K m values of 26 ± 4 and 3.1 ± 0.6 μM were determined from titrations with sulfide and decyl-ubiquinone, respectively. A maximal rate of up to 0.3 μmol decyl-ubiquinone reduced (mg protein)–1 min–1 was estimated. The reaction was sensitive to quinone-analogous inhibitors, but insensitive to cyanide. Reduction of cytochromes by sulfide was monitored with an LED-array spectrophotometer. Under oxic conditions, reduction rates and extents of reduction were lower than those under anoxic conditions. Reoxidation of cytochromes was oxygen-dependent and cyanide-sensitive. The multiphasic behavior of transient reduction of cytochrome b with limiting amounts of sulfide reflects that sulfide, in addition to acting as an electron donor, is a slowly binding inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase. The initial peak of cytochrome b reduction is dependent on electron flow to an oxidant, either oxygen or ferricyanide, and is stimulated by antimycin A. This oxidant-induced reduction of cytochrome b suggests that electron transport from sulfide in P. denitrificans GB17 employs the cytochrome bc 1 complex via the quinone pool.
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 194 (1999), S. 257-263 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: glycation ; oxidation ; collagen ; diabetes ; free radicals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present investigation was carried out to understand the effect of metal catalyzed oxidation on glycation and crosslinking of collagen. Tail tendons obtained from rats weighing 200-225 g were incubated with glucose (250 mM) and increasing concentrations of copper ions (5, 25, 50 and 100 μM) under physiological conditions of temperature and pH. Early glycation, crosslinking and late glycation (fluorescence) of collagen samples were analyzed periodically. Early glycation was estimated by phenol sulfuric acid method, and the crosslinking was assessed by pepsin and cyanogen bromide digestion. A concentrationdependent effect of metal ions on the rate of glycation and crosslinking of collagen was observed. Tendon collagen incubated with glucose and 100 μM copper ions showed 80% reduction in pepsin digestion within seven days, indicating extensive crosslinking, whereas collagen incubated with glucose alone for the same period showed only 7% reduction. The presence of metal ions in the incubation medium accelerated the development of Maillard reaction fluorescence on collagen, and the increase was dependent on the concentration of metal ions used. The metal chelator Diethylene triamine penta-acetate significantly prevented the increase in collagen crosslinking by glucose and copper ions. Free radical scavengers benzoate and mannitol effectively prevented the increased crosslinking and browning of collagen by glucose. The results indicate that the metal catalyzed oxidation reactions play a major role in the crosslinking of collagen by glucose. It is also suggested that the prevention of increased oxidative stress in diabetes may prevent the accelerated advanced glycation and crosslinking of collagen.
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 177 (1997), S. 245-250 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: cataract ; crystalline ; glycation ; oxidation ; taurine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Modifications in lens protein structure and function due to nonenzymic glycosylation and oxidation have been suggested to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of sugar and senile cataracts. The glycation reaction involves an initial Schiff base formation between the protein NH2 groups and the carbonyl group of a reducing sugar. The Schiff base then undergoes several structural modifications, via some oxidative reactions involving oxygen free radicals. Hence certain endogenous tissue components that may inhibit the formation of protein-sugar adduct formation may have a sparing effect against the cataractogenic effects of sugars and reactive oxygen. The eye lens is endowed with significant concentration of taurine, a sulfonated amino acid, and its precursor hypotaurine. It is hypothesized that taurine and hypotaurine may have this purported function of protecting the lens proteins against glycation and subsequent denaturation, in addition to their other functions. The results presented herein suggest that these compounds are indeed capable of protecting glycation competitively by forming Schiff bases with sugar carbonyls, and thereby preventing the glycation of lens proteins per se. In addition, they appear to prevent oxidative damage by scavenging hydroxyl radicals. This was apparent by their preventive effect against the formation of the thiobarbituric acid reactive material generated from deoxy-ribose, when the later was exposed to hydroxyl radicals generated by the action of xanthine oxidase on hypoxanthine in presence of iron.
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 200 (1999), S. 103-109 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: sugar cataract ; dulcitol ; glycation ; oxidation ; pyruvate ; ethyl pyruvate ; attenuation effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Studies describe an attenuation of sugar cataract formation by topical administration of ethyl pyruvate. Cataract formation was induced by feeding young rats a 30% galactose diet. Mature cataracts appeared in about thirty days. Instillation of the eye drops containing 5% ethyl pyruvate decelerated the process significantly. Biochemically, the effect was reflected by lowering in the contents of dulcitol and glycated proteins. The ATP levels were also higher in comparison to the placebo treated group. The effects are hence attributable to the effect of pyruvate in inhibiting dulcitol synthesis and protein glycation, in addition to its antioxidant properties and metabolic support. The use of esterified pyruvate instead of the unesterified pyruvate was preferred because of its greater penetration through the cornea and consequently a higher concentration attained in the aqueous humor.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 201 (1996), S. 149-162 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Colchicaceae ; Androcymbium ; Allozymes ; morphology ; endemism ; evolution ; conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Narrow endemism is a poor predictor of genetic potential in the six taxa that conform theAndrocymbium gramineum complex, as shown by the unexpectedly high values of variability associated with ten allozymic loci and 13 biometrical variables. Although both levels are shown not to be correlated, variability is always concentrated within populations. This result, together with environmental, reproductive and historical data strongly suggests differentiation in local isolates, where changes can be quickly assimilated by stochastic processes. A key implication for conservation is that sampling within the largest population will save effort while neglecting only very low frequency alleles.
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    Aquatic ecology 33 (1999), S. 311-321 
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: coasts ; conservation ; environmental law ; estuaries ; EU directives ; habitats ; management ; pollution ; UK ; Portugal ; The Netherlands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Many recent developments in European marine and estuarine science have been against the demands of European Union legislation. The implementation of certain statutes, the role of scientists and the nature of the data required are discussed using examples from the UK, the Netherlands and Portugal. This includes the implementation of the EU Directives on Urban Waste-water Treatment, the control of Nitrates, the designation of Species and Habitats, the control of Dangerous Substances, the statutory requirement for Environmental Impact Assessments and the recently proposed Water Framework Directive. For these, the integration of physical, chemical and biological monitoring and investigation is discussed in relation to the science dictated by the legislative and administrative requirements. Each of these Directives requires the development of generic guidelines and protocols for implementation and the use of national enabling legislation. This indicates that, in several cases, the science should concentrate on monitoring and assessment in a well-structured and quality-controlled manner. The paper concludes by summarising developments based on similarities in the implementation of present and proposed Directives across Europe.
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    Biodiversity and conservation 5 (1996), S. 293-305 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: conservation ; tourism ; cultural survival ; international travel ; rural development policies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ability of ecotourism to protect both people and places is an unresolved, and growing, concern. Commodification of host culture and environment is a widely reported social impact of tourism and spawns an array of implications regarding indigenous people's view of their places and themselves. The degree of impact from ecotourism development is related to the degree of market development within the indigenous community and their state of decline regarding natural resource scarcity. Pre-existing power differentials between local people and other groups may be exacerbated by ecotourism development. To protect both people and their places, native people's claim to control should be legitimized by conservation and government authorities, particularly indigenous people's role in technical management of the protected area. Regional and national government controls are relevant at the inception of ecotourism development, but ultimately should be reduced to one of infrastructure planning and coordination.
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    Biodiversity and conservation 5 (1996), S. 841-858 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: biodiversity ; complementarity ; conservation ; Thailand
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Setting priorities in biodiversity conservation requires that explicit, efficient and appropriate methods are developed and made available to conservation managers. The principle of complementarity is fundamental to the most efficient of these methods. Given a goal of only a single representation of each taxon, complementarity analysis of data sets of owls, hawkmoths and tiger beetles in Thailand yields near-minimum sets of 6, 14 and 34 areas, respectively. The consensus of these sets comprises 48 areas. However, when the data are combined into a single data set, complementarity analysis gives a more efficient solution of 46 areas. Over 90% of the owls, hawkmoths and tiger beetles are already represented as a minimum of one population within the current protected areas network of Thailand. However, an additional 18 areas are still required for complete representation. Several of these additional areas are discussed and their potential contribution to biodiversity conservation in Thailand examined. Khao Pok Yo and Doi Pa Hom Pok are noted as being of particular importance. The case of Sanpatong emphasizes the need to remain aware of the biology and ecology of the species under study.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: ancient woodland indicator species ; conservation ; management ; restoration ; soil seed bank
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    Notes: Abstract A survey was carried out to determine the density and species composition of germinable seed in the surface soil layers of 30 plots within a coniferized lowland woodland in East Kent in order to establish the resources available for habitat creation in the event of some areas being modified during a proposed holiday village development. The selected plots included conifer plantations (up to 69 years old), broad-leaved plantations and the semi-natural broad-leaved edges that remain on parts of the perimeter of the site which were used as the control. A total of 13 682 seedlings emerged from the soil samples during the four-month germination trials. Fifty-two species were identified of which eight were ancient woodland indicator species for south-east England. The most abundant species represented in the seed banks were: Juncus effusus, Rubus fruticosus, Carex sylvatica, Betula pendula and Agrostis tenuis. Between-site comparisons of coniferous plots of different ages revealed a marked reduction in the seed species and seed density in plantations over 65 years old. Results of soil nutrient and texture analyses ruled out the likelihood of edaphic factors being responsible for between-site differences in seed bank composition. Seed species richness and diversity (Shannon-Wiener diversity index) were greatest in the semi-natural broad-leaved edges, but the diversity index used also showed that two replanted conifer sites had high values despite few species being present. The usefulness and limitations of diversity indices in the context of seed bank studies is discussed. From the results of the study, management proposals for the site have been put forward in order to maintain floristic diversity and mitigate the impact of the proposed development.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: biodiversity ; conservation ; development ; planning ; ecodevelopment ; participatory ; India
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    Notes: Abstract The existing network of Protected Areas (PAs) in India is the major effort aimed at biodiversity conservation at the national level. The sustainability of PAs is heavily influenced by local people who are largely dependent on natural resources (fuel, fodder, minor forest products) for their livelihood. While all PAs are surrounded by historically resource-dependent communities, several of them have villages within their core areas, too. This has necessitated an alternative approach to natural resource management which aims to integrate the interests of conservation with those of the nearby resource dependent communities. The case of the Great Himalayan National Park illustrates and incorporates the lessons from Integrated Conservation and Development Projects (ICDPs) implemented elsewhere in the world.
