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  • Articles  (29)
  • Nitrogen  (29)
  • Springer  (29)
  • Nature Publishing Group
  • 1995-1999  (29)
  • 1945-1949
  • Geosciences  (29)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vermicomposting of coffee pulp using the earthworm Eisenia fetida: Effects on C and N contents and the availability of nutrients (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 162-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Carbon ; Coffee pulp ; Eisenia fetida ; Nitrogen ; Nutrients ; Vermicomposting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In Colombia, more than 1 million tons of coffee pulp are produced every year. Its transformation into compost by means of turned piles has led to a final product with poor physical and chemical characteristics and vermicomposting has been suggested as an alternative method of transforming these wastes into a useful organic fertilizer. The ability of the earthworm Eisenia fetida to transform coffee pulp into a valuable compost was evaluated. The influence of bed depth and time on different C fractions, N content and availability of nutrients was studied. The results showed that the C and N contents were not affected by the depth of the bed, whereas time affected both. An increase in the fractionation ratio, determined by calculating the C in the fraction smaller than 100 μm as a percentage of C in the samples as a whole, and low values of humic-like substances were recorded during vermicomposting. After ingestion of the pulp by the earthworms, an increase in available P, Ca, and Mg but a decrease in K were detected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384449
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of nitrogen fertiliser on temporal and spatial variation of mineral nitrogen and microbial biomass in a silvopastoral system (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 177-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Excreta ; Fertiliser ; Microbial biomass ; Nitrogen ; Silvopastoral
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a field study to assess the effect of increasing the frequency of split applications of N fertiliser on the pattern of plant uptake, soil N availability, and microbial biomass C and N. Measurements were taken during the growing season in different positions relative to young trees (Prunus avium L.) in an upland silvopastoral system in its first year after establishment. At fertiliser rates of 72 and 144 kg ha-1 N applied as NH4NO3, increasing the number of split applications increased N uptake by the pasture. Mineral forms of soil N measured 2 weeks after application indicated that residual NH inf4 sup+ -N and total mineral N were also greater in this treatment on certain dates. Soil NO inf3 sup- -N was positively correlated with the soil moisture content, and nitrification reached a maximum in early May and declined rapidly thereafter except within the herbicide-treated areas around the trees where soil moisture had been conserved. Results of the study suggest that high NO inf3 sup- -N in herbicide-treated areas was probably caused by mineralisation of grass residues and low uptake by the tree rather than by preferential urine excretion by sheep sheltering beside the trees. Mean microbial biomass C and N values of 894 and 213 kg ha-1, respectively, were obtained. Microbial C was slightly increased by the higher frequency of split applications at 144 kg ha-1 N and was probably related to the greater herbage production with this treatment. Microbial N was not significantly affected by the N treatments. Both microbial biomass C and N increased during the growing season, resulting in the net immobilisation of at least 45 kg ha-1 N which was later released during the autumn.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336156
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The measurement of soil fungal:bacterial biomass ratios as an indicator of ecosystem self-regulation in temperate meadow grasslands (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 29 (1999), S. 282-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Grasslands ; Management ; Microbial biomass ; Bacteria ; Fungi ; Nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  There is much interest in the development of agricultural land management strategies aimed at enhancing reliance on ecosystem self-regulation rather than on artificial inputs such as fertilisers and pesticides. This study tested the usefulness of measures of soil microbial biomass and fungal:bacterial biomass ratios as indicators of effective conversion from an intensive grassland system, reliant mainly on fertilisers for crop nutrition, to a low-input system reliant mainly on self-regulation through soil biological pathways of nutrient turnover. Analysis of soils from a wide range of meadow grassland sites in northern England, along a gradient of long-term management intensity, showed that fungal:bacterial biomass ratios (measured by phospholipid fatty acid analysis; PLFA) were consistently and significantly higher in the unfertilised than the fertilised grasslands. There was also some evidence that microbial biomass, measured by chloroform fumigation and total PLFA, was higher in the unfertilised than in the fertilised grasslands. It was also found that levels of inorganic nitrogen (N), in particular nitrate-N, were significantly higher in the fertilised than in the unfertilised grasslands. However, microbial activity, measured as basal respiration, did not differ between the sites. A field manipulation trial was conducted to determine whether the reinstatement of traditional management on an improved mesotrophic grassland, for 6 years, resulted in similar changes in the soil microbial community. It was found that neither the cessation of fertiliser applications nor changes in cutting and grazing management significantly affected soil microbial biomass or the fungal:bacterial biomass ratio. It is suggested that the lack of effects on the soil microbial community may be related to high residual fertility caused by retention of fertiliser N in the soil. On the basis of these results it is recommended that following the reinstatement of low-input management, the measurement of a significant increase in the soil fungal:bacterial biomass ratio, and perhaps total microbial biomass, may be an indicator of successful conversion to a grassland system reliant of self-regulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050554
