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  • Articles  (440)
  • Triticum aestivum  (229)
  • fish  (211)
  • Springer  (440)
  • 1995-1999  (440)
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fusarium nisikadoi, a new species from Japan (1997)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 38 (1997), S. 329-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: conidial morphology ; form-sectionLiseola ; Fusarium nisikadoi ; Phyllostachys nigra var.henonis ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new species ofFusarium, F. nisikadoi, isolated fromPhyllostachys nigra var.henonis (bamboo) andTriticum aestivum (wheat) in Japan, is described, illustrated and discussed. This species is differentiated from other known species of the genus by the following characteristics: whitish colony color, long zigzag-like chains of 0–3(-5)-septate clavate conidia, intermixed with pyriform conidia, produced mostly from monophialides and rarely from polyphialides in the aerial mycelium, very long and slender sporodochial conidia, and no chlamydospores. The long chains of septate conidia are known only in this species of the genusFusarium. The conidiophores on the aerial mycelium sometimes proliferate sympodially. The species is tentatively placed in the form-sectionLiseola.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02464091
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
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    Fusarium globosum from subtropical Japan and the effect of different light conditions on its conidiogenesis (1999)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 40 (1999), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: BLB light ; conidiogenesis ; Fusarium globosum ; subtropical Japan ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The second report ofFusarium globosum is based on strains isolated from wheat in Ishigaki Island, Okinawa, in subtropical Japan. Morphological features of the Japanese isolates are described. These strains show different reactions in conidiogenesis to light conditions. Under continuous BLB light, falcate sporodochial conidia are typically induced, but production of aerial globose conidia is suppressed. In two of the strains, clavate conidia became longer under BLB light. Application of both, complete darkness and continuous BLB light, is recommended as standard light conditions to cultureFusarium isolates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02465667
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impact: Toward a Framework for Understanding the Ecological Effects of Invaders (1999)
    Springer
    Biological invasions 1 (1999), S. 3-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1464
    Keywords: abundance ; bioindicators ; fish ; hybridization ; impact ; invasion models ; invasional meltdown ; invasions ; models ; nonindigenous species ; range
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Although ecologists commonly talk about the impacts of nonindigenous species, little formal attention has been given to defining what we mean by impact, or connecting ecological theory with particular measures of impact. The resulting lack of generalizations regarding invasion impacts is more than an academic problem; we need to be able to distinguish invaders with minor effects from those with large effects in order to prioritize management efforts. This paper focuses on defining, evaluating, and comparing a variety of measures of impact drawn from empirical examples and theoretical reasoning. We begin by arguing that the total impact of an invader includes three fundamental dimensions: range, abundance, and the per-capita or per-biomass effect of the invader. Then we summarize previous approaches to measuring impact at different organizational levels, and suggest some new approaches. Reviewing mathematical models of impact, we argue that theoretical studies using community assembly models could act as a basis for better empirical studies and monitoring programs, as well as provide a clearer understanding of the relationship among different types of impact. We then discuss some of the particular challenges that come from the need to prioritize invasive species in a management or policy context. We end with recommendations about how the field of invasion biology might proceed in order to build a general framework for understanding and predicting impacts. In particular, we advocate studies designed to explore the correlations among different measures: Are the results of complex multivariate methods adequately captured by simple composite metrics such as species richness? How well are impacts on native populations correlated with impacts on ecosystem functions? Are there useful bioindicators for invasion impacts? To what extent does the impact of an invasive species depend on the system in which it is measured? Three approaches would provide new insights in this line of inquiry: (1) studies that measure impacts at multiple scales and multiple levels of organization, (2) studies that synthesize currently available data on different response variables, and (3) models designed to guide empirical work and explore generalities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010034312781
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
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    Lectin like properties and differential sugar binding characteristics of C-reactive proteins purified from sera of normal and pollutant induced Labeo rohita (1999)
    Springer
    Glycoconjugate journal 16 (1999), S. 741-750 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4986
    Keywords: C-reactive protein ; pollutant ; agglutinin ; galactose binding lectin ; fish ; Labeo rohita
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Different forms of C-reactive proteins (CRPs) have been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from the sera of Labeo rohita confined in freshwater (CRPN) and water polluted with nonlethal doses of cadmium (CRPCd) or mercury (CRPHg). CRPN[emsp4 ], CRPCd[emsp4 ], and CRPHg show remarkable differences in their electrophoretic mobility but exhibit strong immunological cross reactivity. All these CRPs exhibit variable agglutination properties with erythrocytes from diverse sources in presence of Ca+2, which could be inhibited by a variety of sugars showing specificity for galactose. Inhibition results show that the potency of galactose as an inhibitor increases about 4 fold in the process of transformation of CRPN to CRPCd and CRPHg[emsp4 ]. In case of CRPN[emsp4 ], Gal β(1→1) Gal and oNO2 phenyl β-Gal show highest inhibitory potency while oNO2-phenyl β-Gal is the most potent inhibitor for CRPCd and CRPHg but the potency of Gal β(1→1) Gal reduced drastically. 6-phosphate D-Gal and stachyose are 20 times weaker inhibitors than D-Gal for induced CRP mediated agglutination, in contrast, these sugars are only 6 times weaker for CRPN[emsp4 ]. Dissociation constants of the binding of CRPN with phosphoryl choline (PC) and galactose are about 9[emsp4 ]mM and PC binding causes a change in the α and β conformations of these CRPs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007167611778
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  • 105
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    Do fish communities function as biotic vectors of organic matter between salt marshes and marine coastal waters? (1999)
    Springer
    Aquatic ecology 33 (1999), S. 293-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: outwelling ; salt marshes ; organic matter ; transfer ; fish ; vector
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The contribution of fish communities to organic matter (OM) fluxes, especially between salt marshes and adjacent marine coastal waters are reviewed. For this a data set from the bay of Mont Saint-Michel and literature is examined and discussed. In a range of macro-tidal coasts of Europe, salt marshes are only flooded at spring tides for a short time. Many animals, including fish, then invade the salt marshes through tidal creeks. They forage there for up to a few hours and swim back to sea at ebb. Meanwhile, organic matter is exported as gut content. In the 4000 ha of salt marshes of the bay of Mont Saint-Michel mullets were responsible for the export of about 8 kg of dry weight OM ha−1 in 1996 and of roughly 12 kg in 1997. Although spatio-temporally variable, the fish communities appear to play a more or less significant role, as ‘biotic vectors’ in the nutrient fluxes between salt marshes and coastal waters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009956605842
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  • 106
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    Predation by juvenile roach on the calanoid copepod Eudiaptomus gracilis and the cyclopoid copepod Cyclops vicinus: a laboratory investigation with mixed and single prey (1998)
    Springer
    Aquatic ecology 32 (1998), S. 335-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: calanoid copepod ; cyclopoid copepod ; fish ; predation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We tested the outcome of predation by juvenile roach on the calanoid copepod Eudiaptomus gracilis and the similar sized cyclopoid copepod Cyclops vicinus in laboratory experiments with mixed and single-prey. When ovigerous females and adult non-ovigerous females of the calanoid copepod and the cyclopoid copepod were offered in equal numbers to the fish in the mixed-prey experiments, the cyclopoid copepods were significantly more heavily preyed upon than the calanoids. Between 14 and 16 females of the cyclopoid copepod and only between 2 and 4 calanoids had been consumed after the observation period of two hours. The single-prey experiments revealed that the conspicuousness of the calanoid vs the cyclopoid depended on sex and gravidity. Ovigerous females of the cyclopoid copepod were slightly earlier detected by the fish than ovigerous females of the calanoid, probably a result of the highly visible egg-sacs carried by the cyclopoid females. Females without eggs and males of the cyclopoid copepod were recognized later by the predator than females without eggs or males of the calanoid, probably a result of the different behaviours of the different copepod taxa. Cyclopoids frequently congregated near the aquarium bottom while calanoids were closer to the water surface where they were better visible. The calanoid copepod could better escape the fish's attacks than the cyclopoid copepod. Egg-bearing females of both the calanoid and the cyclopoid copepod could significantly better escape than non-ovigerous females or males. Probably ovigerous females react very early to water disturbances caused by the predator. Activity measurements showed that the cyclopoid copepod displayed 2 to 4 times more hops per time unit than the calanoid. Probably the high number of jerky movements displayed by the cyclopoid attracted attention of the predator and contributed to its greater vulnerability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009995432725
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  • 107
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    A fishery in a changing lake environment: The naked carpGymnocypris przewalskii (Kessler) (Cyprinidae: schizothoracinae) in Qinghai Hu, China (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 4 (1995), S. 169-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: China ; Qinghai ; Koko Nor ; Cyprinidae ; fish ; fishery ; recruitment ; spawning ; catch per unit effort ; management ; translocation ; saline lake ; dryland ; semi-arid ; irrigation ; conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Quinghai Hu is a large, high-altitude, saline lake in north-western China, and supports a fishery based on an endemic species of naked carp (‘snow trout’). The fish take seven years to attain maturity and a marketable weight of 300 g, and have a lifespan of 14–21 years under the present fishery regime. They seasonally migrate from the lake to spawn over the gravel beds of inflowing rivers, but these areas have been reduced by weirs and irrigation diversions and recruitment may have declined. The population may have been affected also by a 1.85-m fall in the lake level over the past 30 years, and by associated changes in salinity. The fishery was opened to large-scale exploitation in 1958. Yields declined sharply (max. 28,523 tonnes, 1960) as the larger, older fish were removed, and then more slowly (min. 2523 tonnes, 1983). Since 1987 the fish factory has been limited to an annual quota of 1200 tonnes, taken by a fleet of four pair trawlers. Another 800 tonnes are taken by licensed fishermen, mainly using gill nets, and perhaps 1000 tonnes are taken illegally. The estimated total catch in 1992 was 3000 tonnes. New trawlers introduced in 1989–90 substantially increased the factory's catch per unit effort, and in 1990 the quota was virtually filled in one month in a zone within 20 km of the factory. Although this could suggest that the stocks will be conserved if the quota is retained, at least half of the catch in 1989–92 consisted of immature individuals. Trawling operations recently were suspended following a further decline in the catch after 1992. While the new trawlers are capable of a major increase in effort, neither the changing environment, the fish stocks or the present markets favour intensified pressure. Gillnets may provide better control over the minimum size limit and may cause less damage than trawling. Other options to improve the viability and profitability of the fishery include improvements in handling, processing and marketing. Failure to develop the fishery may encourage attempts to introduce exotic fish, at some risk to survival of the local species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02001491
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  • 108
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    Studies on the origin, spread, and evolution of an important group ofPuccinia recondita f. sp.tritici pathotypes in Australasia (1995)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 101 (1995), S. 613-622 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: epidemiology ; isozyme ; Triticum aestivum ; virulence ; wheat brown rust ; wheat leaf rust
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat brown rust pathotype (pt) 104-2,3,(6),(7), 11 was first detected in Australasia in Victoria during 1984. Although it appeared similar to a pre-existing pathotype, 104-2,3,6,(7), detailed greenhouse test revealed nine pathogenic differences between the two rusts. Six differences involved contrasting virulence/avirulence for the resistance genes/specificitiesLr12, Lr27+Lr31 andLr16, and three uncharacterised genes, present in the wheat cultivars Gaza and Harrier, and in triticale cultivar Lasko. Differences in partial virulence between the pathotypes were found for the genesLr2a, Lr13 andLr26. A comparison of the phenotypes for 13 isozyme systems in the two pathotypes revealed two differences, including aPgm2 allele in pt 104-2,3,(6),(7),11 not found in other contemporary AustralasianPuccinia recondita f. sp.tritici pathotypes. On the basis of these differences, it was concluded that pt 104-2,3,(6),(7),11 was introduced into the Australasian region before or during 1984. Seven variants of pt 104-2,3,(6),(7),11, that differed by single virulences, were detected during 1984–1992. Pt 104-2,3,(6),(7),11 and a derivative pathotype with virulence forLr20 underwent rapid increases in frequency, largely displacing pathotypes which predominated before 1984. Although first detected in eastern Australia, both pathotypes spread to New Zealand, and the derivative pathotype appeared in Western Australia. The rapid spread and increase of these pathotypes could not be explained by host selection. Pt 104-2,3,(6),(7),11 and derivatives may therefore be more aggressive than other contemporary Australasian pathotypes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01874865
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  • 109
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    Negative Impact on the Aquatic Ecosystems of the State of Morelos, Mexico from Introduced Aquarium and Other Commercial Fish (1998)
    Springer
    Aquarium sciences and conservation 2 (1998), S. 67-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1448
    Keywords: fish ; introductions ; management ; México ; native species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Of the 22 fish species presently inhabiting the waters of the state of Morelos, México, more than half (64%) have been introduced, mainly for fisheries and ornamental aquaculture purposes. Even though there are other significant problems such as pollution, eutrophication and drought, we found that fish introductions have caused the worst ecological impacts. These problems stem from a general lack of knowledge regarding the characteristics, importance and appropriate use and management of aquatic resources. Conservational actions are proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009676403693
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  • 110
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    Use of the index of biotic integrity to assess physical habitat degradation in warmwater streams (1995)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 312 (1995), S. 191-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: index of biotic integrity ; stream ; fish ; erosion ; sediment ; physical habitat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Indices of biotic integrity (1131) were computed for two annual fish collections from 27 locations along the bluffline bordering the Mississippi River alluvial plain in northwestern Mississippi. Study sites exhibited varying degrees of physical habitat degradation due to accelerated channel erosion. Objectives of index application were to quantify existing environmental quality and to test the IBI as a tool for relating fish population characteristics to physical degradation. Physical habitat data were collected concurrently with fish at all sites, and physical habitat descriptors were compared with the IBI scores and component metrics. Three to 23 fish species were captured from each site, and species richness explained 64–70% of the variance in IBI scores. Fish collections were dominated by insectivores tolerant of habitat and water quality degradation. Suckers and piscivores were relatively uncommon. The IBI scores were generally not reflective of physical habitat conditions. Variation in IBI scores was indicative of only the grossest differences in physical habitat quality. Weak relationships between physical habitat quality and IBI scores may have been due to large temporal variations in biotic integrity typical of degraded habitats. Alternatively, water quality degradation, which we did not measure, may have confounded relationships between physical habitat and fish metrics. Regional application of the IBI as a habitat assessment tool in landscapes with widespread physical degradation must overcome lack of suitable reference sites, large temporal variation in IBI scores, and small numbers of fish per collection, leading to lower confidence levels for IBI scores. The scarcity of lightly impacted sites may hinder detection of biotic integrity response along gradients of physical habitat quality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015512
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  • 111
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    The influence of suspended silt on oxygen consumption by the redbreast tilapia, Tilapia rendalli (Boulenger,1896) (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 325 (1996), S. 31-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: fish ; silt ; oxygen consumption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The routine oxygen consumption of redbreast tilapia, Tilapia rendalli exposed to silt from the Phalaborwa Barrage was investigated under controlled laboratory conditions. Exposure of adult fish to sublethal concentrations of silt did alter routine oxygen consumption by causing increased rates (53–77% from initial) of oxygen consumption. This indicates that sublethal levels of suspended silt concentrations results in an increase in oxygen consumption by the fish due to an increase in metabolic rate associated with increased activity and stress. From the laboratory experiments, it can therefore be predicted that sublethal releases from the Phalaborwa Barrage will stress the resident fish populations. However, the extent of the impact on the fish population will depend on factors such as frequency, duration and severity of exposure as well as the species in question. Long term monitoring of the fish population below the Phalaborwa Barrage is therefore essential.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023665
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  • 112
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    Effect of young-of-the-year walleye (Percidae: Stizostedion vitreum) on plankton dynamics and water quality in ponds (1995)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 297 (1995), S. 217-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: fish ; zooplankton ; phytoplankton ; bacteria ; nutrients ; trophic interaction ; biomanipulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To understand the impact of young-of-the-year (YOY) fish on food web dynamics and water quality, we stocked larval walleye (9 mm TL) (Stizostedion vitreum) in six experimental ponds using two fish densities (10 and 50 fish m−3) with three replicates. At high fish density, the average abundances of cladocerans and copepods and the Secchi depth were lower whereas abundances of rotifers and algae, gross primary productivity (GPP), pH and total phosphorus concentration were higher than at low fish density. Fish impact on bacterial abundance, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, however, was not significant. The within treatment measurements of all variables except GPP were significantly different over time. Our results indicate that YOY walleye predation at high density can affect plankton community by reducing large zooplankton biomass and water clarity, and increasing phytoplankton abundance. The impact of YOY piscivorous fish on plankton should be considered when biomanipulation is applied for improvement of water quality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00019286
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  • 113
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    Microhabitat requirements for settlement of juvenile sparid fishes on Mediterranean rocky shores (1995)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 300-301 (1995), S. 309-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: fish ; Sparidae ; recruitment ; habitat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les caractéristiques des microhabitats des jeunes recrues ont été déterminées pour six espèces de Sparidae (Diplodus annularis, D. puntazzo, D. sargus, D. vulgaris, Oblada melanura, et Sarpa salpa) sur les côtes rocheuses prés de Marseille, en Méditerranée. La profondeur, la pente, le type de substrat, la couverture biotique et les conditions hydrodynamiques ont été relevés dans tous les sites où des juvéniles de Sparidae ont été observés. Les juvéniles de Diplodus annularis recrutent dans les herbiers à Posidonia oceanica vers 5–8 m de profondeur. Les cinq autres espéces de Sparidae recrutent dans les petits fonds inférieurs à 2 m de profondeur. D. puntazzo, D. sargus and D. vulgaris ont été observés dans des zones calmes en pente douce avec des fonds de sable grossier, de gravier, de galets ou de petits blocs. Les jeunes de Sarpa salpa dépendent moins de la pente du substrat pour leur recrutement, mais sont toujours associés à des peuplements de macroalgues. Les juvéniles d'Oblada melanura recrutent dans des zones rocheuses de diverses pentes et sont favorisés par la présence de surplombs. Au cours de leur croissance, les jeunes Sparidae élargissent leur domaine vital verticalement en profondeur et latéralement vers des zones plus agitées. Une partition temporelle de l'utilisation des microhabitats favorables au recrutement a été observée chez certaines espèces. Les juvéniles de Diplodus puntazzo et D. vulgaris partagent les mêmes sites de mars à mai, les deux espèces présentant des densités de populations relativement faibles. D. sargus recrute en beaucoup plus grand nombre dans les mêmes sites entre mai et septembre. Cette étude a permis de suggérer des aménagements spécifiques des zones littorales artificielles pour accroître le recrutement des juvéniles de certaines espèces de poissons.