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  • 43
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    Biodiversity and conservation 7 (1997), S. 109-135 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: New Caledonia ; endemism ; plants ; conservation ; protected areas
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract With 76% of its 3063 native species of flora endemic, the New Caledonia biodiversity hotspot has long been recognized as having a high potential for conservation. Under the new IUCN Red List categories, 25% of the endemic plants are at risk (Conservation Dependent, Vulnerable, Endangered, Critically Endangered), and five species are already extinct. A review of their distribution demonstrates that 83% of the threatened species do not occur at all in a conservation area, and only 11% have their conservation status improved by a protected area. The protected area network is geographically and floristically very unbalanced, with the rainforest and high altitude maquis in the south concentrating most of the conservation effort. Conversely, the middle and northern segments of the island, as well as all of the dry west coast, are left without adequate conservation area. Two vegetation types, the sclerophyll forest and the unique low/middle altitude maquis, are virtually totally unprotected. We conclude that the current network of protected areas needs to be considerably expanded, in terms of both geographical/floristic subregions within New Caledonia and vegetation type covered. With only 54% of the conservation area covered by strict mining restrictions, existing reserves need to have their conservation efficiency improved by a more vigorous enforcement of their status, and by extending mining bans to all of them.
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  • 44
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    Biodiversity and conservation 7 (1998), S. 1261-1275 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: conservation ; size class distribution ; local knowledge ; Sudanian savanna ; west Africa
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new method is presented for assessment of compositional changes in disturbed savanna systems and for identification of species susceptible to local extinction. Such information is urgently needed as a basis for management plans that aim at ensuring conservation and sustainable use of savanna vegetation. Size class distributions (SCDs) of trees and shrubs from a fire-disturbed savanna in Senegal are analysed and compared to observations provided by local people on declining species. Many species, particularly large trees, have few young individuals and therefore flat SCDs that deviate from the reverse-J shape SCD characterizing species with abundant and constant rejuvenation. Based on comparisons of SCDs with local information and historical records, it is concluded that most of the flat distributions analysed are effects of declining population sizes caused by human impact, particularly fire. Results from the analyses certify that a change in species composition from a vegetation characterized by large trees to one dominated by shrubs takes place. Whereas most of the declining species are locally appreciated, this is not the case for the few species with good rejuvenation. Therefore, if the observed trend continues, it will have severe implications for the local communities.
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  • 45
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    Biodiversity and conservation 7 (1998), S. 1529-1537 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: conservation ; deforestation ; Ecuador ; palm ecology ; montane rain forest
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The northern Andes is extremely rich in plant species, but this diversity is threatened by extensive deforestation. This study reports on how five palm species respond to human disturbance in an area of montane forest in Ecuador. The abundance of each species was determined in 250 40 × 30m plots, established in disturbed and undisturbed forest within an area of 3 × 3km and altitudes spanning 1248–1938m. Aiphanes erinacea (H. Karst.) H. Wendl. and to a lesser degree Geonoma undata Klotzsch were negatively affected by even moderate human disturbance, while Chamaedorea linearis (Ruiz & Pav.) Mart. and C. pinnatifrons (Jacq.) Oerst. benefitted from such disturbance and Prestoea acuminata (Willd.) H.E. Moore was unaffected given time enough to replenish its population after disturbance. At the scale of the plots, species richness was maximized in undisturbed forest. Aiphanes erinacea is endemic to northern Ecuador and southern Colombia and must be considered threatened by the extensive deforestation here. If the behaviour of these palms is representative of Andean rain forest plans in general, the negative effect of moderate anthropogenic disturbance on plant biodiversity at scales of ≥1km2 might be negligible. Thus, biologically sustainable logging could be possible.
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    Biodiversity and conservation 8 (1999), S. 1519-1532 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: Botrychium ; Pteridophyte ; grassland ; conservation ; plant community
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    Notes: Abstract Two species of Botrychium are present in the Bitcherland grasslands, B. lunaria and B. matricariifolium, and both are protected in this territory. They occur in five different continental grassland communities, (i) a dune grassland (Diantho-Armerietum), (ii) a mesotrophic sandy grassland (Viscario-Avenetum), composed of three sub-units, therophitic ( V.A. airetosum), meso-eutrophic (V.A. saxifragetosum) and acidic (V.A. violetosum caninae), and (iii) an oligotrophic sandy grassland (Aveno-Genistetum). Both species of Botrychium appear in the three sub-units of Viscario-Avenetum, but only one in Diantho-Armerietum (B. matricariifolium) and in Aveno-Genistetum (B. lunaria). These Botrychium species are present in quite similar habitats in other lowland areas in Central Europe. The conservation of these threatened species, sensitive to plant competition, requires the maintenance or restoration of extensive agricultural management with late cutting and no fertilization.
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    Biodiversity and conservation 4 (1995), S. 183-205 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: biological collections ; conservation ; biodiversity information ; phylogenetic systematics ; taxonomy
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    Notes: Abstract Systematics and taxonomy are essential: they respectively elucidate life's history, and organize and verify biological knowledge. This knowledge is built of interrelated concepts which are ultimately accounted for by biological specimens. Such knowledge is essential to decide how much and what biodiversity survives human onslaughts. The preservation of specimens in natural history collections is the essential part of the process which builds and maintains biological knowledge. These collections and the human expertise essential to interpret specimens are the taxonomic resources which maintain accurate and verifiable concepts of biological entities. Present and future knowledge of the complexities and diversity of the biosphere depends on the integrity of taxonomic resources, vet widespread ignorance and disregard for their fundamental value has created a global crisis. Preservation of specimens in natural history collections is chronically neglected and support to study and manage collections is very insufficient. The knowledge held by experienced taxonomists is not being passed on to younger recruits. Neglect of collections has destroyed countless specimens and threatens millions more. These threats to taxonomic resources not only impinge on systematics but all biology: this tragedy jeopardizes the integrity of biological knowledge. The consequences for environmental conservation and therefore humanity are also of dire severity and the biodiversity crisis adds unprecedented weight to the barely recognized crisis in taxonomy and systematics.
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    Biodiversity and conservation 4 (1995), S. 476-489 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: Taxonomic inventory ; biodiversity ; phylogeny ; conservation ; biological resource management ; ABTI (All-Biota Taxon Inventory)
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A taxonomic inventory strategy is proposed for the planetary exploration of biological diversity. Such inventories result in comprehensive collections, our only insurance against bio-ignorance; meet needs for basic taxonomic and phylogenetic research; make full use of limited taxonomic resources; and provide credible, verifiable data associated with museum and herbarium specimens. Decisive efforts to meet the biodiversity crisis need not compromise advances in taxonomic theory and practice in the interest of expediency. Inventories provide data for understanding the origin and history of diversification of life on Earth, while gathering scientific evidence to inform decisions related to conservation and resource management.
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  • 49
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    Biodiversity and conservation 4 (1995), S. 490-500 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: biodiversity ; systematics ; conservation ; sustainable development ; collections
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The contribution of systematics to conservation and sustainable use of species is discussed. An adequate inventory of species is required for both areas and recent field work shows that the inventory is far from complete. This supports the first mission of Agenda 2000 which is to discover described and inventory global species diversity. The importance of making these data available in data base format is stressed. Sound systematics is a necessity for conservation legislation where control depends on the ability to identify organisms correctly. The establishment of reserves is also dependent upon data from systematics about centres of diversity and endemism and examples of this are given. Molecular systematics has made new tools available to conservation such as genetic fingerprinting which is useful both to breeding programmes of rare species and for identification for legal proceedings. Systematics is also one of the foundations for programmes of sustainable development especially in the search for new crops, non-timber forest plants from extraction forests and the identification of wild relatives of crop species. Examples of the role of systematics in a fuelwood programme in Zimbabwe, a sustainable development programme in northeast Brazil and in the search for a chemical component with medicinal properties for curing AIDS are given. The more predictive a classification we can develop using modern cladistic and molecular techniques the more useful systematics will be for both conservation and sustainable development. The goal of Agenda 2000 to organize the information derived from the programme in an efficiently retrievable form that best meets the needs of science and society is a laudable target that is crucial for conservation and the sustainable use of the plant resources of the world.