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbon additions increase nitrogen availability in northern hardwood forest soils (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 29 (1999), S. 430-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Carbon ; Nitrogen ; Microbial biomass ; Mineralization ; Respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The effects of acetate additions to northern hardwood forest soils on microbial biomass carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content, soil inorganic N levels, respirable C and potential net N mineralization and nitrification were evaluated. The experiment was relevant to a potential watershed-scale calcium (Ca) addition that aims to replace Ca depleted by long-term exposure to acid rain. One option for this addition is to use calcium-magnesium (Mg) acetate, a compound that is inexpensive and much more readily soluble than the Ca carbonate that is generally used for large-scale liming. Field plots were treated with sodium (NA) acetate, Na bicarbonate or water (control) and were sampled (forest floor – Oe and Oa combined) 2, 10 and 58 days following application. It was expected that the addition of C would lead to an increase in biomass C and N and a decrease in inorganic N. Instead, we observed no effect on biomass C, a decline in biomass N and an increase in N availability. One possible explanation for our surprising results is that the C addition stimulated microbial activity but not growth. A second, and more likely, explanation for our results is that the C addition did stimulate microbial growth and activity, but there was no increase in microbial biomass due to predation of the new biomass by soil fauna. The results confirm the emerging realization that the effects of increases in the flow of C to soils, either by deliberate addition or from changes in atmospheric CO2, are more complex than would be expected from a simple C : N ratio analysis. Evaluations of large-scale manipulations of forest soils to ameliorate effects of atmospheric deposition or to dispose of wastes should consider microbial and faunal dynamics in considerable detail.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050576
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Leucaena hedgerow intercropping and cattle manure application in the Ethiopian highlands III. Nutrient balances (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1999), S. 204-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Alley cropping ; Calcium ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Balances between nutrients applied or mineralized and nutrients removed in maize grain and stover were calculated in a hedgerow intercropping experiment in which Leucaena leucocephala and L. pallida prunings and cattle manure were applied. Hedgerow intercropping (also called alley cropping) is an agroforestry system in which trees are grown in dense hedges between alleys where short-cycle crops are grown. The hedges are pruned periodically during the cropping period and the prunings are added to the soil as green manure. In control treatments, nutrient depletion per season was in the order of 7–19 kg N ha–1, 4–12 kg P ha–1, 10–26 kg K ha–1, 0–2 kg Ca ha–1 and 3–6 kg Mg ha–1. N fertilizer reversed the depletion of N, but it accelerated the depletion of the other nutrients. Manure and at least two applications of leucaena prunings resulted in net positive balances of N, K, and Ca between amounts applied or mineralized and amounts removed by maize. The amounts of P and Mg applied with, or mineralized from, prunings or manure were insufficient to offset the negative balances of these nutrients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050484
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Leucaena hedgerow intercropping and cattle manure application in the Ethiopian highlands I. Decomposition and nutrient release (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1999), S. 182-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Alley cropping ; Calcium ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Intercropping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  A litter bag technique was used to study the decomposition and release of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg from Leucaena leucocephala and L. pallida prunings and cattle manure in a hedgerow intercropping trial conducted in the Ethiopian highlands. Hedgerow intercropping (also called alley cropping or alley farming) is an agroforestry system in which trees are grown in dense hedges between alleys where short-cycle crops are grown. The hedges are pruned periodically during the cropping period and the prunings are added to the soil as green manure. Manure was the most resistant to decomposition, losing only 15% of its dry matter (DM) in 15 weeks, compared to 41–57% lost by leucaena prunings. Large quantities of K (up to 104 kg ha–1) were mineralized from prunings and manure, but Ca and Mg were mostly immobilized. More N and P were released from prunings than from manure, which resulted in net immobilization of these nutrients in the initial stages of decomposition and net mineralization in later stages. Between the leucaenas more N was mineralized and less Ca and Mg were immobilized when L. leucocephala prunings were applied than when L. pallida prunings were applied. Fertilizer N increased DM decomposition and N mineralization. Mineralization of the nutrients was constrained by lignin and polyphenol contents. It is concluded that leucaena mulch and cattle manure may be significant sources of N and K for crop growth, but external sources of P, Ca and Mg may be required, particularly in acid soils which have low contents of these nutrients. However, this fertility effect has to be evaluated against the competition effect of trees to predict crop response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050482
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Leucaena hedgerow intercropping and cattle manure application in the Ethiopian highlands II. Maize yields and nutrient uptake (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1999), S. 196-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Alley cropping ; Calcium ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Leaf pruning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The effects of Leucaena leucocephala and L. pallida prunings and cattle manure on maize nutrient uptake and yield were investigated in a hedgerow intercropping trial in the Ethiopian highlands. Hedgerow intercropping (also called alley cropping) is an agroforestry system in which trees are grown in dense hedges between alleys where short-cycle crops are grown. The hedges are pruned periodically during the cropping period and the prunings are added to the soil as green manure. For each leucaena species, the experiment had 16 treatments resulting from a factorial combination of four levels of leucaena leaf prunings (no prunings applied; first prunings applied; first and second prunings applied; first, second and third prunings applied), two levels of air-dried cattle manure (0 and 3 t dry matter ha–1) and two levels of N fertilizer (0 and 40 kg N ha–1 as urea). Uptake of N, P and K increased significantly with application of the three nutrient sources, but uptake of Ca and Mg either did not respond or decreased with application of prunings and manure. All the three factors increased maize grain and stover yields significantly, usually with no significant interactions between the factors. At least two applications of prunings were required to significantly increase nutrient uptake and maize yield. Maize in the row closest to the hedge did not respond to these nutrient inputs. It is concluded that hedgerow intercropping, with or without manure application, can increase crop yields moderately (to 2–3 t ha–1 maize grain yields) in the highlands, but P, Ca and Mg may have to be supplied from external sources if they are deficient in the soil. Additional N is still required for higher yields (〉4 t ha–1 maize grain yields). However, quantification of the competition effects of the trees is also required to confirm these results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050483
