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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trypanosoma rangeli—In vitro Metacyclogenesis and Fate of Metacyclic Trypomastigotes after Infection to Mice and Fibroblast Cultures (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 46 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: High metacyclogenesis was induced when freshly-isolated Trypanosoma rangeli from humans were grown in a modified liver-infusion-tryptose medium and transferred into the medium overlaid on mouse fibroblasts at 27° C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere. Such in yitro-generated metacyclic trypomastigotes could induce a significantly high and constant parasitemia in both ICR and SCID mice for a period of about a week but thereafter the parasitemia gradually decreased. Histological examination could not detect any tissue-forms of T. rangeli in various organs of SCID mice. On the other hand, two long-maintained stocks of T. rangeli produced lower metacyclogenesis and only latent parasitemia in both strains of mice. When these populations were incubated in fibroblast cultures at 37° C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere, only trypomastigotes survived for two to three weeks without proliferation, while other forms, mainly epimastigotes, soon began to swell and degenerate. Electron microscopy showed that most surviving trypomastigotes had the basket-like conformation of the kinetoplasts. This is characteristic of the non-dividing trypomastigote stage of T. cruzi, and suggests that T. rangeli trypomastigotes may survive long periods in the blood without proliferation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1999.tb04582.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Small Subunit Ribosomal RNA Sequence of Henneguya exilis (Class Myxosporea) Identifies the Actinosporean Stage from an Oligochaete Host (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 46 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Several transmission studies, as well as recent molecular data, have indicated that the two classes Myxosporea and Actinosporea represent different life cycle stages of Myxozoa. To evaluate the life cycles of myxozoa in catfish aquaculture systems, the small subunit (18S) ribosomal RNA gene sequences of Henneguya exilis, a myxosporean from channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, and an actinosporean (previously designated as Aurantiactinomyxon janiszewskai) from the aquatic oligochaete Dero digitata were determined. The sequences were identical, indicating that H. exilis and the actinosporean are alternate life stages of a single species. This is the first report identifying the actinosporean stage of the genus Henneguya.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1999.tb04585.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for Early Signaling Events in Stomatin-Induced Differentiation of Tetrahymena vorax (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 46 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The mechanism of stomatin-induced differentiation of Tetrahymena vorax was investigated by in vivo protease degradation of cell surface proteins, the direct measurement of products formed from the activation of phospholipase C, and the use of an array of signal transduction inhibitors/activators. The data indicate that a surface-exposed protein is required for stomatin to signal the cells to differentiate and that the cells are committed to the differentiation pathway within two hours after exposure to stomatin. Analysis of radiolabeled polyphosphoinositols and inositol lipids from control and stomatin-treated populations in the presence of 10 mM LiCl were consistent with a rapid activation of phospholipase C. Within five min following addition of stomatin, this resulted in an increase in polyphosphoinositols and a concomitant decrease in the relative amounts of phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol trisphosphate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1999.tb04587.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Goldstein, B. J. 1998. Tyrosine Phosphoprotein Phosphatases (second edition). Oxford University Press. Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP. ISBN 0–19–850247–8. 272 pp. US £45.00 paper. 8 halftons and linecuts. (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 46 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1999.tb04589.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF PROTEIN AND NUCLEIC ACID ASSEMBLIES (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 28 (1999), S. 1-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Raman spectrum of a protein or nucleic acid consists of numerous discrete bands representing molecular normal modes of vibration and serves as a sensitive and selective fingerprint of three-dimensional structure, intermolecular interactions, and dynamics. Recent improvements in instrumentation, coupled with innovative approaches in experimental design, dramatically increase the power and scope of the method, particularly for investigations of large supramolecular assemblies. Applications are considered that involve the use of (a) time-resolved Raman spectroscopy to elucidate assembly pathways in icosahedral viruses, (b) polarized Raman microspectroscopy to determine detailed structural parameters in filamentous viruses, (c) ultraviolet-resonance Raman spectroscopy to probe selective DNA and protein residues in nucleoprotein complexes, and (d) difference Raman methods to understand mechanisms of protein/DNA recognition in gene regulatory and chromosomal complexes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.28.1.1
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MULTIPROTEIN-DNA COMPLEXES IN TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 28 (1999), S. 29-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Transcription in eukaryotes is frequently regulated by a mechanism termed combinatorial control, whereby several different proteins must bind DNA in concert to achieve appropriate regulation of the downstream gene. X-ray crystallographic studies of multiprotein complexes bound to DNA have been carried out to investigate the molecular determinants of complex assembly and DNA binding. This work has provided important insights into the specific protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions that govern the assembly of multiprotein regulatory complexes. The results of these studies are reviewed here, and the general insights into the mechanism of combinatorial gene regulation are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.28.1.29
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MODERN APPLICATIONS OF ANALYTICAL ULTRACENTRIFUGATION (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 28 (1999), S. 75-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Analytical ultracentrifugation is a classical method of biochemistry and molecular biology. Because it is a primary technique, sedimentation can provide first-principle hydrodynamic and first-principle thermodynamic information for nearly any molecule, in a wide range of solvents and over a wide range of solute concentrations. For many questions, it is the technique of choice. This review stresses what information is available from analytical ultracentrifugation and how that information is being extracted and used in contemporary applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.28.1.75
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NITROXIDE SPIN-SPIN INTERACTIONS: Applications to Protein Structure and Dynamics (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 28 (1999), S. 129-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Measurement of the distance between two spin label probes in proteins permits the spatial orientation of elements of defined secondary structure. By using site-directed spin labeling, it is possible to determine multiple distance constraints and thereby build tertiary and quaternary structural models as well as measure the kinetics of structural changes. New analytical methods for determining interprobe distances and relative orientations for uniquely oriented spin labels have been developed using global analysis of multifrequency electron paramagnetic resonance data. New methods have also been developed for determining interprobe distances for randomly oriented spin labels. These methods are being applied to a wide range of structural problems, including peptides, soluble proteins, and membrane proteins, that are not readily characterized by other structural techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.28.1.129
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS OF BIOMOLECULES: Long-Range Electrostatic Effects (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 28 (1999), S. 155-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Current computer simulations of biomolecules typically make use of classical molecular dynamics methods, as a very large number (tens to hundreds of thousands) of atoms are involved over timescales of many nanoseconds. The methodology for treating short-range bonded and van der Waals interactions has matured. However, long-range electrostatic interactions still represent a bottleneck in simulations. In this article, we introduce the basic issues for an accurate representation of the relevant electrostatic interactions. In spite of the huge computational time demanded by most biomolecular systems, it is no longer necessary to resort to uncontrolled approximations such as the use of cutoffs. In particular, we discuss the Ewald summation methods, the fast particle mesh methods, and the fast multipole methods. We also review recent efforts to understand the role of boundary conditions in systems with long-range interactions, and conclude with a short perspective on future trends.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.28.1.155
