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  • Articles  (65)
  • adsorption  (42)
  • Nitrogen fixation
  • kinetics
  • Springer  (65)
  • 1995-1999  (65)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (65)
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  • Articles  (65)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polyoxyethylene di-phosphonates as dispersing agents (1997)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 105 (1997), S. 6-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Colloidal aqueous suspensions ; adsorption ; rheology ; polyethylene oxide ; phosphonate ; calcium carbonate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract New polymeric dispersing agents designed to stabilize and lower the viscosity of aqueous mineral suspensions have been synthesized and studied. These dispersants are made of a non-ionic hydrosoluble polymer (polyethylene oxide) with a functional group (diphosphonate) having a strong affinity for the mineral surfaces attached at one end of the macromolecular chains. This molecular architecture allows a brush-like adsorption at the solid surface which differs from conventional homopolymer dispersants such as polyacrylates. The adsorption of these dispersants onto calcium carbonate as a model mineral and the rheological behavior of concentrated aqueous colloidal dispersions of CaCO3 particles were studied. Strong adsorption by the polymer chain-end provides an enhanced colloidal stability of the suspensions of CaCO3 particles. The addition of the dispersing polymer causes a deaggregation of the initially flocculated CaCO3 particles, which results in a drastic reduction of the viscosity of the concentrated suspensions. Thus, the viscosity of a 20 wt% CaCO3 suspension in water at pH=11 is lowered to 2 mPa s upon the addition of a low concentration of polymer. Comparison with polyacrylate dispersants shows the advantages of such a diblock macromolecular structure with a non-ionic polymeric part at high solid contents and high ionic strengths.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01188916
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Degradation of Cellulosic Materials Under the Alkaline Conditions of a Cementitious Repository for Low- and Intermediate-Level Radioactive Waste. II. Degradation Kinetics (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 7 (1999), S. 41-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Cellulose ; alkaline degradation ; peeling off ; degree of polymerization ; kinetics ; (gluco)isosaccharinic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The degradation of cellulosic materials, differing mainly in the degree of polymerization and the number of reducing end groups, was studied under the alkaline conditions similar to those existing in a cementitious repository for low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste (pH 13.3, T = 25°C). The kinetics of alkaline degradation (peeling-off reaction) were studied and the data analyzed by the model of Haas et al. [13]. The observed kinetic parameters for the propagation reaction and overall stopping reaction were compared with literature data. Although measured under different experimental conditions, literature data and data from this study show a consistent picture. Differences in the extent of degradation observed for the different cellulosic materials could be satisfactorily explained by differences in reducing end group content and, consequently, by differences in the degrees of polymerization. Besides the number of reducing end groups, the degree of amorphousness also plays an important role. The main degradation products formed under the experimental conditions used are α- and β-(gluco)isosaccharinic acid. This is in agreement with many other studies on alkaline degradation of cellulose. The two isomers are formed in roughly equal amounts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021894102937
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tetrachlorosilane Consumption in Radio Frequency Glow Discharge (1998)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 18 (1998), S. 509-533 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: RF SiCl4 discharge ; mass spectrometry ; kinetics ; decomposition ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Time-resolved mass spectrometry was used for analysis of the plasma reactions in radio frequency (RF) SiCl 4 and SiCl 4 −O 2 discharges as functions of starting partial pressure and electrical power. Molecular concentrations of the reactants and products from SiCl 4 alone and with O 2 were obtained from the mass spectra and used for plotting the kinetic curves. The SiCl 4 and O 2 consumption rates were calculated from the kinetic curves and compared with results of theoretical simulation of the reaction. Direct electron impact decomposition was found to be the main pathway for pure SiCl 4 conversion. On the contrary, the consumption of SiCl 4 in the SiCl 4 +O 2 mixtures was largely chemical. The experimental macrokinetics are in agreement with a model in which oxidation is caused by the atomic oxygen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021811316740
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigation of the Chemical Action of the Gliding and “Point” Arcs Between the Metallic Electrode and Aqueous Solution (1999)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 19 (1999), S. 53-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Arc ; gliding arc ; gas temperature ; electron temperature ; ion composition ; ion bombardment ; liquid electrode ; dye oxidation ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The plasma–solution interaction processes for gliding and “point” arcs between the aqueous solution surface and the metal electrode in the gas phase are studied. The plasma, liquid, and surface zones are taken into consideration. The electric field strength is measured, and the gas and electron temperatures and ion composition are estimated for the plasma zone. The cathode fall, water vaporization rate, and active species current yield due to the radiation chemistry mechanism are determined for the surface zone. The efficiency of oxidation of iodine ions and organic dyes by different types of discharge in the liquid zone are investigated. The difference in action of the various discharge types may be connected with various influences of the plasma and surface zone on the oxidation processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021803932496
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of Solid State Reactions With Fractal Reagent (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of materials synthesis and processing 6 (1998), S. 305-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4870
    Keywords: Fractals ; solid state reaction ; kinetics ; nucleation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In the present research we theoretically studied the kinetics of nucleation-limited solid state reactions as influenced by the fractal properties of solid reagent. We consider the model of equal-sized primary particles assembled in fractal cluster. The geometry of such an object is assumed to be described solely by its fractal dimension D and by upper (R max) and lower (R min) cutoffs of fractality further identified with the overall size of the object and the size of the primary particle correspondingly. Depending on the ratio between R max, R min and the radius of the critical nucleus R nucl the following cases are considered: (1) R max ∼ R nucl. In this case the reaction kinetics is described by the equation: α = 1 − B{ln(k′ τ + 1)}D/(D−3), where B, k′ are constants. Numerical solution of this equation gives rise to n-order reaction kinetics with n & 1. (2) R min ≪ R nucl ≪ R max. In this case under certain conditions there can exist non-trivial critical density ρcrit ≠ 0, 1 that favors the formation of the critical nuclei of the new phase. The asymptotic kinetic equation for large times corresponds to n-order reaction with n = (D + 3)/(D + 1). (3) R min ≪ R nucl ∼ R max′. In this case the reaction follows the first-order kinetics with D-dependent rate constant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022643008915
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxidation behavior of an Fe-38Ni-13Co-4.7Nb-1.5Ti-0.4Si superalloy at high temperature in Ar-H2O atmospheres (1997)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 47 (1997), S. 411-426 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; Incoloy 909 ; superalloy ; scale ; high temperature ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of an Fe-38Ni-13Co-4.7Nb-1.5Ti-0.4Si superalloy (Incoloy 909 type alloy), was investigated at temperatures between 1000 K and 1400 K in Ar-(1, 10%)H20 atmosphere using metallographic, electron probe microanalysis, and X-ray diffraction techniques. The oxide scales consist of an external scale and an internal scale which has an intergranular scale (above 1200 K) and an intergranular scale. The oxide phases in each scale are identified asα-Fe2,O3 (below 1200 K) or FeO (above 1300 K) and CoO · Fe2O3 and FeO · Nb2O5, respectively. The morphologies, the oxide phases and the oxidation rates do not depend on the partial pressure of H2O in the range between one and ten percent in Ar gas. The rate constants for the intergranular-scale formation in this alloy are about one-tenth as large as those in Fe-36%Ni alloy reported previously. At all the temperatures the scales grow according to a parabolic rate law and the apparent activation energies for the processes are estimated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02134784
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of S, N, and C on the oxidation of Ni-20%Cr and Fe-20%Cr (1997)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 47 (1997), S. 495-506 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: chromia-forming alloys ; nonmetallic-element effects ; segregation ; adsorption ; surface compounds ; nucleation ; oxide grain boundaries
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of S, N, and C on the oxidation of Ni 20%Cr and Fe-20%Cr was investigated by two approaches (i) using AES and LEED following oxide nucleation and growth under UHV conditions and (ii) by thermogravimetry and subsequent SEM analysis, under conditions where only adsorption/segregation of these elements and congregation of Cr occurred. Sulfur retards nucleation, inhibits lateral growth, and leads to a coarse-grained oxide with a wide network of ridges at the grain boundaries—the growth rate decreases with increasing sulfur activity. Nitrogen and carbon or rather the cosegregated Cr promote the nucleation of C2O3, which leads to many grains and grain boundaries in the oxide layer, accelerated growth and a sponge-like morphology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02134788