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spring dynamics of soil carbon, nitrogen, and microbial activity in earthworm middens in a no-till cornfield (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1998), S. 243-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Earthworm middens ; Soil ; Carbon ; Nitrogen ; Microbial activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Earthworm activity may be an important cause of spatial and temporal heterogeneity of soil properties in agroecosystems. Structures known as “earthworm middens,” formed at the soil surface by the feeding and casting activities of some earthworms, may contribute significantly to this heterogeneity. We compared the temporal dynamics of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and microbial acitivity in Lumbricus terrestris middens and in surrounding non-midden (bulk) soil during the spring, when seasonal earthworm activity was high. We sampled soil from middens and bulk soil in a no-till cornfield on four dates during May and June 1995. Soil water content and the weight of coarse organic litter (〉2mm) were consistently higher in middens than in bulk soil. Total C and N concentrations, C:N ratios, and microbial activity also were greatest in midden soil. Concentrations of ammonium-nitrogen and dissolved organic N were greater in middens than in bulk soil on most dates, suggesting accelerated decomposition and mineralization in middens. However, concentrations of nitrate were usually lower in middens, indicating reduced nitrification or increased leaching and denitrification losses from middens, relative to bulk soil. Fungal activity, as well as total microbial activity, was consistently greater in middens. The contribution of fungae to overall microbial activity differed significantly between middens and bulk soil only on one date when both soils were very dry; the contribution of fungae to microbial activity was lower in the middens on this date. We conclude that the midden-forming activity of L. terrestris can be a major determinant of spatial heterogeneity in some agricultural soils, and that this can potentially affect overall rates of soil processes such as organic matter decomposition, N mineralization, denitrification, and leaching.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050374
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ecological characteristics of a nitrogen-saturated coniferous forest in The Netherlands (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1998), S. 258-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Decomposition ; Deposition ; Nitrogen ; saturation ; Pinus sylvestris ; Soil biota
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wekerom forest shows a high nitrogen (N) load, and the first signs of N saturation. This characterization is based on the high N content of the needles, the high nitrate-N (NO3-N) mobilization and low cation mobilization from the organic horizon. The N cycle in this forest has been transformed into an „open flow” system, in which the ammonium-N, deposited in large quantities from the atmosphere, is transformed into NO3-N, which is leached into the groundwater. Decomposition of deeper organic layers, such as the fragmented litter and humus layers, is thought to provide additional NH4-N, which explains the high NO3-N output. Together with a reduction in the number and vitality of the pine trees, there is an increase in the number of nitrophilous plants, such as Deschampsia flexuosa and Rumex acetosella. The ectomycorrhizal and litter-decaying fungi are specific, N-resistant species. Soil fauna are classified as common inhabitants of dry, acid, nutrient poor forests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050377
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamics and stratification of functional groups of micro- and mesoarthropods in the organic layer of a Scots pine forest (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1998), S. 268-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Collembola ; Acari ; Araneae ; Nitrogen ; Stratification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper addresses the abundance, biomass and microstratification of functional groups of micro- and mesoarthropods inhabiting the organic layers of a Scots pine forest (Pinus sylvestris L.). An experiment using stratified litterbags, containing organic material of four degradation stages, i.e., freshly fallen litter, litter, fragmented litter and humus, was performed over a period of 2.5 years. Statistical data analysis revealed that each organic layer had a different, characteristic species composition that changed with time following successive degradation stages. Species of Acari, Araneae and Collembola were assigned to different functional groups based on taxonomy, microstratification, food type or feeding mode. The abundance and biomass carbon of functional groups were dependent on the organic layer and most functional groups showed a particular preference for one of the upper organic layers. Temporal and spatial differences in density and biomass carbon of functional groups could partly be related to fluctuations in the soil climate, although effects of trophic interactions could not be ruled out. A general decline in abundance and biomass, especially in populations of fungal feeders, during the last year of the study could not be explained by a reduction in litterbag volume, changed litter chemistry or soil climate, but was attributed to an indirect effect of a remarkable increase in soil coverage by wavy hair grass, Deschampsia flexuosa (L.). The analysis demonstrated that species diversity, microhabitat specification, soil fauna succession, and degradation stages of organic material are interrelated. The results obtained indicate that both the chemistry of organic matter and decomposition rates have an important effect on trophic relationships and community structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050378