    Notes: Abstract Microhabitat attributes were characterized for recently settled juvenile fishes in six species of Sparidae (Diplodus annularis, D. puntazzo, D. sargus, D. vulgaris, Oblada melanura, and Sarpa salpa) on the rocky shore near Marseille, French Mediterranean coast. Depth, slope, type of substratum, biotic cover and hydrodynamic conditions were recorded wherever sparid recruits occurred. Juvenile Diplodus annularis settled in Posidonia oceanica seagrass beds at 5–8 m deep. The five other sparid species recruited in very shallow water (〈2 m). D. puntazzo, D. sargus and D. vulgaris were observed in sites presenting a gentle slope with coarse sand, gravel, pebbles or boulders. Sarpa salpa was less dependent on slope for recruitment, but was always associated with microalgae. Oblada melanura settlement occurred on rocky areas with various slopes, and was favoured by the presence of overhangs. When growing, juvenile sparids extended their home range vertically into deeper zones, and laterally in more exposed areas. Time partitioning in the use of suitable microhabitats for recruitment was observed for some species. Juveniles of Diplodus puntazzo and D. vulgaris shared the same sites from March to May, both exhibiting relatively low abundances. D. sargus recruited in far higher abundance in the same sites from May to September. Specific improvements in coastal man-made structures (harbours, artificial beaches) are suggested in order to increase the recruitment of some littoral fish species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024471
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  • 114
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    Critical landscape attributes that influence fish population dynamics in headwater streams (1995)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 303 (1995), S. 71-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: fish ; habitat ; landscape ecology ; refugin ; riparian ; streams
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three landscape attributes are likely to have strong effects on the rate-dependent processes determining fish population dynamics in headwater streams: (1) functional interactions at terrestrial-aquatic ecotones and their influence on temporal and spatial variation in resource supply and predator-prey interactions, (2) large-scale spatial habitat relationships and their effect on resource use and fish movement, and (3) presence of refugia from harsh environmental conditions and their influence on fish survival and emigration/immigration rates. Elucidating how these factors interact over a range of temporal and spatial scales should be a major goal of lotic fish ecologists.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00034045
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  • 115
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    Ecotones and fluvial regimes in arctic lotic environments (1995)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 303 (1995), S. 111-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: hydrology ; river ice ; fish ; benthos
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The fluvial regime in arctic streams is influenced by size of stream, the presence and storage capacity of lakes in the drainage basin, groundwater, and permafrost. Exchange of material with terrestrial environments depends on the season and is more or less suspended in winter. Permafrost and water storage in ice and snow control run off and erosion. Damage to vegetation by flooding, fire, animal or human activity can affect the permafrost and result in rapid erosion. Living space and conditions in lotic environments are modified by ice and during break up are very labile. Fish and benthic organisms in streams have behavioural and physiological adaptations which allow them to benefit from the wide range of river and stream environments found in the arctic and to tolerate the range of seasonal conditions. Ecotones are weakly developed in arctic streams and are of minor functional significance. Only farther south does riparian vegetation begin to play a role in regulating stream processes and not until south of the tree line can ecotones be considered important modulators of fluvial environments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00034049
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  • 116
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    Applying an index of biotic integrity based on fish assemblages in a West African river (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 331 (1996), S. 71-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: fish ; biotic integrity ; river ; Guinea ; mormyridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A multivariate measure of river quality, the Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI), was adapted to a West African river, the Konkoure (Republic of Guinea). Fish assemblages were sampled using gill-nets during the dry season to provide data for the IBI. Ten metrics were subsequently defined. The capacity of the modified IBI to assess the impact of a bauxite treatment plant was tested. The IBI decreased as expected at the impacted station. Detailed examination of the data revealed that one family, the Mormyridae, was almost eliminated from the impacted station, suggesting that members of this familiy can be considered as intolerant species in future uses of the IBI in other African rivers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025409
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  • 117
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    16. Dispersal of freshwater algae — a review (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 336 (1996), S. 151-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: dispersal mechanisms ; water ; fish ; insects ; mammals ; birds ; air ; distances
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A survey is given on the various methods for dispersal of freshwater algae. Dispersal factors are either water or air, or organisms — from beetles, dragonflies and mammals to birds, the latter being the most important group. The question of dispersal distances is discussed, in relation to dispersal mechanisms and to the resistance of the algae to transport conditions. Man's recent importance in algal dispersal is emphasized.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010829
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    Effect of riparian land use on contributions of terrestrial invertebrates to streams (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 337 (1996), S. 151-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: riparian zone ; grassland ; pasture ; forest ; fish ; diet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Since terrestrial invertebrates are often consumed by stream fishes, land-use practices that influence the input of terrestrial invertebrates to streams are predicted to have consequences for fish production. We studied the effect of riparian land-use regime on terrestrial invertebrate inputs by estimating the biomass, abundance and taxonomic richness of terrestrial invertebrate drift from 15 streams draining catchments with three different riparian land-use regimes and vegetation types: intensive grazing — exotic pasture grasses (4 streams), extensive grazing — native tussock grasses (6 streams), reserve — native forest (5 streams). Terrestrial invertebrate drift was sampled from replicated stream reaches enclosed by two 1 mm mesh drift nets that spanned the entire channel. The mean biomass of terrestrial invertebrates that entered tussock grassland (12 mg ash-free dry mass m−2 d−1) and forest streams (6 mg AFDM m−2 d−1) was not significantly different (p 〉 0.05). However, biomass estimated for tussock grassland and forest streams was significantly higher than biomass that entered pasture streams (1 mg AFDM m−2 d−1). Mean abundance and richness of drifting terrestrial invertebrates was not significantly different among land-use types. Winged insects contributed more biomass than wingless invertebrates to both pasture and tussock grassland streams. Winged and wingless invertebrates contributed equally to biomass entering forest streams. Land use was a useful variable explaining landscape-level patterns of terrestrial invertebrate input for New Zealand streams. Evidence from this study suggests that riparian land-use regime will have important influences on the availability of terrestrial invertebrates to stream fishes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028516
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    Spatial and temporal separation of littoral zone fishes of Lake Geneva (Switzerland-France) (1995)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 300-301 (1995), S. 321-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: fish ; littoral zone ; habitat segregation ; species composition ; gill net ; Lake Geneva
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The spatial (distance from the shore) and seasonal (summer-winter) distributions of the ichtyofauna in the littoral zone of Lake Geneva were studied between October 1991 and December 1992. Gill nets were set simultaneously at three different sites of a chosen littoral zone: shore, middle and far (50, 300 and 550 m from the shore, respectively). The results show that in summer more species and individuals are present in the littoral zone than in winter. Throughout the year, species richness is greater at the shore site than at the middle or far site. In summer, total abundance is greater at the far site, whereas there are more fish at the shore site during winter. Perch (juveniles and adults), roach and gudgeon (adults only), have maximum abundance during the summer, while lake trout, grayling and whitefish (adults) have maximum abundance during the winter. For five species (adults only) the site comparison shows spatial segregation of the habitats: greater numbers of perch are present at the far site while roach, tench, lake trout and grayling prefer the shore site.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024472
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    Food-web manipulation in a small, eutrophic Lake Wirbel, Poland: the effect of replacement of key predators on epiphytic fauna (1997)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 342-343 (1997), S. 377-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: key-predator replacement ; fish ; invertebrate carnivores ; epiphytic fauna ; Chironomidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of fish removal on the invertebrate fauna associatedwith Stratiotes aloides was studied in a shallow, eutrophiclake. The biomass of invertebrate predators was approximately 2.5times higher in the invertebrate-dominated year (1992) than in thefish-dominated year (1991), while the density of non-predatoryinvertebrates in 1991 was ca half that in theinvertebrate-dominated year. The decrease was due to a sharp fallin the density of epiphytic chironomids, with the density ofplant-mining chironomids being far less affected. Marked declinesin the density of non-predatory invertebrates in theinvertebrate-dominated year were most probably caused byinvertebrate predators. Once freed from suppression induced byfish, invertebrate predators were able to control the density ofepiphytic prey more effectively than fish.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017095508464
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    The land/inland-water ecotones and fish population of Lake Valley (West Mongolia) (1995)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 303 (1995), S. 235-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: closed basin ; desert waters ; Mongolia ; fish ; life history strategies ; Oreoleuciscus humilis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract New data on fish populations of a closed desert watershed of Mongolia were obtained in 1990 and 1991. For this region periodic droughts, with the accompanying disappearance of lakes and some parts of rivers, are typical. Two forms of a Cyprinid species Oreoleuciscus humilis (dwarf Altai osman) occur in this region during wet periods which usually last for 10-30 years. The dwarf form, is characterized by a maximum SL of 200 mm and early maturation (SL = 70 mm, four years of age). It inhabits small desert rivers in dry periods which last for 3–5 years and both rivers and the riparian zone of lakes during wet periods. The larger lake form occurs only in lakes during the wet periods. It can attain a maximum size of 450 mm and matures in six years, SL = 200 mm. These two forms of O. humilis differ in feeding habits, rates of growth, and morphology. The dwarf form feeds mainly on insect larvae and on plants. The lake form consumes the same food items until it reaches 180 mm SL and then becomes piscivorous. Populations of O. humilis in lakes are restored after a dry period, originating anew from river populations of the dwarf form. Currently there is a transition from a dry period to a wet one. Orog-Nur (one of the lakes of Lake Valley) has been filling with water since 1990. In July 1991 the depth of this lake reached 0.5–1.0 m and fish were found in the lake. The large individuals of dwarf form which came to the lake from the Tuyn-Gol River became cannibals, and their growth rate increased rapidly. The homogeneous environment and low food supply in the restored lakes are suggested to be the main causes of these phenomena.
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    Ecomorphological diet predictions: an assessment using inland silverside (Menidia beryllina) and longear sunfish (Lepomis megalotis) from Lake Texoma (1997)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 350 (1997), S. 87-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: ecomorphology ; trophic ecology ; physiology ; diet ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The functions of an organism‘s morphological structures indicatethe organism‘s potential resource use (fundamental niche). Whilethis information often is also used to predict differences inactual resource use (realized niche) among individuals or species,such predictions may not be accurate because the maximum abilitiesmay not be useful to the organism under specific conditions or inspecific environments. We investigated the importance of sixpreviously studied morphologically based performanceabilities/constraints in structuring the diet of Menidiaberyllina (inland silverside) and Lepomis megalotis (longearsunfish) in Lake Texoma, a reservoir in the Red River basin(Oklahoma-Texas, USA). Of the six morphological characteristicsmeasured (number of gill rakers, length of gill rakers, spacebetween gill rakers, eye lens diameter, mouth size, mouthprotrusibility), only one characteristic for M. beryllina(mouth size) and three for L. megalotis (space betweenrakers, mouth size, and raker length) correlated with the gutcontents as predicted by previous functional morphology studies.This indicates that caution should be exercised when makinguntested predictions about the ecology of an organism based on itsfunctional morphology.
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    Effects of zebra mussels on food webs: interactions with juvenile bluegill and water residence time (1997)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 354 (1997), S. 141-150 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Dreissena ; mesocosm ; seston ; fish ; food web ; manipulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We evaluated how water residence time mediated the impact of zebramussels Dreissena polymorpha and bluegill sunfish Lepomis macrochirus on experimental food webs established in1100-l outdoor mesocosms. Water residence time was manipulated asa surrogate for seston resupply – a critical variable affectinggrowth and survival of suspension-feeding invertebrates. We used a2×2×2 factorial experimental design witheight treatment combinations (3 replicates/treatment) including thepresence or absence of Dreissena (2000 per m2), juvenilebluegill (40 per mesocosm), and short (1100 l per d) or long (220 lper d) water residence time. Measures of seston concentration(chlorophyll a, turbidity and suspended solids) were greaterin the short- compared to long water-residence mesocosms, butintermediate in short water-residence mesocosms containing Dreissena. Abundance of rotifers (Keratella and Polyarthra) was reduced in Dreissena mesocosms and elevatedin short residence time mesocosms. Cladocera abundance, in general,was unaffected by the presence of Dreissena; densities werehigher in short-residence time mesocosms, and reduced in thepresence of Lepomis. The growth of juvenile Lepomiswere unaffected by Dreissena because of abundant benthicfood. The final total mass of Dreissena was significantlygreater in short- than long-residence mesocosms. Impacts of Dreissena on planktonic food webs may not only depend on thedensity of zebra mussels but also on the residence time of thesurrounding water and the resupply of seston.
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    Genetic variability in the European minnow, Phoxinus phoxinus (L.) (1997)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 364 (1997), S. 183-188 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: fish ; genetic variability ; protein polymorphism ; heterosis ; heterozygosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An electrophoretic study of genetic variation at 11 loci was performedfor a population of European minnows, Phoxinus phoxinus (L.). Ten loci, EST-1 *, EST-2 * EST-3 *,GPD-1 *,GPD-2 *,GPI-1 *,GPI-2 *,MPI *,6PGD * and PGM * were polymorphic. IDH *wasmonomorphic. The mean number of heterozygotic loci over all 176 fish was 3.05 ± 0.104(SE). Observed mean heterozygosity was 0.28±0.058(SE) and expected mean heterozygosity was 0.27±0.054(SE). EST-2 *, EST-3 * andPGM * were not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Length,condition, parasite numbers or male breeding characters, i.e. red colorationand tubercles, were not influenced by single enzyme loci.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003151121442
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    Ratios of expected values (REX), a method for impact evaluation of thermal discharges on the fish community in the Pickering littoral waters of Lake Ontario (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 328 (1996), S. 75-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: fish ; community ; power station ; evaluation ; discharge effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Discharge effects on the fish community are assessed for the Pickering power station and a creek in the neighbourhood, located in littoral waters of the northern shore of Lake Ontario. Since the ambience is cold in spring and fall, when the main spawning migration takes place, any positive thermal variation is selected with preference by the onshore migrants. Our goal is to identify these effects when significant or, alternatively, the community richness reduction, and even the biological damage to fish. Ratio to Expected Values (REX) involves a comparison of the diversity indexes from locations under impact versus ambient samples, in order to identify the effect magnitude. To clear the background records of local effects, they were checked for outliers, which have been replaced based on missing-value techniques. Applying the method, the slight thermal increase of the creek discharge was found to produce a higher richness compared to station discharges, hence offering more attraction for onshore migrants. Despite the high attraction of station thermal plumes, the general result is negative, due to a process described here as ambiguous attraction. It is preliminarily identified as a fish attraction, due to favourable thermal conditions at the plume edges, followed by repulsion and fish exhaustion, due to low oxygen level and absence of spawning conditions for the attracted fish, further in the plume. The paper also introduces a new statistical approach of effect evaluation for significance, based on pair comparison of records in the suspected area versus background records.