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DNA REPAIR MECHANISMS FOR THE RECOGNITION AND REMOVAL OF DAMAGED DNA BASES (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 28 (1999), S. 101-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Recent structural and biochemical studies have begun to illuminate how cells solve the problems of recognizing and removing damaged DNA bases. Bases damaged by environmental, chemical, or enzymatic mechanisms must be efficiently found within a large excess of undamaged DNA. Structural studies suggest that a rapid damage-scanning mechanism probes for both conformational deviations and local deformability of the DNA base stack. At susceptible lesions, enzyme-induced conformational changes lead to direct interactions with specific damaged bases. The diverse array of damaged DNA bases are processed through a two-stage pathway in which damage-specific enzymes recognize and remove the base lesion, creating a common abasic site intermediate that is processed by damage-general repair enzymes to restore the correct DNA sequence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.28.1.101
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE LYSOSOMAL CYSTEINE PROTEASES (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 28 (1999), S. 181-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A significant number of exciting papain-like cysteine protease structures have been determined by crystallographic methods over the last several years. This trove of data allows for an analysis of the structural features that empower these molecules as they efficiently carry out their specialized tasks. Although the structure of the paradigm for the family, papain, has been known for twenty years, recent efforts have reaped several structures of specialized mammalian enzymes. This review first covers the commonalities of architecture and purpose of the papain-like cysteine proteases. From that broad platform, each of the lysosomal enzymes for which there is an X-ray structure (or structures) is then examined to gain an understanding of what structural features are used to customize specificity and activity. Structure-based design of inhibitors to control pathological cysteine protease activity will also be addressed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.28.1.181
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    STRUCTURE AND CONFORMATION OF COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES OF GLYCOPROTEINS, GLYCOLIPIDS, AND BACTERIAL POLYSACCHARIDES (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 28 (1999), S. 269-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract For nuclear magnetic resonance determinations of the conformation of oligosaccharides in solution, simple molecular mechanics calculations and nuclear Overhauser enhancement measurements are adequate for small oligosaccharides that adopt single, relatively rigid conformations. Polysaccharides and larger or more flexible oligosaccharides generally require additional types of data, such as scalar and dipolar coupling constants, which are most conveniently measured in 13C-enriched samples. Nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation data provide information on the dynamics of oligosaccharides, which involves several different types of internal motion. Oligosaccharides complexed with lectins and antibodies have been successfully studied both by X-ray crystallography and by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The complexes have been shown to be stabilized by a combination of polar hydrogen bonding interactions and van der Waals attractions. Although theoretical calculations of the conformation and stability of free oligosaccharides and of complexes with proteins can be carried out by molecular mechanics methods, the role of solvent water for these highly polar molecules continues to present computational problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.28.1.269
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE PROTEASOME (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 28 (1999), S. 295-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Proteasomes are large multisubunit proteases that are found in the cytosol, both free and attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, and in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Their ubiquitous presence and high abundance in these compartments reflects their central role in cellular protein turnover. Proteasomes recognize, unfold, and digest protein substrates that have been marked for degradation by the attachment of a ubiquitin moiety. Individual subcomplexes of the complete 26S proteasome are involved in these different tasks: The ATP-dependent 19S caps are believed to unfold substrates and feed them to the actual protease, the 20S proteasome. This core particle appears to be more ancient than the ubiquitin system. Both prokaryotic and archaebacterial ancestors have been identified. Crystal structures are now available for the E. coli proteasome homologue and the T. acidophilum and S. cerevisiae 20S proteasomes. All three enzymes are cylindrical particles that have their active sites on the inner walls of a large central cavity. They share the fold and a novel catalytic mechanism with an N-terminal nucleophilic threonine, which places them in the family of Ntn (N terminal nucleophile) hydrolases. Evolution has added complexity to the comparatively simple prokaryotic prototype. This minimal proteasome is a homododecamer made from two hexameric rings stacked head to head. Its heptameric version is the catalytic core of archaebacterial proteasomes, where it is sandwiched between two inactive antichambers that are made up from a different subunit. In eukaryotes, both subunits have diverged into seven different subunits each, which are present in the particle in unique locations such that a complex dimer is formed that has six active sites with three major specificities that can be attributed to individual subunits. Genetic, biochemical, and high-resolution electron microscopy data, but no crystal structures, are available for the 19S caps. A first step toward a mechanistic understanding of proteasome activation and regulation has been made with the elucidation of the X-ray structure of the alternative, mammalian proteasome activator PA28.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.28.1.295
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PROTEINS OF THE ADF/COFILIN FAMILY: Essential Regulators of Actin Dynamics (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 15 (1999), S. 185-230 
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    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ubiquitous among eukaryotes, the ADF/cofilins are essential proteins responsible for the high turnover rates of actin filaments in vivo. In vertebrates, ADF and cofilin are products of different genes. Both bind to F-actin cooperatively and induce a twist in the actin filament that results in the loss of the phalloidin-binding site. This conformational change may be responsible for the enhancement of the off rate of subunits at the minus end of ADF/cofilin-decorated filaments and for the weak filament-severing activity. Binding of ADF/cofilin is competitive with tropomyosin. Other regulatory mechanisms in animal cells include binding of phosphoinositides, phosphorylation by LIM kinases on a single serine, and changes in pH. Although vertebrate ADF/cofilins contain a nuclear localization sequence, they are usually concentrated in regions containing dynamic actin pools, such as the leading edge of migrating cells and neuronal growth cones. ADF/cofilins are essential for cytokinesis, phagocytosis, fluid phase endocytosis, and other cellular processes dependent upon actin dynamics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.15.1.185
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    VERTEBRATE ENDODERM DEVELOPMENT (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 15 (1999), S. 393-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Endoderm, one of the three principal germ layers, contributes to all organs of the alimentary tract. For simplicity, this review divides formation of endodermal organs into four fundamental steps: (a) formation of endoderm during gastrulation, (b) morphogenesis of a gut tube from a sheet of cells, (c) budding of organ domains from the tube, and (d) differentiation of organ-specific cell types within the growing buds. We discuss possible mechanisms that regulate how undifferentiated endoderm becomes specified into a myriad of cell types that populate the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.15.1.393
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    REGULATION OF NUCLEAR LOCALIZATION: A Key to a Door (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 15 (1999), S. 291-339 
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    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Information can be transferred between the nucleus and the cytoplasm by translocating macromolecules across the nuclear envelope. Communication of extracellular or intracellular changes to the nucleus frequently leads to a transcriptional response that allows cells to survive in a continuously changing environment. Eukaryotic cells have evolved ways to regulate this movement of macromolecules between the cytoplasm and the nucleus such that the transfer of information occurs only under conditions in which a transcriptional response is required. This review focuses on the ways in which cells regulate movement of proteins across the nuclear envelope and the significance of this regulation for controlling diverse biological processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.15.1.291
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  • 17
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    INTEGRATION OF SIGNALING NETWORKS THAT REGULATE DICTYOSTELIUM DIFFERENTIATION (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 15 (1999), S. 469-517 