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamics and stratification of bacteria and fungi in the organic layers of a scots pine forest soil (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1998), S. 313-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Fungi ; Bacteria ; Nitrogen ; Scots pine ; Stratification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The abundance and micro-stratification of bacteria and fungi inhabiting the organic layers of a Scots pine forest (Pinus sylvestris L.) were investigated. An experiment using stratified litterbags, containing organic material of four degradation stages (fresh litter, litter, fragmented litter and humus) was performed over a period of 2.5 years. Dynamics and stratification of fluorescent stained bacteria and fungi, ratios between bacterial and fungal biomass, and relationships with moisture and temperature are described. Average bacterial counts in litter and fragmented litter were similar, i.e., approximately 5×109 bacteriag–1 (dry weight) organic matter, and significantly exceeded those in humus. The mean bacterial biomass ranged from 0.338 to 0.252mg carbon (C) g–1 (dry weight) organic matter. Lengths of mycelia were significantly below the usually recorded amounts for comparable temperate coniferous forests. The highest average hyphal length, 53mg–1 (dry weight) organic matter, was recorded in litter and decreased significantly with depth. The corresponding mean fungal biomass ranged from 0.050 to 0.009mg Cg–1 (dry weight). The abundance of bacteria and fungi was influenced by water content, that of fungi also by temperature. A litterbag series with freshly fallen litter of standard quality, renewed bimonthly, revealed a clear seasonal pattern with microbial biomass peaks in winter. The mean hyphal length was 104mg–1 (dry weight) and mean number of bacteria, 2.40×109 bacteria g–1 (dry weight). Comparable bacterial and fungal biomass C were found in the freshly fallen litter [0.154 and 0.132mgCg–1 (dry weight) organic material, respectively]. The ratio of bacterial-to-fungal biomass C increased from 1.2 in fresh litter to 28.0 in humus. The results indicate the existence of an environmental stress factor affecting the abundance of fungi in the second phase of decomposition. High atmospheric nitrogen deposition is discussed as a prime factor to explain low fungal biomass and the relatively short lengths of fungal hyphae in some of the forest soil layers under study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050382
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of 15N labelling to study the turnover and utilization of ruminant manure N (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1998), S. 56-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Animal manure ; Immobilization ; Mineralization ; Nitrogen ; Slurry distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  An improved understanding of the cycling of animal manure N is a prerequisite for making better use of this N source. A sheep was fed 15N-labelled grass in order to study the fate of 15N-labelled ruminant manure N in the plant-soil system. The uniformity of labelling was found to be satisfactory when an appropriate feeding strategy was used. The mineralization of labelled faecal N was compared to the mineralization of labelled feed N and indigestible feed N by measuring residual labelled organic N in unplanted topsoil in the field. After 18 months, 61% of both faecal N and feed N was recovered in organic form in the topsoil, while 94% of the indigestible feed N was still present in the soil. The influence of slurry distribution in soil on the crop uptake of labelled faecal N in slurry was studied in a sandy and a sandy loam soil. The crop uptake of labelled faecal N was compared with the uptake of 15N-labelled mineral fertilizer in a reference treatment. The uptake was 28–32% of that of the reference treatment with simulated slurry injection, 13–25% with incorporated slurry and 18–19% with slurry on the soil surface. The mineralization of faecal N in the autumn after application in spring was low irrespective of the slurry distribution in soil. The results demonstrate that the contact between animal manure and the soil matrix significantly influences the short-term turnover and availability of faecal and ammonium N in slurry, especially in fine-textured soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050463
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Short-term effects of nitrogen on methane oxidation in soils (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1998), S. 64-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Methane oxidation ; Nitrogen ; Fertilizer ; Soils ; Isotopic dilution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The short-term effects of N addition on CH4 oxidation were studied in two soils. Both sites are unfertilized, one has been under long-term arable rotation, the other is a grassland that has been cut for hay for the past 125 years. The sites showed clear differences in their capacity to oxidise CH4, the arable soil oxidised CH4 at a rate of 0.013 μg CH4 kg–1 h–1 and the grassland soil approximately an order of magnitude quicker. In both sites the addition of (NH4)2SO4 caused an immediate reduction in the rate of atmospheric CH4 oxidation approximately in inverse proportion to the amount of NH4 + added. The addition of KNO3 caused no change in the rate of CH4 oxidation in the arable soil, but in the grassland soil after 9 days the rate of CH4 oxidation had decreased from 0.22 μg CH4 kg–1 h–1 to 0.13 μg CH4 kg–1 h–1 in soil treated with the equivalent of 192 kg N ha–1. A 15N isotopic dilution technique was used to investigate the role of nitrifiers in regulating CH4 oxidation. The arable soil showed a low rate of gross N mineralisation (0.67 mg N kg–1 day–1), but a relatively high proportion of the mineralised N was nitrified. The grassland soil had a high rate of gross N mineralisation (18.28 mg N kg–1 day–1), but negligible nitrification activity. It is hypothesised that since there was virtually no nitrification in the grassland soil then CH4 oxidation at this site must be methanotroph mediated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050464