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    Biological invasions 1 (1999), S. 339-352 
    ISSN: 1573-1464
    Keywords: aquaculture ; Batillaria ; coexistence ; competitive exclusion ; conservation ; Cerithidea ; Crassostrea gigas ; displacement ; exploitative competition ; grazers ; impact ; introduced species ; invasions ; non-indigenous species
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    Notes: Abstract The estuarine mud snail, Batillaria attramentaria, was transported to the Pacific coast of North America with the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas (C. gigas), imported from Japan in the early part of this century, and has proliferated in several bays where the oyster was introduced. Since the arrival of Batillaria there have been declines in populations of its native ecological equivalent, Cerithidea californica. This study documents the distribution of the exotic Batillaria throughout its entire introduced range, concentrating on the few bays in northern California where both snails exist sympatrically. Using dates of initial importation of C. gigas and dates of first documentation of Batillaria within a bay, I established the earliest possible date for the introduction of Batillaria in a particular area. In cases where Cerithidea also was, or had been, present within a bay, I calculated a range of time for either the continued coexistence of the two species or the time until local exclusion of the native. Density measurements of Cerithidea within these bays where the species co-occurred allowed comparison of present Cerithidea numbers to historical accounts. Results indicated that Batillaria is replacing Cerithidea in the northern marshes of California. This replacement of the northernmost Cerithidea populations is not only reducing Cerithidea's overall range, but also eliminating a race recently shown to be a genetically distinct from southern Cerithidea populations. Other studies that have demonstrated superior exploitative competitive ability by Batillaria provide a potential mechanism for this displacement pattern. Regardless, the results presented here indicate that the displacement process is slow, taking on average 〉50 years to complete. This study illustrates a gradual, but predictable process of exotic replacement of native species, and argues strongly against complacency toward invaders that may currently seem innocuous.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: protected areas ; Russia: non-governmental organizations ; biodiversity ; conservation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Natural habitat preservation, i.e. the creation and management of Protected Natural Areas (PNAs), is one of the most important forms of biodiversity conservation. The most widespread types of PNAs in Russia are Zakazniks (State Nature Refuges) and Natural Monuments, but unlike Zapovedniks (State Nature Reserves) these types of Russian PNAs are little-known to foreign ecologists. Thus the main attention of this article is given to the problems of Zakazniks and Natural Monuments while other types of Russian PNAs are mentioned briefly. In many regions of Russia, Zakazniks and Natural Monuments are considered to be the core components for the regional protection of biodiversity. Non-Governmental Organizations play an important role in the creation and management of PNAs. The recent sudden change of circumstances in Russia have given rise to many problems which threaten the existence of Zakazniks and Natural Monuments. Possible means of saving these PNAs include: (i) promoting the interest of local people in protecting biodiversity; and (ii) supporting local authorities, and public initiatives and regional programmes in the creation of local PNA networks.
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    Biodiversity and conservation 5 (1996), S. 37-53 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: deforestation ; habitat fragmentation ; conservation ; remote sensing ; Ivory Coast ; tropical forest
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: This study provides monitoring and spatial analysis of forest fragmentation based on high-resolution remote sensing, in order to give a framework for assessing residual biodiversity in the Guiglo-Taï region. Massive deforestation has taken place, mainly in the last 20 years, 79% of unprotected forests have been eliminated on the 100 × 100 km study area. Deforestation is also beginning to encroach on protected areas. Forest fragments are mainly found close to the deforestation front. In areas which were first deforested, forest fragments are very scarce and are restricted to less productive soils; they are often severely degraded. Young secondary forests develop on abandoned fields, but primary forest regeneration seems unlikely in light of the distance from seed sources and the increase in population pressure. Conservation initiatives in this zone of high biodiversity should focus on protected areas, taking into account short and long term benefits for the local population.
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    Biodiversity and conservation 5 (1996), S. 55-73 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: Cape Floristic Region ; lowland fynbos ; limestone ; endemism ; conservation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Taxonomie and biological aspects of endemism and Red Data Book status were studied amongst the limestone endemics of the lowland fynbos in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. Of the 110 limestone endemics, 1.8% are widely distributed in the Cape Floristic Region and 56.4% are regional endemics. Relative to flora of non-limestone lowland fynbos (n=538 species), the families which were overrepresented in terms of limestone endemics included the Ericaceae, Fabaceae, Polygalaceae, Rutaceae and Sterculiaceae. The Restionaceae was the only underrepresented family. The local limestone endemics were not significantly different from regional endemics in terms of their biological attributes. An analysis of the frequency of the biological traits associated with the limestone-endemic flora established a biological profile for a limestone endemic: a dwarf-to-low shrub with soil-stored seeds which are ant or wind dispersed. In terms of the species richness of limestone endemics, the De Hoop Nature Reserve was the ‘hotspot’ within the region. Relative to the total species richness, the Hagelkraal and Stilbaai areas contained higher-than-predicted numbers of rare species. These areas require urgent attention if the unique floral diversity associated with limestone substrata within the Bredasdorp-Riversdale centre of endemism is to be conserved.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: saproxylic ; Coleoptera ; spruce forest ; spatial scale ; conservation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The diversity in different groups of obligate saproxylic beetles was related to ecological variables at three levels of spatial scale in mature spruce-dominated forest. The variables were connected to: (i) decaying wood, (ii) wood-inhabiting fungi, (iii) the level of disturbance, (iv) landscape ecology, and (v) vegetational structure. Several strong relationships were found at medium (1 km2) and large scales (4 km2), while only weak relationships were found at a small scale (0.16 ha; 1 ha=104 m2). This may be explained by the local variations in habitat parameters and the high mobilities of many beetle species. Factors connected to decaying wood and wood-inhabiting fungi were clearly the most important factors at all scale levels. In particular, the variables diversity of dead tree parts, number of dead trees of large diameter and number of polypore fungi species increased the species richness of many groups and increased the abundance of many species. Eight species were absent below a certain density of decaying wood per 1 or 4 km2. Former extensive cutting was a negative factor at large scale, probably because of decreasing recolonization with increasing distance to the source habitats. Thinning reduced the diversity of species associated with birch. The development of guidelines favouring the diversity of saproxylic beetles are discussed below.
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    Biodiversity and conservation 5 (1996), S. 1169-1190 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: aquatic plants ; conservation ; natural regions ; Peru
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Currently 177 vascular plant species are known or presumed to be obligately associated with water in Peru. Their composition and diversity were surveyed in relationship to their distributions among the natural regions of Peru. Despite considerable aridity, the coastal plains of Peru have important aquatic ecosystems, including marshes in river deltas and mangroves in the far north, near the border with Ecuador; 70 species of aquatic plants are found in this coastal region. The Andean highlands include a great variety of wetlands, plus lakes and rivers; 62 species are found, including eight species of Isoetes, some of which are potentially threatened by extinction. The Amazon region of Peru includes both steep montane rivers in the headwaters and wide floodplains formed by meandering rivers in the lowlands; 102 species are found distributed among these ecosystems, although many additional species are semi-aquatic. Research and conservation strategies for Peru's aquatic plants need to take into account these important regional differences.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: Kenya ; birds ; conservation ; protected areas.
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Patterns and environmental correlates of species distributions and richness are identified for Kenyan birds at a quarter degree-square scale. This information is used together with iterative complementarity analyses, which employ species richness, taxonomic dispersion and range-restrictedness, to identify priority areas for possible conservation attention. Bird species apparently not conserved by existing protected areas in Kenya are identified. Six avifaunal zones (and one transitional zone) are distinguished based on distributions of suites of bird species. Variation in biotope diversity (the number of forest and aquatic systems) accounts for 79% of the observed variation in Kenyan bird species richness. Although both rainfall and altitudinal range are significantly correlated with species richness, they only explain an additional 3% of the observed variation. The priority areas identified are situated mainly within highlands and coastal lowlands. Although few priority areas are identified in northern Kenya, this region also constitutes a priority, as it contains a suite of xeric species with habitats that are not represented elsewhere in Kenya. The papyrus yellow warbler, Chloropeta gracilirostris, William's bush lark, Mirafra williamsi, white-winged dove, Streptopelia reichenowi, and Jubaland weaver, Ploceus dichrocephalus, are identified as endemics or near-endemics that are probably not adequately conserved in Kenya at present.
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    Biodiversity and conservation 6 (1997), S. 853-868 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: protected area network ; biodiversity ; conservation ; North-East India ; Meghalaya
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The North-Eastern region of India is significant for biodiversity conservation because of its floristic richness and high levels of endemism. Deforestation levels are high in the region due to anthropogenic pressures. We accessed various literature sources to create a database for Meghalaya state containing information on plant species, habit, altitudinal distribution, endemism, and endangered status. Information on the existing protected area network (type, extent, and altitudinal representation) was added to the database. The database was used to assess the effectiveness of the existing protected area network in conserving the floristic biodiversity of the state. Of a total of 3331 plant species, 1236 (37.11%) are endemic of Meghalaya and 133 (4%) are confined to 'sacred forests'. However, 'sacred forests' are not legally protected areas. Only 32 220 ha (1.43% of the state's geographical area) is protected under the category of National Park or Sanctuary. Although 212 species (17.15% of the state's endemic species) occur only in Meghalaya at altitudes above 1500 m, none of the forests at these altitudes are protected as National Parks or Sanctuaries. We conclude that the existing protected area network does not effectively conserve the state's unique biodiversity and suggest measures by which its effectiveness might be increased.
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    Biodiversity and conservation 6 (1997), S. 1007-1026 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: West Africa ; Ghana ; conservation ; small mammals ; sacred groves ; interdisciplinary development ; biodiversity ; sustainability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This article considers the conservation of relict natural habitat in West Africa, especially habitat preserved in traditional sacred groves. Government-sanctioned conservation is contrasted with local grassroots efforts of conservation. Evidence for the ecological value of sacred groves is based on results of a field study of small mammal communities conducted on the Accra Plains of Ghana and on published sources on the conservation and use of sacred groves from various countries. The study employed standard mark-and-recapture techniques for the sampling for terrestrial small mammals, and mist netting for the sampling of bat communities. Pragmatic approaches combining conservation and sustainable use are considered, as are traditional values that have preserved the sacred groves in the past for up to several hundred years in some cases. In part because these groves shelter unique small mammal and plant communities, traditional values and protection mechanisms should be integrated into the newly emerging cultural and religious contexts. The issues encountered during this study reveal that effective conservation involving local peoples requires a concerted interdisciplinary effort.