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the oxidation ofα-Fe andε-Fe2N1−z : I. Oxidation kinetics and microstructural evolution of the oxide and nitride layers (1997)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 48 (1997), S. 87-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; kinetics ; iron ; iron-nitride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of α-Fe and ɛ-Fe2N1−z at 573 K and 673 K in O2 at 1 atm was investigated by thermogravimetrical analysis, X-ray diffraction, light-optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and electron probe X-ray microanalysis. Upon oxidation at 573 K and 673 K, on α-Fe initially α-Fe2O3 develops, whereas on ɛ-Fe2N1−z initially Fe3O4 develops. In an early stage of oxidation the oxidation rate of ɛ-Fe2N1−z appears to be much larger than of α-Fe. This can be attributed largely to an effective surface area available for oxygen uptake, which is much larger for ɛ-Fe2N1−z than for α-Fe due to the porous structure of ɛ-Fe2N1−z as prepared by gaseous nitriding of iron. The development of a magnetite layer in-between the hematite layer and the α-Fe substrate, at a later stage of oxidation, enhances layer-growth kinetics. After 100 min oxidation at 673 K the (parabolic) oxidation rates for α-Fe and ɛ-Fe2N1−z become about equal, indicating that on both substrates the oxide growth is controlled by the same rate limiting step which is attributed to short-circuit diffusion of iron cations. Oxidizing ɛ-Fe2N1−z increases the nitrogen concentration in the remaining ɛ-iron nitride, because the outward flux of iron cations, necessary for oxide growth, leads to an accumulation of nitrogen atoms left behind.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01675263
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scale formation on γ-TiAl during oxidation at 800 and 900°C in air and in He + 20% O2 (1997)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 48 (1997), S. 171-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: TiAl, corrosion ; high-temperature ; kinetics ; nitrogen dependence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxide scale formation on γ-TiAl at 800 and 900°C was studied using high temperature X-ray diffraction as anin situ-method. The experiments were performed in air and in He with 20 vol.% O2. The formation of alumina in the form of α-Al2O3 and of TiO2 in the form of rutile was observed in both atmospheres and the formation of TiN was detected in air. Depending on the atmosphere the diffraction peaks of two different additional phases were detected, which do not exist in any data base nor in the Ti-Al-O phase diagram. One of them, the Z-phase, appears in He with 20 vol.% O2 and the other, the X-phase, in air. The Zphase was also found at room temperature after oxidation at 900°C in air. The growth of both phases, X and Z, starts immediately with the oxidation process and follows the parabolic rate law.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01675267
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-temperature oxidation of pure titanium in CO2 and Ar-10%CO2 atmospheres (1997)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 48 (1997), S. 289-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; titanium ; rutile ; scale ; high temperature ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of pure titanium has been investigated in the temperature range of 1000 K to 1300 K in CO2 or Ar-10%CO2. Optical microscopy, electron probe microanalyses, and X-ray measurements on the oxide scales formed during oxidation indicate that their structures are nearly independent of temperature and the corrosion atmosphere. The scales consisted of two layers, an external one and an internal one, having a rutile (TiO2) structure. The parabolic rate law was confirmed for growth of the external scale and the permeation depth of oxygen in titanium with apparent activation energies of 266 and 226 kJ/mol, respectively. The rate-determining diffusion species in the oxidation processes are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01670504
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular dynamics simulation of boundary lubricated interfaces (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of computer-aided materials design 6 (1999), S. 69-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4900
    Keywords: adsorption ; friction ; lubrication ; tribological system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A molecular dynamics simulation study of friction in boundary lubrication was conducted in order to investigate the atomic-scale behavior of lubricant molecules during sliding motion. The simulated system consisted of two silicon (001) semi-infinite substrates lubricated by a three-layer film of dodecane. Silicon was modeled using the Stillinger–Weber potential, and the dodecane with the Consistent Force Field function; a novel scheme was used to generate the silicon–dodecane interaction potentials. The simulations show that dodecane molecules strongly prefer to adsorb into the ledges on the silicon surface. The orientation of the adsorbed molecules depends, however, on the concentration of the lubricant at the surface, showing a tendency to stand up at high lubricant concentrations. In sliding, the dodecane layers adsorbed on the surfaces behave as a solid, whereas the middle layer exhibits liquid-like characteristics. The friction coefficient of this well-lubricated case was calculated to be 0.08.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008658828194
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Kinetics of Pore Shape Evolution in Alumina (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of materials synthesis and processing 6 (1998), S. 161-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4870
    Keywords: Alumina ; surface ; kinetics ; diffusion ; SALK
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of shape evolution of a completely faceted crystal/internal void by surface diffusion was modeled. Arrays of micron-sized cavities were generated in sapphire substrates with known surface orientations using microlithography and ion beam etching and converted to internal intragranular pores of nonequilibrium shape by diffusion bonding of the etched substrate to an identical-orientation unetched sapphire substrate. Pore shape evolution rates during high-temperature anneals were monitored and found to be highly sensitive to the orientation of the substrate surface. The observed evolution rates were compared with the predictions of the kinetic model using diffusivity values for alumina that span the range from the highest to the lowest diffusion constants reported in the literature. The comparison suggests that surface-attachment-limited kinetics (SALK) play a major role in surface mass transport on stable low-index planes of alumina.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022665418505
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-temperature oxidation of tantalum of different purity (1995)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 43 (1995), S. 509-526 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; kinetics ; tantalum ; oxide ; suboxide ; impurities ; diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics, structural aspects, and phase morphologies were studied for tantalum oxidation in air from 600 to 1000°C for samples of different purity (99.15%, 99.76%, and 99.95% Ta). Regardless of purity, tantalum oxidation in the temperature range of 600–800°C as a rule is governed by a linear rate law. From 900 to 1000°C the initial-stage oxidation is governed by the parabolic rate law, which changes to the linear rate law with time. TGA, XRD, SEM, and AES methods were used. The, effect of purity on tantalum oxidation was shown to be determined by the mechanism of intermediate-oxide formation. They are TaO z (Ta2O) at 600–800°C and TaO at 900–1000°C. The final product of oxidation was β-Ta2O5.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01046896
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sulfidation behavior of a ferritic commercial alloy in different sulfidizing environments at high temperature (1995)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 43 (1995), S. 543-560 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: stainless steel ; sulfidation ; hydrogen sulfide ; sulfur vapor ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The sulfidizing behavior of Fe−22Cr−4Al−0.15Zr (wt.%) was studied in two atmospheres: S2 vapor over the range 4.4–25.4 Pa and H2−H2S mixtures corresponding to aP S 2 range 0.2–1.297 Pa in the temperature range 973–1373 K. It was found that the constitution of the gaseous phase is of great importance on the corrosion kinetics and the morphology of the corrosion products. Furthermore, a stratification phenomenon during scale growth was observed during the initial sulfidation stage in H2−H2S mixtures containing a sufficiently high H2S partial pressure. This behavior was not observed during tests in puresulfur vapor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01046898
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of interface structure and interfacial defects in oxide scale growth (1995)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 44 (1995), S. 63-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: scale growth ; oxidation mechanism ; kinetics ; scale adherence ; reactive element effect ; intertacial segregation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Recent studies of the structure and dynamics of solid-solid interfaces have provided some understanding about the role of the scale-metal interface in the growth of reaction product scales on pure metals. The action of interfacial defects (misfit dislocations, misorientation dislocations and disconnections) in the creation and annihilation of the point defects suporting the diffusional growth of scales is considered. Anion point defects (vacancies/interstitials) supporting scale growth by anion diffusion are annihilated/created by the climb of misorientation dislocations or disconnections in the scale at the interface. For scale growth by cation diffusion, cation point defects (vacancies/interstitials) can be annihilated/created by the climb of interfacial misfit or misorientation dislocations in the metal. Because of their necessarily high density, in most cases, the dominant climb of misfit dislocations would be favored. The blocking of interfacial reaction steps can be a means to retard the scaling kinetics and to alter the fundamental scaling mode. For instance, the interfacial segregation of large reactive element ions can pin the interface dislocations, an action which poisons the usual interfacial reaction step. Such considerations are consistent with the well-known phenomena ascribed to the reactive element effect (REE).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01046723