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of cropping systems on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium forms and soil organic carbon in a Gray Luvisol (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 184-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Cropping systems ; Soil organic matter ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of up to 23 years of agricultural cropping of a boreal forest soil on soil organic carbon (SOC) and N, P, and K pools were studied. The cropping systems studied were: (a) continuous barley, (b) continuous forage bromegrass, (c) continuous forage legume, and (d) barley/grass-legume forage rotation. Continuous bromegrass increased while other cropping systems decreased SOC in the surface soil. Kjeldahl N in soil approximately followed the trend in SOC. The net gain in N under continuous grass was attributed mostly to nonsymbiotic N fixation. Changes in SOC content appeared to be also influenced by cropping and tillage frequencies. Changes in fixed (intercalary) ammonium were small. There was no measurable change in total P, in part, because input was only slightly higher than crop offtake. Organic P increased under continuous bromegrass, and tended to decrease under continuous legume. The C/N and C/P ratios of soil organic matter decreased slightly with cropping. Exchangeable K (Kex) was decreased by cropping systems containing a legume crop to a greater extent than those without a legume crop. Most of the decrease occurred in the 0–15 cm depth. Nitric acid extractable K was not affected by cropping. Since net loss of Kex to 30 cm depth was substantially less than crop offtake, it is suggested that subsoil K reserves and matrix K were supplying a major portion of the crops' K requirement. It is concluded that the effects of cropping systems on SOC, N, P and K are influenced by crop type, and cropping and tillage frequencies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384453
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbial C and N dynamics during mesophilic and thermophilic incubations of ryegrass (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Microbial Biomass ; Carbon ; Nitrogen ; Chloroform-fumigation extraction ; Temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory studies were conducted to determine C and N dynamics during the decomposition of ryegrass straw under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. A KC of 0.61 was developed for the chloroform-fumigation extraction method to estimate microbial biomass C. These estimates showed that the C and N requirement of the thermophilic biomass was approximately 50% of the mesophilic biomass. There was no relationship between chloroform-fumigation microbial biomass estimates and plating of microorganisms from straw on specific media. Mineralized C was measured as 185 and 210 g kg–1 straw in the 25°C and 50°C treatments, respectively. The efficiency of microbial substrate use, on a total straw basis, was 34 and 28% in the 25°C and 50°C incubations, respectively. The level of soluble C declined more slowly than total C mineralization at both temperatures, indicating that a portion of the labile C was not readily biodegradable. The addition of N decreased the rate of C mineralization at both temperatures. The reduced N requirement of the thermophiles explains why rapid degradation of the high C:N residue occurred without additional N or the need for the addition of a low C:N ratio substrate. Additional inoculum did not affect the decomposition process. We conclude that the promotion of thermophilic biomass activities, through composting for example, may prove useful in upgrading agricultural wastes for introduction into sustainable cropping systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384425
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organic nitrogen mineralization in temperate humid-zone soils after two and six weeks of aerobic incubation (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 20 (1995), S. 237-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Mineralization capacity ; Nitrogen ; Soil incubation ; Time of incubation ; Temperate humid-zone soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The N mineralization rate in 11 soils was studied by aerobic incubation at 28°C and at a moisture content of 75% of field capacity for 2 weeks (short term) and 6 weeks (medium term). Relationships between the N mineralization indices for each period were evaluated. Ammonification largely predominated during the first 2 weeks of incubation, whereas nitrification was the predominant process between weeks 2 and 6. The net N mineralized in the different soils varied from 0 to 2.85% of the organic N after 2 weeks of incubation and from 0.32 to 3.36% of the organic N after 6 weeks of incubation, the mean values for each period being 0.82 and 1.51% of the organic N, respectively. The quantities of NH inf4 sup+ -N, NO inf3 sup- -N, and total inorganic N produced and the percentage of organic N mineralized after 2 weeks of incubation were highly and positively correlated with the coresponding values after 6 weeks of incubation. These results showed that either length of incubation could be used to determine the potential N mineralization capacity of the soils. Information obtained from two incubation periods was largely supplementary for the kinetic study of N mineralization, ammonification, and nitrification; therefore a medium-term incubation with intermediate measurements of N mineralization over a short term may be more useful than a single measurement using either of the two incubation periods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336083
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Release and consumption of nitrogen by snail feces in Negev Desert soils (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 399-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Snails ; Nitrogen ; Desert ; Mineralization ; Nitrification ; Respiration ; Feces ; N cycling processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Snail grazing and feces production have been shown to be major components of the nitrogen (N) budget of Negev Desert ecosystems. However, the movement of N from feces into soil N cycling processes has not been studied. In this study, we measured immediate N release from different types of snail feces following wetting of dry desert soils, and characterized potential net N mineralization and nitrification and soil respiration over a 12-day incubation under laboratory conditions. The dynamics of inorganic N exhibited two distinct phases during the 12-day incubation: (1) immediate release of inorganic N following wetting of the soil and (2) decline of inorganic N from day 1 to day 12 of the incubation. The immediate pulse of N release from this one wetting event (6–25 mg N m–2) was larger than annual atmospheric inputs of N to Negev Desert ecosystems (〈2 mg N m–2); however, from 50 to 80% of the N released upon wetting was consumed by the end of the incubation. There were differences in inorganic N release and respiration from feces from different kinds of snails, and from feces from the same species of snail fed different plants. The results suggest that while snail feces contribute significant amounts of plant available N to Negev ecosystems, plants must compete with other “sinks” for this N.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335913