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    Influence of fish on the breeding of the red-necked grebe Podiceps grisegena (Boddaert, 1783) (1997)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 344 (1997), S. 57-63 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: red-necked grebe ; breeding sites ; fish ; macroinvertebrates ; food competition ; physical and chemicalconditions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract I determined whether selection of breeding sites by thered-neckedgrebe Podiceps grisegena (Boddaert, 1783) was affectedbycompetition for food with fish. During 1987–89, ten ponds inScania, southern Sweden were investigated, five with(‘breedingsites’) and five without breeding red-necked grebe(‘non-breedingsites’). I quantified the biomass of fish and macrozoans(here:larger invertebrates and small vertebrates) and measured thephysical and chemical conditions of the ponds.Breeding sites had significantly lower relative fish abundancethannon-breeding sites. They were either devoid of fish or hadonly nine-spined sticklebackPungitius pungitius. The biomass (dry weight) ofmacrozoans,many of which represent a food resource for grebes, was 16timesgreater at breeding than at non-breeding sites. The physicalandchemical conditions of the ponds did not differsignificantly.These results are consistent with the hypothesis thatcompetitionfor macrozoans occurs between red-necked grebe and fish andthat adense population of many fish species caused red-necked grebestoavoid otherwise acceptable breeding sites.
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    Tolerance levels of redbreast tilapia, Tilapia rendalli (Boulenger, 1896) to natural suspended silt (1997)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 344 (1997), S. 11-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: fish ; silt ; exposure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tilapia rendalli was exposed to various siltconcentrationsfor different exposure periods to determine LC50 andsublethalconcentration ranges. The extent of damaging effects, if any,ofsuspended silt on the exposed fish, were investigated by meansofscanning electron microscopy. The LC50 values rangedbetween21 to 24 g l™1 and 42–48 g l™1 for juveniles andadultsrespectively. The silt concentrations tolerated by the testfisheswere above those found in most natural waters. The resultstherefore support the hypothesis that suspended silt is lethaltofish at concentrations higher than those naturally observed insurface water. The observed mortalities can be attributed tothecombined physical effects of high silt concentrations andassociated reduction in dissolved oxygen levels. To preventfishmortalities and other impacts on biota, anthropogenicactivitiesthat affect the natural variation in suspended siltconcentrationsin surface water should be carefully monitored and, wherepossible,be restricted.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002985707694
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    Land/water ecotone effects in reservoirs on the fish fauna (1995)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 303 (1995), S. 11-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: fish ; reservoirs ; ecotones ; littoral area ; temperate ; tropical
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The morphology and function of one tropical and 25 temperate reservoirs are examined in relation to their effect upon the nature of the land/water interface and, further, to what extent the features of these ecotones satisfy the ecological requirements of the reservoir fish species throughout their life cycle during spawning, larval, juvenile and adult stages. The two main conclusions are that (1) reservoir fish species are especially dependent upon land/water ecotones during their early life history and (2) there exists a strong relationship between the extent of the littoral area and the nature of the fish stocks. Several examples are given to show that manipulation of the land/water ecotone is a major tool for the management of reservoirs advantageously for their major functions.
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    Structural phase diagrams of animal communities in assessment of freshwater ecosystem conditions (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 322 (1996), S. 277-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phase diagram ; dynamics of diversity ; Shannon's index ; steady state ; fish ; zooplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A phase diagram method, using indices of biological diversity, was applied to describe the dynamics of zooplankton and fish community structure in natural and experimental conditions. The phase diagram is constructed in the coordinates H′ and dH′ × dt−1, where H′ is the index of diversity of the community. The method reveals zones of steady state of a community and demonstrates community dynamics in undisturbed and disturbed conditions. Analysis of zooplankton dynamics in a fishless pond showed that in the absence of disturbances the community enters a zone of steady state (around dH′ × dt−1=0) and stays in it for a long time. Under the action of disturbances (e.g. oxygen depletion for fish, influence of heavy metals for zooplankton) the community leaves the steady state zone. The greater the disturbance, the more the system deviates from steady state.
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    Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fish from the Red Sea Coast of Yemen (1997)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 352 (1997), S. 251-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Red Sea ; PAHs ; oil pollution ; HPLC ; GC/MS ; fish ; origin ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A detailed analytical study using combined normal phase high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fish from the Red Sea was undertaken. This investigation involves a preliminary assessment of the sixteen parent compounds issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA). The study revealed measurable levels of Σ PAHs (the sum of three to five or six ring parent compounds) (49.2 ng g−1 dry weight) and total PAHs (all PAH detected) (422.1 ng g−1 dry weight) in edible muscle of fishes collected from the Red Sea. These concentrations are within the range of values reported for other comparable regions of the world. Mean concentrations for individual parent PAH in fish muscles were; naphthalene 19.5, biphenyl 4.6, acenaphthylene 1.0, acenaphthene 1.2, fluorene 5.5, phenanthrene 14.0, anthracene 0.8, fluoranthene 1.5, pyrene 1.8, benz(a)anthracene 0.4, chrysene 1.9, benzo(b)fluoranthene 0.5, benzo(k)fluoranthene 0.5, benzo(e)pyrene 0.9, benzo(a)pyrene 0.5, perylene 0.2, and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 0.1 ng g−1 dry weight respectively. The Red Sea fish extracts exhibit the low molecular weight aromatics as well as the discernible alkyl-substituted species of naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene and dibenzothiophene. Thus, it was suggested that the most probable source of PAHs is oil contamination originating from spillages and/or heavy ship traffic. It was concluded that the presence of PAHs in the fish muscles is not responsible for the reported fish kill phenomenon. However, the high concentrations of carcinogenic chrysene encountered in these fishes should be considered seriously as it is hazardous to human health. Based on fish consumption by Yemeni‘s population it was calculated that the daily intake of total carcinogens were 0.15 µg/person/day.
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    Relationships between mesohabitats, ichthyological communities and IBI metrics adapted to a European river basin (The Meuse, Belgium) (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 341 (1996), S. 133-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: fish ; Index of Biotic Integrity ; mesohabitats ; Belgium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the influence of mesohabitats on fish communities and on attributes of a multimetric index of fish integrity in the River Meuse basin. Three consecutive 150 m sectors in a Meuse tributary (Ourthe, Belgium), each divided in two or three sub-sections presenting various percentages of mesohabitats (riffles, runs and pools), were sampled by electrofishing. In each sub-section, relative and absolute biomasses of each fish species were estimated. The presence of limnophilic cyprinids was inversely correlated (r 2 = 0.70 and 0.56 for absolute and relative biomass, respectively) with the percentage of riffles. Salmonids preferred runs and their absolute biomass was highly dependent (r 2 = 0.71) on the proportion of this mesohabitat, whereas biomass of limnophilic cyprinids was highly correlated (r 2 = 0.75 and r 2 = 0.82 for absolute and relative biomass, respectively) with pools. A positive correlation (r 2 = 0.58) was established between relative biomass of predators and the percentage of this mesohabitat. An IBI was calculated for the three sectors on the basis of results from the entire Meuse catchment. Scores of most metrics showed low variation among sectors but values of two metrics (% of individuals as tolerant, % of individuals as ubiquitous spawners) were greatest in sector 2, where pools predominated. Further, the lowest IBI score (51/65, integrity class: fair to good) was recorded in sector 2 where pools dominated, while sector 1 (where runs dominated) obtained the highest score (63/65, integrity class: excellent). Sector 3 which has a balanced proportion of riffles and runs obtained an intermediate score (57/65). Considering the response of IBI to the natural variation of mesohabitat proportions, it appears that an accurate sampling requires the prospection of a variety of mesohabitats (with a majority of runs) for the evaluation of river quality.
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    Top-down control in freshwater lakes: the role of nutrient state, submerged macrophytes and water depth (1997)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 342-343 (1997), S. 151-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: top-down control ; shallow lakes ; trophic structure ; trophic cascade ; macrophytes ; zooplankton ; fish ; biomanipulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Based on data from 233 Danish lakes, enclosure experiments, full-scaleexperiments and published empirical models we present evidence that top-downcontrol is more important in shallow lakes than in deep lakes, excepting lakeswith a high abundance of submerged macrophytes. The evidence in support is: (1)That at a given epilimnion total phosphorus concentration (TP) the biomass offish per m2 is independent of depth, which means that biomassper m3is markedly higher in shallow lakes. (2) That the biomass of benthic invertebratesis higher in shallow lakes, which means that the benthi-planktivorous fish areless dependent on zooplankton prey than in deep lakes. By their ability to shiftto zooplankton predation their density can remain high even in periods whenzooplankton is scarce and they can thereby maintain a potentially high predationpressure on zooplankton. (3) That the possibilities of cladocerans to escapepredation by vertical migration are less. (4) That the zooplankton:phytoplanktonmass ratio per m2 is lower and presumably then also thegrazing pressure onphytoplankton. (5) That nutrient constraints appear to be weaker, as evidenced bythe fact that at a given annual mean TP, summer TP is considerably higher inshallow lakes, especially in eutrophic lakes lacking submerged macrophytes. (6)That negative feedback on cladocerans by cyanobacteria is lower as cyanobacterialdominance is less frequent in shallow lakes and more easily broken (at least inNorthern temperate lakes), and (7) That top-down control by benthi-planktivorousfish is markedly reduced in lakes rich in submerged macrophytes because theplants serve as a refuge for pelagic cladocerans and encouragepredatory fish at the expense of prey fish. We conclude that manipulation of fishand submerged macrophytes may have substantial impact on lake ecosystems, inparticular in shallow eutrophic lakes. On the contrary, if the conditions formore permanent changes in plant abundance or fish community structure are lackingthe feed-back mechanisms that endeavour a return to the original turbid state willbe particularly strong in shallow lakes.
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    Lake Volkerak-Zoom: a lake shifting from the clear to the turbid state (1997)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 342-343 (1997), S. 367-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phytoplankton ; zooplankton ; eutrophication ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Lake Volkerak-Zoom (area 6000 ha, mean depth 5 m) was createdin1987 by isolating a part of the Eastern Scheldt estuary. A fewyears after enclosure the new freshwater lake was cleardespite ahigh phosphorus loading. However from 1990 on the transparencydropped.This paper describes the transition from the clear to theturbidstate of lake Volkerak-Zoom. The processes responsible for theultimate lowering of the transparency in the period 1988–1994willbe discussed and also the measures necessary to meet thetargetsituation: clear water with a transparency of 2 m. From 1990ontransparency is decreasing due to an increasing algal biomass,probably caused by a reduced grazing of the zooplankton. It ispossible that deterioration of the food quality (by increasedcyanobacterial blooms) reduced the zooplankton grazing.However,there are indications that increased mortality, caused by fishpredation, played the most important role in the reduction ofthezooplankton grazing. In 1992 the recruitment of fish,especially ofroach (Rutilus rutilus), was high (c. 40 kg ha−1).Thiscaused a high predation pressure on the zooplankton and isshown bya decrease of the mean length and vertical migration of Daphnia in 1992. In the same year the largest zooplanktonspecies,Daphnia pulex, disappeared from the lake. Smallerzooplanktonspecies with a lower grazing capacity remained. Because of thedecreased grazing, the algal biomass increased and thetransparencydropped. We expect that inthe future the lake will become more turbid. As an additionalmeasure to P-reduction, removing of fish is suggested to meetthetarget situation: a lasting clear water state.
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    Post-zygotic modifications and intra- and inter-individual nucleolar organizing region variations in fish: report of a case involvingLeporinus friderici (1995)
    Springer
    Chromosome research 3 (1995), S. 285-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: fish ; fluorescent CMA bands ; in situ hybridization ; NOR polymorphisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Silver nitrate staining, a rapid and efficient method, has proven to be excellent for nucleolar organizing region (NOR) studies in fish. Some fish appear to have only two NOR-bearing chromosomes in their karyo-type, whereas others probably have several. In the present study we analyzed the NORs ofLeporinus friderici, a species that, on the basis of previous studies, has been considered as representative of species with NORs carried by a single chromosome pair. The analyses were performed by a combination of three methods,i.e. silver nitrate staining, staining with the GC-specific fluorochrome chromomycin A3, andin situ hybridization with digoxigenin-labeled probes. The results showed that, although more frequent and conspicuous in a single chromosome pair, the NORs of this species are present in multiple chromosomes. Intra- and inter-individual variations observed by the three methods strongly suggest the occurrence of post-zygotic modifications involving NORs. NOR identification in fish, almost exclusively performed by the silver nitrate method, is currently being re-evaluated by methods such as chromomycin A3 staining andin situ hybridization, which may provide important information leading to a better understanding of chromosome evolution in these animals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00713066
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    Developmentally regulated organ-, tissue-, and cell-specific expression of calmodulin genes in common wheat (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 37 (1998), S. 109-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: calcium ; in situ hybridization ; multigene family ; polyploid ; signal transduction ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recently, we reported on the characterization of the calmodulin (CaM) gene family in wheat [44]. We classified wheat CaM genes into four subfamilies (SFs) designated SF-1 to SF-4, each representing a series of homoeoallelic loci on the homoeologous chromosomes of the three genomes of common wheat. Here we studied the expression of these wheat CaM genes in the course of wheat development. Northern blot analysis using SF-specific probes revealed differences in SF expression levels in different organs and stages of development. Subsequently, cell-specific expression of CaM SFs was investigated by in situ RNA hybridization. In developing seeds, all CaM SFs showed highest expression in the embryo and less in the aleurone and in the starchy endosperm. In primary roots, all four CaM SFs were expressed in the root cap, meristematic regions and in differentiating cells. During development of the roots, expression gradually decreased. The wheat glutenin gene, which was used as a control throughout our experiments, was found to be expressed in the starchy endosperm but not in the aleurone, embryos or vegetative tissues. In stems, at advanced stages of growth, differences in cell-specific expression of CaM SFs were found. For example, SF-2 was highly expressed in differentiating phloem fibers. Thus, CaM genes in common wheat exhibit a developmentally regulated organ-, tissue-, cell- and SF-specific expression patterns.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005902905512
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    Effects of diet on spontaneous locomotor activity and oxygen consumption in Adriatic sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii) (1995)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 14 (1995), S. 341-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: diet ; fish ; hypoxia ; O2 uptake ; spontaneous locomotor activity ; sturgeon ; ω3 fatty acids ; vitamin E
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Adriatic sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii) were maintained on a commercial diet enriched either in long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids of the ω3 series (ω3 LCPUFA) or in saturated fatty acids (SFA). The effects of dietary fatty acid composition on spontaneous locomotor activity in normoxia and hypoxia (O2 tension = 10.5 ± 0.8 kPa), and on oxygen consumption (MO 2) in normoxia, in hypoxia (O2 tension = 6.6 ± 0.8 kPa) and during recovery were then investigated. The effects of adding supplementary vitamin E to the fat-enriched diets were also studied. Dietary fatty acid composition had effects on spontaneous locomotor activity and MO 2 in normoxia. Activity levels were higher in all sturgeon fed extra dietary fats (without vitamin E), when compared with control animals, but fish fed ω3 LCPUFA had a significantly lower MO 2 than those fed SFA, with intermediate MO 2 in controls. In hypoxia, sturgeon ω3 LCPUFA did not alter activity or MO 2 whereas those fed SFA reduced both and controls reduced MO 2. During recovery, both animals fed SFA and controls had a higher MO 2 than sturgeon fed ω3 LCPUFA. The data indicate that fish fed ω3 LCPUFA are more tolerant of hypoxia than controls or those fed SFA, as they did not reduce either activity or MO 2, and consumed less O2 during recovery. Vitamin E supplements modified the effects elicited by dietary fats. All sturgeon fed vitamin E had low activity levels in normoxia and hypoxia. Sturgeon fed vitamin E with ω3 LCPUFA had a higher MO 2 in normoxia than those fed ω3 LCPUFA alone; reduced MO 2 in hypoxia, and during recovery increased MO 2 to a rate higher than that of animals fed ω3 LCPUFA alone. In normoxia, sturgeon fed vitamin E with SFA had a similar MO 2 to those fed SFA alone but did not change MO 2 in hypoxia or during recovery. Thus, the effects of vitamin E were dependent on fat composition of the diet. Vitamin E with ω3 LCPUFA removed the beneficial effects on MO 2 and responses to hypoxia obtained with ω3 LCPUFA alone, but vitamin E with SFA allowed sturgeon to maintain aerobic metabolism in hypoxia, a more effective response than that observed in fish fed SFA alone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00003373