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An approximate treatment of the transient state in the corrosion of binary alloys forming the most-stable oxide. Part I: Solid-solution alloys (1997)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 47 (1997), S. 91-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: binary alloys ; oxidation ; transient state ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The initial transient stage in the oxidation of binary alloys forming scales exclusively composed of the most stable oxide is examined by means of a simplified approach which avoids the numerical integration of the diffusion equation for the transport of the metal components in the alloy. At variance with previous solutions to this problem obtained by means of numerical methods, this treatment takes into account also the effect of the gas-scale reaction at the outer surface of the oxide. The concentration of the most-reactive component at the alloy surface changes gradually with time from the initial bulk value towards the corresponding steady-state value without involving any minimum, while the overall rate of the reaction presents a gradual transition from an initial nearly linear towards final parabolic behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01682373
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Global view of microstructural evolution: Energetics, kinetics and dynamical systems (1996)
    Springer
    Acta mechanica Sinica 12 (1996), S. 144-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1614-3116
    Keywords: microstructural evolution ; energetics ; kinetics ; dynamic system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An evolving material structure is in a non-equilibrium state, with free energy expressed by the generalized coordinates. A global approach leads to robust computations for the generalized thermodynamic forces. Those forces drive various kinetic processes, causing dissipation at spots, along curves, surfaces and interfaces, and within volumetric regions. The actual evolution path, and therefore the final equilibrium state, is determined by the energetics and kinetics. A virtual work principle links the free energy landscape and the kinetic processes, and assigns a viscous environment to every point on the landscape. The approach leads to a dynamical system that governs the evolution of generalized coordinates. The microstructural evolution is globally characterized by a basin map in the coordinate space; and by a diversity map and a variety map in the parameter space. The control of basin boundaries raises the issue of energetic and kinetic bifurcations. The variation of basin boundaries under different sets of controlling parameters provides an analytical way to plot the diversity maps of structural evolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02486793
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modification of the Porosity of Pillared Clays by Carbon Deposition II. Hydrocarbon Cracking (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of porous materials 4 (1997), S. 5-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4854
    Keywords: pillared clay ; pore size modification ; adsorption ; cracking ; carbon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract To enhance the adsorption selectivity of pillared clays an attempt is made to modify the initial pore size by a controlled deposition of carbon. Cracking of hydrocarbons in the pores of the pillared clay results in coke deposits which can alter the pore size. Based on the evaluation of the amount of coke, the coke density, the decrease in micropore volume, changes in the micropore size distribution and the acidity it was possible to distinguish between pore-blocking, pore-filling and pore-narrowing effects. The modification mechanisms strongly depend on the initial porous structure, the acidity (Brönsted/Lewis), the cracking conditions (static or flow) and the hydrocarbons used. The carbon deposition results in a decrease in pore volume due to pore-filling (Ti-PILC) and pore-blocking (Al-PILC) without achieving a controlled pore-narrowing but some indications for pore-entrance narrowing were found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009663020550
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterisation of porous solids by simplified gas relative permeability measurements (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of porous materials 2 (1995), S. 73-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4854
    Keywords: relative permeability ; pore structure characterisation ; adsorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A novel design for the application of a simplified experimental procedure, capable of providing satisfactory relative permeability data for porous media at low relative pressures, is presented. The technique avoids the two-component mixing complications as well as the problems arising from the sample macroscopic inhomogeneity. The latter has been reduced with the aid of a variable pressure compaction procedure. Thus, it becomes easier to utilise the powerful relative permeability technique for the characterisation of the structure of porous solids. Emphasis is given to the combination of the relative permeability data obtained with an analytical approach based on Effective Medium Theory for the calculation of pore connectivity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00486572
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analyses of (AD)-sorption for the estimation of pore-network dimensions and structure (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of porous materials 2 (1995), S. 191-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4854
    Keywords: adsorption ; analysis of pore structure ; estimation from sorption pore shape ; from ad-de-sorption surface area ; calculations from sorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The interpretation of pore dimensions based on physical ad-desorption analyses is central to the characterization of pore network structure. Several approaches have been proposed and are commonly employed in the analysis of physical adsorption and/or desorption to deduce the dimensions of the porous network. These approaches assume either theoretical (e.g., BET, the Halsey equation as interpreted by Pierce et al., or the more recent analyses of microporosity) or “standard” isotherms as model(s) for the sequential calculations required in estimating the pore network dimensions. Subsequent representation of the pore dimensions and the relationship between these distributions in dimension and other experimental parameters (such as catalytic activity, adsorptivity or transport); thus, depend explicitly on the model employed in the analyses. Each instrument currently available for the measurement of porous solid structure by sorption employs the same specific models for the relationship between the volume ad-desorbed and the dimensions of the porous network that is being characterized. This paper analyzes the interpretation of porous dimensions based on the sequential calculations required in the analyses. A new approach is proposed which is based on a modification to current practices reflecting Halsey's original theory for the thickness of the adsorbed layer (as a function of P/P 0). Further, the calculations of the incremental changes in the exposed surface area are discussed as they relate to pore network structure. A method is proposed to infer the differences in pore shape. Sorption data are analyzed by these new approaches, and these analyses will be compared with those approaches currently employed. Analyses based on these modified approaches provide a dramatically more consistent interpretation of the sorption data and the corresponding pore network structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00488108
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    Nonlinear kinetics of oxygen and nitrogen sorption on carbon molecular sieves (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of porous materials 3 (1996), S. 5-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4854
    Keywords: carbon molecular sieve ; adsorption ; adsorption kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Equilibrium and kinetics of oxygen and nitrogen sorption in two different carbon molecular sieves (CMS) have been modeled. In both CMS materials, equilibrium characteristics are adequately described by the Langmuir model. However, for kinetics of sorption, one CMS followed classic Fickian diffusion, while the other sample did not. A mathematical model was developed which accurately describes both pure component as well as binary uptakes in both materials. Simple manipulation of the boundary condition of the diffusion process allows the model to accurately predict both Fickian and surface barrier diffusion. All parameters needed to estimate binary uptake rates are obtained from pure component uptakes and isotherms. In addition, the model predicts both pure component and binary diffusion rates with diffusion coefficients which are not concentration dependent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01135356
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    Characterization of Porous Carbonaceous Sorbents Using High Pressure CO2 Adsorption Data (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of porous materials 5 (1998), S. 275-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4854
    Keywords: activated carbons ; adsorption ; characterization ; Dubinin-Radushkevich ; carbon dioxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we present adsorption isotherms of carbon dioxide on five different activated carbons from CHEMVIRON CARBON Belgium (Centaur HSV, BPL 410, F30-470, WS 42, Reactivated) and on a carbon molecular sieve from BERGBAU FORSCHUNG Gmbh (CMS II). The temperature is 303 K and the pressure ranges from 100 kPa up to 4000 kPa. Such conditions correspond to relative pressures ranging from 0.01 to 0.5. We also provide, for the same six sorbents, the nitrogen isotherms at 77 K (pressure: 0.001 to 100 kPa, relative pressure: 10-5 to 1). A theoretical treatment based on the Dubinin-Radushkevich and Stoeckli concept is presented and applied to the experimental results in order to obtain the micropore size distribution function (considered as Gaussian) of each sorbent. Using the CO2 data, it is possible to point out important structural differences between the six carbons. The theoretical treatment provides micropore size distribution functions in agreement with what is physically expected. Using N2 data, the structural differences are not so well marked. As a consequence, the structural parameters provided by the theoretical treatment are not reliable: except for the total micropore volume, they fluctuate strongly when changing the relative pressure domain of the used data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009638406224