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Release and consumption of nitrogen by snail feces in Negev Desert soils (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 399-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Snails ; Nitrogen ; Desert ; Mineralization ; Nitrification ; Respiration ; Feces ; N cycling processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Snail grazing and feces production have been shown to be major components of the nitrogen (N) budget of Negev Desert ecosystems. However, the movement of N from feces into soil N cycling processes has not been studied. In this study, we measured immediate N release from different types of snail feces following wetting of dry desert soils, and characterized potential net N mineralization and nitrification and soil respiration over a 12-day incubation under laboratory conditions. The dynamics of morganic N exhibited two distinct phases during the 12-day incubation: (1) immediate release of inorganic N following wetting of the soil and (2) decline of inorganic N from day 1 today 12 of the incubation. The immediate pulse of N release from this one wetting event (6–25 mg N m-2) was larger than annual atmospheric inputs of N to Negev Desert ecosystems (〈2 mg N m-2); however, from 50 to 80% of the N released upon wetting was consumed by the end of the incubation. There were differences in inorganic N release and respiration from feces from different kinds of snails, and from feces from the same species of snail fed different plants. The results suggest that while snail feces contribute significant amounts of plant available N to Negev ecosystems, plants must compete with other “sinks” for this N.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335913
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Methane uptake in Swedish forest soil in relation to liming and extra N-deposition (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 296-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Methane ; Forest soil ; pH ; Liming ; Nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Methane uptake to soil was examined in individual chambers at three small forest catchments with different treatments, Control, Limed and Nitrex sites, where N-deposition was experimentally increased. The catchments consisted of both well-drained forest and wet sphagnum areas, and showed uptake of CH4 from the ambient air. The lowest CH4 uptakes were observed in the wet areas, where the different treatments did not influence the uptake rate. In the well-drained areas the CH4 uptakes were 1.6, 1.4 and 0.6 kg ha–1 year–1 for the Limed, Control and Nitrex sites, respectively. The uptake of methane at the well-drained Nitrex site was statistically smaller than at the other well-drained catchments. Both acidification and increase in nitrogen in the soil, caused by the air-borne deposition, are the probable cause for the reduction in the methane uptake potential. Uptake of methane was correlated to soil water content or temperature for individual chambers at the well-drained sites. The uptake rate of methane in soil cores was largest in the 0- to 10-cm upper soil layer. The concentration of CH4 in the soil was lower than the atmospheric concentration up to 30 cm depth, where methane production occurred. Besides acting as a sink for atmospheric methane, the oxidizing process in soil prevents the release of produced methane from deeper soil layers reaching the atmosphere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050318
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Disturbance effects on soil solution chemistry due to heating cable installation (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 40-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Northern hardwoods ; Disturbance in soil ; Nitrogen ; Soil warming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Installation of heating cables for warming soil was used to evaluate the effect of disturbance on soil solution chemistry within a northern hardwood forest (Adirondack Mountains, New York). Differences in response among treatments suggested the importance of both the depth and timing of cable installation. There were increases (p〉0.05) in many solutes within pilot study plots in which “surrogate cable” was installed at 15 cm depth. Most notably, mean nitrate concentrations for the 1st year following disturbance were 744 μeq l–1 at 15 cm depth compared to 7 μeq l–1 for the non-disturbed control. A comparison of pilot plots with 5 cm cable depth and an unheated soil-warming control plot with the same cable disturbance showed that the seasonality of soil disturbance may have a key role in response to disturbance. The soil solution response was diminished if installation occurred during the spring, a period of rapid uptake of nitrogen by vegetation. Mean nitrate concentrations were 176 μeq l–1 for 5-cm pilot plots (installed in fall 1991) versus 6 μeq l–1 for 5-cm, unheated soil-warming control plots (installed in spring 1992). Disturbance effects were attenuated over time and not generally apparent 1 year after installation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384430
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbial C and N dynamics during mesophilic and thermophilic incubations of ryegrass (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial Biomass ; Carbon ; Nitrogen ; Chloroform-fumigation extraction ; Temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory studies were conducted to determine C and N dynamics during the decomposition of ryegrass straw under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. A KC of 0.61 was developed for the chloroform-fumigation extraction method to estimate microbial biomass C. These estimates showed that the C and N requirement of the thermophilic biomass was approximately 50% of the mesophilic biomass. There was no relationship between chloroform-fumigation microbial biomass estimates and plating of microorganisms from straw on specific media. Mineralized C was measured as 185 and 210 g kg-1 straw in the 25°C and 50°C treatments, respectively. The efficiency of microbial substrate use, on a total straw basis, was 34 and 28% in the 25°C and 50°C incubations, respectively. The level of soluble C declined more slowly than total C mineralization at both temperatures, indicating that a portion of the labile C was not readily biodegradable. The addition of N decreased the rate of C mineralization at both temperatures. The reduced N requirement of the thermophiles explains why rapid degradation of the high C:N residue occurred without additional N or the need for the addition of a low C:N ratio substrate. Additional inoculum did not affect the decomposition process. We conclude that the promotion of thermophilic biomass activities, through composting for example, may prove useful in upgrading agricultural wastes for introduction into sustainable cropping systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384425