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    Genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity in a trophically polymorphic population of pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) (1996)
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 10 (1996), S. 631-652 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: common environment ; reciprocal transplant ; genetic differentiation ; phenotypic plasticity ; trophic polymorphism ; evolution ; specialization ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Adaptive variation can exist at a variety of scales in biological systems, including among species, among local populations of a single species and among individuals within a single population. Trophic or resource polymorphisms in fishes are a good example of the lowest level of this hierarchy. In lakes without bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus), pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) can be trophically polymorphic, including a planktivorous limnetic form found in the pelagic habitat, in addition to the usual benthic form found in the littoral zone. In this paper we examine the degree to which morphological differences between the two forms are caused by genetic differences versus phenotypic plasticity. Adults from pelagic and littoral sites in Paradox Lake, NY, were bred separately and their progeny were raised in cages both in the open water and shallow water habitats of an artificial pond. The experimental design permitted two tests of genetic differences between the breeding stocks (in open and shallow water cages, respectively) and two tests of phenotypic plasticity (in the limnetic and benthic offspring, respectively). Limnetic progeny were more fusiform than benthic progeny raised in the same habitat. In addition, progeny of both stocks displayed limnetic-type characteristics when raised in the open water and benthic-type characteristics in the shallow water. Thus, genetic differences and phenotypic plasticity both contributed to the trophic polymorphism. Phenotypic plasticity and genetic differentiation accounted for 53 and 14%, respectively, of the variation in morphology. This study addresses the nature of subtle phenotypic differences among individuals from a single population that is embedded within a complex community, a condition that is likely to be the norm for most natural populations, as opposed to very large differences that have evolved in relatively few populations that reside in species-poor environments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01237711
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    Changes in the abundance and diversity of coastal wetland fauna from the open water/macrophyte edge towards shore (1998)
    Springer
    Wetlands ecology and management 6 (1998), S. 59-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9834
    Keywords: marsh ; community structure ; physical and chemical ; fish ; zooplankton ; microcrustacea ; benthic ; Laurentian Great Lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Great Lakes coastal wetlands are widely recognized as areas of concentrated biodiversity and productivity, but the factors that influence diversity and productivity within these systems are largely unknown. Several recent studies have suggested that the abundance and diversity of flora and fauna in coastal wetlands may be related to distance from the open water/macrophyte edge. We examined this possibility for three faunal groups inhabiting a coastal wetland in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron. We sampled crustacean zooplankton and benthic macro-invertebrates at five distances from open water in the summer 1994, and fish at three distances from open water in 1994 and 1995. We found significant spatial trends in the total abundance and diversity of zooplankton and fish, as well as the diversity of benthic macro-invertebrates. Zooplankton abundance and taxa richness were highest at intermediate distances from open water in a transition zone between the well-mixed bayward portion of the wetland, and the non-circulating nearshore area. Benthic macro-invertebrate taxa richness increased linearly with distance from open water. In contrast, fish abundance and species richness declined linearly and substantially (abundance by 78%, species richness by 40%) with distance from open water. Of the 40 taxa examined in this study, 21 had significant horizontal trends in abundance. This led to notable differences in community composition throughout the wetland. Our results suggest that distance from open water may be a primary determinant of the spatial distributions of numerous organismal groups inhabiting this coastal wetland. Several possible reasons for these distributions are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008447705647
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    Swamp-riverine tropical fish population: a comparative study of two spatially isolated freshwater ecosystems in Peninsular Malaysia (1998)
    Springer
    Wetlands ecology and management 6 (1998), S. 261-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9834
    Keywords: Malaysia ; swamps ; freshwater ; fish ; riverine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Twenty-four fish species were collected during a study from October 1996 of the swamp-riverine fish populations of two spatially isolated Malaysian freshwater swamp ecosystems. Twenty one species were collected from the Beriah Kanan River, which is located in northern Peninsular Malaysia, compared to only 10 species obtained from the Ulu Sedili River in the south. At both sites, the species Rasbora einthovenii and Hemirhamphodon pogognathu appeared to be the most dominant species, whereas Rasbora pauciperforata and Nemacheilus selangoricus were very rarely caught and Beriah Kanan and Ulu Sedili River, respectively. An analysis of the physico-chemical data showed that although pH, conductivity and ammonium levels were fairly similar at both sites, orthophosphate, hardness and total suspended solids were relatively higher for Ulu Sedili River.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008436005627
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    The induction of the “turbo reductase” is inhibited by cycloheximide, cordycepin and ethylene inhibitors in Fe-deficient cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants (1998)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 205 (1998), S. 156-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cucumis sativus ; Ethylene ; Ferric-reducing capacity ; Iron deficiency ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Dicotyledonous plants respond to Fe deficiency by enhancing the capacity of their roots to reduce Fe(III) to Fe(II). It has been suggested that there are two different ferric redox systems in the roots: the standard reductase, active with ferricyanide and not inducible by Fe deficiency, and the turbo reductase, active with both ferricyanide and ferric chelates and inducible by Fe deficiency. We have used different experimental approaches to test whether or not the Fe(III)-reducing capacity of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Ashley) roots can be explained by considering the standard and the turbo reductase as the same enzyme. For this, we used both Fe-sufficient and Fe-deficient plants, which were treated with ethylene inhibitors (cobalt or silver thiosulfate; found to inhibit the turbo reductase in a previous work), a protein synthesis inhibitor (cycloheximide), or an mRNA polyadenylation inhibitor (cordycepin). At different times after application of these inhibitors, reduction of both ferricyanide and Fe(III)-EDTA were determined. In addition, we studied the effects of pH and temperature on the reduction of ferricyanide and Fe(III)-EDTA by both Fe-sufficient and Fe-deficient plants. Results suggest that there are, at least, two different ferric redox systems in the roots. Enhancement of Fe(III)-reducing capacity (turbo reductase) by Fe-deficient plants probably requires the de novo synthesis of a (or several) protein(s), which has a high turnover rate and whose expression is presumably regulated by ethylene.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01279305
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    Changes in radiocaesium uptake and distribution in wheat during plant development: a solution culture study (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 176 (1995), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth stage ; plant uptake ; radiocaesium ; solution culture ; Triticum aestivum ; cv. Tonic ; spring wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Spring wheat plants were grown in a 137Cs labelled nutrient solution, either in the presence or absence of NH4 as a secondary N source. Between 11 and 64 days after sowing (DAS), plants were harvested on nine occasions. The plants supplied with NH4 and NO3 had lower root 137Cs Activity Concentrations (AC) than those supplied with NO3 only. Shoot AC were equal in both nutrition treatments. Shoot and root 137Cs AC (dry weight basis) showed the same trends with plant age in both nutrition treatments. Shoot AC almost doubled between 11 and 28 DAS after which they gradually decreased concomitant with a similar decrease in K concentrations. Root AC were always higher than shoot AC and increased to a maximum at 35 DAS after which they fluctuated. Expressed on a tissue water basis, the 137Cs AC varied less during plant age than did dry weight based AC. Furthermore, root and shoot AC expressed on a tissue water basis were almost equal. It is shown that the initial increase in 137Cs AC in both root and shoot can largely be explained by the initial dilution of absorbed 137Cs in the unlabelled seedling tissues. No correlation was found between K and 137Cs distribution among ears, leaves, stems and roots in 64 old wheat plants. NH4 as a secondary N source in a nitrate nutrient solution marginally affected 137Cs distribution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00017669
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    The efficiency of copper use by 5A/5RL wheat-rye translocation lines and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 180 (1996), S. 113-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: breeding ; chromosome ; copper ; copper-efficiency ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat-rye
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the Cu-efficiency of 5A/5RL wheat-rye translocation lines and nine wheat genotypes grown in a Cu-deficient orthic dark grey chernozemic soil. The soil used was characterized by pH 5.4 and 0.48 μg Cu g−1 soil (DTPA), and was obtained from a known Cu-deficient site at Stony Plain, Central Alberta. Twelve genotypes (three 5A/5RL wheat-rye translocation lines and nine wheat cultivars) and two Cu treatments (soil amended with 145 μg Cu kg−1 soil, and non-amended) were used. The efficiency for Cu use was evaluated for grain yield and yield components. 5A/5RL wheat-rye translocation lines individually and as a group showed significantly (p〈0.05) higher grain yield both in +Cu and −Cu treatments compared to wheat genotypes without the wheat-rye chromosome translocation. 5A/5RL wheat-rye translocation lines demonstrated Cu-efficiency ranging from 70–127% for grain yield. Only two wheat cultivars (Kenya Leopard and Columbus) showed comparable efficiency (70 and 76% respectively). Wheat cultivars Kwale, Kenya Tausi, Roblin, Katepwa, Park, Oslo and Biggar showed low Cu-efficiency (10–36%). The study confirms that the 5A/5RL wheat-rye translocation confers useful levels of Cu-efficiency to wheat, that can be used as an additional source of variability in breeding programs. ei]L V Kochian
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015417
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    Uptake of zinc by rye, bread wheat and durum wheat cultivars differing in zinc efficiency (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 209 (1999), S. 245-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: genotypic variation ; Secale cereale ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum durum ; zinc efficiency ; zinc deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effect of zinc (Zn) nutritional status on uptake of inorganic 65Zn was studied in rye (Secale cereale, cv. Aslim), three bread wheat (Triticum aestivum, cvs. Dagdas, Bezostaja, BDME-10) and durum wheat (Triticum durum, cv. Kunduru-1149) cultivars grown for 13 days in nutrient solution under controlled environmental conditions. The cultivars were selected based on their response to Zn deficiency and to Zn fertilization in calcareous soils under field conditions. When grown in Zn-deficient calcareous soil in the field, the rye cultivar had the highest, and the durum wheat the lowest Zn efficiency. Among the bread wheats, BDME-10 showed higher susceptibility to Zn deficiency and Bezostaja and Dagdas were less affected by Zn deficiency. Similarly to field conditions, in nutrient solution visual Zn deficiency symptoms (i.e. necrotic lesions on leaf blade) appeared to be more severe in Kunduru-1149 and BDME-10 and less severe in rye cultivar Aslim. Under Zn deficiency, shoot concentrations of Zn were similar between all cultivars. Cultivars with adequate Zn supply did not differ in uptake and root-to-shoot translocation rate of 65Zn, but under Zn deficiency there were distinct differences; rye showed the highest rate of Zn uptake and the durum wheat the lowest. In the case of bread wheat cultivars, 65Zn uptake rate was about the same and not related to their differential Zn efficiency. Under Zn deficiency, rye had the highest rate of root-to-shoot translocation of 65Zn, while all bread and durum wheat cultivars were similar in their capacity to translocate 65Zn from roots to shoots. When Zn2+ activity in uptake solution ranged between 117 p M and 34550 pM, Zn-efficient and Zn-inefficient bread wheat genotypes were again similar in uptake and root-to-shoot translocation rate of 65Zn. The results indicate that high Zn efficiency of rye can be attributed to its greater Zn uptake capacity from soils. The inability of the durum wheat cultivar Kunduru-1149 to have a high Zn uptake capacity seems to be an important reason for its Zn inefficiency. Differential Zn efficiency between the bread wheat cultivars used in this study is not related to their capacity to take up inorganic Zn.
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    Isolated wheat microspore culture (1995)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 42 (1995), S. 207-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: haploids ; microspore culture ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The use of doubled haploid plants in a wheat breeding program requires an efficient haploid production system. While the techniques for producing doubled haploids from anther culture are well established, those for isolated microspores are complicated and inefficient. Four methods of isolating microspores from anthers (blending, stirring, macerating, and floating) were compared. Isolated microspores were washed and cultured in liquid medium. The effects of pre-isolation mannitol conditioning, cell density, culture dilution, and sucrose centrifugation on microspore viability were evaluated. Isolation by blending gave the highest initial microspore viability (75%). Mannitol conditioning and purification by sucrose centrifugation had a detrimental effect on initial viability. An initial microspore density of 2 × 105 microspores per ml was necessary for continued microspore viability. One hundred and nine haploid or spontancously doubled haploid plants were regenerated from microspores isolated without mannitol conditioning using the blending method. Based on this research, blender isolation with an initial density of 2 × 105 microspores per ml is recommended for isolated microspore culture.
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    An improved medium for in vitro grain development from detached wheat spikelets (1995)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 42 (1995), S. 227-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: spikelet culture ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Wheat spikelets detached from the spike at anthesis were cultured on solidified media and successfully produced mature grains. These grains resembled normal grains and contained well-developed, embryos. Lower concentrations of glutamine favored dry weight increase in developing grains. Such grains were indistinguishable from grains from greenhouse-grown plants in germination on moist blotting sheets. The technique of individual spikelet culture can be used to study physiology and development of wheat grains and kernels and to study host-pathogen interactions in wheat floret diseases such as Karnal bunt.
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    Cytoplasmic effects on quality traits of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 189-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cytoplasmic effects ; inheritance ; quality ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The inheritances of thousand kernel weight (TKW), protein percentage, protein quality and grain hardness were studied through an 11 x 11 complete diallel set of bread wheat genotypes consisting of four alloplasmic lines of Selkirk, two alloplasmic lines of Siete Cerros 66, and five commercial cultivars. Genetic components accounted for 93%, 90%, 78%, and 92% of total variation for TKW, protein percentage, protein quality, and grain hardness, respectively. General combining ability (GCA) effects were dominant for TKW (48% GCA, 38% SCA [specific combining ability], and 7% reciprocal effects [RE]), protein percentage (70% GCA, 10% SCA, and 10% RE), and grain hardness (59% GCA, 29% SCA, and 4% RE). However, SCA effects dominated for protein quality (30% GCA, 43% SCA, and 5% RE). Broad- and narrow-sense heritabilities were estimated at 0.95 and 0.65 for TKW, 0.94 and 0.82 for protein percentage, 0.83 and 0.47 for protein quality, and 0.95 and 0.74 for grain hardness. Reciprocal effects were highly significant for all quality traits, but less effective than additive and non-additive gene effects. Aegilops cylindrica, Ae. ventricosa, and Triticum turgidum cytoplasms showed positive effects on TKW in some crosses. Ae. cylindrica, Ae. variabilis, and Ae. uniaristata cytoplasms seemed to have potential for improving protein percentage. T. aestivum cytoplasms were superior to alien cytoplasms for protein quality. Bolal 2973, Kiraç 66 and Bezostaja 1 cytoplasms increased protein quality in some crosses. Ae. cylindrica, Ae. variabilis, Ae. ventricosa and Ae. uniaristata cytoplasms had significant effects on grain hardness. The cytoplasmic variation in B type T. aestivum cytoplasm was found to be significant for all traits.