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    Modification of the porosity of pillared clays by carbon deposition. I. Polymer carbonization (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of porous materials 3 (1996), S. 257-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4854
    Keywords: pillared clay ; pore size modification ; adsorption ; polymers ; carbon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In order to use pillared clays (PILC) for selective adsorption, further modifications of the porous structure are necessary. The deposition of carbon residues onto the porous structure of pillared clays by the carbonization of polymers (polyvinylalcohol) was proposed to achieve a controlled modification of the pore size. Ti and Al-pillared clays (calcined and non-calcined) were impregnated with PVA (different grades and different concentrations and subsequently carbonized to form carbon phases. The effect of the carbon deposits on the porosity of Ti- and Al-PILC is discussed in terms of pore-blocking, pore-filling and pore-narrowing. The deposition of carbon using PVA resulted in a complete pore-blocking for Al-PILC and in a narrowing of the pore size distribution for Ti-PILC, without achieving a controlled pore-narrowing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01137915
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    Humidity Sensor Characteristics of Woodceramics (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of porous materials 4 (1997), S. 277-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4854
    Keywords: woodceramics ; porous carbon ; adsorption ; humidity sensor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The humidity sensor characteristics of Woodceramics were investigated. The Woodceramics used in this experiment were prepared at 650–900°C. The size of specimens selected was 1 × 1 × 10 mm . One was used as-cut and the other was polished. Above 700°C, the resistance of the specimen was below 50 Ω and the decrease of resistance with increasing relative humidity was small. The specimen prepared at 650°C had a resistance of about 1 kΩ. The resistance of as-cut specimens decreased with increase in relative humidity, but that of the polished specimen did not change significantly. The difference between as-cut and polished samples was explained by the differences in surface micro-structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009677306740
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    Adsorption of whitening agents on cellulose fibers — Monitored by streaming potential measurements, calorimetry and fluorescence (1995)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 273 (1995), S. 1174-1178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Cotton fibers ; dye ; adsorption ; calorimetry ; zeta potential ; fluorescence ; degree of whiteness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Fluorescent whitening agents (FWA) are used to improve the whiteness of cellulose fabrics. It is well known but not completely understood that the fluorescence decreases (chemical and physical mechanisms of distinguishing) above a certain FWA concentrationc crit. This reduction of fluorescence correlates very well with the alteration of the adsorption process studied by calorimetry and zeta potential measurements. The results obtained by these methods indicate that the adsorption mechanism is different at concentrations below and abovec crit. The reduction of the intensity of fluorescence, the degree of whiteness and the zeta potential are caused by the adsorption of a second layer of fluorescent whitening agents. This second layer reduces the zeta potential due to a shielding effect and reduces the whiteness and fluorescence by a bathochromic shift of the reflection curves. The final effect is a reduction of the total reflection.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00653086
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    Adsorption of polyacrylic acid on hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces (1996)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 274 (1996), S. 548-554 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polyacrylic acid ; γ-Al2O3 ; mercury surface ; adsorption ; voltammetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper the adsorption of polyacrylic acid (MW=5000) on the hydrophobic mercury surface and on the hydrophilic γ-Al2O3 surface at pH=3–4 in 0.55 M sodium chloride solution was investigated. Measurements of change of the double layer capacitance by phase selective a.c. voltammetry were used for determination of the adsorption of polyacrylic acid on the mercury electrode. The same method was used for the determination of the polyacrylic acid remaining in the solution after the adsorption on hydrophilic particles (γ-Al2O3 particles). The results obtained for adsorption of polyacrylic acid were compared to the results of the adsorption of humic substance of similar molecular weight under similar experimental conditions. The study has shown that polyacrylic acid in acidic solution is strongly adsorbed on the mercury surface, which is comparable to the adsorption of humic substance on the mercury surface. At the same time, the adsorption/deposition of polyacrylic acid on the γ-Al2O3 surface is weaker compared to humic acid, indicating at a smaller degree of interaction of polyacrylic acid with aluminium ions and with hydrophilic surface.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00655230
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    Kinetics of vesicle formation (1997)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 275 (1997), S. 303-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Key words Vesicle ; self-assembly ; hydrotrope ; stopped-flow ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract  The kinetics of vesicle formation from a hydrotrope (sodium xylenesulfonate) solution of a surfactant (Laureth 4) is studied by the use of a stopped-flow apparatus combined with a dynamic light scattering device to determine vesicle size in the system. The hydrotrope system studied presents a system with a high surfactant solubilization combined with vesicle formation simply by dilution with water. The kinetic results show a single exponential decay time. The kinetic analysis indicates that the vesicles are formed from a molecular solution which resulted from the shear in the stopped-flow device and grow by monomeric association.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003960050086
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    Adsorption of cationic polyelectrolyte onto a model carboxylic latex and the influence of adsorbed polycation on the charge regulation at the latex surface (1997)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 275 (1997), S. 655-660 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Key words Polyelectrolyte ; adsorption ; latex ; surface charge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract  Adsorption of a well-characterized cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) onto the surface of a model colloid (monodisperse polystyrene latex with carboxylic functional groups) was studied over a wide range of pH (4–9) and KCl concentration (c s =10-3–0.3 M). The surface charge density of the latex particles with and without adsorbed CPAM was also measured over the same range of electrolyte compositions. The adsorbed amount of CPAM increases with increase in c s and pH. The polyelectrolyte adsorption alters substantially the surface charge density of the latex particles as compared to the polymer-free case. A large overcompensation of the surface charge by the adsorbed polyelectrolyte is established at high c s and low pH. A qualitative explanation of the observed features is put forward.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003960050132
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    Kinetics of interaction of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane with silica gel using elemental analysis and 29Si NMR spectra (1997)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 275 (1997), S. 672-680 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Key words 3-aminopropyltriethoxy silane ; silica gel ; interaction ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract  Three silica gel sample systems, modified with 3-amino-propyltriethoxy silane (APTS), were prepared by sequentially sampling the reaction mixture at various time intervals. The concentrations of 3-aminopropylsilyl groups (APS) bound on the silica surface were determined by elemental analysis. For the same sample systems, 29Si NMR intensities of an (–O)4Si species belonging only to the silica gel particles and corrected by a cross-polarization correction factor were also measured. Both the APS-concentrations and the correc-ted 29Si NMR intensities depended upon reaction time, reflecting the rate of the APTS–silica gel reaction. Kinetic analysis of these data was made by use of the Gauss–Newton method, and the overall reaction was found to consist of three reaction processes (an initial fast reaction, a slower second reaction and a much slower third reaction). In particular, the conversion of (–O)3SiOH to (–O)4Si is predominant in the second reaction process and the pore size of a silica gel particle affects the reaction mechanism.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003960050134
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    Structure and molecular motion of poly(ethylene oxide) chains adsorbed on a silica-tethered poly(methyl methacrylate) by the spin label method (1998)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 276 (1998), S. 412-419 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Key words poly(ethylene oxide) ; silica-tethered poly(methyl methacrylate) ; adsorption ; spin-label ; molecular motion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract  The spin-label method was used to study the structure and molecular motion of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) chains adsorbed on a silica-tethered poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Spin-labelled PEO with a narrow molecular weight distribution, having number averaged molecular weight (M N)=6.0×103, was adsorbed on the surface of the silica-tethered PMMA with various grafting ratios in carbon tetrachloride solution at 35 °C. ESR spectra were measured at various temperatures after the samples were completely dried. The ESR spectra are composed of two spectra arising from spin-labels attached to “train” and “tail” segments, which are strongly and weakly interacted with the silica surface, respectively. The fractional amount of the “tail” segments increases extremely with the grafting ratio of PMMA. Molecular mobility of the PEO chains estimated from the temperature dependence of the ESR spectra also decreases significantly with the grafting ratio of PMMA. Structure and molecular motion of the PMMA chains tethered on the silica were also studied using the spin-labelled PMMA. Consequently, parts of the PEO segments penetrate into the PMMA chains and is adsorbed on the silica surface (“train” segments), whereas parts of the PMMA segments protrude from the surface. The other PEO segments are entangled with the tethered PMMA chains (“tail” segments).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003960050260