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    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In Dictyostelium amoebae, cell-type differentiation, spatial patterning, and morphogenesis are controlled by a combination of cell-autonomous mechanisms and intercellular signaling. A chemotactic aggregation of ~105 cells leads to the formation of a multicellular organism. Cell-type differentiation and cell sorting result in a small number of defined cell types organized along an anteroposterior axis. Finally, a mature fruiting body is created by the terminal differentiation of stalk and spore cells. Analysis of the regulatory program demonstrates a role for several molecules, including GSK-3, signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) factors, and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), that control spatial patterning in metazoans. Unexpectedly, two component systems containing histidine kinases and response regulators also play essential roles in controlling Dictyostelium development. This review focuses on the role of cAMP, which functions intracellularly to mediate the activity of PKA, an essential component in aggregation, cell-type specification, and terminal differentiation. Cytoplasmic cAMP levels are controlled through both the regulated activation of adenylyl cyclases and the degradation by a phosphodiesterase containing a two-component system response regulator. Extracellular cAMP regulates G-protein-dependent and -independent pathways to control aggregation as well as the activity of GSK-3 and the transcription factors GBF and STATa during multicellular development. The integration of these pathways with others regulated by the morphogen DIF-1 to control cell fate decisions are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.15.1.469
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  • 18
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    THE TRANSLOCON: A Dynamic Gateway at the ER Membrane (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 15 (1999), S. 799-842 
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    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cotranslational protein translocation across and integration into the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) occur at sites termed translocons. Translocons are composed of several ER membrane proteins that associate to form an aqueous pore through which secretory proteins and lumenal domains of membrane proteins pass from the cytoplasm to the ER lumen. These sites are not passive holes in the bilayer, but instead are quite dynamic both structurally and functionally. Translocons cycle between ribosome-bound and ribosome-free states, and convert between translocation and integration modes of operation. These changes in functional state are accompanied by structural rearrangements that alter translocon conformation, composition, and interactions with ligands such as the ribosome and BiP. Recent studies have revealed that the translocon is a complex and sophisticated molecular machine that regulates the movement of polypeptides through the bilayer, apparently in both directions as well as laterally into the bilayer, all while maintaining the membrane permeability barrier.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.15.1.799
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  • 19
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    SYNAPTIC VESICLE BIOGENESIS (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 15 (1999), S. 733-798 
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    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Synaptic vesicles, which have been a paradigm for the fusion of a vesicle with its target membrane, also serve as a model for understanding the formation of a vesicle from its donor membrane. Synaptic vesicles, which are formed and recycled at the periphery of the neuron, contain a highly restricted set of neuronal proteins. Insight into the trafficking of synaptic vesicle proteins has come from studying not only neurons but also neuroendocrine cells, which form synaptic-like microvesicles (SLMVs). Formation and recycling of synaptic vesicles/SLMVs takes place from the early endosome and the plasma membrane. The cytoplasmic machinery of synaptic vesicle/SLMV formation and recycling has been studied by a variety of experimental approaches, in particular using cell-free systems. This has revealed distinct machineries for membrane budding and fission. Budding is mediated by clathrin and clathrin adaptors, whereas fission is mediated by dynamin and its interacting protein SH3p4, a lysophosphatidic acid acyl transferase.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.15.1.733
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  • 20
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    MECHANISMS OF STATIONARY PHASE MUTATION: A Decade of Adaptive Mutation (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 33 (1999), S. 57-88 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A decade of research on adaptive mutation has revealed a plethora of mutagenic mechanisms that may be important in evolution. The DNA synthesis associated with recombination could be an important source of spontaneous mutation in cells that are not proliferating. The movement of insertion elements can be responsive to environmental conditions. Insertion elements not only activate and inactivate genes, they also provide sequence homology that allows large-scale genomic rearrangements. Some conjugative plasmids can recombine with their host's chromosome, and may acquire chromosomal genes that could then spread through the population and even to other species. Finally, a subpopulation of transient hypermutators could be a source of multiple variant alleles, providing a mechanism for rapid evolution under adverse conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.33.1.57
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  • 21
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    LENTIVIRUS REPLICATION AND REGULATION (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 33 (1999), S. 133-170 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Lentiviruses are associated with chronic diseases of the hematological and neurological systems in animals and man. In particular, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the etiological agent of the global AIDS epidemic. The genomes of lentiviruses are complex, encoding a number of regulatory and accessory proteins not found in other retroviruses. This complexity is reflected in their replication cycle, which reveals intricate regulatory pathways and unique mechanisms for viral persistence. In this review, we highlight some of these unique features for HIV-1, with particular focus on the transcriptional and posttranscriptional control of gene expression. Although our understanding of the biology of HIV-1 is far from complete, the knowledge gained thus far has already led to novel strategies for both virus intervention and exploiting the lentiviruses for therapeutic applications.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.33.1.133
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  • 22
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    MESSENGER RNA STABILITY AND ITS ROLE IN CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION IN BACTERIA AND PHAGES (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 33 (1999), S. 193-227 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The stability of mRNA in prokaryotes depends on multiple factors and it has not yet been possible to describe the process of mRNA degradation in terms of a unique pathway. However, important advances have been made in the past 10 years with the characterization of the cis-acting RNA elements and the trans-acting cellular proteins that control mRNA decay. The trans-acting proteins are mainly four nucleases, two endo- (RNase E and RNase III) and two exonucleases (PNPase and RNase II), and poly(A) polymerase. RNase E and PNPase are found in a multienzyme complex called the degradosome. In addition to the host nucleases, phage T4 encodes a specific endonuclease called RegB. The cis-acting elements that protect mRNA from degradation are stable stem-loops at the 5' end of the transcript and terminators or REP sequences at their 3' end. The rate-limiting step in mRNA decay is usually an initial endonucleolytic cleavage that often occurs at the 5' extremity. This initial step is followed by directional 3' to 5' degradation by the two exonucleases. Several examples, reviewed here, indicate that mRNA degradation is an important step at which gene expression can be controlled. This regulation can be either global, as in the case of growth rate-dependent control, or specific, in response to changes in the environmental conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.33.1.193
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    TOWARD AN INTEGRATED GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PARASITIC PROTOZOA AND OTHER PATHOGENS (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 33 (1999), S. 449-477 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Due to the increase of human migrations, the appearance of emerging and reemerging endemies, growing antibiotic resistance, and climatic changes, infectious diseases most probably constitute the major challenge for medicine in the next century. The advent of molecular methods of pathogen characterization has considerably improved our knowledge of the epidemiology of these diseases. However, the use of concepts of evolutionary genetics for interpreting "molecular epidemiology" data remains limited, although the application of such methods would broaden considerably the scope of this field of research, and allow epidemiologic and taxonomic approaches to be ascertained on a much firmer basis. In turn, pathogens, hosts, and vectors provide fascinating models for basic research. The artificial character of the border between "basic" and "applied" research is especially apparent with regard to the "integrated genetic epidemiology of infectious diseases" concept. The goal of this chapter is to evaluate the respective impact, on the transmission and pathogenicity of infectious diseases, of the host's, the pathogen's, and the vector's (for vector-borne diseases) genetic diversity, and the interactions between these three parameters (coevolution phenomena).
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    RNA FOLDS: Insights from Recent Crystal Structures (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 28 (1999), S. 57-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An RNA fold is the result of packing together two or more coaxial helical stacks. To date, four RNA folds have been determined at near-atomic resolution by X-ray crystallography: transfer RNA, the hammerhead ribozyme, the P4-P6 domain of the Tetrahymena group I intron, and the hepatitis delta virus ribozyme. All four folds result in RNAs that are considerably more compact than isolated A-form duplexes. These structures illustrate, to varying degrees, three modes of fold stabilization: association of complementary molecular surfaces, stabilization of close RNA packing by binding of cations, and stabilization through pseudoknotting.