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    Bread wheat: F1 hybrid performance and parental diversity estimates using molecular markers (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 273-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; combining ability ; heterosis ; genetic distance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In wheat, the possibility of introducing F1 seed into practical agriculture has been greatly enhanced by the discovery of effective chemical hybridising agents (CHAs). Although some technical and economic problems concerning the use of CHAs for large-scale production of F1 seed remain to be solved, a first group of F1 hybrids has been submitted for registration in several European countries i.e., France, England and Italy. Combining ability for grain yield and several agronomic and quality traits was studied in an eight-parent diallel cross. Highly significant combining ability effects were observed for all the traits while specific combining ability effects were statistically significant for grain yield, plant height, heading time and Chopin alveograph parameter P. The level of genetic diversity between parents as estimated using molecular markers is considered a tool for predicting the hybrid performance and heterosis of crosses. To explore this possibility, RFLP and RAPD markers were used to predict the performance of hybrids obtained from diallel and top crosses. The performance of the hybrids was determined in replicated plot trials sown at normal seed density in several locations. Coefficient of parentage (rp), based on pedigree information for all the pairwise combinations of the parents ranged from 0.01 to 0.34. The parents were assayed for random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) with 87 primers which generated 304 polymorphic bands. Genetic similarity between parents, estimated on the basis of common bands using the Jaccard's similarity coefficient (J), ranged from 0.25 to 0.57. Correlation between parental diversity and hybrid performance was generally weak. A positive trend is observed in the yield potential of the hybrids produced in Italy in the last 10 years. In fact among the first set of hybrids produced by random crossing of the available cultivars, none produced 10% more than the checks whereas the last generation of hybrids includes combinations yielding 15% more than the best standards. Our results clearly indicate the need to develop specific strategies in order to identify and/or to select parental lines with a high level of general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA). The information regarding the genetic diversity of the parental lines do not appear helpful for predicting F1 performance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018324811038
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    The detection of allelic variants at the recessive vrn loci of winter wheat (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 101 (1998), S. 9-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: heading time ; Triticum aestivum ; vernalisation response ; Vrn – genotypes ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Substitution lines with reciprocal substitutions of chromosomes containing recessive alleles of the homoeologous group 5 chromosomeVrn genes between varieties of winter wheat with high vernalisation requirement (‘Mironovskaya 808’) and low vernalisation requirements (‘Bezostaya 1’) have been created. On this basis the genetic determination of vernalisation requirement was established. Substitution lines Mironovskaya 808 (Bezostaya 1 5A), Mironovskaya 808 (Bezostaya 1 5B), Mironovskaya 808 (Bezostaya 1 5D) and reciprocal substitution lines Bezostaya 1 (Mironovskaya 808 5A), Bezostaya 1 (Mironovskaya 808 5B) and Bezostaya 1 (Mironovskaya 808 5D) were grown under different durations of vernalisation (3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 weeks) and their response was evaluated. Photoperiodic sensitivity of the original parental genotypes was also determined. Reciprocal substitution lines of the same chromosome that carries the same vrn allele responded differently to vernalisation deficit. Differences have been shown between all group 5 reciprocal substitutions. Lines carrying chromosomes 5A and 5D of Mironovskaya 808 had a high vernalisation requirement whereas lines carrying chromosome 5B of Bezostaya 1 (vrn2B) had a low vernalisation requirement. The reciprocal lines had a reverse requirement. This explains the different vernalisation requirements of the original varieties: Mironovskaya 808 with a high vernalisation requirement carries two alleles (vrn1M and vrn3M) in its genotype that increase the vernalisation requirement, whereas Bezostaya 1 with a lower requirement for vernalisation contains only one such allele (vrn2B). By combination of the alleles in the lines with the substitution of chromosome 5B carrying vrn2 allele that in both original genotypes work inversely to the other alleles, transgressive genotypes have been formed: genotype vrn1M vrn2B vrn3M determines a higher vernalisation requirement than original variety Mironovskaya 808, and genotype vrn1B vrn2M vrn3B determines a lower vernalisation requirement than the original Bezostaya 1. An incomplete vernalisation requirement prolonged the time to heading, with exponential dependence on the vernalisation deficit, or prevented heading altogether. The original varieties further differed in photoperiodic sensitivity (Mironovskaya 808 sensitive, Bezostaya 1 less sensitive) that also influenced the background of substitution lines. The impact of the background on the heading time showed itself by about one week difference between Mironovskaya 808 and Bezostaya 1 grown under 8 weeks vernalisation and normal photoperiod. The difference between the lines with Mironovskaya 808 background and the lines with Bezostaya 1 background was approximately the same and was not significantly changed in different vernalisation variants of the lines. This difference may be caused by different photoperiodic sensitivity of the original varieties, but also by other genes, such as genes of earliness per se.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018394222868
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    Studies on somaclonal variants for resistance to scab in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) through in vitro selection for tolerance to deoxynivalenol (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 101 (1998), S. 213-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: bread wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; tolerance to deoxynivalenol ; somaclonal variant ; in vitro selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study was conducted to develop an efficient in vitro selection system for scab resistance by using in vitro screening for tolerance to deoxynivalenol (DON). Immature embryos of two wheat varieties, a scab-resistant variety Sumai 3 and a susceptible variety Mianyang 11, and their reciprocal F1 hybrids were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D 2 mg/l and 0.6 × 10-4 M DON for callus induction. The responses of callus induction and plant regeneration to 0.6 × 10-4 M DON differed significantly between resistant and susceptible varieties, according to observed scab resistance levels at the plant level in the field. The percentage of callus formation of resistant variety Sumai 3 on induction medium containing DON was higher than that of susceptible variety Mianyang 11. Regeneration of DON-tolerant calli on DON-containing differentiation medium differed significantly between Sumai 3 and Mianyang 11. Averaged across the DON-tolerant calli of two varieties and their reciprocals, regeneration of DON-tolerant calli was decreased 3-fold on DON-containing medium. By an inoculation test with conidiospores of Fusarium graminearum Schw, we obtained several resistant lines from progenies of regenerated plants from DON-tolerant calli. These somaclonal lines had lower disease scoring (reaction index, infected spikelets and disease incidence), shorter plants and better yield components than Sumai 3, a famous Chinese resistant variety.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018354606939
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    Agronomic performance of chromosomes 1B and T1BL.1RS near-isolines in the spring bread wheat Seri M82 (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 103 (1998), S. 195-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Secale cereale ; T1BL.1RS ; chromosome substitution and translocation ; yield components
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The T1BL.1RS wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) - rye (Secale cereale L.) translocations have been of particular interest and are widely used in bread wheat breeding programs. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the T1BL.1RS chromosome on grain yield and its components using 20 near-isolines of spring bread wheat cultivar ‘Seri M82’ (10 homozygous for chromosome 1B substitution and 10 homozygous for T1BL.1RS). The test lines have been produced by substituting the 1B chromosome in Seri M82 (T1BL.1RS, T1BL.1RS) through backrossing. Two field experiments were evaluated under optimum (five irrigations) and reduced (one irrigation) moisture conditions for two consecutive production cycles at the Mexican National Agricultural Research Institute, Ciudad Obregon, Sonora, Mexico. The presence of T1BL.1RS had a significant effect on grain yield, harvest index, grains/m2, grains/spike, 1000-grain weight, test weight, flowering date and physiological maturity in both moisture conditions. The agronomic advantage of the 1B substitution lines on above-ground biomass yield at maturity, spikes/m2and grain-filling duration was expressed only under the optimum moisture condition. The presence of T1BL.1RS increased grain yield 1.6% and 11.3% for optimum and reduced moisture conditions, respectively. These results encourage further use of T1BL.1RS wheats in improving agronomic traits, especially for reduced irrigation or rainfed environments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018392002909
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    Inheritance of excised-leaf water loss and relative water content in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 104 (1998), S. 39-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: drought resistance ; diallel graph ; gene action ; excised-leaf water loss ; relative water content ; bread wheat ; osmotic adjustment ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Little information is available on the genetics of excised leaf water loss and relative water content in wheat. An experiment conducted on the F1 generation from a half-diallel set of crosses involving two drought tolerant, two moderately tolerant and two sensitive varieties was initiated to investigate the inheritance of excised-leaf water loss and relative water content. This experiment was conducted under glass-house and field conditions at tillering and anthesis stages of plant development. Additive gene action, in general, played a major role in determining the inheritance of these traits. General combining ability (GCA) was the main source of genetic variation among crosses, while specific combining ability (SCA) was negligible. Strong phenotypic correlations existed between per se performance and GCA effects in the majority of cases. Heterosis was unimportant. Genotype-environmental interactions and/or differential gene expression appeared to account for different results found between environments and growth stages, respectively. Selection for relative water content appeared to be more effective at anthesis, while for excised-leaf water loss at both stages of plant growth. In addition to drought resistance, wide differences for morphological characters and relative positions of parental arrays revealed the possibility of obtaining desirable segregants for drought stress conditions from the cross Kharchia 65 × WH 147.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018644113378
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    Genes conferring low seedling reaction to Mexican pathotypes of Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici, and adult-plant responses of recent wheat cultivars from the former USSR (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 81 (1995), S. 225-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia recondita tritici ; leaf rust ; rust resistance ; partial resistance ; slow rusting ; durable resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fifty-five spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, mostly released between 1975 and 1991 in eight leaf rust-prone spring wheat growing regions of the former USSR, were tested in the seedling growth stage for reaction to 15 Mexican pathotypes of Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici. In total, seven known and at least two unknown genes were identified, either singly or in combinations: Lr3 (7 cultivars), Lr10 (14), Lr13 (5), Lr14a (1), Lr16 (1), Lr23 (3); the unknown genes were identified in 14 cultivars. The first unknown gene could be either Lr9, Lr19, or Lr25; however, the second unknown gene in 9 cultivars was different from any named gene. Twelve of the 15 pathotypes are virulent for this gene, hence its use in breeding for resistance will be limited. The cultivars were also evaluated at two field locations in Mexico with two pathotypes in separate experiments. The area under the disease progress curve and the final disease rating of the cultivars indicated genetic diversity for genes conferring adult plant resistance. based on the symptoms of the leaf tip necrosis in adult plants, resistance gene Lr34 could be present in at least 20 cultivars. More than half of the cultivars carry high to moderate levels of adult plant resistance and were distributed in each region.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025611
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  • 153
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    Inheritance and allelism of resistances to the Russian wheat aphid in seven wheat lines (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 81 (1995), S. 299-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: allelism ; aphid resistance ; Diuraphis noxia ; inheritance ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Studies were conducted to determine the inheritance and allelic relationships of genes controlling resistance to the Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), in seven wheat germplasm lines previously identified as resistant to RWA. The seven resistant lines were crossed to a susceptible wheat cultivar Carson, and three resistant wheats, CORWA1, PI294994 and PI243781, lines carrying the resistance genes Dn4, Dn5 and Dn6, respectively. Seedlings of the parents, F1 and F2 were screened for RWA resistance in the greenhouse by artificial infestation. Seedling reactions were evaluated 21 to 28 days after the infestation using a 1 to 9 scale. All the F1 hybrids had equal or near equal levels of resistance to the resistant parent indicating dominant gene control. Only two distinctive classes were present and no intermediate types were observed in the F2 segregation suggesting major gene actions. The resistance in PI225262 was controlled by two dominant genes. Resistance in all other lines was controlled by a single dominant gene. KS92WGRC24 appeared to have the same resistance gene as PI243781 and STARS-9302W-sib had a common allele with PI294994. The other lines had genes different from the three known genes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025621
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  • 154
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    Cytogenetical studies in wheat XVI. Chromosome location of a new gene for resistance to leaf rust in a Japanese wheat-rye translocation line (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 82 (1995), S. 141-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; alien translocation lines ; monosomic analysis ; C-banding ; genomic in situ hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A leaf rust resistant wheat-rye translocation stock, ST-1, introduced from Japan, comprised distinct morphological types. One type possessed a T1BL·1RS chromosome with genes Lr26, Yr9 and Sr31. A second type carried a new gene, Lr45, located in a large segment of rye chromosome translocated to wheat chromosome 2A. Its structure was identified as T2AS-2RS·2RL. Despite the homoeology of the 2A and 2R chromosomes and the high level of compensation provided by the translocation, Lr45 was not normally inherited and is probably associated with agronomic deficiencies that will prevent its exploitation in agriculture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027060
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    Analysis of Chinese Spring regenerants obtained from short- and long-term wheat somatic embryogenesis (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 82 (1995), S. 263-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: somaclonal variation ; somatic embryogenesis ; tissue culture ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Somatic embryogenesis was initiated from ‘immature embryos’ on Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium plus 2 mg.l-1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2% sucrose and 0.6% agarose. Somatic embryos were isolated and regenerated into whole green plants on MS medium devoid of 2,4-D. These regenerants were previously demonstrated to differ in their mitochondrial DNA organization. In order to estimate their characteristics three progenies of short-term culture regenerants and three progenies of long-term culture regenerants were analyzed and compared to the parental line. These somaclones obtained from the wheat variety Chinese Spring were evaluated for variation of 13 agronomic and morphological quantitative characters in comparison to the parental line. Significant variation was observed for plant height, spike length, main tiller diameter, between the somaclones regenerated from long-term culture and their parent. Differences were observed to increase with the duration of culture, leading to a significant modification of the structure of the plants. Several changes occurred during the somatic tissue cultures, but to a lesser extent than has previously been described in the literature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029569
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    Spontaneous wheat/rye translocations from female meiotic products of hybrids between octoploid triticale and wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 81 (1995), S. 265-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: wheat/rye translocation ; in situ hybridization ; triticale x wheat hybrids ; Triticum aestivum ; Secale cereale
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Heptaploid hybrids between octoploid triticale and wheat were backcrossed as female parents with wheat to examine the rye chromosome distribution in the resultant progenies using genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). One hundred and one backcross (BC) seeds were examined and whole rye chromosome additions and substitutions, wheat/rye centric and noncentric translocations and rye telocentric chromosomes were detected. Dicentric wheat/rye translocated chromosomes were also observed. Comparisons were made with previous results on the rye chromosome distribution from male gametes of the same cross and differences were found, where in the female derived population a deficit of plants with more than two rye chromosomes was apparent relative to the anther derived population.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025616
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    The effect ofGlu-B1 high molecular weight glutenin subunits on biscuit-making quality of wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 83 (1995), S. 193-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: biscuit-making quality ; Glu-B1 HMW-GS ; soft wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The aim of this study was to assess the effect of specificGlu-B1 HMW-GS on biscuit-making quality. Three soft spring wheat cultivars with the sameGlu-A1 andGlu-D1 HMW-GS, but differentGlu-B1 HMW-GS were used in crosses. F2∶4 derived lines were developed from these crosses.Glu-B1 HMW-GS 6+8 and 17+18; and 7+9 and 17+18 were compared. Lines with HMW-GS 6+8 versus those with HMW-GS 17+18 had a higher flour protein- and alveograph P/L ratio, shorter mixograph mixing time, more vitreous kernels, and a lower alveograph distensibility and strength (all values significant at p=0.05). Lines with HMW-GS 7+9 compared to those with 17+18 showed significant differences for flour extraction and biscuit diameter. The presence of HMW-GS 17+18 was significantly correlated with several biscuit-making quality characteristics in the Dirkwin/Zaragosa F2∶4 lines but not in the Waverley/Zaragosa F2∶4 lines, therefore the effect of HMW-GS 17+18 was modified by the genetic background in which they were expressed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01678129
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    Assessing genotypic softness in single wheat kernels using starch granule-associated friabilin as a biochemical marker (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 86 (1995), S. 65-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: friabilin ; grain quality ; wheat ; wheat grain hardness ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The end-use quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is determined in large part by the texture of the grain (soft or hard). Endosperm texture is currently determined by several empirical methods. These methods are limited because the use bulk grain lots, as opposed to individual kernels; assess phenotypic, as opposed to genotypic hardness; require a quantity of grain greater than that generally available in the early generations of wheat breeding programs, and are destructive. Recent approaches that use single kernels address the problems associated with bulk grain lots, but suffer the other limitations of providing only the phenotype and being destructive. An objective method for determining the texture genotype of single kernels of wheat was developed using starch granule-associated friabilin, a family of closely related 15 kDa proteins, as a biochemical marker. The occurrence of friabilin on water-washed wheat starch granules is apparently unaffected by the environment and is perfectly correlated (no exceptions) with grain softness. The technique presented here can detect friabilin on as little as 0.2 mg of starch and provides a 250-fold improvement in friabilin detection compared to previous methods. The method is capable of correctly assessing the genotype of F1 heterozygotes from hard x soft and soft x hard crosses. Further, the method uses only a portion of the endosperm from the kernel and therefore accommodates embryo propagation and high molecular weight glutenin subunit characterization. This single kernel method also facilitates the genetic characterization of mixed, bulk grain lots.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035940
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    Aneuploids as a key for new molecular cloning strategies: development of DNA markers by microdissection using Triticum aestivum-Aegilops markgrafii chromosome addition line B (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 41-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Aegilops markgrafii ; aneuploids ; chromosome specific library ; DOP-PCR ; microdissection ; molecular markers ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary We established a chromosome specific DNA library of the Aegilops markgrafii chromosome B. Eight microdissected chromosomes B obtained from a monosomic T. aestivum-Aegilops markgrafii addition line were PCR-amplified and the DNA was cloned in Escherichia coli DH5α. Clones were characterized by dot blot hybridization with total Ae. markgrafii DNA. 62% of clones represented repetitive sequences and 38% low or single copy sequences. The estimated length of excised inserts varied between less than 200 bp and more than 500 bp. The average size of inserts was 310 bp.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015717