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    Dielectric method for detection of phase separation and its kinetics in TMPC/PS blends (1995)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 273 (1995), S. 524-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Blends ; tetramethyl polycarbonate ; polystyrene ; LCST ; phase separation ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A new method for the detection of phase separation and its kinetics through real-time measurements is presented using the dielectric technique. The kinetics of phase separation were determined for a blend of tetramethyl bisphenol-A polycarbonate TMPC and polystyrene PS at different temperatures. The temperature dependence of the rate constant of phase separation was determined. The activation energy of phase separation process is found to be equal to 46 kcal/mole. In addition, it was possible to determine the variation in the composition of the TMPC-rich phase with time. The results obtained were compared with the literature data and were found to be in good agreement.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00658681
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    Adsorption characteristics of surfactants and phenol on modified zeolites from their aqueous solutions (1995)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 273 (1995), S. 787-792 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Zeolite ; modification ; surfactant ; adsorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Adsorption characteristics of anion-, cation- and nonion-type surfactants and phenol from their aqueous solution on Na-Y zeolites modified by SiCl4 treatment and NA-ZSM-5 zeolites with several Si/Al ratios were measured. Surfactants used were sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonte (DBS), laurylpyridinium chloride (LPC), polyoxyethylenenonylphenylether (POENPE) and phenol. Adsorption of surfactants was enhanced by SiCl4 treatment of Na-Y, which indicates an important role of the hydrophilic-hydrophobic character in the adsorption. Adsorption isotherms were in general of Langmuir type and adsorbed amount depended on the Al/(Si+Al) or Si/Al ratio of zeolite frameworks. In case of DBS adsorption of Na-ZSM-5 series, adsorption occurred only on the outer surface due to steric hindrance. LPC adsorption abilities were observed on even hydrophilic zeolites and were ascribed to ion exchange effect. In case of phenol adsorption on hydrophobic Na-Y, the adsorption isotherm was of Type V according to BDDT classification.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00658758
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    Synthesis of temperature-sensitive submicron-size composite polymer particles (1995)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 273 (1995), S. 817-821 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Composite particle ; temperature-sensitive ; biomolecules ; adsorption ; surface
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Temperature-sensitive composite polymer particles were prepared by seeded emulsion copolymerization of dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate with 0.17 μm-sized monodispersed polystyrene seed particles. The adsorption and desorption behaviors of low molecular weight cationic emulsifier as well as albumin were examined to determine the variation of surface properties as a function of temperature below and above 35°C.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00657630
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    Van der Waals attraction between Stöber silica particles in a binary solvent system (1996)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 274 (1996), S. 779-787 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Silica particles ; colloid stability ; Hamaker constant ; van der Waals potential ; adsorption ; rheology ; SAXS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Hydrophilic Stöber silica particles are stable in ethanol, but flocculation may be induced by the addition of sufficient cyclohexane. Low-shear rheological measurements indicated non-Newtonian behaviour beyond the critical cyclohexane concentration. The thickness and composition of the solvation layer around the particles were calculated from the adsorption excess isotherm on the basis of a multilayer adsorption model. The composition dependences of the Hamaker constants of the dispersion medium and the adsorption layer were obtained from optical dispersion measurements. A single-sheet, hard-sphere model predicted a weak van der Waals attraction in the ethanolic regime, but a strong attraction in the cyclohexane-rich region, in good accordance with the rheological properties of the dispersions and visual observations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00654674
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    Dynamic measurements of adsorption of hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) onto hematite (1995)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 273 (1995), S. 1028-1032 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Hydrolyzed polyacrylamide ; hematite ; adsorption ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The adsorption measurements of hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) onto hematite suspension are carried out to study the dynamics of the polymer adsorption onto the suspension particles and to investigate the mode of the polymer adsorption. The polymer is found to show much affinity for the adsorption because of the opposite charges possessed by the polymeric flocculant and the suspension particles. Various adsorption parameters such as adsorption coefficient, the rate constants for the adsorption and desorption, are evaluated with the help of a recently proposed kinetic scheme. It is found that the extent of adsorption and the adsorption rate are adequately affected by increasing the pH of the suspension while, unexpectedly, the adsorption is found to show only a marginal increase on addition of Na2SO4. Both the amount of the adsorbed polymer and the adsorption rate are also found to increase with the degree of hydrolysis of the polyelectrolyte.
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    Interaction of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) with homoionic montmorillonites: adsorption isotherms and metal-ion release (1996)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 274 (1996), S. 966-973 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Sodium dodecylsulfate ; adsorption ; precipitation ; montmorillonite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The interaction of dodecylsulfate anions (DS−) with homoionic Ca-, Mg-, Ni-, Cu-, Cd-, Pb- and Fe-montmorillonites were investigated. Mg- and Cd-montmorillonite do not adsorb DS−, and an anion exchange at the edges of the clay mineral does not take place. Three different adsorption processes are identified on the other montmorillonites: i) Fe-montmorillonite is covered with amorphous iron hydroxide, and DS−-anions are bound at positively charged sites. ii) On Ca- and Pb-montmorillonite DS− is precipitated as Me(DS)2. iii) On Ni- and Cu-montmorillonite DS− forms ion pairs with the cations on the surface. In all cases DS− is not bound above the CMC but the metal ions are mobilized from the surface either by solubilization of the precipitates or by formation of mixed micelles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00656626
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    Adsorption behaviors of emulsifiers and biomolecules on temperaturesensitive polymer particles (1996)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 274 (1996), S. 112-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Temperature-sensitive ; emulsifier ; biomolecules ; adsorption ; surface
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Adsorption and desorption behaviours of emulsifiers and biomolecules on the two kinds of temperature-sensitive composite polymer particles were compared. One (I) was produced by seeded emulsion copolymerization of dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate with 0.17 μm-sized polystyrene seed particles. The other (II) was produced by seeded emulsion copolymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide with 0.36 μm-sized styrene-NIPAM copolymer particles. The amount of adsorption at temperatures above each lower critical solution temperature (LCST) was found to be much higher for I than II. In both cases, at temperatures below the LCST, almost all lactalbumin hydrolysate molecules adsorbed above the LCST were desorbed but the desorptions of adsorbed egg albumin and lysozyme molecules were not so high. The adsorption and desorption were reversible for both particles and the efficiency was better for I than II. From these results, it is concluded that the adsorption/desorption of protein onto the temperature-sensitive polymer particles is controllable by changing the temperature below and above the LCST of the shell layer and the sensitivity is based on the surface property of the composite polymer particles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00663443
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    The interface air/water of n-dodecanephosphonic acid solutions (1998)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 276 (1998), S. 52-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Key words Dodecanephosphonic acid ; soluble monolayer ; air/water interface ; evaporation ; adsorption ; ion-selective electrodes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract  The air/water interface of the system n-dodecanephosphonic acid (H2DP)–water was studied by surface tension, ion-selective electrodes and evaporation in an electrobalance. The combination of surface tension and ion-selective electrodes measurements enables to study the adsorption of soluble surfactants above the cmc using the Gibbs’ equation. H2DP formed a nonideal monolayer at the air/water interface with A molec=0.995 nm2 below the cmc. Above the cmc there was a reduction in adsorption giving A molec=6.32 nm2, which remained almost constant in the explored concentration range. This adsorption reduction may be due to a change composition on micellization, or to a thermodynamic advantage of micellization on adsorption. The reduction in the evaporation rate of water was mainly due to the reduction of the water activity, caused by the presence of solutes in bulk. This is because the strong changes in the surface coverage did not have significant influence on the evaporation rate.