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    ROTATIONAL COUPLING IN THE F0F1 ATP SYNTHASE (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 28 (1999), S. 205-234 
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    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The F0F1 ATP synthase is a large multisubunit complex that couples translocation of protons down an electrochemical gradient to the synthesis of ATP. Recent advances in structural analyses have led to the demonstration that the enzyme utilizes a rotational catalytic mechanism. Kinetic and biochemical evidence is consistent with the expected equal participation of the three catalytic sites in the alpha3beta3 hexamer, which operate in sequential, cooperative reaction pathways. The rotation of the core gamma subunit plays critical roles in establishing the conformation of the sites and the cooperative interactions. Mutational analyses have shown that the rotor subunits are responsible for coupling and in doing so transmit specific conformational information between transport and catalysis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.28.1.205
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    SOLID-STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE INVESTIGATION OF PROTEIN AND POLYPEPTIDE STRUCTURE (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 28 (1999), S. 235-268 
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    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is rapidly emerging as a successful and important technique for protein and peptide structural elucidation from samples in anisotropic environments. Because of the diversity of nuclei and nuclear spin interactions that can be observed, and because of the broad range of sample conditions that can be studied by solid-state NMR, the potential for gaining structural constraints is great. Structural constraints in the form of orientational, distance, and torsional constraints can be obtained on proteins in crystalline, liquid-crystalline, or amorphous preparations. Great progress in the past few years has been made in developing techniques for obtaining these constraints, and now it has also been clearly demonstrated that these constraints can be assembled into uniquely defined three-dimensional structures at high resolution. Although much progress toward the development of solid-state NMR as a routine structural tool has been documented, the future is even brighter with the continued development of the experiments, of NMR hardware, and of the molecular biological methods for the preparation of labeled samples.
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    MEMBRANE PROTEIN FOLDING AND STABILITY: Physical Principles (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 28 (1999), S. 319-365 
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    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Stably folded membrane proteins reside in a free energy minimum determined by the interactions of the peptide chains with each other, the lipid bilayer hydrocarbon core, the bilayer interface, and with water. The prediction of three-dimensional structure from sequence requires a detailed understanding of these interactions. Progress toward this objective is summarized in this review by means of a thermodynamic framework for describing membrane protein folding and stability. The framework includes a coherent thermodynamic formalism for determining and describing the energetics of peptide-bilayer interactions and a review of the properties of the environment of membrane proteins-the bilayer milieu. Using a four-step thermodynamic cycle as a guide, advances in three main aspects of membrane protein folding energetics are discussed: protein binding and folding in bilayer interfaces, transmembrane helix insertion, and helix-helix interactions. The concepts of membrane protein stability that emerge provide insights to fundamental issues of protein folding.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.28.1.319
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    CLOSING IN ON BACTERIORHODOPSIN: Progress in Understanding the Molecule (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 28 (1999), S. 367-399 
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    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Bacteriorhodopsin is the best understood ion transport protein and has become a paradigm for membrane proteins in general and transporters in particular. Models up to 2.5 A resolution of bacteriorhodopsin's structure have been published during the last three years and are basic for understanding its function. Thus one focus of this review is to summarize and to compare these models in detail. Another focus is to follow the protein through its catalytic cycle in summarizing more recent developments. We focus on literature published since 1995; a comprehensive series of reviews was published in 1995 (112).
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    [PSI+]: AN EPIGENETIC MODULATOR OF TRANSLATION TERMINATION EFFICIENCY (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 15 (1999), S. 661-703 
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    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The [PSI+] factor of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an epigenetic regulator of translation termination. More than three decades ago, genetic analysis of the transmission of [PSI+] revealed a complex and often contradictory series of observations. However, many of these discrepancies may now be reconciled by a revolutionary hypothesis: protein conformation-based inheritance (the prion hypothesis). This model predicts that a single protein can stably exist in at least two distinct physical states, each associated with a different phenotype. Propagation of one of these traits is achieved by a self-perpetuating change in the protein from one form to the other. Mounting genetic and biochemical evidence suggests that the determinant of [PSI+] is the nuclear encoded Sup35p, a component of the translation termination complex. Here we review the series of experiments supporting the yeast prion hypothesis and provide another look at the 30 years of work preceding this theory in light of our current state of knowledge.
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    HISTORY OF PLANT POPULATION GENETICS (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 33 (1999), S. 1-27 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This review of plant population genetics focuses on the genetic foundations of the processes that have led to documentable improvements in cultivated plants since the earliest domestications took place perhaps 13,000 years ago. Nearly all human civilizations have depended heavily on inbreeding plants (particularly wheat, barley, soybeans and other inbreeding legumes), as well as outbreeding vegetatively propagated species (white potatoes, yams) as their dietary standbys. The principal exception is maize (corn), an annual seed-produced outbreeder in nature. It is noteworthy that maize joined wheat, rice, and barley as a truly major crop worldwide only after its conversion to self-pollination combined with hybridization between favorably interacting inbred lines increased yield of maize several-fold in the twentieth century.
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    FAS LIGAND-INDUCED APOPTOSIS (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 33 (1999), S. 29-55 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The immune response is regulated not only by cell proliferation and differentiation, but also by programmed cell death, or apoptosis. In response to various stimuli, death factors bind to their respective receptors and activate the apoptotic death program in target cells. A cascade of specific proteases termed caspases mediates the apoptotic process. The activated caspases cleave various cellular components, a process that leads to morphological changes of the cells and nuclei, as well as to degradation of the chromosomal DNA. Loss-of-function mutations in the signaling molecules involved in apoptosis cause hyper-proliferation of cells in mouse and human. In contrast, exaggeration of this death cascade causes the destruction of various tissues.
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    MOLECULAR GENETICS OF HUMAN RETINAL DISEASE (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 33 (1999), S. 89-131 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The past decade has witnessed extraordinary progress in retinal disease gene identification, the analysis of animal and tissue culture models of disease processes, and the integration of this information with clinical observations and with retinal biochemistry and physiology. During this period over twenty retinal disease genes were identified and for many of these genes there are now significant insights into their role in disease. This review presents an overview of the basic and clinical biology of the retina, summarizes recent progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms of inherited retinal diseases, and offers an assessment of the role that genetics will play in the next phase of research in this area.
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    SHUFFLONS: Multiple Inversion Systems and Integrons (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 33 (1999), S. 171-191 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Conservative site-specific recombination functions to create biological diversity in prokaryotes. Simple site-specific recombination systems consist of two recombination sites and a recombinase gene. The plasmid R64 shufflon contains seven recombination sites, which flank and separate four DNA segments. Site-specific recombinations mediated by the product of the rci gene between any two inverted recombination sites result in the inversion of four DNA segments independently or in groups. The shufflon functions as a biological switch to select one of seven C-terminal segments of the PilV proteins, which is a minor component of R64 thin pilus. The shufflon determines the recipient specificity in liquid matings of plasmid R64. Other multiple inversion systems as well as integrons, which are multiple insertion systems, are also described in this review.
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    RIBOSOME SYNTHESIS IN Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 33 (1999), S. 261-311 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The synthesis of ribosomes is one of the major metabolic pathways in all cells. In addition to around 75 individual ribosomal proteins and 4 ribosomal RNAs, synthesis of a functional eukaryotic ribosome requires a remarkable number of trans-acting factors. Here, we will discuss the recent, and often surprising, advances in our understanding of ribosome synthesis in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These will underscore the unexpected complexity of eukaryotic ribosome synthesis.