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    Effects of homoeologous group 1 and 6 chromosomes of the Cappelle-Desprez (Bezostaya 1) substitution lines on aspects of bread-making quality of wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 17-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Bread-making quality ; chromosome effects ; grain hardness ; SDS-sedimentation volume ; substitution lines ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The group 1 and 6 inter-varietal chromosome substitution lines of Cappelle-Desprez (Bezostaya 1) were intercrossed along with the donor and recipient varieties, Cappelle-Desprez and Bezostaya 1, to give 36 genetically different families. The analysis of the means of these families showed that variation in SDS-sedimentation volume fitted a predominantly additive model. There were no significant within or between chromosome interactions among the group 1 and 6 chromosomes. Nor was there any evidence for interactions between these chromosomes and those of the background. Significant dominance/within chromosome interactions amongst the background chromosomes were however detected. Some of the positive effects on SDS-sedimentation were associated with increased grain hardness. Chromosome effects on % grain protein were not correlated with SDS-sedimentation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015714
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    Comparative mapping and its use for the genetic analysis of agronomic characters in wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 27-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: agronomic characters ; QTL ; RFLP maps ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The advent of molecular marker systems has made it possible to develop comparative genetic maps of the genomes of related species in the Triticeae. These maps are being applied to locate and evaluate allelic and homoeoallelic variation for major genes and quantitative trait loci within wheat, and to establish the pleiotropic effects of genes. Additionally, the known locations of genes in related species can direct searches for homoeologous variation in wheat and thus facilitate the identification of new genes. Examples of such analyses include the validation of the effects of Vrn1 on chromosome 5A on flowering time in different crosses within wheat; the indication of pleiotropic effects for stress responses by the Fr1 locus on chromosome 5A; the detection of homoeologous variation for protein content on the homoeologous Group 5 chromosomes; and the detection of a new photoperiod response gene Ppd-H1 in barley from homoeology with Ppd2 of wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015715
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    The use of wheat aneuploids for the chromosomal assignment of microsatellite loci (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 33-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: aneuploids ; automated DNA sequencer ; chromosomal location ; microsatellite marker ; PCR ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The chromosomal assignment of 64 PCR-amplified microsatellite loci and 29 additional fragments amplified by the same primer pairs is described for bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). The distribution over the different chromosomes and chromosome arms appears to be random. The highest proportion of microsatellite loci is found on the B genome, followed by the A and D genome. About half of the primer pairs amplified unique fragments, while the other half amplified additional fragments. 25% of the primer pairs, mostly designed to clones of a PstI-library, amplify fragments on homoeologous chromosomes. In some cases, more than one fragment on a single chromosome or fragments on non-homoeologous chromosomes occurred. The use of an automated DNA sequencer accounts for the accurate resolution of multiple fragments and enables to differentiate between fragments, amplified by a single primer pair, with size differences as small as two base pairs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015716
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    Photoperiodic response and its relation to earliness in wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 59-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: earliness ; photoperiodic response ; Triticum aestivum ; bread wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The photoperiodic response of 15 spring and winter varieties was observed. Vernalised plants were grown under long-day (light period longer than 14-hours) and under short-day conditions (light period 10-hours). The earliness under long-day condition and the photoperiodic responses were significantly different amongst the tested varieties. The earliness under long-day conditions depended on photoperiodic response. The winter-spring vernalisation requirement influenced earliness but did not influence photoperiodic response. Varieties with spring growth habits that had the same or similar photoperiodic response to varieties with winter growth habit were earlier in heading. The tested varieties that came from lower geographical latitudes were usually earlier and less photoperiod sensitive than the varieties from higher geographical latitudes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015719
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    The influence of flowering time genes on environmental adaptability in European wheats (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 49-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: adaptability ; earliness per se ; photoperiod sensitivity ; vernalization sensitivity ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In order to obtain high levels of environmental adaptability in wheat varieties it is essential they flower at times appropriate to particular environmental conditions. The influence of three distinct genetic systems that together determine time of flowering is reviewed here. Vernalization genes are seen to be particularly important to winter wheats for their direct or indirect effects on winter hardiness. Vernalization genes play a minor role in determining flowering time in autumn sown winter wheats but insensitivity is essential if spring sown wheats are to flower. Day length sensitive photoperiod genes play a major role in determining flowering time and adaptability of autumn sown wheats. Insensitivity can promote yield advantages of over 35% in Southern European environments. 15% in Central Europe and offers benefits even in the UK. At present only a single allele of Ppd1 appears to have been introduced into commercial European wheat varieties. The merits of alternative Ppd1 alleles or different loci are discussed. The influence of earliness per se genes that determine flowering time independently of environmental stimuli is less well documented than the effect of photoperiod and vernalization genes. It is likely that genes on chromosomes belonging to groups 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7 may act to modify flowering time independently of environmental stimuli probably by determining numbers of vegetative and floral primordia being initiated or the rate of initiation of the primordia. Earliness per se genes appear to be widespread in European wheats and play a significant role in determining the exact time plants flower.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015718
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    Alien introgression of spring habit dominant genes into bread wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 65-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: bread wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Secale cereale ; Triticum sphaerococcum ; Vrn genes ; introgression ; genetic analysis ; Vrn6 Sc ; Vrn7 Sc ; Vrn8 Tc identification ; rye
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Alien dominant genes of spring habit were introgressed into bread wheat. The introgression was undertaken by simple crossing of winter bread wheat to related spring species or genera, followed by backcrossing to winter bread wheat, and did not involve the use of the ph mutants or embryo culture. The introgressed genes were located mostly on chromosomes of homoeologous group 5, and were allelic to the known Vrn genes in bread wheat. Nevertheless three groups of lines were discovered with the genes possibly located on other chromosomes. These genes were non-allelic to each other and to known Vrn genes and were designated Vrn6 Sc , Vrn7 Sc (introgressed from Secale cereale) and Vrn8 Ts (from Triticum sphaerococcum).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015720
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    The relationships between the dwarfing genes of wheat and rye (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 69-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: dwarfing genes ; gene mapping ; GA insensitivity ; rye ; Secale cereale ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The improvement of lodging resistance by introducing major dwarfing genes, classified either as GA insensitive or GA sensitive, is one of the main strategies chosen by cereal breeders. In the present paper the current knowledge about the genetics, chromosomal localisation and the homoeoallelic relationships of the dwarfing genes in wheat and rye is reviewed. The confusing system of the symbolisation of the GA insensitive dwarfing genes/alleles in wheat is discussed and a nomenclature based on rules for gene symbolisation in wheat is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015721
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    Chromosomal location of genes controlling grain size in a large grained selection of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 77-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Chromosomal location ; grain size ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Grain size in wheat is the most stable yield component and has a favorable effect on flour yield. To identify the chromosomes associated with the large grains of line G603-86, (grain weight over 60 mg and grain length of about 9 mm), F3 lines, extracted from F2 populations obtained from F1 monosomics of crosses between G603-86 (P1) and the monosomic set of Favorit (P2) were tested in the field. ANOVA showed significant differences among parents for grain weight and grain length, but not for grain width or the factor expressing the difference in grain form and density. Homoeologous groups had significant effects on grain weight and on all components of grain weight, while genomes were not significantly different for any of these characters. Grain weight was significantly increased by chromosomes 6D and 4A of G603-86. Grain length was significantly increased by chromosomes 4A, 4B, 2B, 3A and 1B, grain width by chromosomes 1A and 1B, and the factor form-density by chromosomes 6D and 6A. The high grain size in G603-86 results from the effects of genes located on many chromosomes which affect grain dimensions, form and density.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015722
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    The effects of whole chromosome substitutions differing in alleles for hybrid dwarfing and photoperiodic sensitivity on tissue culture response (TCR) in wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 81-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: chromosome substitutions ; hybrid dwarfness ; photoperiodic response ; tissue culture response ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The wheat varieties Chinese Spring, Marquis and Thatcher and five intervarietal ‘Chinese Spring’ substitution lines for chromosomes 2B (2 lines), 2D (2 lines) and 4A*, differing from the recipient variety in alleles for hybrid dwarfing genes and/or the photoperiodic response genes were analysed for tissue culture response (TCR). It could be demonstrated that only chromosome 2B has a major effect on TCR. Allelic variation at the hybrid dwarfing loci seems to have no effect on tissue culture performance, even in the combination D1D2D3 which gives the grass dwarf phenotype. Also the allelic constitution at the Ppd loci, gave no indication for a direct major effect of those alleles, however there seems to exist genetical factors for TCR on the homoeologous group 2 chromosomes which may be closely linked to the Ppd loci.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015723
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    An assessment of the potential of 4DS.4DL-4s l L translocation lines as a means of eliminating tall off types in semi-dwarf wheat varieties (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 103-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Aneuploidy ; dwarfing genes ; Triticum aestivum ; preferential transmission ; Aegilops sharonensis ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wheat varieties tend to be chromosomally unstable producing on average 2–3% of plants with abnormal chromosome numbers. A number of semi dwarf wheat varieties, carrying the gibberellic acid insensitive dwarfing genes Rht1 or Rht2, have been seen to produce distinct tall off types due to reduction in dosage of the chromosome carrying the dwarfing gene. The UK variety ‘Brigand’, carrying Rht2 on chromosome 4D, produced very distinct tall off types when this chromosome was reduced in dosage. The frequency of tall off types was sufficiently high to cause the variety to fail United Kingdom statutory uniformity tests. An attempt to prevent the loss of chromosome 4D was made by constructing translocation chromosomes involving the short arm of chromosome 4D, which carries Rht2, and the long arm of chromosome 4S l from Aegilops sharonensis, which carries a gene(s) conferring preferential transmission. The work in this paper describes the field evaluation of two lines carrying 4DS.4DL-4S l L translocations, and demonstrates their success in preventing spontaneously occurring monosomy of chromosome 4D in semi-dwarf wheats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015726
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    Sequential combinations of C-banding and in situ hybridization and their use in the detection of interspecific introgressions into wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 107-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: C-banding ; FISH ; heterochromatin ; in situ hybridization ; rye ; Secale cereale ; Secale montanum ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The sequential combination of C-banding and in situ hybridization techniques applied in this or in a reverse order, are used to recognize targeted chromosomal regions in cereals. Both methods are described whereby standard chromosome squash preparations are followed by: i) C-banding technique using Leishman stain and a slightly modified in situ hybridization technique using biotin-labeled DNA probes, or ii) fluorescence in situ hybridization technique and C-banding. Both approaches have been successfully used onto mitotic chromosomes of rye and wheat resulting suitable for both their identification and detection of targeted sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015727
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    Fluorescent in situ hybridization — a useful aid to the introduction of alien genetic variation into wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 113-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: alien introduction ; chromosome pairing ; fluorescent in situ hybridization ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) of DNA to plant chromosomes has proved to be a powerful cytogenetic tool. The value of fluorescent in situ hybridization of total genomic DNA (GISH) of related species is demonstrated in the determination of wheat/alien chromosome pairing in hybrids. Its use for assessing the relative merits of the various genes that affect chromosome pairing is also shown. The ability of GISH to identify the presence in wheat of whole alien chromosomes or alien chromosome segments is illustrated. The potential of FISH for detecting repeated DNA sequences, low copy sequences and single copy genes is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015728
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    The development of cytogenetic research at the Plant Breeding Institute Halle/Hohenthurm with special reference to aneuploidy in cereals (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 125-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Aegilops spp. ; alien introgression ; aneuploidy ; cytogenetics ; history ; Plant Breeding Institute of the University Halle ; Secale cereale ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The historical development of cytogenetic research in cereals performed at the Plant Breeding Institute of the Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg from its beginning in 1935 until 1992 is reviewed with special reference to polyploidy, alien introgression and aneuploidy. Th. Roemer founded 1935 in the framework of his Institute a Department of Mutation Research which, in 1937, was extended to a Department of Cytogenetics with R. Freisleben as the first head. Research highlights of this period were the introduction of mutation breeding, the development of autotetraploids in barley and linseed, the discovery of the crossability genes in wheat and the performance of wheat-rye crosses. The main objective in the period between 1950–1960 was the analysis of the relationships between chromosome behaviour and seed set in tetraploid rye and octoploid triticale. Since 1961 the Cytogenetics Research Group was headed by D. Mettin; he was followed by W.D. Blüthner in 1983. The research activities in this period concerning aneuploidy in rye and wheat and alien introgression are being reviewed under the following headings: Cytogenetics of rye; work with wheat aneuploids; contributions to the IR introgression into wheat; alien introgressions into wheat to improve disease resistance and grain quality; the exploitation of molecular markers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015730
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    History of wheat breeding for a half century in Japan (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 215-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: agronomic characteristics ; breeding trends ; quality ; year of release ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wheat breeding efforts for a half century in Japan were investigated by using of 129 varieties registered in MAFF from 1929 to 1984 in the view point of case history for three years. Varieties released in each breeding station are classified apparently by growth habit associated closely with duration of the cold requirement. Heading date is earlier in varieties released in southwest breeding stations (southern varieties) than in varieties released in northern breeding stations (northern varieties). Culm length is higher and the pre-harvest sprouting is more sensitive in northern varieties. In quality characters, northern varieties has the higher milling rate, lower apparent amylose content and larger particle size of flour. In varieties released in the Tohoku district, trend of breeding direction with time is smaller ear numbers and larger 1,000-grain weight and greater resistance to powdery mildew. In varieties released in the Kyushu district, a significant correlation with released year was clearly observed with regard to early maturity, short culm length, less grain crude protein content, less apparent amylose content and higher milling rate on breeding advancement.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00034608
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    Heterosis and combining ability for plant height and its components in hybrid wheat with Triticum timopheevi cytoplasm (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 95 (1997), S. 337-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: hybrid wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; plant height ; internode length ; heterosis ; combining ability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The heterosis and combining ability for plant height and its components of hybrid wheat were investigated in an incomplete diallel experiment including 5 CMS lines and 4 restorer lines. The results showed that heterosis (HS) and heterobeltiosis (HBS) occurred in plant height (PH) and length of the first internode (LFI), second internode (LSI), third internode (LTI), basal internode (LBI) and the spike (LS) of hybrids, but their values varied among crosses and characters; the HS and HBS of LBI were larger than those of other characters, the HS and HBS of LSI and LTI contributed a lot to those of PH. There were significant relationships between internode lengths and PH for specific combining ability (SCA) and general combining ability (GCA), and among lengths of the adjacent internodes for SCA and/or GCA effects. However, the relationships of LS with the lengths of internodes and PH were insignificant for GCA, SCA, HS and HBS. The SCA effects were more important than GCA effects for LFI, the reverse was true for LSI, LTI, LS and PH, and the SCA effects was nearly equal to the GCA effects for LBI. So, LFI was mainly influenced by non-additive effect of genes, while LSI, LTI, LS and PH were mainly controlled by additive gene effects, LBI was controlled equally by additive and non-additive effects of genes. The genes that control the length of specific internode not only affect PH, but also the length of the adjacent internode. The genetic system in charge of lengths of internodes and plant height is independent of that for length of spike. Thus, it is possible to develop new wheat cultivars or hybrid combinations having long spike but dwarf plant height.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003092432309
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    Components of quantitative resistance to yellow rust in ten spring bread wheat cultivars and their relations with field assessments (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 96 (1997), S. 215-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Puccinia striiformis ; Triticum aestivum ; association of components ; stripe rust ; durable resistance ; infection frequency ; latency period ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Latency period, infection frequency, lesion length, lesion growth, disease severity and percentage of infected leaf parts were assessed on 10-day-old seedling leaves and flag leaves of ten bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars after inoculation with urediospores of Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici. For all components significant genotypic differences were detected. Components of resistance tended to be associated. A long latency period was associated with a low infection frequency, small lesions, a low disease severity and a low percentage of infected leaf parts. The latency period, measured as time period until first pustule appearance (LP1), was highly correlated with the latency period measured as time period until 50% of the pustules appeared (LP50). Assessment of latency period of large numbers of cultivars could therefore be reliably done by measuring LP1 which is less time consuming than measuring LP50. Latency period, infection frequency and disease severity were highly correlated with disease development data from field experiments. These results suggest that selection in the greenhouse for one of these components should result in cultivars with high levels of quantitative resistance. Disease severity after uniform inoculation in the greenhouse can be used for monocyclic evaluations because it is the easiest to assess.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002916110347