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    Synthesis of temperature-sensitive micron-sized monodispersed composite polymer particles and its application as a carrier for biomolecules (1998)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 276 (1998), S. 470-475 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Key words Composite particle ; temperature-sensitive ; biomolecules ; specific activity ; adsorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract  Temperature-sensitive micron-sized monodispersed composite polymer particles were prepared by seeded copolymerization of dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate with 1.77 μm-sized monodispersed polystyrene seed particles. The change in surface property at temperature above and below 35 °C was examined by differential scanning calorimetry, trypsin activity and the adsorption/ desorption behaviors of low molecular weight cationic emulsifier as well as biomolecules.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003960050268
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    Thermodynamic study on the adsorption and micelle formation of long chain alkyltrimethylammonium chlorides (1998)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 276 (1998), S. 595-600 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Key words Surface tension ; adsorption ; micelle ; entropy ; energy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The surface tension of aqueous solutions of tetradecyl-trimethylammonium chloride (TTAC) and decyltrimethylammonium chloride (DeTAC) were measured as a function of temperature at concentrations below and above the critical micelle concentration under atmospheric pressure. The entropy and energy of adsorption from the monomeric state and from the micellar state and also the entropy and energy of micelle formation for TTAC were evaluated and compared with those of dodecyltrimethyl-ammonium chloride (DTAC). The values of ΔM W s and ΔM W u for TTAC and DTAC systems show that the micelle formation is driven by the entropy at low temperatures and by the energy at high temperatures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003960050286
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    Effect of surfactants on zeta potential and static electricity of viscose fibres (1997)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 105 (1997), S. 72-74 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Zeta potential ; static electricity ; surfactants ; viscose fibres ; adsorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Viscose fibres were finished with a blend of a nonionic fatty acid ethoxylate and a quarternary ammonium derivative. Zeta potential and static charging were investigated as a function of a cationic compound. There is strong evidence that the charging of the viscose fibres depends on the chemical nature of the surfactants side-groups.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01188928
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    Nonionic surfactants in cylindrical hydrophilic pores (1997)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 105 (1997), S. 91-95 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Surfactant ; adsorption ; pore ; curvature ; mean field ; lattice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A mean field lattice (MFL) theory has been used to study the adsorption behaviour of nonionic surfactants in hydrophilic cylindrical pores. The theory predicts that with decreasing pore radius the absorbed amount decreases. Moreover, the step in the adsorption isotherm, which is a first-order phase transition in the mean field approximation, shifts to lower concentrations. Both effects have been observed in experiments. When an adsorbed layer is curved from convex (rod) to concave (pore) at constant area, the volume of the layer decreases. As a consequence, the stability of the layer increases and the adsorbed amount decreases.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01188932
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    Adsorption of multivalent ions on charged Langmuir monolayers (1997)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 105 (1997), S. 118-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Langmuir monolayer ; adsorption ; X-ray reflectivity ; surface potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated the interaction between a Langmuir monolayer of C20H41NH2, a long-chain fatty amine and large, multivalent, heteropolyanions (phosphotungstic acid, PTA for short) dissolved in the aqueous subphase. By using X-ray reflectivity, surface pressure and surface potential measurements, we show that the adsorption is controlled by the electrostatic interaction between the PTA molecules and the amine film. At basic pH, the amine groups are not charged and no adsorption occurs. On the contrary, at acidic pH, the amines are positively charged. The surface pressure isotherms are markedly different in presence of PTA and the surface potential measurements reveal a reversal of the surface polarity. X-ray reflectivity gives a microscopic picture of the interfacial layer. The PTA anions are adsorbed onto the charged amine head groups as a monolayer or at most a bilayer. Changing the surface density of amines allows to control the total amount of PTA adsorbed and to vary the inorganic layer thickness.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01188937
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    Phase transitions in adsorption layers: comparison with Langmuir monolayers (1997)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 105 (1997), S. 130-137 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Phase transition ; adsorption ; isotherm ; Brewster angle microscopy ; Gibbs monolayer ; Langmuir monolayer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The adsorption layers of aqueous solutions of N-dodecyl-γ-hydroxy-butyric acid amide show a first-order phase transition between a fluid-like low-density phase and a condensed phase. Two-dimensional domains are formed which were visualized by Brewster angle microscopy. Theπ- A isotherms of the Langmuir monolayers show the wellknown plateau region with the critical surface pressure as the starting point for the first-order phase transition in the Langmuir monolayer. The measurements ofπ-t adsorption kinetics revealed a conspicuous inflection point at the same critical surface pressure. This inflection point is also related to the start of a first-order phase transition in the Gibbs monolayer. The results of theσ-logc isotherms are interpreted by the Frumkin's equation of state. Based on the calculated interaction parameters, the formation of a condensed phase in Gibbs monolayers is concluded. Thermodynamic behavior and morphological features of the Langmuir and Gibbs monolayers were compared and the similarities in morphology and thermodynamically properties of spread and of adsorbed molecules at the air-water interface demonstrated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01188939
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    Polyelectrolyte-surfactant interactions at interfaces (1997)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 106 (1997), S. 24-33 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polyelectrolyte-surfactant association ; surface forces ; steric forces ; critical association concentration ; adsorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Interactions between negatively charged surfaces coated with cationic polyelectrolytes across solutions containing an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) have been studied. Polyelectrolytes with charge densities between 100% and 10%, counted per monomer unit, were used. At low ionic strength the polyelectrolytes adsorb in a flat conformation to neutralize the negative mica surface charge. The higher the linear charge density of the polyelectrolyte, the thinner adsorbed layers are obtained. In no case could any desorption be detected when the polyelectrolyte containing solution was replaced with an aqueous polyelectrolyte-free solution. The presence of SDS at concentrations considerably below the critical micellar concentration (cmc) does in all cases result in a recharging and a considerable swelling of the adsorbed layer. This is due to a cooperative association of surfactants in the preadsorbed polyelectrolyte layer. In case of the 100% charged PCMA, the force versus distance profile displays clear oscillations. We interpret these oscillations as being caused by the spatial arrangement of SDS micelles induced by the polyelectrolyte. The oscillations in the force curve remain as the SDS concentration is increased to twice the cmc. No similar oscillations in the force distance curve are observed when the surfaces are precoated with less charged polyelectrolytes. In these cases a strong swelling of the polyelectrolyte layer is observed once the surfactant concentration reaches a critical value (well below the cmc).
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    Rheological properties of silica suspensions in the presence of polymer (1997)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 106 (1997), S. 180-182 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Rheology ; suspension ; adsorption ; polystyrene ; depletion flocculation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Storage moduli (G′) of hydrophilic and hydrophobic silica suspensions in trans-decalin and in trans-decalin solutions of polystyrene (PS) have been measured by taking account of PS adsorption. PS were adsorbed on the hydrophilic silica. TheG′ values of the hydrophilic suspensions in the presence of low molecular weight PS are similar to those without PS and they are larger than those in the presence of higher molecular weight PS. On the other hand, any PS chains cannot adsorb on the hydrophobic silica particles. TheG′ values of all hydrophobic suspensions are higher than that in trans-decalin due to depletion flocculation and they are two orders of magnitude larger than those for the hydrophilic silica suspensions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01189516
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    Characterization of microporous non-supported membrane top-layers using physisorption techniques (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of porous materials 1 (1995), S. 139-153 
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    ISSN: 1573-4854
    Keywords: microporous ; sol-gel ; silica ; pore size ; adsorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Gas physisorption is a generally used technique for the characterization of porous solids. Microporous solids, however, need a different approach compared to mesoporous solids due to enhanced adsorption in pores of molecular dimensions. Therefore, conventional theories and models can not be used. The application of physisorption for microporous solids, and the interpretation of the isotherms is elucidated. Some models presented in literature for pore size assessment in the micropore range are discussed. Based on a number of criteria, the Horváth-Kawazoe model, modified for cylindrical pore geometry, is selected. N2 adsorption measurments on zeolites were performed to calibrate the method and to show the applicability and physical justification. Typical data obtained from experiments on non-supported microporous silica membrane top-layers show that the pore size distribution of these materials is bimodal, with a strong maximum at an effective diameter of 0.5 nm, and a weaker maximum at 0.75 nm.
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    Carbon-silica xerogel and aerogel composites (1995)
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    Journal of porous materials 1 (1995), S. 75-84 
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    ISSN: 1573-4854
    Keywords: carbon ; silica ; xerogel ; aerogel ; composite ; adsorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract High surface area carbon-silica xerogels and aerogels were prepared by adding various amounts of activated carbon particles during gelation of tetramethyoxysilane (TMOS). Surface areas and pore structure of the gels were determined by nitrogen and water adsorption and desorption measurements. Carbon increased the surface area of silica gel and the carbon-silica gel composites were found to be hydrophobic. The pore structure of xerogel composites was dominated by carbon whereas that of aerogel composites was apparently controlled by silica component.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00486526
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    Probing the pore structure and dehumidifying characteristics of chemically modified zeolite Y (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of porous materials 1 (1995), S. 55-67 
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    ISSN: 1573-4854
    Keywords: zeolite ; porous material ; adsorption ; desiccant ; natural gas ; dehumidification ; gas-fired cooling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This study was aimed at modifying the pore structure and surface chemistry of a zeolite to achieve an ideal material for gas-fired dehumidifying and cooling system application. Zeolite Y was chemically modified with various amounts of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (H4EDTA) corresponding to H4EDTA/Al (zeolite) molar ratio, X=0.5, 0.6, 0.75, 0.9 and 1.0 under reflux condition to achieve various degrees of dealumination. Sample treated with X=0.5 remained highly crystalline, but crystallinity of the samples decreased as the X increased. Although the sample treated with X=0.9 was x-ray amorphous, SEM micrographs indicated that the original crystal morphology was largely preserved. Chemical analysis and 29Si showed a progressive extraction of Al and Na with increased X. 27Al MASNMR indicated that AlIV was the only Al species up to X=0.75, whereas the x-ray amorphous phase (X=0.9) exhibited three peaks at 60, 52 and 38 ppm indicating the distortion of and change in AlIV coordination. Adsorption analyses using H2O, N2 or Ar as probe molecules indicated that the X-ray amorphous product remained essentially microporous having a broad micropore size distribution and a reduced hydrophilicity. Consequently, water adsorption isotherm changed from an extreme Type I to a moderate Type I. The moderate Type I isotherm with water is the key for its suitability as a desiccant in gas-fired dehumidifying and cooling system. These materials are also potentially useful in solar heating and cooling applications.