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    GENETICS OF CHEMOTAXIS AND THERMOTAXIS IN THE NEMATODE CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 33 (1999), S. 399-422 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Molecular genetic analysis of chemotaxis and thermotaxis in Caenorhabditis elegans has revealed the molecular bases of olfaction, taste, and thermosensation, which, in turn, has demonstrated that sensory signaling in C. elegans is very similar to that in vertebrates. A cyclic nucleotide-gated channel (TAX-2/TAX-4) that is highly homologous to the olfactory and photoreceptor channels in vertebrates is required for taste and thermosensation, in addition to olfaction. A cation channel (OSM-9) that is closely related to a capsaicin receptor channel is required for olfactory adaptation in one olfactory neuron and olfactory sensation in the other olfactory neuron. A novel Galpha protein (ODR-3) is essential for olfactory responses in all olfactory neurons and aversive responses in a polymodal sensory neuron. A G protein-coupled seven-transmembrane receptor (ODR-10) is the first olfactory receptor whose ligand was elucidated. Using chemotaxis and thermotaxis as behavioral paradigms, neural plasticity including learning and memory can be studied genetically in C. elegans.
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    FAMILY VALUES IN THE AGE OF GENOMICS: Comparative Analyses of Temperate Bacteriophage HK0221 (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 33 (1999), S. 565-602 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract HK022 is a temperate coliphage related to phage lamba. Its chromosome has been completely sequenced, and several aspects of its life cycle have been intensively studied. In the overall arrangement, expression, and function of most of its genes, HK022 broadly resembles lamba and other members of the lamba family. Upon closer view, significant differences emerge. The differences reveal alternative strategies used by related phages to cope with similar problems and illuminate previously unknown regulatory and structural motifs. HK022 prophages protect lysogens from superinfection by producing a sequence-specific RNA binding protein that prematurely terminates nascent transcripts of infecting phage. It uses a novel RNA-based mechanism to antiterminate its own early transcription. The HK022 protein shell is strengthened by a complex pattern of covalent subunit interlinking to form a unitary structure that resembles chainmail armor. Its integrase and repressor proteins are similar to those of lamba, but the differences provide insights into the evolution of biological specificity and the elements needed for construction of a stable genetic switch.
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    MITOCHONDRIAL GENOME EVOLUTION AND THE ORIGIN OF EUKARYOTES (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 33 (1999), S. 351-397 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recent results from ancestral (minimally derived) protists testify to the tremendous diversity of the mitochondrial genome in various eukaryotic lineages, but also reinforce the view that mitochondria, descendants of an endosymbiotic alpha-Proteobacterium, arose only once in evolution. The serial endosymbiosis theory, currently the most popular hypothesis to explain the origin of mitochondria, postulates the capture of an alpha-proteobacterial endosymbiont by a nucleus-containing eukaryotic host resembling extant amitochondriate protists. New sequence data have challenged this scenario, instead raising the possibility that the origin of the mitochondrion was coincident with, and contributed substantially to, the origin of the nuclear genome of the eukaryotic cell. Defining more precisely the alpha-proteobacterial ancestry of the mitochondrial genome, and the contribution of the endosymbiotic event to the nuclear genome, will be essential for a full understanding of the origin and evolution of the eukaryotic cell as a whole.
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    BACTERIAL CELL DIVISION (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 33 (1999), S. 423-448 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Formation of the bacterial division septum is catalyzed by a number of essential proteins that assemble into a ring structure at the future division site. Assembly of proteins into the cytokinetic ring appears to occur in a hierarchial order that is initiated by the FtsZ protein, a structural and functional analog of eukaryotic tubulins. Placement of the division site at its correct location in Escherichia coli requires a division inhibitor (MinC), that is responsible for preventing septation at unwanted sites near the cell poles, and a topological specificity protein (MinE), that forms a ring at midcell and protects the midcell site from the division inhibitor. However, the mechanism responsible for identifying the position of the midcell site or the polar sites used for spore septum formation is still unclear. Regulation of the division process and its coordination with other cell cycle events, such as chromosome replication, are poorly understood. However, a protein has been identified in Caulobacter (CtrA) that regulates both the initiation of chromosome regulation and the transcription of ftsZ, and that may play an important role in the coordination process.
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    MAMMALIAN DNA MISMATCH REPAIR (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 33 (1999), S. 533-564 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is one of multiple replication, repair, and recombination processes that are required to maintain genomic stability in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In the wake of the discoveries that hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) and other human cancers are associated with mutations in MMR genes, intensive efforts are under way to elucidate the biochemical functions of mammalian MutS and MutL homologs, and the consequences of defects in these genes. Genetic studies in cultured mammalian cells and mice are proving to be instrumental in defining the relationship between the functions of MMR in mutation and tumor avoidance. Furthermore, these approaches have raised awareness that MMR homologs contribute to DNA damage surveillance, transcription-coupled repair, and recombinogenic and meiotic processes.
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    MEIOTIC CHROMOSOMES: Integrating Structure and Function (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 33 (1999), S. 603-754 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Meiotic chromosomes have been studied for many years, in part because of the fundamental life processes they represent, but also because meiosis involves the formation of homolog pairs, a feature which greatly facilitates the study of chromosome behavior. The complex events involved in homolog juxtaposition necessitate prolongation of prophase, thus permitting resolution of events that are temporally compressed in the mitotic cycle. Furthermore, once homologs are paired, the chromosomes are connected by a specific structure: the synaptonemal complex. Finally, interaction of homologs includes recombination at the DNA level, which is intimately linked to structural features of the chromosomes. In consequence, recombination-related events report on diverse aspects of chromosome morphogenesis, notably relationships between sisters, development of axial structure, and variations in chromatin status. The current article reviews recent information on these topics in an historical context. This juxtaposition has suggested new relationships between structure and function. Additional issues were addressed in a previous chapter (551).
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    BLUE-LIGHT PHOTORECEPTORS IN HIGHER PLANTS (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 15 (1999), S. 33-62 
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    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the past few years great progress has been made in identifying and characterizing plant photoreceptors active in the blue/UV-A regions of the spectrum. These photoreceptors include cryptochrome 1 and cryptochrome 2, which are similar in structure and chromophore composition to the prokaryotic DNA photolyases. However, they have a C-terminal extension that is not present in photolyases and lack photolyase activity. They are involved in regulation of cell elongation and in many other processes, including interfacing with circadian rhythms and activating gene transcription. Animal cryptochromes that play a photoreceptor role in circadian rhythms have also been characterized. Phototropin, the protein product of the NPH1 gene in Arabidopsis, likely serves as the photoreceptor for phototropism and appears to have no other role. A plasma membrane protein, it serves as photoreceptor, kinase, and substrate for light-activated phosphorylation. The carotenoid zeaxanthin may serve as the chromophore for a photoreceptor involved in blue-light-activated stomatal opening. The properties of these photoreceptors and some of the downstream events they are known to activate are discussed.
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    MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF NEURAL CREST FORMATION (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 15 (1999), S. 81-112 
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    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The neural crest is a transient population of multipotent precursor cells named for its site of origin at the crest of the closing neural folds in vertebrate embryos. Following neural tube closure, these cells become migratory and populate diverse regions throughout the embryo where they give rise to most of the neurons and support cells of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), pigment cells, smooth muscle, craniofacial cartilage, and bone. Because of its remarkable ability to generate such diverse derivatives, the neural crest has fascinated developmental biologists for over one hundred years. A great deal has been learned about the migratory pathways neural crest cells follow and the signals that may trigger their differentiation, but until recently comparatively little was known about earlier steps in neural crest development. In the past few years progress has been made in understanding these earlier events, including how the precursors of these multipotent cells are specified in the early embryo and the mechanisms by which they become migratory. In this review, we first examine the mechanisms underlying neural crest induction, paying particular attention to a number of growth factor and transcription factor families that have been implicated in this process. We also discuss when and how the fate of neural crest precursors may diverge from those of nearby neural and epidermal populations. Finally, we review recent advances in our understanding of how neural crest cells become migratory and address the process of neural crest diversification.