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    Biodiversity and conservation 7 (1997), S. 97-107 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: Island biology ; introduced species ; Galá ; pagos ; conservation ; endangered plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Although still in relatively good condition, the Gala´pagos Archipelago suffers from increasing human pressures. Apart from direct actions like hunting and logging, endemic plants and animals are threatened by introduced species, and in many cases the present status of the populations is not known. The conservation status of eight plant species considered endangered was studied from literature and field surveys and the main threats were determined. Each of the eight species is endemic to only one island but in some cases is also present on nearby islets. Of these eight species, one is considered extinct, one critically endangered, and the others suffer various levels of threat. As in all island systems of the world, the main threats are introduced organisms, both plants and animals. The extinct species probably disappeared owing to invasion by Lantana camara, one of the most aggressively invasive plants of the islands, and the most endangered species is threatened by goats. The remaining species seem to be regenerating well and we can expect positive results from protection efforts. Today, only one of the eight species benefits from a direct protection action.
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    Biodiversity and conservation 7 (1998), S. 651-671 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: tropical peatswamps ; peatlands ; conservation ; biodiversity ; Borneo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract While tropical lowland peatswamp ecosystems are well-represented among the major forest formations of Borneo, they are rare outside South-East Asia. They are richly endowed with biological diversity, including the crocodile (Crocodylus porosus), which is a threatened species, and are characterized by their organic (histosol) soils that have developed recently, approximately within the past 5000 years. Their unique ecological features, as well as logistical difficulties in accessing and utilizing peatswamps, have not, however, deterred exploitation. Some of the tallest, most commercially desirable timber species, such as ramin (Gonystylus bancanus) have been harvested routinely in the peatswamp forests of Sarawak. Also, due to its primary location in coastal lowlands in close proximity to human activity, drained and reclaimed peatswamp land is desirable for development of highways, housing, and industrial and plantation estates. Ecological information is needed urgently by decision-makers and land-owners, who may be contemplating conversion of natural peatswamp ecosystems to other land uses, to undergird conservation policy and best management practices for the wise stewardship and sustainable development of this ecosystem. The paper provides an overview of peatswamp ecology with recommendations for avoiding or reducing potential ecological impacts associated with peatswamp development in Borneo, which include a moratorium on further development until a Borneo peatswamp survey and inventory as well as a holistic, multi-sectoral, integrated environmental assessment and planning procedure are completed; gazetting of pristine peatswamp forest parcels as totally protected areas; implementing highly restricted multiple-use policy that allows development only in degraded areas, and insuring protection of the critical hydrological role of peatswamps in providing fresh water supply for human use as an overriding criterion in assessing any development scheme.
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    Biodiversity and conservation 7 (1998), S. 927-944 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: Butterflies ; monitoring ; conservation ; coloration patterns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Current rates of destruction of natural ecosystems call for rapid and efficient ways of assessing the successional state or degree of perturbation, and of monitoring management efforts. In this paper we propose that butterfly species, grouped by morphological and ethological traits, can be used for these purposes. The groups, each composed of species from many taxa, appear to be strongly correlated with types of habitat. We re-define the groups originally distinguished by de la Maza and de la Maza (1988), and, using data from Quintana Roo and Morelos states in Mexico, show a statistical association between certain coloration groups and types of habitat. The existence of such consistent, non-taxonomic groupings is of theoretical interest and may also be used to monitor habitats or to predict the effects of disturbance.
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    Biodiversity and conservation 8 (1999), S. 1435-1445 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: clay ; conservation ; pasture ; phytosociology ; ruderal plant ; trampling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Carex hordeistichos is a peri-Mediterranean species, which is rare over all its distribution range. In Lorraine (France), where the field investigations were conducted, as in other Western European areas, it is present only in secondary habitats, constituted of heavily trampled wet pastures and vehicle tracks on clayed soils. All plant communities with Carex hordeistichos described from Western European areas can be linked to the Carici hordeistichi-Trifolietum fragiferi association, classified in the Agropyro-Rumicion wet pasture alliance. The conservation of this threatened ruderal plant requires the maintenance of a high disturbance level through grazing, trampling and soil packing.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: conservation ; degradation ; Juniperus thurifera ; management ; mediterranean basin ; thuriferous juniperwoodland
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Thuriferous juniper is only found in isolated parts of the western Mediterranean: France (Alps, Pyrenees and Corsican highlands), Spain, Algeria and Morocco. These semi-arid mountain stands, where thuriferous juniper trees grow in low-density open woodland, are seriously endangered: (i) In the Atlas mountains, the thuriferous juniper stands are heavily degraded as a result of the intensive wood removal and livestock activity in these densely populated areas. This situation, which will soon become irreversible unless remedial measures are urgently taken, has produced impoverished soils and hillside instability while contributing to desertification. (ii) In Spain, although livestock activity and cultivation have strongly reduced areas occupied by Juniperus thurifera, stands are still numerous and, in some regions, show a good regeneration due to conservation measures. (iii) In France, the decline in human and livestock activities over recent decades has led to a recolonization of some of the Juniper stands by pines or oak. A forest management system that enables these original stands to survive and regenerate must be undertaken without delay. The dynamics of evolution of these stands is quite different north and south of the Mediterranean. In both cases, conservation measures are urgently required to protect or rehabilitate these original stands with floristic, ecological and socio-economic interest.
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  • 64
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    Biodiversity and conservation 8 (1999), S. 1697-1706 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: conservation ; fragmentation ; microclimate ; reedbed ; vegetation structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the study was to describe microclimate (surface and air temperature, humidity, light and wind intensity) and vegetation structure (density and height of reeds, and reed shoot structure) across the first 20 m of a sharp reedbed edge at Lake Velence, Hungary, in June 1996. There was a significant edge effect, although different variables contributed differently to the pattern. The reedbed edge had three bands: the first is characterised by very dense stand, where the shoots were thin and short; in the second band density declined, but reed shoots were thick and very high, and in the third band both density and height declined, but not shoot diameter. Microclimate variables showed similar pattern: reedbed edges were warm, dry, bright and windy, further inside temperature, light and wind intensity declined, humidity increased, and still further temperature and light intensity increased, and humidity decreased. I estimated that the edge effect penetrates into the reedbed up to ca. 15 m. The great variation of variables across the edge inevitable has significant impact on the occurrence of animals species; our knowledge, however, is too limited to predict the expected extinction of species owing to edge effect.
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  • 65
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    Biodiversity and conservation 8 (1999), S. 419-437 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: Eastern Ghats ; tropical forest ; tree diversity ; population structure ; dispersion pattern ; conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Species diversity, density, population structure and dispersion patterns of all trees and lianas (≥30cm gbh) were inventoried in a tropical semi-evergreen forest in the Shervarayan hills of Eastern Ghats, south India. Such data are necessary for ecosystem conservation of the under-studied Eastern Ghats, as extensive forests here have already been converted to coffee and orange plantations and the landscape changed due to aluminium ore mining and quarrying. Four 1-ha plots were established in Sanyasimalai (SM) reserve forest of the Shervarayan hills, one plot (SM1) located close to mining and quarrying area, two other contiguous plots (SM2 and SM3) located in selective felling area and the fourth (SM4) in a relatively undisturbed forest. These are 1 to 4km apart in the same semi-evergreen forest tract. In the four study plots a total of 3260 stems (mean density 815ha−1) covering 80 species in 71 genera and 44 plant families were recorded. Species richness was greatest in the undisturbed plot SM4 (50), while lowest (33) in the selectively felled site SM2. The forest stand (SM4) was also denser (986 stemsha−1) and more voluminous (basal area 44.3m2ha−1 as compared with the site mean of 35m2ha−1) than the other plots. Four trees, Chionanthus paniculata, Syzygium cumini, Canthium dicoccum and Ligustrum perrottetii dominated the stand, collectively contributing to 〉50% of the total density. Species richness and stand density decreased with increasing tree girths. The forest stand contained a growing population, but there was considerable variation in basal area distribution between the plots. Trends in species population structure varied, particularly for selective-felled species. Most species exhibited clumped dispersion of individuals both at 0.25ha and 1-ha scales. Variation in plant diversity and abundance are related to site attributes and human impacts.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: Cape ; conservation ; insect borers ; insect diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of regional climate, biotope and host-plant variables on the frequency of occurrence of insect borers associated with infructescences of Protea species in the species-rich flora of the Cape Fynbos was investigated. Large samples of infructescences (n = 1000) were collected on a seasonal basis and borers identified and quantified. Data were analysed using DECORANA and CANOCO so as to correlate environmental variables with borer occurrence. Distinct differences in frequency of occurrence of the various insect taxa were recorded on the various plant species studied. These differences were primarily accounted for by physical host-plant characteristics (infructescence and seed set variables), and secondarily, by biotope variables and climatic factors. Fynbos plant characteristics therefore play a major role in determining insect abundance. Plant diversity in the Fynbos is maintained by burning. These management burns, however, should not be applied too frequently or over areas large enough to extirpate any borer species. As these borers are excellent umbrellas for many other insects, their conservation covers Fynbos insect diversity in general.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: China ; Qinghai ; Koko Nor ; Cyprinidae ; fish ; fishery ; recruitment ; spawning ; catch per unit effort ; management ; translocation ; saline lake ; dryland ; semi-arid ; irrigation ; conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Quinghai Hu is a large, high-altitude, saline lake in north-western China, and supports a fishery based on an endemic species of naked carp (‘snow trout’). The fish take seven years to attain maturity and a marketable weight of 300 g, and have a lifespan of 14–21 years under the present fishery regime. They seasonally migrate from the lake to spawn over the gravel beds of inflowing rivers, but these areas have been reduced by weirs and irrigation diversions and recruitment may have declined. The population may have been affected also by a 1.85-m fall in the lake level over the past 30 years, and by associated changes in salinity. The fishery was opened to large-scale exploitation in 1958. Yields declined sharply (max. 28,523 tonnes, 1960) as the larger, older fish were removed, and then more slowly (min. 2523 tonnes, 1983). Since 1987 the fish factory has been limited to an annual quota of 1200 tonnes, taken by a fleet of four pair trawlers. Another 800 tonnes are taken by licensed fishermen, mainly using gill nets, and perhaps 1000 tonnes are taken illegally. The estimated total catch in 1992 was 3000 tonnes. New trawlers introduced in 1989–90 substantially increased the factory's catch per unit effort, and in 1990 the quota was virtually filled in one month in a zone within 20 km of the factory. Although this could suggest that the stocks will be conserved if the quota is retained, at least half of the catch in 1989–92 consisted of immature individuals. Trawling operations recently were suspended following a further decline in the catch after 1992. While the new trawlers are capable of a major increase in effort, neither the changing environment, the fish stocks or the present markets favour intensified pressure. Gillnets may provide better control over the minimum size limit and may cause less damage than trawling. Other options to improve the viability and profitability of the fishery include improvements in handling, processing and marketing. Failure to develop the fishery may encourage attempts to introduce exotic fish, at some risk to survival of the local species.