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    Molecular probe technique for the assessment of the carbon molecular sieve structure (1995)
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    Journal of porous materials 2 (1995), S. 19-23 
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    ISSN: 1573-4854
    Keywords: carbon molecular sieve ; adsorption ; micropore size distribution ; molecular probe ; DR equation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen adsorption at 77 K is the most common technique for defining the surface area and pore volume of a porous material. However it is not adequate to assess the microporosity of carbon molecular sieves (CMS), because of activated diffusion effects. In this paper, a molecular probe technique was used to defining the pore size of CMS materials. Adsorption of gases (vapors) with different molecular sizes, were measured by a gravimetric method using a spring balance. The amount adsorbed at room temperature was recorded over a 24-h period. The following molecular probes were chosen: CO2 (0.33 nm), C2H6 (0.4 nm), n-C4H10 (0.43 nm), i-C5H112 (0.5 nm), and CCl4 (0.6 nm). The micropore volumes were estimated by the Dubinin-Raduhkevich (DR) equation. Assuming that the diameters of the micropores are larger than those of the adsorbed molecules, the micropore volume distribution of each sample was estimated. The results demonstrated that the main pore size of the studied CMSs are less than 0.5 nm. One of the samples had a narrow pore size distribution in the range of 0.33–0.43 nm, which is the critical pore size for kinetic separation of oxygen from nitrogen. It is concluded that the molecular probe technique is an effective mean to assess the CMS adsorbents structure, which is not currently possible using conventional approaches with a single adsorbate, such as nitrogen or argon.
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    Modeling physical adsorption on porous and nonporous solids using density functional theory (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of porous materials 2 (1995), S. 9-17 
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    ISSN: 1573-4854
    Keywords: adsorption ; isotherm ; characterization ; modeling ; simulation ; pore size ; density functional theory ; argon ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The formalism of (nonlocal) density functional theory provides an attractive way to describe the physical adsorption process at the fluid-solid interface. It provides numerical results of analytic precision in a small fraction of the time required by a simulation technique. In particular, the ability to model adsorption in a pore space of slit-like or cylindrical geometry has led to useful methods for extracting pore size distribution information from experimental adsorption isotherms. However, critical comparisons of experimental isotherms with the isotherms predicted by density functional theory have shown important differences when using the usual prescription for the nonlocal free energy density functional. It is clear that these differences would affect the accuracy of such pore size information. We show in this paper how a small modification to the mean field computation of the intermolecular attractive potential results in excellent agreement with experiment for the systems studied.
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    Micropore characterization using the Dubinin-Astakhov equation to analyze high pressure CO2 (273 K) adsorption data (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of porous materials 3 (1996), S. 247-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4854
    Keywords: adsorption ; micropore characterization ; activated carbon ; Dubinin-Astakhov equation ; Dubinin-Radushkevich equation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The characterization of the pore structure of microporous materials is of interest because of the usefulness of these materials in many applications. Of these, the characterization of carbon adsorbents is particularly problematic because of the presence of small pores with size on the order of small molecules (micropores) along with a wide distribution of pore sizes, and their non-crystalline structure. In this paper, we present results obtained using the Dubinin-Astakhov equation to analyze data from high pressure CO2 adsorption at 273 K to characterize two sets of microporous carbons. Our results support the conclusions of previous workers that the Dubinin-Astakhov (DA) equation is able to linearize adsorption data that gives rise to curved Dubinin-Radushkevich plots. However, when applied over different ranges of relative pressure on the adsorption isotherm, the Dubinin-Astakhov plots result in different values of micropore volume and characteristic adsorption potential. Furthermore, DA analysis of CO2 (273 K) adsorption data over a wide range of pressures (10−3–22000 Tort), gives results different from DA analysis of CO2 (273 K) isotherms measured at low pressures only (10−3–830 Tort). It would appear desirable to apply the DA equation to data that reflects the entire range of micropore filling on the adsorption isotherm, as opposed to data over a limited relative pressure range. For CO2 adsorption at 273 K, this would necessitate adsorption studies at high pressures, to about 28 atm. Micropore volumes obtained in this manner, agreed with the total pore volumes determined by nitrogen (77 K) adsorption for all the activated carbons studied.
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    Pore Structure Tailoring of Pillared Clays with Cation Doping Techniques (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of porous materials 5 (1998), S. 227-239 
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    ISSN: 1573-4854
    Keywords: pillared clays ; cation doping ; pore structure tailoring ; adsorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Techniques and mechanism of doping controlled amounts of various cations into pillared clays without causing precipitation or damages to the pillared layered structures are reviewed and discussed. Transition metals of great interest in catalysis can be doped in the micropores of pillared clay in ionic forms by a two-step process. The micropore structures and surface nature of pillared clays are altered by the introduced cations, and this results in a significant improvement in adsorption properties of the clays. Adsorption of water, air components and organic vapors on cation-doped pillared clays were studied. The effects of the amount and species of cations on the pore structure and adsorption behavior are discussed. It is demonstrated that the presence of doped Ca2+ ions can effectively aides the control of modification of the pillared clays of large pore openings. Controlled cation doping is a simple and powerful tool for improving the adsorption properties of pillared clay.
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    Molecular Sieves, Multifunctional Microporous Materials in Organic Synthesis (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of porous materials 5 (1998), S. 289-303 
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    ISSN: 1573-4854
    Keywords: zeolites ; design ; catalysis ; shape selectivity ; adsorption ; properties ; application
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Zeolites and molecular sieves are microporous materials with an increasing number of applications. Established applications of molecular sieves are in the field of oil refining processes, selective adsorption and ion exchange. Nowadays, zeolites come to the fore as clean, selective and recyclable catalysts in petrochemistry, e.g., in aromatic alkylation. Zeolites are considered to have a high potential for the synthesis of commodities and fine chemicals due to their molecular sized pores. Nevertheless, only a few commercial applications in fine chemical synthesis are known. Based on the essential criteria, extracted from the organic reaction under consideration, some of the potential pitfalls in selecting and screening zeolites as potential catalysts are discussed.
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    Solute segregation at grain boundaries (1996)
    Springer
    Interface science 3 (1996), S. 241-267 
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    ISSN: 1573-2746
    Keywords: grain boundary segregation ; grain boundary cohesion ; fracture ; kinetics ; equilibrium ; anisotropy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This feature article summarizes the present art and science of grain boundary segregation from the viewpoint of the authors activities in this field. In the part on equilibrium segregation, fundamental effects on grain boundary segregation are discussed such as the nature of the solute/matrix binary system, presence of additional elements, temperature, grain boundary orientation and type of interface. In addition, the predictive capabilities of grain boundary segregation diagrams are outlined. The present models of segregation kinetics are reviewed and discussed in connection with recent experiments. The last part of the paper is focussed on the most important consequences of grain boundary segregation, i.e., grain boundary cohesion and fracture.
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    The Uses of Polynuclear Metal Complexes to Develop Designed Dispersions of Supported Metal Oxides: Part II. Catalytic Properties (1997)
    Springer
    Interface science 5 (1997), S. 199-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2746
    Keywords: catalysis ; adsorption ; transition metal complexes ; designed dispersions ; metal oxide coatings ; infrared spectroscopy ; thermogravimetric analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In many catalytic reactions, the configuration, dispersion andensemble size of the supported catalytic species have a significant impacton the activity, selectivity and product distribution of the catalyst. Byusing the method of molecular design, it becomes possible to fundamentallyoptimize these catalytic reactions, eliminating side reactions and improvingthe activity or selectivity of the catalyst, provided that the detailedreaction mechanisms and the structural dependencies are known. In thismanuscript, several examples are presented that illustrate the dramaticeffect of the ensemble size of the supported catalytic species on thecatalytic behavior. It is evidenced how supported metal oxides may beprepared to have quite different catalytic properties.