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    Effects of barley chromosome on heading characters in wheat-barley chromosome addition lines (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 96 (1997), S. 281-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: heading character ; Hordeum vulgare ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat-barley chromosome addition line
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Heading time in cereals is a composite character determined by vernalization requirement, photoperiodic sensitivity and narrow-sense earliness. To study the effects of added barley chromosomes on the heading characters in wheat, two sets of wheat-barley chromosome addition lines, i.e., ‘Betzes’ barley chromosomes 2H to 7H added to ’Chinese Spring‘ wheat (CS-Be2H to CS-Be7H) and ‘New Golden’ barley chromosomes 5H and 6H added to ‘Shinchunaga’ wheat (Shi-NG5H, Shi-NG6H), were examined for their heading characters. All barley chromosomes except Be6H affected vernalization requirement and/or narrow-sense earliness in CS or Shi. Be5H chromosome also slightly increased the photoperiodic sensitivity of CS. Shi-NG5H addition line showed significantly decreased vernalization requirement in comparison with Shi, whereas CS-Be5H did not show any difference from CS. The F1 hybrid of the cross, Shi-NG5H × CS-Be5H, exhibited the same level of vernalization insensitivity as the Shi-NG5H addition line, and plants with and without a vernalization requirement segregated in a 1 : 3 ratio in the F2 generation. These observations, together with previous reports, suggest that the decreased vernalization requirement in the Shi-NG5H addition line was caused by the presence of a major dominant gene for spring habit, Sh2, located on the NG5H barley chromosome. Furthermore, this study revealed that the Sh2 gene in barley has a similar but weaker effect than the wheat vernalization insensitive gene, Vrn1, on the vernalization response in wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003025501591
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    Field assessment of quantitative resistance to yellow rust in ten spring bread wheat cultivars (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 90 (1996), S. 9-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia striiformis ; stripe rust ; epidemiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ten spring bread wheat cultivars with a susceptible seedling reaction to race 14E14 of yellow rust were tested at three locations to assess the level and stability of quantitative resistance. Quantitative resistance was expressed in terms of disease severity (DS), area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), apparent infection rate (r), infection type (IT) and infection density. Large genotypic differences were observed for all variables measured. Morocco was the most susceptible cultivar. Based on its high infection type (IT=9) throughout the epidemics, it most likely does not possess any resistance. All other cultivars carry quantitative resistance. The levels ranged from very low (Taichung 23) to very high (Parula). Resistance levels were lower in Quito, Ecuador than at the other locations. Most likely, the lower temperatures in Quito resulted in a reduced expression of quantitative resistance to yellow rust and to obtain the same protection as at the other two locations, more resistance genes are needed. Therefore, to accumulate genes for quantitative resistance, Quito is considered to be the better location. Though significant cultivar-location interactions were detected, they were small compared to the cultivar and location effect. Therefore, they are considered of little importance and it is concluded that quantitative resistance is a stable trait, in the sense that cultivar rankings are hardly affected by environment. The contribution of infection growth to the development of yellow rust was demonstrated. Between 29 and 66% of the increase in disease severity could be contributed to growth of infections. These figures are probably an underestimation of the real contribution as new infections are very small, thus reducing the average size of infections and their contribution to the increase of disease severity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025154
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    Molecular mapping of an aluminum tolerance locus on chromosome 4D of Chinese Spring wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 91 (1996), S. 31-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: aluminum ; linkage map ; marker ; RFLP mapping ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum turgidum ; wheat ; durum wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The tolerance of aluminum (Al) of disomic substitution lines having the chromosomes of the D genome of Triticum aestivum L. cv. Chinese Spring individually substituted for their homoeologues in T. turgidum L. cv. Langdon was investigated by the hematoxylin method. The disomic substitution lines involving chromosome 4D were more Al tolerant than Langdon. The tolerance was found to be controlled by a single dominant gene, designated Alt2, that is in the proximal region of the long arm of chromosome 4D. The locus was mapped relative to molecular markers utilizing a population of recombinant chromosomes from homoeologous recombination between Chinese Spring chromosome 4D and T. turgidum chromosome 4B. Comparison of the location of Alt2 in this map with a consensus map of chromosomes 4B and 4D based on homologous recombination indicated that Alt2 is in a vicinity of a 4 cM interval delineated by markers Xpsr914 and Xpsr1051. The Alt2 locus is distal to marker Xpsr39 and proximal to XksuC2. The Altw locus is also proximal to the Knal locus on chromosome 4D that controls K+/Na+ selectivity and salt tolerance. In two lines, Alt 2 and Knal were transferred on a single 4D segment into the long arm of T. turgidum chromosome 4B.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035273
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    Characterization of wheat-alien translocations conferring resistance to diseases and pests: current status (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 91 (1996), S. 59-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat-alien translocation ; resistance ; C-banding ; in situ hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wild relatives of common wheat, Triticum aestivum, and related species are an important source of disease and pest resistance and several useful traits have been transferred from these species to wheat. C-banding and in situ hybridization analyses are powerful cytological techniques allowing the detection of alien chromatin in wheat. C-banding permits identification of the wheat and alien chromosomes involved in wheat-alien translocations, whereas genomic in situ hybridization analysis allows determination of their size and breakpoint positions. The present review summarizes the available data on wheat-alien transfers conferring resistance to diseases and pests. Ten of the 57 spontaneous and induced wheat-alien translocations were identified as whole arm translocations with the breakpoints within the centromeric regions. The majority of transfers (45) were identified as terminal translocations with distal alien segments translocated to wheat chromosome arms. Only two intercalary wheat-alien transloctions were identified, one induced by radiation treatment with a small segment of rye chromosome 6RL (H25) inserted into the long arm of wheat chromosome 4A, and the other probably induced by homoeologous recombination with a segment derived from the long arm of a group 7 Agropyron elongatum chromosome with Lr19 inserted into the long arm of 7D. The presented information should be useful for further directed chromosome engineering aimed at producing superior germplasm.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035277
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    Chromosomal location of powdery mildew resistance genes in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) 3. Gene Pm22 in cultivar Virest (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 91 (1996), S. 149-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: common wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; powdery mildew ; resistance gene ; monosomic analysis ; gene location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Common wheat cultivar Virest possesses mildew resistance which is different from resistances expressed by currently documented mildew resistance genes, detected by response to eleven differential wheat powdery mildew isolates. F2 populations from hybrids of the 21 ‘Chinese Spring’ monosomic lines with ‘Virest’ revealed one major dominant gene, located on wheat chromosome 1D. The new gene is designated Pm22. Italian cultivars Elia, Est Mottin, Ovest and Tudest also showed the disease response pattern corresponding to ‘Virest’.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021064
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    Factors influencing the development of bread wheat plant types to be grown in the ‘transitional zone’ in northern Syria (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 91 (1996), S. 153-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: adaptation ; intrinsic earliness ; Triticum aestivum ; vernalization ; wheat ; Syria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This study sought to identify factors that influence wheat development in the transitional wheat growing zone of northern Syria. Three development factors were studied, intrinsic earliness, and responses to vernalization and to photoperiod. Two sets of wheat were studied, each composed of lines with differing combinations of development factors. Set 1 comprised 20 parental and breeding lines utilized by the CIMMYT/ICARDA facultative and winter wheat breeding program based at Tel Hadya. Set 2 comprised 19 parental and breeding lines utilized by an Australian winter wheat breeding program based at Temora. Field development was recorded in greatest detail at one site. Tel Hadya, using the state of differentiation of the apex of the main tiller of sampled plants. To extend findings, development was also recorded as the time from sowing to ear emergence for later sowings of wheat at Tel Hadya, and in sowings at four other regional sites. The significance of each development factor was tested in multiple regressions that predicted either stage of apical development at Tel Hadya, or time to ear emergence in all trials. It was found that intrinsic earliness was the major factor associated with development, in both sets of wheat. Response to photoperiod had a much smaller and less consistent effect. Response to vernalization had least effect on development, possibly because low temperature in winter delayed development for a longer period than was required to fully vernalize winter wheats. Our results suggested it may not be directly relevant whether spring or winter wheats are grown in the transitional zone of northern Syria. The desired phenotype for the region, of slow development prior to double ridge, then fast development to ear emergence, cannot be simply achieved from combinations of the three development factors. Selection for improved adaptation to the region must continue to rely on direct field observations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021065
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    The effect of gibberellic acid on male fertility in bread wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 91 (1996), S. 297-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: bread wheat ; gibberellin sensitivity ; male sterility ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) on male fertility was investigated in wheat. Greenhouse and field experiments were carried out. GA3 induced high levels of male sterility both in gibberellin (GA)-sensitive and GA-insensitive genotypes. The optimum concentration was 2000 ppm of GA3 when applied at successive sprays. The critical period for GA3 treatment, in the general sense, extended from glume differentiation to premeiotic interphase in the oldest florets of the spike, though differences were found between GA-sensitive and GA-insensitive genotypes in the extension of this period. The effect of GA3 on plant height was also studied. The potential use of GA3 as a chemical hybridizing agent in wheat breeding is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033091
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    CIMMYT's approach to breed for drought tolerance (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 92 (1996), S. 147-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: breeding methodology ; drought patterns ; input-efficiency ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary About 32% of the 99 million ha wheat grown in developing countries experiences varying levels of drought stress. Three major drought types have been identified: Late drought (LD) is common in the Mediterranean region, early drought (ED) is found in Latin America and wheat is produced on residual soil moisture (RM) in the Indian subcontinent and part of Australia. Until 1983, CIMMYT selected all germplasm under near optimum conditions for its yield potential and tested only advanced lines under drought. In spite of many critics, this approach proved to be successful, since in the mid 80's CIMMYT germplasm was grown on 45% of the wheat area in LC with annual rainfall from 300–500 mm and on 21% in areas with less than 300 mm. Since 1983, CIMMYT's drought breeding methodology is to alternate segregating populations between drought stressed and fully irrigated conditions (FI) and to test advanced lines under a line source irrigation system. To compare the efficiency of these approach, yield of four, mostly leading varieties, from each of the regions with LD, ED, RM, and FI and twelve recent CIMMYT cultivars selected for high yield under FI and RM conditions (ALT) were compared under four different moisture regimes (FI, LD, ED, and RM) in 89–90 and 90–91 in Yaqui Valley, Mexico. Genotypic correlation between yield and days to flowering, days to maturity, height, grains m-2, TKW, test weight and grain fill period were calculated. Mean grain yield of the four best lines in the ALT group was highest under all moisture stress regimes, followed by the FI-group. However, the highest yielding cultivar within each moisture regime was from the FI-group under FI, from the LD-group under LD, and from the ALT-group under ED and RM conditions. Estimates for genetic advance suggest that FI is the best environment for increasing grain yield even in all three drought environments. This indicates that yield potential per se is beneficial also in drought environments. The highest yield in drought environments was realized by the CIM cultivars selected under FI and RM. Simultaneous evaluation of the germplasm under near optimum conditions, to utilize high heritabilities and identify lines with high yield potential, and under stress conditions to preserve alleles for drought tolerance seem at present the best strategy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022840
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    Genetic variation for nitrogen use efficiency in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 92 (1996), S. 221-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: hybrid lines ; nitrogen efficiency ; variation ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The new European Common Agricultural Policy and environmental considerations are certainly to change agricultural practices toward low input cultivation systems. Nitrogen is one of the main inputs of winter wheat in northern France and it contributes highly to phreatic water pollution. A research programme has then been set up in order to study whether it is possible to breed for winter wheat cultivars using more efficiently N fertilisers. Less nitrogen would be applied, decreasing pollution risks and operational costs. It has been shown that a large variation exists for N related traits and for the resistance against N deficiency. On the one hand the cv Arche is very resistant to N deficiency, its yield on low N conditions (with no N fertiliser) is on average 89% of its yield on high N conditions (with a high N application). On the other hand, cv Récital is very susceptible to N deficiency as this same percentage is only 61%. A study on 10 hybrids showed that heterosis for grain yield was higher at low N level than at high N level. This was due to a higher number of grains per m2.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022848
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    The crossability percentages of 96 bread wheat landraces and cultivars from Japan with rye (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 92 (1995), S. 301-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; bread wheat ; Secale cereale ; rye ; crossability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Crossability of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from Japan with rye (Secale cereale L.) was investigated by controlled pollination. No normal seeds were produced, but numbers of shrivelled and small seeds with embryos were used to estimate crossability amongst the 96 accessions, viz: 0–10% (29), 10–30% (23), 30–50% (11), 50–90% (33). The investigation for the pedigrees of varieties with more than 50% crossability percentages showed that the kr alleles of some accessions derived from common ancestors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037112
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    Response of wheat genotypes to sowing date and boron fertilization aimed at controlling sterility in a rice-wheat rotation in Nepal (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 188 (1997), S. 249-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: boron ; rice-wheat rotation ; sterility ; time of sowing ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Spikelet sterility in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is emerging as a production threat in different parts of Nepal. This study was aimed at determining the effects of sowing date and boron application in controlling spikelet sterility in four different genotypes of spring wheat in a rice-wheat system in the western hills of Nepal. Four genotypes of known different responses to boron were planted on 21 November, 6 December and 21 December, 1994 with or without boron application at 1 kg B ha-1 (i.e. 9 kg borax ha-1) on a soil that was known to be deficient in boron. The effect of sowing date was significant for the phenology, yield components, percentage sterility and grain yield. Sterility was significantly increased in the crop planted on 21 December, which had also the lowest 1000 seed weight and grain yield; there was an almost 50% grain yield reduction compared to the crop planted on 21 November. Terminal moisture stress (i.e. lack of moisture during the later part of the development) was observed in the late sown crop which also amplified the extent of sterility associated with boron deficiency. Genotypes differed in response to sowing dates and boron treatment for all of the phenological events measured, yield components, grain yield and percentage sterility. SW-41 and BL-1022 had significantly higher sterility at all sowing dates. BL-1249 showed a consistently lower% sterility over all sowing dates and boron treatments. The addition of boron significantly increased the number of grains set per spike thereby decreasing the total sterility in boron responsive genotypes SW-41 and BL-1022 while those not susceptible did not respond. The boron concentration in the flag leaf at anthesis was increased in treatments with added B in the soil but genotypes did not differ in boron concentration for any soil treatment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004202725382
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    Genotypic variation in response of barley to boron deficiency (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 215 (1999), S. 65-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; boron deficiency ; Hordeum vulgare ; Triticum aestivum ; variation ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Responses of a range of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes to boron (B) deficiency were studied in two experiments carried out in sand culture and in the field at Chiang Mai, Thailand. In experiment 1, two barley genotypes, Stirling (two-row) and BRB 2 (six-row) and one wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotype, SW 41, were evaluated in sand culture with three levels of applied B (0, 0.1 and 1.0 μM B) to the nutrient solution. It was found that B deficiency depressed flag leaf B concentration at booting, grain number and grain yield of all genotypes. In barley Stirling, B deficiency also depressed number of spikes plant-1, spikelets spike-1 and straw yield. However, no significant difference between genotypes in flag leaf B concentration was found under low B treatments. Flag leaf B concentration below 4 mg kg-1 was associated with grain set reduction and could, therefore, be used as a general indicator for B status in barley. In experiment 2, nine barley and two wheat genotypes were evaluated in the field on a low B soil with three levels of B. Boron levels were varied by applying either 2 t of lime ha-1 (BL), no B (B0) or 10 kg Borax ha-1 (B+) to the soil prior to sowing. Genotypes differed in their B response for grain spike-1, grain spikelet-1 and grain set index (GSI). The GSI of the B efficient wheat, Fang 60, exceeded 90% in all B treatments. The B inefficient wheat SW 41 and most of the barley genotypes set grain normally (GSI 〉80%) only at the B+. In B0 GSI of the barley genotypes ranged from 23% to 84%, and in BL from 19% to 65%. Three of the barley with severely depressed GSI in B0 and BL also had a decreased number of spikelets spike-1. In experiment 3, 21 advanced barley lines from the Barley Thailand Yield Nursery 1997/98 (BTYN 1997/98) were screened for B response in sand culture with no added B. Grain Set Index of the Fang 60 and SW 41 checks were 98 and 65%, respectively, and GSI of barley lines ranged between 5 and 90%. One advanced line was identified as B efficient and two as moderately B efficient. The remaining lines ranked between moderately inefficient to inefficient. These experiments have established that there is a range of responses to B in barley genotypes. This variation in the B response was observed in vegetative as well as reproductive growth. Boron efficiency should be considered in breeding and selection of barley in low B soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004736610871
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    Phytochelatins as biomarkers for heavy metal stress in maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): combined effects of copper and cadmium (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 203 (1998), S. 119-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biomarker ; cadmium ; copper ; heavy metal ; PC ; PC-SH ; phytochelatin ; stress ; toxicity ; Triticum aestivum ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Heavy metal contaminated soils often show increased levels of more than one metal, e.g. copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb) or nickel (Ni). In case such soils are used for crop production, prediction of yield reduction or quality decline due to heavy metals in the soil is inadequate when based only on chemical soil analysis. The use of biomarkers such as phytochelatins (PC), non-protein thiols specifically induced in plants upon exposure to heavy metals, may be an additional tool or diagnostic criterion in heavy metal research and in practice. In the present work, Cu and Cd uptake and induction of PC synthesis are studied with hydroponically grown maize and wheat plants exposed to mixtures of the two metals. We observed a close positive relationship between the concentrations of Cd and PC in the plant shoot material. A decreased shoot concentration of Cd after addition of Cu, due to metal competition at common root absorption sites, coincided with lower shoot PC levels. Also differences in metal uptake and xylary metal transport among the two plant species were reflected in corresponding differences in PC concentration. The observed direct relationship between shoot PC concentration and the degree of metal-induced growth inhibition makes the use of PC promising for the purpose tested for.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004373700581