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  • 68
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    Aquarium sciences and conservation 1 (1997), S. 79-90 
    ISSN: 1573-1448
    Keywords: Freshwater fishes ; SoutheastAsia ; aquarium fish ; conservation ; biodiversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract SoutheastAsia is an area rich in biodiversity, with a high degree ofendemism in both flora and fauna. Many freshwater fish specieshave been exploited for the ornamental fish trade. As thepopulation in South East Asia increases, vast tracts of forestsare cleared for agricultural, industrial and urbanizationpurposes. To conserve and sustainably exploit the wild fishpopulation, measures should be adopted to protect this naturalresource. Already, several ornamental species have been severelyoverexploited, e.g. bala shark (Balantiocheilos melanopterus),pygmy loach (Botia sidthimunki) and arowana (Scleropagesformosus), but the extirpation of local populations occurs formany reasons, including deforestation, and not just because offishing for the trade. There are also still many species thathave great ornamental fish potential. Wild fish species have alsobeen successfully bred in captivity and conserved, e.g. tigerbarb (Puntius tetrazona), bala shark, pygmy loach and arowana.Other methods of conservation include public education, leavingpristine forests intact and reforestation. The aquarium trade ofthe bala shark, harlequin rasbora (Rasbora heteromorpha), clownloach (Botia macracanthus), arowana and sawfish (Pristismicrodon) is discussed
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: river morphology ; ecotone ; variability ; fish fauna ; threatened species ; conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Data from a survey on the distribution of fish species in Switzerland were used to test the hypothesis that species richness of the fish fauna is closely related with the structure, heterogeneity and complexity of the ecotonal zone in rivers. Species richness increased with increasing structural heterogeneity and variability of the ecotone in rivers wider than 2.5 m at altitudes below 500 m. In lowland brooks and in rivers at higher altitudes other factors seemed to be more important than morphological variability: alpine rivers are more often left natural than lowland rivers and salmonid stocking is more important in these naturally species poor fish communities. The proportion of threatened species was higher if riverbed and -banks were natural, the slope was flat, the variability in depths and sediment composition was high and if the ecotonal zone was well structured. Specialized species such as nase and riffle minnow only occurred in larger rivers, whereas in small and medium-sized rivers with low morphological variability these threatened species were missing. On the other hand, ubiquitous species such as chub, roach and perch, occurred in all sizes of rivers, even if morphological variability was small. Low morphological variability and its impact on the composition of the fish community is mainly a consequence of past human interventions. Therefore river management has to take into account the ecological requirements of specialized species and increasing the variability of riverbed and banks would considerably contribute to the conservation of endangered fish species.
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    Hydrobiologia 295 (1995), S. 335-342 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: mangrove ; gastropod ; conservation ; Hong Kong
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The distributions of mangal gastropod snails in Hong Kong were investigated by transect studies in nine mangals from around the coast. Fifty-one species of mangal associated were found, of which 25 were considered common. Gastropod faunas varied considerably between sites, both in terms of number of species and species composition. No one gastropod assemblage was found to be typical of the Hong Kong mangal. Local habitat differences were considered to have a major influence over species distributions, both within and between mangals. It is concluded that if species diversity is to be preserved then a representative sample of mangals needs protection.
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  • 71
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    Hydrobiologia 295 (1995), S. 343-351 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: mangrove ; ecology ; conservation ; management ; climate change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Despite the recent better understanding and awareness of the role of mangroves, these coastal forest communities continue to be destroyed or degraded (or euphemistically reclaimed) at an alarming rate. The figure of 1% per year given by Ong (1982) for Malaysia can be taken as a conservative estimate of destruction of mangroves in the Asia-Pacific region. Whilst the Japanese-based mangrove wood-chips industry continues in its destructive path through the larger mangrove ecosystems of the region, the focus of mangrove destruction has shifted to the conversion of mangrove areas into aquaculture ponds and the consequences of the unprecedented massive addition of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere by post industrial man. Mangroves are non-homogeneous; characterised by distinct vegetative zones that occupy the interface between land and sea and dynamically interacting with the atmosphere above as well as with the influences of the adjacent land and sea. The conservation of mangroves should thus include not only the various vegetation and tidal inundation zones but also the adjacent marine and terrestrial areas (including the water catchment area). On the current concern with global climate change, it is pointed out that relative sea level change is very much site dependent. For effective planning and management, it is vital to know if a particular site is stable, rising or sinking so efforts should be directed to find suitable methods for determining this. However, should rapid relative sea level rise take place, there is very little likelihood of saving mangroves whose landward margins have been developed by man, a fact to bear in mind when selecting sites for conservation. The Matang mangroves of Malaysia is rare case of successful sustainable management of a tropical rain forest. Although the tools of management are available they are not widely applied. We particularly urge the Japanese mangrove wood-chips industry to look to long term sustainable use rather than short term gains. A suggestion is made to appeal to the new Government of Japan to take the lead in environmental friendliness especially to the rain forests of the Asia-Pacific region.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: floodplain ecology ; annulus formation ; von Bertalanffy model ; Schnute model ; conservation ; management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sectioned otoliths were used for age and growth determination of Oreochromis macrochir, a common cichlid species from the Okavango Delta, Botswana. The Okavango Delta is a vast inland wetland ecosystem which receives annual floodwaters from the highlands of southern Angola. Floodwaters reach the northern areas of the delta between January and March and the southern areas between June and September each year. Samples were collected from sites which receive flood waters between May and August. Marginal zone analysis showed that an annulus was formed between October and December during the dry, summer period. Maximum age estimates of eleven years were obtained and growth was described by the 3 parameter von Bertalanffy model as l t = 215.24 (1−e −0.42(t+1.08)) mm SL.
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  • 73
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    Hydrobiologia 336 (1996), S. 19-32 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: diatoms ; biogeography ; species concept ; taxonomy ; conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recent morphometric and breeding studies of diatoms show that the present species classification is too coarse and hides significant diversity. Many species are subdivided into phenodemes, which often differ in cell size, shape, stria density and pattern, but may also have different ultrastructural features. In raphid diatoms these can include the form of the raphe endings, details of the pore occlusions, and the structure of the girdle, while chloroplast structure can also vary. The phenodemes can be sympatric or allopatric. In Sellaphora pupula and other species, sympatric phenodemes are reproductively isolated. It is recommended that such demes are recognized as separate species; the total number of diatom species worldwide may thus be at least 2 × 105. Use of a fine-grained classification reveals that many diatom species may be endemics, some restricted to a single lake or catchment, others to wider areas. Environmental impact assessments and conservation strategies must begin to take account of endemism and rarity among microscopic algae and protists.
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  • 74
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    Hydrobiologia 336 (1996), S. 127-135 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: endemics ; Australia ; flagship taxa ; conservation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Across the world there is a prevailing view that freshwater algae are cosmopolitan. The notion has seldom been tested and is unlikely to be true in genetic terms. Nonetheless, some morphospecies of several groups of algae do have a worldwide distribution. Others have restricted distributions and may be regarded as endemic to a region. However there is always the possibility that they will be discovered in far away places. Australia has a rather large element of endemicity in its algal flora. From the early days of Australian phycology many new genera and species of freshwater algae have been described. Some are of such distinctive appearance or novelty as to be regarded as ‘flagship’ taxa. There is little doubt about their endemicity and their existence increases the probability of less-distinguished species also being endemic. The degree of endemicity is probably masked by the ‘force-fitting’ of European names to Australian species. Some Australian endemics are robust and are widely distributed in a variety of types of water body. Others, the frail endemics, the ones of greatest novelty and phylogenetic significance, have a very restricted range with their strongholds in dystrophic coastal lagoons where tracts or remnant patches of native vegetation survive. Their survival and the conservation of their biodiversity depends on recognition of the significance of coastal lagoons and swamps.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Spinicaudata ; Leptestheria ; Eoleptestheria ; Austria ; rediscovery ; conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract According to recent literature, five of the six known Austrian ‘conchostracan’ species are extinct. However, interim results of a current study on large freshwater branchiopods in Austria show that five species still occur at a restricted number of sites in the Pannonian region of Lower Austria. The clam shrimps Leptestheria dahalacensis and Eoleptestheria ticinensis were rediscovered in May 1994 in the flood plains of the river Morava near Marchegg. Imnadia yeyetta and Cyzicus tetracerus have been known to the authors in the same region since 1981, and 1992, respectively. Limnadia lenticularis occurs in the flood plains of the rivers Morava and Danube. Lynceus brachyurus, the only Austrian representative of the Laevicaudata, was not found and most probably got extinct. All Austrian clam shrimp species are considered to be endangered. Main threats are agricultural activities and artificial changes of the hydrologic conditions. Conservational measures are discussed for their effectivity.