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vermicomposting of coffee pulp using the earthworm Eisenia fetida: Effects on C and N contents and the availability of nutrients (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 162-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Carbon ; Coffee pulp ; Eisenia fetida ; Nitrogen ; Nutrients ; Vermicomposting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In Colombia, more than 1 million tons of coffee pulp are produced every year. Its transformation into compost by means of turned piles has led to a final product with poor physical and chemical characteristics and vermicomposting has been suggested as an alternative method of transforming these wastes into a useful organic fertilizer. The ability of the earthworm Eisenia fetida to transform coffee pulp into a valuable compost was evaluated. The influence of bed depth and time on different C fractions, N content and availability of nutrients was studied. The results showed that the C and N contents were not affected by the depth of the bed, whereas time affected both. An increase in the fractionation ratio, determined by calculating the C in the fraction smaller than 100 μm as a percentage of C in the samples as a whole, and low values of humic-like substances were recorded during vermicomposting. After ingestion of the pulp by the earthworms, an increase in available P, Ca, and Mg but a decrease in K were detected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384449
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Disturbance effects on soil solution chemistry due to heating cable installation (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 40-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Northern hardwoods ; Disturbance in soil ; Nitrogen ; Soil warming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Installation of heating cables for warming soil was used to evaluate the effect of disturbance on soil solution chemistry within a northern hardwood forest (Adirondack Mountains, New York). Differences in response among treatments suggested the importance of both the depth and timing of cable installation. There were increases (p〉0.05) in many solutes within pilot study plots in which “surrogate cable” was installed at 15 cm depth. Most notably, mean nitrate concentrations for the 1st year following disturbance were 744 μeq l-1 at 15 cm depth compared to 7 μeq l-1 for the non-disturbed control. A comparison of pilot plots with 5 cm cable depth and an unheated soil-warming control plot with the same cable disturbance showed that the seasonality of soil disturbance may have a key role in response to disturbance. The soil solution response was diminished if installation occurred during the spring, a period of rapid uptake of nitrogen by vegetation. Mean nitrate concentrations were 176 μeq l-1 for 5-cm pilot plots (installed in fall 1991) versus 6 μeq l-1 for 5-cm, unheated soil-warming control plots (installed in spring 1992). Disturbance effects were attenuated over time and not generally apparent 1 year after installation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384430
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of cropping systems on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium forms and soil organic carbon in a Gray Luvisol (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 184-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Cropping systems ; Soil organic matter ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of up to 23 years of agricultural cropping of a boreal forest soil on soil organic carbon (SOC) and N, P, and K pools were studied. The cropping systems studied were: (a) continuous barley, (b) continuous forage bromegrass, (c) continuous forage legume, and (d) barley/grass-legume forage rotation. Continuous bromegrass increased while other cropping systems decreased SOC in the surface soil. Kjeldahl N in soil approximately followed the trend in SOC. The net gain in N under continuous grass was attributed mostly to nonsymbiotic N fixation. Changes in SOC content appeared to be also influenced by cropping and tillage frequencies. Changes in fixed (intercalary) ammonium were small. There was no measurable change in total P, in part, because input was only slightly higher than crop offtake. Organic P increased under continuous bromegrass, and tended to decrease under continuous legume. The C/N and C/P ratios of soil organic matter decreased slightly with cropping. Exchangeable K (Kex) was decreased by cropping systems containing a legume crop to a greater extent than those without a legume crop. Most of the decrease occurred in the 0–15 cm depth. Nitric acid extractable K was not affected by cropping. Since net loss of Kex to 30 cm depth was substantially less than crop offtake, it is suggested that subsoil K reserves and matrix K were supplying a major portion of the crops‘ K requirement. It is concluded that the effects of cropping systems on SOC, N, P and K are influenced by crop type, and cropping and tillage frequencies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384453
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Field-scale and laboratory study of factors affecting N2O emissions from a rye stubble field on sandy loam soil (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 366-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Water addition ; Nitrogen ; Glucose ; O2 content ; Temperature ; Closed-chamber method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Emission of N2O from cultivated and fertilised soils may contribute significantly to the total global N2O emission. This study included laboratory and field investigations of the N2O production from a dry stubble field as influenced by addition of water, nitrogen and glucose. N2O fluxes were measured using a closed-chamber technique, and the O2 content in the soil was measured using soil probes. Results from a laboratory soil core technique were correlated to the relative N2O emission observed in the field. When the soil water content in the field increased from 14% to 60% water-filled pore space, the N2O emission increased from non-significant to a constant emission of 30 μg N m–2 h–1. At this soil water content the production of N2O was limited by the availability of nitrogen and carbon. Application of nitrogen at soil temperatures of 13 and 21°C in a pre-wetted soil increased the N2O emission 3.1- and 3.7-fold, respectively, whereas nitrogen plus carbon application increased the N2O emission 13.3- and 7.3-fold, respectively. In both treatments the N2O emission rates were affected by fluctuations in soil temperature and O2 content. The results indicate that even in a soil producing very little N2O under dry conditions, the soil microbial community maintains a potential to produce N2O when favourable conditions occur in terms of availability of water, nitrogen and carbon.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050327