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    THE ROAD LESS TRAVELED1: Emerging Principles of Kinesin Motor Utilization (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 15 (1999), S. 141-183 
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    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Proteins of the kinesin superfamily utilize a conserved catalytic motor domain to generate movements in a wide variety of cellular processes. In this review, we discuss the rapid expansion in our understanding of how eukaryotic cells take advantage of these proteins to generate force and movement in diverse functional contexts. We summarize several recent examples revealing that the simplest view of a kinesin motor protein binding to and translocating a cargo along a microtubule track is inadequate. In fact, this paradigm captures only a small subset of the many ways in which cells harness force production to the generation of intracellular movements and functions. We also highlight several situations where the catalytic kinesin motor domain may not be used to generate movement, but instead may be used in other biochemical and functional contexts. Finally, we review some recent ideas about kinesin motor regulation, redundancy, and cargo attachment strategies.
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    VISUAL TRANSDUCTION IN DROSOPHILA (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 15 (1999), S. 231-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The Drosophila phototransduction cascade has emerged as an attractive paradigm for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying visual transduction, as well as other G protein-coupled signaling cascades that are activated and terminated with great rapidity. A large collection of mutants affecting the fly visual cascade have been isolated, and the nature and function of many of the affected gene products have been identified. Virtually all of the proteins, including those that were initially classified as novel, are highly related to vertebrate homologs. Recently, it has become apparent that most of the proteins central to Drosophila phototransduction are coupled into a supramolecular signaling complex, signalplex, through association with a PDZ-containing scaffold protein. The characterization of this complex has led to a re-evaluation of the mechanisms underlying the activation and deactivation of the phototransduction cascade.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.15.1.231
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    CELL POLARITY IN YEAST (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 15 (1999), S. 365-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Subcellular asymmetry, cell polarity, is fundamental to the diverse specialized functions of eukaryotic cells. In yeast, cell polarization is essential to division and mating. As a result, this highly accessible experimental system serves as a paradigm for deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the generation of polarity. Beyond yeast, cell polarity is essential to the partitioning of cell fate in embryonic development, the generation of axons and their guidance during neuronal development, and the intimate communication between lymphocytes within the immune system. The polarization of yeast cells shares many features with that of these more complex examples, including regulation by both intrinsic and extrinsic cues, conserved regulatory molecules such as Cdc42 GTPase, and asymmetry of the cytoskeleton as its centerpiece. This review summarizes the molecular pathways governing the generation of cell polarity in yeast.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.15.1.365
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    WHEN TO SWITCH TO FLOWERING (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 15 (1999), S. 519-550 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract At a certain stage in their life cycle, plants switch from vegetative to reproductive development. This transition is regulated by multiple developmental and environmental cues. These ensure that the plant switches to flowering at a time when sufficient internal resources have been accumulated and the environmental conditions are favorable. The use of a molecular genetic approach in Arabidopsis has resulted in the identification and cloning of many of the genes involved in regulating floral transition. The current view on the molecular function of these genes, their division into different genetic pathways, and how the pathways interact in a complex regulatory network are summarized.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.15.1.519
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    REGULATION OF MAMMALIAN O2 HOMEOSTASIS BY HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1 (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 15 (1999), S. 551-578 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a heterodimeric basic-helix-loop-helix-PAS transcription factor consisting of HIF-1alpha and HIF-1beta subunits. HIF-1alpha expression and HIF-1 transcriptional activity increase exponentially as cellular O2 concentration is decreased. Several dozen target genes that are transactivated by HIF-1 have been identified, including those encoding erythropoietin, glucose transporters, glycolytic enzymes, and vascular endothelial growth factor. The products of these genes either increase O2 delivery or allow metabolic adaptation to reduced O2 availability. HIF-1 is required for cardiac and vascular development and embryonic survival. In fetal and postnatal life, HIF-1 is required for a variety of physiological responses to chronic hypoxia. HIF-1 expression is increased in tumor cells by multiple mechanisms and may mediate adaptation to hypoxia that is critical for tumor progression. HIF-1 thus appears to function as a master regulator of O2 homeostasis that plays essential roles in cellular and systemic physiology, development, and pathophysiology.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.15.1.551
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    MECHANISMS OF VIRAL INTERFERENCE WITH MHC CLASS I ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION1 (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 15 (1999), S. 579-606 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Viruses are ubiquitous and dangerous obligate intracellular parasites. To facilitate recognition of virus-infected cells by the immune system, vertebrates evolved a system that displays oligopeptides derived from viral proteins on the surface of cells in association with class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex. Here we review the mechanisms counter-evolved by viruses to interfere with the generation of viral peptides, their intracellular trafficking, or the cell surface expression of class I molecules bearing viral peptides. This topic is important in its own right because the viruses that encode these proteins represent medically important pathogens, are potential vectors for vaccines or gene therapy, and provide strategies and tools for blocking immune recognition in transplantation, autoimmunity, and gene therapy. In addition, studies on viral interference provide unique insights into unfettered antigen processing and normal cellular functions that are exploited and exaggerated by viruses.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.15.1.579
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    TRANSPORT BETWEEN THE CELL NUCLEUS AND THE CYTOPLASM (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 15 (1999), S. 607-660 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The compartmentation of eukaryotic cells requires all nuclear proteins to be imported from the cytoplasm, whereas, for example, transfer RNAs, messenger RNAs, and ribosomes are made in the nucleus and need to be exported to the cytoplasm. Nuclear import and export proceed through nuclear pore complexes and can occur along a great number of distinct pathways, many of which are mediated by importin beta-related nuclear transport receptors. These receptors shuttle between nucleus and cytoplasm, and they bind transport substrates either directly or via adapter molecules. They all cooperate with the RanGTPase system to regulate the interactions with their cargoes. Another focus of our review is nuclear export of messenger RNA, which apparently largely relies on export mediators distinct from importin beta-related factors. We discuss mechanistic aspects and the energetics of transport receptor function and describe a number of pathways in detail.
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    MECHANISMS OF mRNA SURVILLENCE IN EUKARYOTES (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 33 (1999), S. 229-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A conserved mRNA degradation system, referred to as mRNA surveillance, exists in eukaryotic cells to degrade aberrant mRNAs. A defining aspect of aberrant transcripts is that the spatial relationship between the termination codon and specific downstream sequence information has been altered. A key, yet unknown, feature of the mRNA surveillance system is how this spatial relationship is assessed in individual transcripts. Two views have emerged to describe how discrimination between proper and improper termination might occur. In the first view, a surveillance complex assembles onto the mRNA after translation termination, and scans the mRNA in a 3' to 5' direction for a limited distance. If specific downstream sequence information is encountered during this scanning, then the surveillance complex targets the transcript for rapid decay. An alternate view suggests that the downstream sequence information influences how translation termination occurs. This view encompasses several ideas including: (a) The architecture of the mRNP can alter the rate of key steps in translation termination; (b) the discrimination between a proper and improper termination occurs via an internal, Upf1-dependent, timing mechanism; and (c) proper termination results in the restructuring of the mRNP to a form that promotes mRNA stability. This proposed model for mRNA surveillance is similar to other systems of kinetic proofreading that monitor the accuracy of other biogenic processes such as translation and spliceosome assembly.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.33.1.229
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    THE FRENCH SCHOOL OF GENETICS: From Physiological and Population Genetics to Regulatory Molecular Genetics (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 33 (1999), S. 313-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract French genetics had unusual beginnings. There are clear indications that the French biological establishment resisted Mendelian genetics strenuously from about 1910 to 1940. From about 1930 to 1950 several unconventional research programs with a strongly physiological orientation paved the way for the full entrance of French biology into genetics after World War II. This review examines some salient features of this history to clarify the strengths, weaknesses, and distinctive features of French genetics until about 1965. We suggest that after that date French genetics slowly merged into the international mainstream as genetics has become a largely molecular discipline.