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    Hydrobiologia 340 (1996), S. 137-140 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: ecotones ; flow ; macrophytes ; mapping ; species distribution ; conservation ; management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the ecotone research region of the Danube in Austria (Man-and-the-Biosphere (MaB)- project 5/21, Austrian Academy of Science) the macrophytes are one of the most important groups of organisms investigated. The species composition and the plant mass in hydrologically dynamic, and in predominantly stagnant sections of a system of lateral branches and sloughs were studied. This study showed that areas protected from frequent disturbance by floods had a greater number of species and higher biomass of aquatic macrophytes. Some species were shown to be evenly distributed throughout the branch system, whereas other species tended to form rare, but large singular patches. A set of new data elaboration techniques enabled us to describe the distribution pattern of the aquatic vegetation in this large branch system of the River Danube.
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  • 77
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    Hydrobiologia 351 (1997), S. 35-40 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: flora ; endemic plant ; biogeography ; conservation ; Greece
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The flora of Prespa National Park is composed of 1326plant species. Among them are 17 Pteridophytes and1309 Spermatophytes, represented by 11 Gymnosperms,1057 Dicotyledons and 241 Monocotyledons. The flora isevaluated and categorised into species which can beconsidered as new for the Greek flora, species underinternational protection, and rare local speciesthreatened with extinction. Plant species are alsocategorised according to their ecologicalrequirements, with special reference to the endemicspecies and their centres of origin in respect totheir total percentage (15.4%).
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    Hydrobiologia 340 (1996), S. 345-348 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: river ; restoration ; conservation ; development ; sense of place
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The welcome increase in projects increasing river vegetation prompts theoretical consideration. To restore is to bring back what was there before — but at what period? 1860 to 1940 is suggested, as ‘traditional’. Traditional rivers differ greatly between river types and between rivers: in water, structural and biotic characters, and Sense of Place. Aiming at these, holistically, is aiming at restoration. Aiming at part, or trying to convert rivers to a Standard Recommended river is, at best, enhancement. The latter development lessens the unique variety and special features of rivers that are the heritage of each country.
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    Genetica 102-103 (1998), S. 21-27 
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: conservation ; deleterious mutation ; population extinction ; fixation ; reverse mutation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A model is developed for alternate fixations of mildly deleterious and wild-type alleles arising by forward and reverse mutation in a finite population. For almost all parameter values, this gives an equilibrium load that agrees closely with the general expression derived from diffusion theory. Nearly neutral mutations with selection coefficient a few times larger than 1/(2Ne) do the most damage by increasing the equilibrium load. The model of alternate fixations facilitates dynamical analysis of the expected load and the mean time to extinction in a population that has been suddenly reduced from a very large size to a small size. Reverse mutation can substantially improve population viability, increasing the mean time to extinction by an order of magnitude or more, but because many mutations are irreversible the effects may not be large. Populations with initially high mean fitness and small effective size, Ne below a few hundred individuals, may be at serious risk of extinction from fixation of deleterious mutations within 103 to 104 generations.
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    Plant molecular biology 35 (1997), S. 69-77 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: rice ; wild rice ; Oryza spp. ; evolution ; conservation ; evaluation ; utilization ; germplasm ; genetic resources ; genebank
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rice has been grown in Japan for about 3000 years. Although both japonica and indica varieties have been grown in Japan, now japonica rices are grown. Japanese rice breeding has used an ecological breeding approach. While emphasis in rice breeding in the 1940's and 1950's focussed on yield in recent decades quality has been of major importance. Consumer preference and name recognition of high quality varieties, such as Koshihikari, has resulted in slow acceptance of new varieties. Rice germplasm was systematically collected throughout Japan between 1962 and 1963. Subsequent acquisition and collecting, in Japan and other countries, has resulted in 28,000 accessions being conserved in the National Genebank, based at the National institute of Agrobiological Resources (NIAR). Research on genetic diversity of rice using a range of techniques, for example esterase isozymes, has revealed clinal variation in rice radiating from the center of diversity of rice in and around southwest China. Newly found genes in traditional rice germplasm, such as genes for non-elongating mesocotyl, are now routinely identified on the rice genome. Pioneering studies on eco-genetic differentiation of species in the genus Oryza in Japan has revealed much about the complex genepool for which rice evolved. Pest and disease resistance sources, particularly to blast, bacterial blight and brown plant hopper, from many countries have been incorporated into Japanese varieties. Cold tolerance at the booting stage was found in the Indonesian variety Silewah. In the future in characterisation of rice germplasm and interaction between rice germplasm specialists and rice molecular scientists, both in Japan and internationally, will be corner stones to securing rice genetic diversity and rice improvement in the next century.
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    Bioscience reports 17 (1997), S. 521-527 
    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ; glycolysis ; oxidation ; uncoupling ; thiols ; hydrogen peroxide ; mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Data on alterations of the properties of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase upon oxidation of its functional groups are reviewed; a mechanism of uncoupling of oxidation and phosphorylation in glycolysis is considered. Possible ways of regulating uncoupling, and the physiological importance of this process, are discussed.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1573-8604
    Keywords: Grauer's gorilla ; chimpanzee ; survey ; conservation ; Democratic Republic of Congo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We describe the distribution and estimate densities of Grauer's gorillas (Gorilla gorilla graueri) and eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthi) in a 12,770-km 2 area of lowland forest between the Lowa, Luka, Lugulu, and Oku rivers in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, the site of the largest continuous population of Grauer's gorillas. The survey included a total of 480 km of transects completed within seven sampling zones in the Kahuzi-Biega National Park lowland sector and adjacent Kasese region and approximately 1100 km of footpath and forest reconnaissance. We estimate total populations of 7670 (4180–10,830) weaned gorillas within the Kahuzi-Biega lowland sector and 3350 (1420–5950) individuals in the Kasese survey areas. Within the same area, we estimate a population of 2600 (1620–4500) chimpanzees. Ape nest site densities are significantly higher within the Kahuzi-Biega lowland sector than in the more remote Kasese survey area in spite of a significantly higher encounter rate of human sign within the lowland sector of the park. Comparison of our data with information obtained by Emlen and Schaller during the first rangewide survey of Grauer's gorillas in 1959 suggests that gorilla populations have remained stable in protected areas but declined in adjacent forest. These findings underscore the key role played by national parks in protecting biological resources in spite of the recent political and economic turmoil in the region. We also show that forest reconnaissance is a reliable and cost-effective method to assess gorilla densities in remote forested areas.
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    International journal of primatology 19 (1998), S. 579-598 
    ISSN: 1573-8604
    Keywords: conservation ; howler ; Alouatta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract All species of howlers are at risk due to habitat destruction. I review the three most serious threats to howler survival—agricultural disturbance, logging disturbance, and hunting—both in a general context and in species accounts. Withal, the adaptability of howlers has allowed them to be a widespread genus throughout Central and South America. Alouatta is especially adaptable due to its generalized folivorous diet. I discuss how this adaptability relates to survival in situations of habitat destruction. In addition, I examine howler preference for riverine habitats and their ability to capitalize on secondary forests and secondary growth. I take a practical approach, suggesting some solutions for species survival, which include habitat management and reintroductions. Successful conservation models highlighted are the Community Baboon Sanctuary in Belize, in which villagers manage their lands for the benefit of the black howler and for their own economic benefit from ecotourism, and a village-sustainable logging system in Quintana Roo, Mexico, which has reduced levels of deforestation while benefiting both villagers and howlers, as well as other wildlife. A successful translocation of black howlers in Belize in order to reestablish a viable population is also described. The paper concludes with further suggestions to encourage howler conservation.
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    International journal of salt lake research 5 (1996), S. 45-61 
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: conservation ; human impacts ; Lake Texcoco ; Mexico ; saline lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Historical and recent changes in the nature of Lake Texcoco, a saline lake in Mexico, are described. These changes are particularly important since they significantly affect water supply, drainage and other urban issues in Mexico City, Mexico's largest city and capital located within the general boundaries of the lake basin and gradually sinking (mean annual sinking rate is 30 cm). After brief reviews of the present status of the lake and background geological, palaeolimnological and climatic features, human activities during historical and recent times are considered. Of particular note have been drainage basin activities, diversion of inflows, pollution and over-exploitation of groundwater and biological resources (especially fish and waterfowl). The major effects of these activities are water shortages, soil erosion, salinization, dust storms, sinking ground, poor water quality and decreased biological resources. Conservation measures are discussed.