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Methane fluxes and nitrogen dynamics from a drained fenland peat (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 27 (1998), S. 279-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Peats ; Methane ; Nitrogen ; Land use ; Agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Rates of methane uptake were measured in incubation studies with intact cores from adjacent fenland peats that have been under arable management and woodland management for at least the past 30 years. On two separate occasions the woodland peat showed greater rates of uptake than the arable peat. These rates ranged from 23.1 to 223.3 μg CH4 m–2 day–1 for the woodland peat and from 29.6 to 157.6 μg CH4 m–2 day–1 for the arable peat. When the peats were artificially flooded there was a decrease in the rate of methane oxidation, but neither site showed any net efflux of methane. 15N isotopic dilution was used to characterise nitrogen cycling within the two peats. Both showed similar rates of gross nitrogen mineralisation (3.58 mg N kg–1 day–1, arable peat; 3.54 N kg–1 day–1, woodland peat) and ammonium consumption (4.19 arable peat and 4.70 mg N kg–1 day–1 woodland peat). There were significant differences in their inorganic ammonium and nitrate pool sizes, and the rate of gross nitrification was significantly higher in the woodland peat (4.90 mg N kg–1 day–1) compared to the arable peat (1.90 mg N kg–1 day–1). These results are discussed in the light of high atmospheric nitrogen deposition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050434
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen mineralization in soil layers, soil particles and macro-organic matter under grassland (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 29 (1999), S. 38-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Grassland ; Nitrogen ; Mineralization ; Macro-organic matter ; Soil particles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  A study was conducted to determine mineralization rates in the field and in different soil layers under three grassland managements (viz. a reseeded sward, a permanent sward with a conventional N management, and a long-term grass sward with 0 N (0-N) input). Potential mineralization rates of soil particles (sand, silt and clay) and macro-organic matter fractions of different sizes (i.e. 0.2–0.5, 0.5–2.0 and 〉2 mm) were also determined in the laboratory. In the reseeded plots, net mineralization was unchanged down to 40 cm depth. In the undisturbed conventional-N swards, mineralization rates were substantially higher in the top layer (0–10 cm) than in the deeper layers. In plots which had received no fertilizer N, mineralization was consistently low in all the layers. There was more macro-organic matter (MOM) in the 0-N plots (equivalent to 23 g kg–1 soil for 0–40 cm) than in the two fertilized plots (i.e. conventional-N and reseeded) which contained similar amounts (ca. 15 g kg–1 soil). C and N contents of separated soil particles did not differ amongst the treatments, but there were large differences with depth. Potential mineralization in the bulk soil was greatest in the 0–10 cm layers and gradually decreased with depth in all the treatments. Separated sand particles had negligible rates of potential mineralization and the clay component had the highest rates in the subsurface layers (10–40 cm). MOMs had high potential rate of mineralization in the surface layer and decreased with soil depth, but there was no clear pattern in the differences between different size fractions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050522
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  • 28
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    Importance of epiphytic cyanobacteria as food sources for heterotrophs in a tropical seagrass bed (1999)
    Springer
    Coral reefs 18 (1999), S. 263-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0975
    Keywords: Key words Syringodium isoetifolium ; Cyanobacteria ; Stable isotopes ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The natural carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios (δ13C, δ15N) of various autotrophs and heterotrophs were measured in a Syringodium isoetifolium-dominated seagrass bed at Dravuni Island, Fiji to define carbon and nitrogen sources for heterotrophic organisms in a system where few animals graze directly on seagrass leaves. The organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus content of organisms was also determined. The δ13C and δ15N data suggest that herbivorous heterotrophs in this seagrass bed depend significantly on epiphytic cyanobacteria rather than seagrass leaves and its detritus. This can be attributed to relative differences in nitrogen content of those organic materials. The cyanobacteria nitrogen content (3.6–4.8% of DW) is nearly half that of heterotrophs (7.0–8.6% N of DW) while that of S. isoetifolium origin (0.6–1.1% N of DW) is less than one third of the cyanobacteria nitrogen content. Phosphorus content was similar among cyanobacteria (0.8–1.1 mg g-1) and S. isoetifolium (0.4–1.4 mg g-1). These results suggest that cyanobacteria are important food sources for heterotrophs at the study site, and that inorganic nitrogen released through breakdown of cyanobacteria by heterotrophs may support the continued production of S. isoetifolium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003380050191
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of potentially mineralizable nitrogen in agricultural soil (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 21 (1996), S. 114-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Statistical methods ; Mineralization ; Nitrogen ; First-order kinetics ; Incubation experiment ; Model for N mineralization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Potentially mineralizable soil N was determined after incubation for 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 22, and 30 weeks, according to the Stanford and Smith method. A first-order kinetics model was used, and a simulation study was performed using three different statistical methods to estimate potentially mineralizable N and the rate constant k. The first method was based on the maximum-likelihood approach. The second one relied on nonlinear least square data fitting. The third method was based on linear of logarithmically transformed data. The results of the simulation study suggested that the non-linear least square method was preferable to the others. This method was then applied to real data from 30 different Italian soils. The values obtained for potentially mineralizable N were, on average, 10% of total N (mean standard error=0.9). The estimated value of k was 0.050 (mean standard error=0.005). Finally, from the values obtained for k and the results of the simulation, the results indicated that significantly less reliable estimates of potentially mineralizable N were obtained by using data for up to only 22 weeks of incubation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336002
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