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    PLANT RETROTRANSPOSONS (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 33 (1999), S. 479-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Retrotransposons are mobile genetic elements that transpose through reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate. Retrotransposons are ubiquitous in plants and play a major role in plant gene and genome evolution. In many cases, retrotransposons comprise over 50% of nuclear DNA content, a situation that can arise in just a few million years. Plant retrotransposons are structurally and functionally similar to the retrotransposons and retroviruses that are found in other eukaryotic organisms. However, there are important differences in the genomic organization of retrotransposons in plants compared to some other eukaryotes, including their often-high copy numbers, their extensively heterogeneous populations, and their chromosomal dispersion patterns. Recent studies are providing valuable insights into the mechanisms involved in regulating the expression and transposition of retrotransposons. This review describes the structure, genomic organization, expression, regulation, and evolution of retrotransposons, and discusses both their contributions to plant genome evolution and their use as genetic tools in plant biology.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.33.1.479
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    AN ILLUSTRATION OF NORRIs' ACOUSTIC WINDOW (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00861.x
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    KEN NORRIS: DOLPHIN SOCIETY INSIGHTS (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00863.x
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    GRADUATE STUDENTS OF KENNETH S. NORRIS (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00870.x
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    ROCKY ROADS WITH KEN NORRIS (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00869.x
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    MITOCHONDRIAL DNA VARIATION IN THE CRITICALLY ENDANGERED VAQUITA PHOCOENA SINUS NORRIS AND MACFARLAND, 1958 (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The vaquita, Phocoena sinus, is one of two critically endangered cetacean species, and is listed as an endangered species in both the United States and Mexico. These listings result from a small population size, estimated to be 224 animals, and a rapid decline in abundance (18% per annum) thought to be caused by human activities. To characterize the genetic composition of the vaquita, we have sequenced a portion of the mitochondrial DNA control region from 43 individuals collected between 1985 and 1993. All animals had identical sequences. While low genetic variability has been reported for cetacean species, this complete lack of polymorphism in the control region is unique. This result is concordant with the hypothesis that the evolutionary history of the species includes a bottleneck or founder event, possibly at species inception, followed by a small long-term effective population size. We recommend parallel studies of nuclear variability, which could provide understanding of the basic biology of the vaquita for use in conservation efforts.
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    DIURNAL BEHAVIOR OF FREE-RANGING BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS IN THE KVARNERIĆ (NORTHERN ADRIATIC SEA) (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The diurnal behavior of a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) community was observed from small inflatable craft between 1987 and 1994. Following a preliminary ad libitum study 11,839 3-min behavioral samples were recorded in 1991-1994. The behavioral budget showed a predominance (about 80%) of activities characterized by long (〉30 sec) dives, considered to be largely related to prey search or feeding. Obvious foraging near the surface was observed rarely. The frequent following of trawlers (accounting for 4.6% of the behavioral budget) was indicative of the presence of alternative strategies for finding food. Yearly and seasonal behavioral variation-particularly in feeding-related and travel behaviors-was consistent with the hypothesis of behavioral flexibility as a response to environmental changes and fluctuating prey kind and availability. Yearly shifts in social behavior appeared to be partly influenced by breeding cycles. Groups engaged in feeding-related activities were significantly smaller than traveling or socializing groups, and dramatic interannual group-size shifts seemed to be largely affected by environmental variables, rather than being entirely determined by behavioral activity changes. The remarkable behavioral flexibility of this bottlenose dolphin community may contribute to its survival in the shifting environmental conditions of the northern Adriatic Sea. However, the high proportion of time consistently devoted to feeding-related activities, as compared to other areas, suggests that food resources in the Kvarnerić were not only highly variable but also depleted.
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    BIASES IN DOLPHIN AGE STRUCTURE DUE TO AGE ESTIMATION TECHNIQUE (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The use of different tooth-preparation techniques resulted in widely different estimates of age in a sample of bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus. Teeth from 30 animals were prepared using the two most prevalent techniques reported in the literature for this species, unstained sections and decalcified and stained thin sections, and the resulting paired counts of growth layers were compared. Estimates from the two methods were identical or at least placed the specimen in the same age class in only five cases, ranging in age from 2 to 22 yr. Otherwise, the results fell into one of two categories: when the estimates were close (± 3-yr difference, n= 15), counts from unstained sections generally were higher (13 cases, age from unstained sections 2-20 yr); when the counts were more disparate, estimates from stained sections always were higher (6-31 yr difference, n= 10, age from unstained sections 12-27 yr and corresponding ages from stained sections of 27-47). Previous studies of age estimation in known-age bottlenose dolphins indicate that stained sections allow accurate estimates of age and demonstrate that maximum lifespan approaches or exceeds 50 yr. In contrast, the results herein suggest that using unstained sections for age estimation may result in imprecise or biased age-structure data.
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    AGE STRUCTURE AND REPRODUCTIVE RATES OF RINGED SEALS (PHOCA HISPIDA) ON THE NORTHWESTERN COAST OF HUDSON BAY IN 1991 AND 1992 (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00898.x
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    GASTROINTESTINAL HELMINTHS OF THE DUSKY DOLPHIN, LAGENORHYNCHUS OBSCURUS (GRAY, 1828), OFF PATAGONIA, IN THE SOUTHWESTERN ATLANTIC (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The stomachs and intestines of 23 dusky dolphins incidentally caught in a trawl fishery off Patagonia were surveyed for helminths. All the dolphins were parasitized, with a total of 3,936 helminth individuals. Only five species occurred, of which three were common (prevalence ± 10%): Anisakis simplex, Braunina cordiformis and Hadwenius sp. A. simplex was present in all the dolphins and showed the highest abundance and mean intensity (104.9 individuals/infected host). B. cordiformis was next most common (87%), and Hadwenius sp. third (52.2%). A. simplex was found mostly in the stomach (94.8%), B. cordiformis in the duodenal ampulla (51.4%), and Hadwenius sp. in the stomach (64.5%). The rare species Corynosoma australe (immature specimens) and Pholeter gastrophilus occurred in the stomach. A. simplex and B. cordiformis showed a clumped distribution along the intestine. Brillouin's diversity and evenness indices for the intestinal helminth community were 0.329 and 0.393, respectively. The diversity values and the number of parasite species were within the range for other small cetaceans.