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    International journal of primatology 18 (1997), S. 995-1004 
    ISSN: 1573-8604
    Keywords: De Brazza's monkey ; Cercopithecus neglectus ; survey ; conservation ; Kenya
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We conducted a trail survey of De Brazza's monkey (Cercopithecus neglectus) on Mt. Elgon and the Cherangani Hills between October 1994 and February 1995. The objectives were to assess the status and distribution of the species and its habitats and to formulate recommendations on its conservation. We counted a total of 49 monkeys: 3 groups and 6 lone individuals near Kimothon River (Mt. Elgon) and 4 groups and 6 lone individuals at Kapolet Forest Reserve and its environs (Cherangani Hills). The mean group size is 6.6. Wanton habitat destruction was evident in all the forest habitats. The species now inhabits unprotected remnant strips of riverine forest. Furthermore, the Kapolet Forest Reserve offers little or no protection to De Brazza's monkeys or their habitat. Translocation of the monkeys from unprotected areas to a protected habitat is recommended as an urgent conservation measure to save the De Brazza's population in Mt. Elgon and the Cherangani areas of Kenya.
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  • 86
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    International journal of primatology 19 (1998), S. 405-432 
    ISSN: 1573-8604
    Keywords: howlers ; demography ; Costa Rica ; forest regeneration ; conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We examined population dynamics in mantled howlers (Alouatta palliata palliata) in a regenerating tropical dry forest in Santa Rosa National Park (SRNP), Costa Rica. The population has grown at a rate of about 7% per annum during the past decade. The growth in numbers from 342 in 1984 to 554 in 1992 reflects an increase in the number of groups (from 25 to 34) and a slight increase in their average size (from 13.6 to 16.3). Population density has increased from 4.9 to 7.9 individuals per km 2. Santa Rosa's population density and group compositions are similar to those at several other mantled howler sites, but densities of mantled howlers are much higher at two other well-studied sites: La Pacifica and Barro Colorado Island (BCI). We relate the low density of howlers at Santa Rosa to local historical and ecological factors. Howler populations at high and low densities differ in average group size and sex ratio. At high population densities, groups are larger and include more adult females. The number of male howlers per group appears to be more strictly limited and less variable than the number of females is. However, there is greater variation in male group membership at Santa Rosa than at La Pacifica or BCI, and at Santa Rosa there are more generating forests available into which males and females can disperse and form new groups. We present case studies describing two ways in which new howler groups are formed, and we suggest that, compared to females and compared to males at high density sites, males are relatively advantaged in the uncrowded habitats at Santa Rosa and other low density sites.
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  • 87
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    International journal of primatology 20 (1999), S. 803-826 
    ISSN: 1573-8604
    Keywords: primates ; disease transmission ; health ; natural habitat ; conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We address the strategies to prevent disease transmission from human to non-human primates in natural settings. Some field research methods, such as gaining close proximity for observation, provisioning for habituation, or reintroducing for repopulation, may place primate subjects at risk for acquiring human-carried diseases. Additional risks arise through inadequate waste disposal or nonhygienic conditions of humans residing at the study site. We describe several disease outbreaks at primate field sites, emphasizing the need for proper protocols to diagnose, to treat, and to prevent recurrence. Finding solutions to the disease transmission problem requires effecting change in the behavior and policies of many individuals, including field researchers, veterinarians, human health care providers, park personnel, government officials, local villagers, and tourists. The prevention of exposure to infectious disease is an important, fundamental aspect of primate conservation; the assurance of good health and longevity in wild primate populations is paramount to the more traditional conservation issues of poaching control and forest protection.
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  • 88
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    Wetlands ecology and management 5 (1997), S. 19-36 
    ISSN: 1572-9834
    Keywords: wetlands ; rehabilitation ; conservation ; Australia ; exotic species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The wetlands of the Alligator Rivers Region of northern Australia have been recognized as having high national and international conservation value. The diversity and productivity of these habitats is, however, under current and future threat from invasive feral animals (Asian water buffalo and pigs) and naturalized alien plants (mimosa, salvinia and para grass) and also from climate change and sea level rise. Some habitats have already been severely degraded and require rehabilitation. In response to this situation feral animal management has centered on eradicating the buffalo population and introducing measures to control pigs. Weed management has focused on control of mimosa and salvinia with an increasing emphasis on integrated control measures. The vulnerability of the freshwater wetlands to climate change and sea level rise is considerable, although the exact nature of environmental change has not been determined. Rehabilitation of the degraded wetlands has centered on controlling the cause of the problem (e.g., the invasive species) and allowing subsequent natural succession to occur. It is recommended that further monitoring and assessment of successional change is undertaken to ascertain if this is sufficient. An integrated monitoring program for detecting the extent and rate of ecological change because of climate change and sea level rise is also proposed. Specific management and research tasks for each of the major broad causes of wetland degradation within the region are made. It is then strongly recommended that all rehabilitation and monitoring activities, including related research, are conducted within a holistic management framework that takes into account the different land jurisdictions within the region and also within the broader landscape context. The utilization of existing management and research structures and processes is stressed as one means of achieving an integrated approach.
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    Wetlands ecology and management 5 (1997), S. 215-225 
    ISSN: 1572-9834
    Keywords: floating weeds ; effects ; wetlands ; conservation ; control ; management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The most important floating aquatic weeds (FAWs) are Eichhornia crassipes, Salvinia molesta and Pistia stratiotes. E. crassipes and P. stratiotes reproduce sexually. All three species reproduce asexually. E. crassipes and S. molesta have particularly high growth rates. All can form dense mats and growth rates are increased by high nutrient levels and temperatures. Spread between continents and watersheds is largely the result of human activities. Spread within watersheds is mostly via floating propagules. FAWs are known to affect water resource management, the continued existence of human riverine and wetland communities, and conservation of biodiversity. Waterways can be blocked, and the efficiency of irrigation and hydro generation impaired. People are affected by reduction of the fish catch, inability to travel by boat and consequent isolation from gardens, markets and health services, and also changes in populations of vectors of human and animal diseases. Biodiversity can be reduced and conservation value affected. It is proposed that rational application of physical, chemical and biological control of FAWs, and reduction of nutrient input should be part of every strategy for the sustainable management of wetlands.
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  • 90
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    Wetlands ecology and management 7 (1999), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1572-9834
    Keywords: conservation ; management ; science ; wetlands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Wetland conservation and management in Australia is not supported by a comprehensive information base. A national inventory has not been compiled and we have very little information on the areal extent and loss of wetlands. Further, we have little information on the values and benefits (products, functions and attributes) derived from wetlands and how these have been degraded or lost. We do know, however, that in some areas at least, wetland loss and degradation has been severe and may even be still occurring. Much of the scientific attention to wetland management has been directed towards the apparent (or ecological) reasons for wetland loss and degradation – changes to the water regime, physical modification of the habitat, eutrophication and other pollution, and invasion by exotic pest species. Lists of threats to wetlands have been compiled, but these rarely address the non-ecological reasons that have resulted in so many wetlands being lost or degraded. In this paper we summarize the key points made from a number of case studies of Australian wetlands that highlight the non-ecological causes of wetland loss and degradation. From this analysis we conclude that awareness and understanding about the non-ecological causes of wetland loss and degradation need to be as well understood as the ecological causes. Foremost amongst these we highlight greater attention to the following issues: economic development in wetlands, bureaucratic obstacles, lack of information or poor access to information, and poor general awareness of the values and benefits derived from wetlands. We further conclude that wetland loss and degradation does not need to happen – our wetlands are valuable and already severely degraded. For this situation to be rectified we need to ensure that the knowledge and expertise of wetland scientists is heard and heeded by decision-makers and wetland users and owners.
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    Wetlands ecology and management 7 (1999), S. 25-35 
    ISSN: 1572-9834
    Keywords: Australia ; conservation ; hydrology ; irrigation ; management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Humans remove considerable amounts of water from rivers in Australia's Murray-Darling Basin. As a result, many wetlands no longer flood for as long or as frequently as they used to. Even though the extent of ecological damage is becoming better understood, the policies which contributed to increased water use are not well known. The Border Rivers Region of Australia provides an opportunity to more closely examine these issues. Water use rose by more than 2,700% between 1969 and 1991, mostly to irrigate cotton crops. Between 1969 and 1984, only about 5% of the water, measured at Goondiwindi on the main river channel of the Macintyre River, was used for irrigation. Water use to irrigate cotton increased to 60–69% of this measure in the period 1992–1995, which included two extremely dry years. This development was driven primarily by Governments through building dams. The ecological and economic costs of such changes were never adequately measured or forecasted. The key question for the future is whether Government should insist on proponents paying these costs or continue to promote and build infrastructure for water resource developments. Whatever the verdict, there must be better recognition of the economic and ecological costs through transparent processes of environmental assessment. This includes the economic benefits of riverine and wetland conservation. In addition, governmental environment protection and conservation agencies should participate more fully in decisions of water resource management if there is to be balance between resource exploitation and protection.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 195 (1995), S. 159-168 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Diapensiaceae ; Pyxidanthera barbulata ; Pyxidanthera brevifolia ; pyxiemoss ; Allozymes ; conservation ; genetic diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract TwoPyxidanthera morphs of questionable taxonomic rank are described in the eastern United States. We analyzed leaf samples from ninePyxidanthera populations (four of each morph and one with intermediate morphology) for 13 allozyme loci. Our results do not support differentiation of the two morphs at the species level. Mean genetic identity among populations was high (Ī = 0.97), and typical of that found for conspecific populations. The proportion of total genetic diversity found among populations was low (GST = 0.079). Several low frequency alleles were confined to each of the morphs, being found in some of the populations of each morph, but not all.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Lichenized-fungi ; recolonization ; rRNA ; Parmelia sulcata ; SO2 ; genotypes ; conservation ; introns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The variable internally transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the rRNA gene cluster, and the termini of the large and small subunit genes, were amplified from 231 specimens of the lichen-forming fungusParmelia sulcata from the UK and Spain. Amplification products comprised three distinct size groups of 580, 622 and 835 base pairs (bp). Analyses of the collections from England, Wales and central Spain established the 622 bp genotype as the most widespread, and the 835 bp genotype as the next most frequent. The size difference was due to a group I intron at the 3′ end of the small subunit. The relative frequencies of the three genotypes were consistent between long established sites in Spain and the UK. The frequencies of the different size classes were examined in the vegetatively reproducing populations recolonizing following the amelioration of sulphur dioxide air pollution. Populations ofP. sulcata from long established sites where sulphur dioxide levels are known to have risen and then fallen contained two genotypes. Populations from recolonising sites whereP. sulcata had previously been lost consisted of a single genotype (622bp). This technology provides a powerful tool for testing hypotheses relating to the individuality and population structure of lichens, and has implications for lichen conservation.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Scrophulariaceae ; Penstemon ; Osmia ; Bombus ; Pollination ; breeding system ; bees ; pollinator effectiveness ; Rare plant ; conservation ; reproduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Penland's beardtongue, a rare endemic plant of the Colorado Plateau, displays a mixed breeding system. Plants are partially self-compatible but set more fruits when cross-pollinated than when self-pollinated. Fruit production is significantly increased by pollinators. However, in two years of study there was no indication that fruit set was being limited by inadequate pollinator visitation. Pollinator effectiveness was judged by correlating bee behavior at the flowers with analysis of the pollen carried on bee bodies. The most important pollinators were native megachilid bees, particularly in the genusOsmia. The bees that pollinate Penland's beardtongue are essential to its reproduction and must be preserved along with this rare plant.