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    Leaf development and phenology of Triticum aestivum and T. durum under different moisture regimes (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 170 (1995), S. 377-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: anthesis ; flag leaf area ; number of leaves ; phyllochron ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum turgidum var. durum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat grain yield production in the rain-fed areas is limited by water deficits during crop growth. A greenhouse experiment was conducted during spring 1992 at ICARDA, Tel Hadya, Syria, with eight genotypes representing two Triticum species (Triticum turgidum var. durum and Triticum aestivum L.) under four soil-moisture regimes (95%, 75%, 55%, and 35% field capacity) to study the effect of water deficit on leaf development. The phyllochron was similar in the two species across the watering regimes. The range in variation in phyllochron among the genotypes was similar in the two species. Phyllochron response to water stress among genotypes was distinct in the driest regime in both species. Cham 6 (T. aestivum) and Gallareta (T. turgidum var. durum) had similar phyllochron across all moisture regimes whereas in other genotypes phyllochron was higher in the dries regime. Leaf area decreased with increasing moisture stress. Triticum turgidum var. durum genotypes were later in flowering as they had, on average, one leaf more than Triticum aestivum genotypes with similar leaf appearance rates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010492
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    Comparison of plant uptake and plant toxicity of various ions in wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 172 (1995), S. 167-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; boron ; copper ; gallium ; iron ; lanthanum ; manganese ; nutrient concentrations ; scandium ; Triticum aestivum ; toxicity ; wheat ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of varying solution concentrations of manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), boron (B), iron (Fe), gallium (Ga) and lanthanum (La) on plant chemical concentrations, plant uptake and plant toxicity were determined in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in a low ionic strength (2.7×10−3 M solution culture). Increasing the solution concentration of Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Fe, Ga and La increased plant concentrations of that ion. Asymptotic maximum plant concentrations were reached for Zn (10 mg kg DM−1 in the roots), Ga (2 mg kg DM−1 in the tops and 18 mg kg DM−1 in the roots) and La (0.4 mg kg DM−1 in the tops and 4 mg kg DM−1 in the roots). Plant ion concentrations were, on average, 3 times higher in the roots than the tops for Mn and Zn, 7 times for Cu, 9 times for Fe, 12 times for Ga and 15 times for La. In contrast, B concentrations were higher in the tops than the roots by, on average, 2 times. The estimated toxicity threshold (plant concentration at which a rapid decrease in yield occurred) in the tops was 0.4 mg g DM−1 for B, 2 for Zn, 0.075 for Cu and 0.09 for La and in the roots 0.2 mg g DM−1 for B, 5 for Zn, 0.3 for Cu and 3 for La. Plant uptake rates of the ions (as estimated by the slope of the relationship between solution ion concentrations and plant ion concentrations) was in the order B〈Fe〈Mn〈La〈Zn〈Ga〈Cu for the tops and B〈Mn〈Fe〈Zn〈La〈Cu〈Ga for the roots. In the roots, the uptake rates of La, Cu and Ga was exceptionally high (〉 250 mg kg DM−1 μM −1). Plant toxicity was estimated as the reciprocal of the plant concentration that reduced yield by 50% (change in relative yield per mg ion kg DM−1). The plant toxicity of the ions tested was in the order Mn〈Zn〈B〈Fe=Ga〈La〈Cu in the tops and Mn〈Ga〈Zn〈Fe=La〈Cu〈B in the roots. Copper was unusual in that plant uptake and plant toxicity was high for a plant trace nutrient.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011318
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    Dual inoculation with Aspergillus fumigatus and Glomus mosseae enhances biomass production and nutrient uptake in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) supplied with organic phosphorus as Na-phytate (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 173 (1995), S. 97-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aspergillus fumigatus ; Glomus mosseae ; organic phosphorus utilisation ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a pot experiment, wheat was grown for 50 days in two heat-sterilized low-phosphorus (P) soils supplied with organic P as Na-phytate. Seed inoculation with the phosphatase-producing fungus (PPF) Aspergillus fumigatus or soil inoculation with the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus Glomus mosseae increased shoot and root dry weight and root length, phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere and shoot concentrations of P and to a lesser extent of K and Mg. As a rule, the greatest effects on those parameters were most in the combined inoculation treatment (PPF + VAM). Shoot concentrations of Cu and Zn were only enhanced by VAM, not by PPF. At harvest, depletion of organic P in the rhizosphere soil increased in the order of: sterilized soil 〈 PPF 〈 VAM 〈 PPF + VAM which corresponded with the enhanced P concentrations in the plants. The results demonstrate that organic P in form of Na-Phytate is efficiently used by VAM and that use of organic P can be increased by simultaneous inoculation with phosphatase-producing fungi.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00155522
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    Fate and effects on yield components of extra applications of nitrogen on spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in solution culture (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 175 (1995), S. 179-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: grain protein concentration ; nitrate ; nitrogen ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was grown with daily additions of nitrate-N. The relative addition rate of nitrate-N was decreased stepwise, and after 125 days of growth, 58 mg N plant-1 had been introduced. The fate and effect of an extra addition of nitrate (20 mg N plant-1) at six different times during the ontogeny (37, 54, 66, 79, 94 and 108 days from sowing) on grain yield and grain protein concentration was investigated. The plants absorbed all or most of the extra nitrate at all stages of development evaluated. Dry matter production of both aerial vegetative parts and grains, but not roots, generally increased as a result of the extra nitrate addition. The increase in grain dry matter was mainly an effect of an increased number of grains per plant. Extra nitrate applications had large effects on grain nitrogen content at all stages, but the effect on main shoot and tiller ears varied depending on the time of application. Early applications, i.e. before anthesis, mainly led to increased yield with unchanged protein concentration whereas late applications also led to increased grain protein concentration. The largest effect on grain nitrogen concentration (25–30% increase) was obtained when the extra nitrate was applied late after sowing, i.e. less than four weeks before final harvest. As the extra dose of nitrate was labelled with 15N, it was possible to follow the movement of the extra nitrogen addition within the plant. Samples were taken at one and five days after 15N-addition and at final harvest. There were differences in the movement of 15N depending on when it was introduced. Generally, net movement of the 15N-labelled N into the grain increased with age at application until 94 days after sowing when a maximum of 90% of the added 15N ended up in the grain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011353
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    Effect of soil drying on growth, biomass allocation and leaf gas exchange of two annual grass species (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 185 (1996), S. 137-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: C3 ; C4 ; relative growth rate ; Tragus racemosus ; Triticum aestivum ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Influence of short-term water stress on plant growth and leaf gas exchange was studied simultaneously in a growth chamber experiment using two annual grass species differing in photosynthetic pathway type, plant architecture and phenology:Triticum aestivum L. cv. Katya-A-1 (C3, a drought resistant wheat cultivar of erect growth) andTragus racemosus (L.) All. (C4, a prostrate weed of warm semiarid areas). At the leaf level, gas exchange rates declined with decreasing soil water potential for both species in such a way that instantaneous photosynthetic water use efficiency (PWUE, mmol CO2 assimilated per mol H2O transpired) increased. At adequate water supply, the C4 grass showed much lower stomatal conductance and higher PWUE than the C3 species, but this difference disappeared at severe water stress when leaf gas exchange rates were similarly reduced for both species. However, by using soil water more sparingly, the C4 species was able to assimilate under non-stressful conditions for a longer time than the C3 wheat did. At the whole-plant level, decreasing water availability substantially reduced the relative growth rate (RGR) ofT. aestivum, while biomass partitioning changed in favour of root growth, so that the plant could exploit the limiting water resource more efficiently. The change in partitioning preceded the overall reduction of RGR and it was associated with increased biomass allocation to roots and less to leaves, as well as with a decrease in specific leaf area. Water saving byT. racemosus sufficiently postponed water stress effects on plant growth occurring only as a moderate reduction in leaf area enlargement. For unstressed vegetative plants, relative growth rate of the C4 T. racemosus was only slightly higher than that of the C3 T. aestivum, though it was achieved at a much lower water cost. The lack of difference in RGR was probably due to growth conditions being relatively suboptimal for the C4 plant and also to a relatively large investment in stem tissues by the C4 T. racemosus. Only 10% of the plant biomass was allocated to roots in the C4 species while this was more than 30% for the C3 wheat cultivar. These results emphasize the importance of water saving and high WUE of C4 plants in maintaining growth under moderate water stress in comparison with C3 species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02257570
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    Plant genotype, micronutrient fertilization and take-all infection influence bacterial populations in the rhizosphere of wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 183 (1996), S. 269-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici ; manganese ; microorganisms ; nutrient deficiency ; rhizosphere ; roots ; Triticum aestivum ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between micronutrient efficiency of four wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes, tolerance to take-all disease (caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis (Sacc.) Arx and Olivier var. tritici Walker), and bacterial populations in the rhizosphere was tested in soil fertilized differentially with Zn and Mn. Plant growth was reduced by Mn or Zn deficiency and also by take-all. There was an inverse relationship between micronutrient efficiency of wheat genotypes when grown in deficient soils and the length of take-all lesions on roots (efficient genotypes had shorter lesions than inefficient ones). In comparison to the rhizosphere of control plants of genotypes Aroona and C8MM receiving sufficient Mn and Zn, the total numbers of bacterial cfu (colony forming units) were greater in the rhizosphere of Zn-efficient genotype Aroona under Zn deficiency and in Mn-efficient genotype C8MM under Mn deficiency. These effects were not observed in other genotypes. Take-all decreased the number of bacterial cfu in the rhizosphere of fully-fertilized plants but not of those subjected to either Mn or Zn deficiency. In contrast, the Zn deficiency treatment acted synergistically with take-all to increase the number of fluorescent pseudomonads in the rhizosphere. Although numbers of Mn-oxidising and Mn-reducing bacteria were generally low, take-all disease increased the number of Mn reducers in the rhizosphere of Mn-efficient genotypes Aroona and C8MM. Under Mn-deficiency conditions, the number of Mn reducers in the rhizosphere increased in Aroona but not in C8MM wheat. The results suggest that bacterial microflora may play a role in the expression of Mn and Zn efficiency and tolerance to take-all in some wheat genotypes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011442
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    The relationship between green spot initiation and plantlet regeneration of wheat callus grown under short-term conditions (1997)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 50 (1997), S. 67-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: immature embryos ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Six wheat genotypes (three varieties and three whole chromosome substitution lines) were used to analyse the relationship between the initiation of green spots and plant regeneration under short-term tissue culture conditions. The highest percentage of green spot initiation was observed after one week culture on maintenance medium (M-Med.). The calluses producing green spots at the end of the first and second week on M-Med. were highest in regeneration frequency compared to late green spot producing ones. A significant positive correlation between green spot initiation and plantlet regeneration was observed for calluses showing green spots within the first two weeks on M-Med. and was decreased for calluses producing green spots afterwards. The results suggest that by selecting only calluses producing early green spots the experimental efficiency will be increased.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005855912655
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    Transfer of the ability to flower in winter wheat via callus tissue regenerated from immature inflorescences (1995)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 41 (1995), S. 285-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: callus ; generative development ; immature inflorescences ; regeneration ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using two wheat varieties (Triticum aestivum L., winter ‘Grana’ and spring ‘Jara’) the ability of callus from immature inflorescences to differentiate into new plants was studied. In the case of the winter wheat the requirement for vernalization of the newly developed plants to attain the ability for heading was investigated. Callus was developed from 1–2 mm fragments of immature inflorescences, 5–10 mm in length, on Murashige and Skoog medium containing 1 mg l-1 2,4-d, 3% sucrose and 0.6% agar, at 25° C and in continuous light of about 6.4 W m-2 PAR energy. After 6 weeks of culture green centres of differentiation were observed. During the following 4 weeks culture on MS medium free of 2,4-d, leaf-like structures as well as a small number of roots were obtained. The regenerants were rooted on a half-strength MS medium, then transferred to pots of soil and placed in a glasshouse with 16 h photoperiod at a temperature day/night 23/17° C. After about 6 weeks of culture in the glasshouse, almost all regenerants (98%) headed and were fertile, producing normal seeds, including the winter variety. The heading of winter plants under conditions excluding vernalization indicates that the callus tissue derived from a generative organ transmits the state of generative induction onto the developing new plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00045094
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    Comparison of two crossing and four selection schemes for yield, yield traits, and slow rusting resistance to leaf rust in wheat (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 35-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia recondita ; leaf rust ; breeding ; resistance ; yield ; yield components
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The most important breeding objectives in crop improvement are improving grain yield, grain quality, and resistances to various biotic and abiotic stresses. The objectives of our study were to compare two crossing and four selection schemes for grain yield, yield traits, and slow rusting resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia recondita) based on additive genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum), and to identify the most efficient crossing and selection methodologies in terms of genetic gains and cost efficiency. Segregating populations were derived from 18 simple crosses and the same number of top (three-way) crosses. Half of the crosses were derived from Yecora 70 and the other half from Veery #10 as the common leaf rust susceptible parents. The four selection schemes were: pedigree, modified bulk (F2 and F1-top as pedigree, selected lines in F3, F4, F2-top, F3-top as bulk; and pedigree in F5 and F4-top populations), selected bulk (selected plants in F2, F3, F4, F1-top, F2-top and F3-top as bulk; and pedigree in F5 and F4-top populations), and nonselected bulk (bulk in F2, F3, F4, F1-top, F2-top and F3-top; and pedigree in F5 and F4-top populations). A total of 320 progeny lines, parents and checks were tested for grain yield, other agronomic traits and leaf rust resistance during the 1992/93 and 1993/94 seasons in Ciudad Obregon (Sonora State, Mexico) which represents a typical high yielding irrigated site. The influence of the type of cross and the selection scheme on the mean grain yield and other traits of the progenies was minimal. The selection of parents was the most important feature in imparting yield potential and other favourable agronomic traits. Moreover, the highest yielding lines were distributed equally. Progeny lines derived from Veery #10 crosses had significantly higher mean grain yield compared to those derived from the Yecora 70 crosses. Furthermore, a large proportion of the highest yielding lines also originated from Veery #10 crosses. Mean leaf rust severity of the top cross progenies was lower than that of the simple cross progenies possibly because two parents contributed resistance to top cross progenies. Mean leaf rust severity of the nonselected bulk derivatives was twice that of lines derived from the other three schemes. Selected bulk appears to be the most attractive selection scheme in terms of genetic gains and cost efficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018391519757
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  • 198
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    Production of polyhaploids of hexaploid wheat using stored pearl millet pollen (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 253-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: hexaploid wheat ; pearl millett ; Pennisetum glaucum ; polyhaploid ; pollen storage ; Triticum aestivum ; wide crosses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of drying and freezing on viability of pearl millet pollen were examined with the aim of using stored pollen in polyhaploid production of hexaploid wheat. Freshly collected pollen of pearl millet line NEC 7006 with 55% water content, germinated at a frequency of 80%. Pollen that was dried for two hours to 6% water content showed 50% germination frequency and maintained similar frequencies after the freezing process. In crosses of hexaploid wheat variety Norin 61 with fresh pearl millet pollen, embryos were obtained at a frequency of 27.6%. In crosses with pollen stored at -196 °C, -80 °C and -20 °C for one month, embryo formation frequencies ranged from 27.5 to 17.4%. After five and twelve months of storage, the frequencies ranged from 29.7 to 14.6% at storage temperatures of -196 °C and -80 °C, and from 8.0 to 3.2% at -20 °C, indicating significant differences among storage temperatures. However, no significant frequency difference was found among pollen water contents at the time of collection. All plants regenerated from crosses with pearl millet pollen stored for five months were wheat polyhaploids. These results suggest that stored pearl millet pollen is an efficient medium for producing polyhaploids in hexaploid wheat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018368626059
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  • 199
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    Analysis of genetic profiles of winter wheats from Russia (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 305-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; winter wheat ; genetic diversity ; ancestors ; genetic profile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract With the aid of GRIS, the wheat genetic resources database, the retrospective analysis of winter wheat breeding programs in the ex-USSR during its existence, and modern Russia, was conducted. The dynamics of genetic diversity of released cultivars was studied. A significant tendency to reduce the use of local materials was discovered, although a stable set of original ancestors has prevailed over the last 40 years. The modern cultivar genes pool has increased as a result of the utilisation of North American semidwarf varieties. Breeding programs at different breeding centres are distinguished by varying levels of genetic diversity. The need to discover new sources of disease resistance and environmental adaptation are problems that remain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018357718307
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  • 200
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    Amylose synthesis capacity of the three Wx genes of wheat cv. Chinese Spring (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 108 (1999), S. 91-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: amylose content ; granule-bound starch synthase ; null alleles ; Triticum aestivum ; Wx loci
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The Wx locus controls amylose synthesis in the cereal endosperm. Hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has the three Wx loci on chromosomes 7A ( Wx-A1), 4A (Wx-B1) and 7D (Wx-D1). To verify the effects of null alleles on reducing amylose content and determine the amylose synthesis capacity of each Wx gene independently and accurately, we produced eight possible types of recombinant lines carrying different null alleles at the Wx loci under the ‘Chinese Spring’ genetic background. Amylose content varied from 0% of the waxy ‘Chinese Spring’ to 25% of the ‘Chinese Spring’ normal type. The reducing effect of the single null alleles was the largest in Wx-B1b, and there was no significant difference between Wx-A1b and Wx-D1b. More than 3% reductions in amylose content were detected in the double null types. The results of the double null lines further demonstrated that for the capacity of amylose synthesis, Wx-B1a predominates and produces 21–22% amylose, followed by Wx-D1a (20–21%) and Wx-A1a (15–18%). These significant differences were partly correlated with variation in the amounts of the Wx proteins produced by different Wx genes. However, comparisons of the double null lines with the single null or normal lines indicated that amylose content was not linearly proportional to the number of the Wx genes, suggesting that the Wx genes act in an epistatic manner.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003604328227
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