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    The effect of base oil oxidation on scuffing (1998)
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    Tribology letters 4 (1998), S. 59-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2711
    Keywords: scuffing ; oil oxidation ; base oils ; adsorption ; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In this work, the effect of base oil oxidation on scuffing was investigated. It was found that under mixed lubrication conditions there is a direct relationship between the level of base oil oxidation and the onset of scuffing, i.e., the greater the oxidation the lower the likelihood of scuffing. An oxidised base oil forms, among other products, carboxylic acids, which reduce scuffing failure in comparison with the parent oil. This was confirmed by the addition of a carboxylic acid directly to the base oil operating under the same mixed lubrication conditions. The removal of the carboxylic acids from the oxidised oil via column chromatography resulted in a scuffing failure performance equivalent to the parent oil.
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    Grain Boundary Migration in Solid State Discontinuous Reactions (1998)
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    Interface science 6 (1998), S. 113-131 
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    ISSN: 1573-2746
    Keywords: discontinuous reactions ; discontinuous precipitation ; discontinuous coarsening ; discontinuous dissolution ; grain boundary ; migration ; diffusion ; kinetics ; mechanism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Discontinuous reactions are a special class of solid state moving boundary reactions characterized by a discontinuous change in orientation and composition across the migrating reaction front that provides a short circuit path of solute transport. Grain boundary migration in discontinuous reactions is both of technological as well as fundamental interest. In this paper, the initiation/growth mechanism, product morphology, driving force, reaction kinetics, and effect of external parameters on the major discontinuous reactions, namely, discontinuous precipitation, coarsening, dissolution, and diffusion induced grain boundary migration have been discussed. In addition, a number of interesting features about boundary migration in discontinuous reactions has been analyzed. Finally, the scope and necessity of continued research attention in this area have been highlighted.
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    The Compensation Effect in Thermally Activated Interface Processes (1998)
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    Interface science 6 (1998), S. 267-278 
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    ISSN: 1573-2746
    Keywords: grain boundaries ; kinetics ; thermal activation ; activation entropy ; activation enthalpy ; compensation effect ; interfaces
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Extensive experimental evidence is provided for the occurrence of the compensation effect, i.e., the linear dependence of the activation energy on the logarithm of the preexponential factor in interface kinetics, primarily grain boundary migration. It is proposed to attribute the compensation effect to a first order phase transition from the ground state to the activated state during thermal activation. The model is in line with the thermodynamic principles of phase transitions as well as the fundamentals of irreversible thermodynamics. It is capable of accounting for important phenomenological relations of interface kinetics.
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    Viscosity of Strain Gradient Effects on the Kinetics of Propagating Phase Boundaries in Solids (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of elasticity 46 (1997), S. 53-90 
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    ISSN: 1573-2681
    Keywords: phase transitions ; kinetics ; traveling waves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The theory of thermoelastic materials undergoing solid-solid phase transformations requires constitutive information that governs the evolution of a phase boundary. This is known as a kinetic relation which relates a driving traction to the speed of propagation of a phase boundary. The kinetic relation is prescribed in the theory from the onset. Here, though, a special kinetic relation is derived from an augmented theory that includes viscous, strain gradient and heat conduction effects. Based on a special class of solutions, namely travelling waves, the kinetic relation is inherited from the augmented theory as the viscosity, strain gradient and heat conductivity are removed by a suitable limit process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007311302438
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    Observation of a Sharp Transition in Contact Angle in the Wetting of Graphite by Solid Pb-Ni Alloys (1999)
    Springer
    Interface science 7 (1999), S. 173-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2746
    Keywords: contact angle transition ; wetting ; interfacial energy ; solid pb-Ni/graphite system ; adsorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The wetting of Pb-Ni crystals on graphite has been observed at 558 K in a Scanning Auger Microprobe. Samples were prepared so as to produce 10 μm crystals of Pb with Ni contents increasing from 0 to 0.3 wt% along one axis of the graphite substrate. In the low Ni region, the contact angle was found to decrease slowly from 119° to 98° with increasing Ni content. In the region of high Ni content, a constant contact angle of 83° was measured. In between, crystals with contact angles of 98° and 83° were observed to coexist, near the limit of solubility of Ni in Pb, indicating the presence of a first order transition in contact angle. The continuous decrease in contact angle, in the low Ni region, is due to Ni adsorption at the Pb-graphite interface, which leads to a decrease in interfacial energy. The constant contact angle in the high Ni region is associated with the precipitation of a Ni-rich phase. Various hypotheses are advanced to account for the first order transition in contact angle as a function of Ni concentration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008779501606
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  • 62
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    Electronic Resource
    The Uses of Polynuclear Metal Complexes to Develop Designed Dispersions of Supported Metal Oxides: Part I. Synthesis and Characterization (1997)
    Springer
    Interface science 5 (1997), S. 169-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2746
    Keywords: catalysis ; adsorption ; transition metal complexes ; designed dispersions ; metal oxide coatings ; infrared spectroscopy ; thermogravimetric analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract One way to design a catalyst begins with a consideration of thereaction mechanism to the desired product so that only the chemistryrequired of that mechanism will be present on the surface. The reactionmechanism will suggest the structure(s) to be developed on the surface whichshould be stabilized against changes during operation. We believe that thisideal may be approached by decorating surfaces or porous powders with amonolayer of metal complexes having the desired structures. These complexesmay be partially decomposed to develop a high dispersion of the supportedmetal oxide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008669528505
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  • 63
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    Electronic Resource
    A consideration of curved interfaces in stress-assisted martensite formation (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of elasticity 44 (1996), S. 271-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2681
    Keywords: martensite ; kinetics ; driving traction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A purely mechanical, sharp interface model is developed to consider curved interfaces that have been observed between martensite phase variants. The approach is based on a theory of small strains as distinct from small displacement gradients. It admits a realistic characterization of each phase with standard elasticity tensors and allows for inhomogeneous states of strain within each phase including inhomogeneous, finite rotations. The model indicates that any signficant interface curvature must be due to material rotation because interfaces cannot be finitely curved with respect to the material lattice. It is also found that the interface driving traction is not influenced by local lattice rotations unless inertia affects the reaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00042136
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  • 64
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    Electronic Resource
    Ellipsometry and TIRF Studies of Adsorption Processes in Parenteral Drug Delivery (1997)
    Springer
    Interface science 5 (1997), S. 159-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2746
    Keywords: adsorption ; ellipsometry ; opsonins ; PEG ; phospholipids ; polymers ; proteins ; TIRF
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Ellipsometry and total internal reflection fluorescence spectroscopy(TIRF) were used for investigating adsorption processes of relevance forparenteral administration of colloidal drug carriers. Emphasis is put ondiscussing the effects of both protein and surface properties on theadsorption of serum proteins at phospholipid and other surfaces.Furthermore, the adsorption from multicomponent protein systems, such asblood, is addressed, and both competitive and associative adsorptionphenomena discussed. The correlation between effects of the drug carriersurface properties on the serum protein adsorption and the circulation timeand tissue distribution of colloidal drug carriers is also addressed.Finally, the potential of ellipsometry in another adsorption process ofmajor importance for phagocytosis, i.e., the adsorption of colloidalparticles to macroscopic or mesoscopic surfaces, is indicated byinvestigations of the adsorption of oil-in-water emulsion droplets atsilica.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008613411666
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  • 65
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    Electronic Resource
    Structure‐dependent viscoelastic properties of C9〉‐alkanethiol monolayers (1999)
    Springer
    Tribology letters 7 (1999), S. 67-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2711
    Keywords: alkanethiol ; self‐assembled monolayers ; quartz crystal microbalance ; viscoelasticity ; kinetics ; ellipsometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Quartz crystal microbalance techniques and in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry are used to probe the structure‐dependent intrinsic viscoelastic properties of self‐assembled CH3(CH2)8SH alkanethiol monolayers adsorbed from the gas phase onto Au(111)‐textured substrates. Physisorbed molecules, mixed chemisorbed‐fluid/solid phases and solid‐phase domain boundaries make sequentially dominant contributions to the measured energy dissipation in the growing monolayer. Deviations from Langmuir adsorption kinetics reveal a precursor‐mediated adsorption channel. These studies reveal the impact of structural heterogeneity in tribological studies of monolayer lubricants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019117319559
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