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 54 (1998), S. 145-152 
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: conservation ; germplasm ; pathogen-tested ; salicylate ; Solanum tuberosum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Acetylsalicylic acid was investigated as an alternative medium supplement to mannitol for slow-growth in vitro storage of potato microplants. At 8°C, culture in the presence of either 100 μM acetylsalicylic acid or 4% mannitolretarded microplant stem growth, and required intervals between subcultures ranged from 8 to over 12 months, depending on the genotype. Several media were tested for recovery of clones from slow-growth storage, with similar efficiences of recovery achieved for microplants from either mannitol or acetylsalicylic acid media. Prolonged culture on acetylsalicylic acid had no adverse effects on the yield of minitubers on plantlets transferred to glasshouse cultivation. At 18°C also, intervals between subcultures could be prolonged to 5.5–6 months by culture on either mannitol or acetylsalicylic acid media. Microplants cultured on acetylsalicylic acid did not exhibit the frequent phenotypic abnormalities found in microplants on mannitol medium.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: postglacial recolonization ; anthropogenic influences ; fish ; Acipenseridae ; conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequence variation indicates that most of a sample of 396 lake sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens, from the northern part of their range belonged to either one of two haplotypes. The vast majority of fish from the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence and Mississippi drainages were of a single haplotype while those from the Hudson/James Bay were composed of both haplotypes. This haplotypic distribution suggests that fish from one refugium (possibly Missourian) recolonized the Hudson-James Bay drainage while those from a second (possibly Mississippian) recolonized the Laurentian Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River. Lake sturgeon still inhabit much of their native postglacial distribution in Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec. However, the stresses of commercial overexploitation and habitat alteration, usually through hydroelectric dam construction and operation, have either singly or in tandem brought about the reduction, if not extirpation, of some populations within the range. The largest zone of extirpation and population reduction has occurred in the Lake Winnipeg drainage area, which covers more than one-third of Manitoba. Other areas where populations have been reduced to remnant levels, if not extirpated, include the lower Laurentian Great Lakes of Lake Ontario and Lake Erie. In northern Ontario, lake sturgeon populations whose riverine habitats have been fragmented by two or more dams are substantially reduced from their former levels. In Quebec, more attention has been paid to limiting the exploitive stresses on lake sturgeon populations. Combination of the genetic and status data suggests that both northern and southern populations of lake sturgeon (possibly from two glacial refugia) have been impacted severely from anthropogenic influences.
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    Environmental biology of fishes 48 (1997), S. 257-264 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Gezhouba dam ; population size ; conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dabry's sturgeon, Acipenser dabryanus, is a relatively small (130 cm, 16 kg) and now rare sturgeon restricted to the Yangtze River Basin. It behaves as a resident freshwater fish, does not undertake long distance migrations (except for spawning), and lives in a variety of habitats. It historically spawned in the upper Yangtze River, but the spawning sites are unknown. Acipenser dabryanus reaches maturity earlier than do other Chinese sturgeons, which gives the species aquaculture potential, and artificial spawning has been carried out. However, the native population in the Yangtze has sharply declined in the last two decades due to overfishing, pollution and habitat alteration and destruction, especially since the construction of the Gezhouba Dam, which was built in 1981 across the Yangtze River at Yichang, Hubei Province. Since 1981, Dabry's sturgeon rarely occurs below the Gezhouba Dam because downstream movements are blocked. Clearly, conservation of Dabry's sturgeon must be emphasized. Conservation methods may include protecting habitats, controlling capture and stock replenishment.
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    Environmental biology of fishes 55 (1999), S. 157-181 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: artisanal fisheries ; overharvest ; techno-fishing ; conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract By the late 1980's, humans were removing 76 million metric tons (MMT) of marine fishes annually. The potential sustainable catch is somewhere between 69 and 96 MMT. As a result, major fisheries have collapsed or are in danger of collapsing. Many of these species school. Schooling is effective against gape-limited predators because of dilution and confusion. However, larger predators may exploit schooling behavior to sequester and consume a non-trivial fraction of the group. This is the strategy of fishers. Both gear and fisher behavior have ‘evolved’ to take advantage of the seemingly canalized response of schooling species. This paper examines the ways artisanal and western fishers have exploited knowledge of the behavior and ecology of schooling species to aid in fish capture. Topics include object association; use of light, sound, and chemicals; perceived barriers; predator-prey and other trophic interactions; inherent cyclical rhythms such as diel migration, lunar spawning, and seasonality; and correlations with the physical environment. Exploiting schooling allows fishers to increase efficiency through knowledge of when and where fish aggregate, or by extending the conditions under which aggregation occurs. However, knowledge of behavioral ecology can also be used to conserve schooling stocks. Gear selectivity, group size and population dynamics, and fisher efficiency are all potential areas of integration between behavioral ecology and fishery management. However, no amount of integration of behavioral ecology into fishery management will have the intended conservation effects if fishing effort is not limited to at least numerical if not behaviorally-sustainable levels.
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    Environmental biology of fishes 55 (1999), S. 31-42 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: captive reproduction ; propagation ; recovery ; reintroduction ; conservation ; management ; boulder darter ; blackside dace ; spotfin chub ; fractional crevice spawners ; egg-clumper ; nest associate ; Cyprinella monacha ; Phoxinus cumberlandensis ; Etheostoma wapiti ; E. sanguifluum ; southeastern United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Species recovery efforts generally focus on in situ actions such as habitat protection. However, captive breeding can also provide critical life history information, as well as helping supplement existing or restoring extirpated populations. We have successfully propagated nine species in captivity, including blackside dace, spotfin chubs, bloodfin darters, and boulder darters. Threatened blackside dace, Phoxinus cumberlandensis, were induced to spawn in laboratory aquaria by exposing them to milt from a reproductively mature male stoneroller, Campostoma anomalum or river chub, Nocomis micropogon. The latter are nest-building minnows, with which Phoxinus may spawn in nature. Eggs are broadcast among gravel and pebbles. Blackside dace individuals reared in captivity were used for translocation. Threatened spotfin chubs, Cyprinella monacha, fractional crevice spawners, deposited eggs in laboratory aquaria in the spaces created between stacks of ceramic tiles. Captively produced spotfin chubs were used as part of a larger stream restoration and fish reintroduction project in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The bloodfin darter, Etheostoma sanguifluum, was first used as a surrogate to develop techniques for spawning a closely related species, the endangered boulder darter, E. wapiti. Both darter species mated in a wedge created between two ceramic tiles. Our efforts have had variable but generally high success, with survival rates of 50–90% of eggs deposited. Captive production of nongame fishes can aid recovery of rare species or populations, aid in watershed restoration, and can help to refine water quality standards. In addition, captive breeding allows discovery of important behavioral or life history characteristics that may constrain reproduction of rare species in altered natural habitats.
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    Journal of aquatic ecosystem stress and recovery 6 (1997), S. 111-127 
    ISSN: 1573-5141
    Keywords: agriculture ; assessment ; conservation ; fish community ; stream ; reservoir ; urbanization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Anthropogenic modification of small stream habitats insouthern Ontario has occurred with little concern forindigenous, non-game fish communities. The combinedeffects of urbanization, impoundment, and agricultureon the fish communities of three small streams, fromheadwaters to near-confluence locations, wereevaluated by comparing current fish communitystructure to historical records (species lists)collected over the last quarter century. Comparisonsusing cluster analysis showed that spatial andtemporal shifts in fish community composition did notoccur immediately after stream modifications but tookup to 10 years. Replacement of common species byformerly rare or absent species was evident in twostreams subjected to urbanization and impoundment;stream sections subjected to primarily agriculture land usedemonstrated minimal change during this study period. Urban zones and sections downstream of impoundmentswere dominated by species tolerant of controlledflows, siltation, channelization, homogenous spawningsubstrates, and elevated temperatures. Barrier-freeheadwater and agriculture zones with abundant riparianvegetation supported communities that were intolerantof controlled flows, dependent on lower summer watertemperatures, and require high dissolved oxygenlevels. Greater understanding of the causative forcesshaping fish communities can be used to facilitateintegration of greater biological realism into anyfuture conservation or restoration programs inanthropogenically-modified streams.
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