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    STOMACH CONTENTS OF FALSE KILLER WHALES (PSEUDORCA CRASSIDENS) STRANDED ON THE COASTS OF THE STRAIT OF MAGELLAN, TIERRA DEL FUEGO (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We examined the stomachs of 25 false killer whales collected from a mass stranding of 181 animals along both coasts of the Strait of Magellan, Chile, in March 1989. The 21 stomachs (nine males and 12 females), with food remains contained 11 prey species (nine cephalopods and two fishes) with a total of 442 individuals. Except for one case, food remains were meager, indicating that the animals had not eaten for some time or through stress had vomited on the beach. Eleven of the 21 animals had mud (often with squid beaks) in the esophagus and first stomach. The prey were identified employing squid beaks, fish otoliths and bones, and their wet weights were estimated using regressions between hard parts and known weights of species. The most important prey were the oceanic and neritic-oceanic squids, Martialia byadesi and Illex argentinus, followed by the neritic fish, Macruronus magellanicus. Of less importance were the oceanic squid, Todaroes fillipovae, the oceanic and epipelagic octopus, Ocytboe sp., and the oceanic squid, Moroteuthis ingens. The rest of the prey were poorly represented and included four oceanic squids and one neritic fish. The prey species of these animals were subantarctic, with two antarctic species, abundant over the Patagonian shelf and adjacent oceanic waters around Tierra del Fuego.
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    USING TREND INDICES FOR ENDANGERED SPECIES (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Initial appraisals of the status of endangered large-mammal populations may have to depend on indices of population trend. Such indices may possibly be improved by using auxiliary variables. Various models were studied for populations of the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris), Yellowstone grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis), and Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi). Several criteria for checking validity of the fitted models were considered, and the simple R2 criterion appears to provide useful comparisons. Multiple regression models overestimated the rate of change of the East Coast manatee population as determined from three other sources (a covariance model, a non-linear model, and the rate estimated from reproductive and survival data). A multiple regression model for grizzly bears using three auxiliary variables exhibited a fairly high R2 (0.84) and appeared to provide a better fit than did a non-linear model. A beach count index for Hawaiian monk seals seemed to be unreliable for year-to-year comparisons in contrast to total population counts and estimates from a capture-recapture method. The use of auxiliary variables for checking and improving trend index data appears feasible and well worthwhile.
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    PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF A PHOTOIDENTIFICATION STUDY OF THE MARINE TUCUXI, SOTALIA FLUVVATILIS, IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00846.x
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    SHARKSUCKER (ECHENEIS NAUCRATES) ON A BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN (TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS) AND A REVIEW OF OTHER CETACEAN-REMORA ASSOCIATIONS (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    PREMATURE PUPPING IN ANTARCTIC FUR SEALS (ARCTOCEPHALUS GAZELLA) (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00853.x
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    INCREASE IN EXTRALIMITAL OCCURRENCES OF ICE-BREEDING SEALS IN THE NORTHERN GULF OF MAINE REGION: MORE SEALS OR FEWER FISH? (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    ESTIMATING BODY LENGTH OF PYGMY RIGHT WHALES (CAPEREA MARGINATA) FROM MEASUREMENTS OF THE SKELETON AND BALEEN (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Various parts of the skeleton and/or the longest baleen plate of 46 specimens of Caperea marginata from Australia and New Zealand were measured and related to body length. Of the 32 skull, postcranial and baleen-plate measurements available, eight were analysed and seven found to be good predictors of body length, by using a curvilinear model describing their relationship with body length. Greatest skull width, supraoccipital length and mandible length had the smallest prediction limits (± 0.28-0.33 m in small animals, ±0.44-0.58 m in large animals) when compared with postcranial measurements (scapula length, vertebra 7 centrum width). Baleen-plate length was also a useful predictor of body length (±0.32-0.77 m). There was a substantial increase in the arch of the skull as body length increased. Bulla length was not a good predictor of body length, because measurements were highly variable and because the bulla grew little during postnatal life. Physical maturity occurred at body lengths of at least 5.9 m, also the shortest length at which both epiphyses of the humerus and proximal epiphyses of the radius and ulna were fused. Weaning appears to occur at about 3-3.5 m. The following approximate relative age/length classes were erected: dependent calves, 〈3.6 m; subadults, 3.6-5.5 m; adults, 〉5.5 m. Females were significantly longer than males in the sample of 22 animals greater than 5.9 m, length of the smallest recorded physically mature animal.
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    RESPONSES BY HECTOR'S DOLPHINS TO BOATS AND SWIMMERS IN PORPOISE BAY, NEW ZEALAND (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Theodolite tracking (61 d; 251 h) was used to quantify dolphin reactions to boats and swimmers in the austral summers of 1995-1996 and 1996-1997. Dolphins were accompanied by swimmers (within 200 m) for 11.2% of the total observation time, whereas boats accounted for an additional 12.4%. Dolphins were not displaced by either of these activities. Swimmers caused only weak, non-significant effects, perhaps because dolphins could very easily avoid them. Reactions to the dolphin-watching boat were stronger. Analyses of relative orientation indicate that dolphins tended to approach the vessel in the initial stages of an encounter but became less interested as the encounter progressed. By 70 min into an encounter dolphins were either actively avoiding the boat or equivocal towards it, approaching significantly less often than would be expected by chance. Analyses of group dispersion indicate that dolphins were significantly more tightly bunched when a boat was in the bay.
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    ABUNDANCE OF DUSKY DOLPHINS (LAGENORHYNCHUS OBSCURUS) OFF NORTH AND CENTRAL PATAGONIA, ARGENTINA, IN SPRING AND A COMPARISON WITH INCIDENTAL CATCH IN FISHERIES (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00845.x
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    A LACTATING RECORD-AGE ST. LAWRENCE BELUGA (DELPHINAPTERUS LEUCAS) (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    HEMATOLOGY VALUES OF WILD HARBOR PORPOISES (PHOCOENA PHOCOENA) FROM THE BAY OF FUNDY, CANADA (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Clinical hematology values were determined for 29 harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) released from herring weirs in the Bay of Fundy, Canada. Erythrocyte values exhibited narrow ranges, but there was a high degree of individual variability in counts of white blood cells. Total white cell counts ranged from 2.6 to 15.5 ± 109/liter, with an overall mean of 6.5 ± 2.7 ± 10±/liter. There were significant differences among reproductive classes in mean values of total red blood cells, hematocrit (HCT), mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin (MCHC) and total monocyte count. Wild harbor porpoises had fewer white blood cells, lower relative total number of neutrophils and lymphocytes, and higher percentages of monocytes and eosinophils than reported in the literature for captive porpoises. Compared to published values for other odontocetes, the hemograms of harbor porpoises were most similar to those of Pacific white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus acutus). These hematology data represent a baseline from free-ranging harbor porpoises that can be used as a reference for long-term monitoring of the health of this population and as a tool for rehabilitation facilities.
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    BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE OF FOUR SPECIES OF BALAENOPTERID WHALES TO BIOPSY SAMPLING (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Behavioral responses to biopsy sampling of four species of northwestern Atlantic balaenopterid whales summering in the estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence, Quebec, from 1990 to 1995 were studied to determine if this technique was an important disturbance to the whales. A total of 447 biopsy samples were taken using a small punch-type biopsy tip fired from a crossbow. Biopsies were successfully taken from 91.2% of the whales approached. Whales displayed no reaction to 45.2% of the successful biopsy attempts. Whales that responded to biopsy sampling typically resumed their normal behavior immediately or within a few minutes. Most humpback whales displayed a hard tail flick, and the majority of fin and blue whales submerged following biopsy sampling. Significantly different frequencies and intensities of responses were found between whale species. Minke and humpback whales were found to be more sensitive to biopsy sampling than fin and blue whales. Response frequencies were similar between females and males for all species, with the exception of fin whales where females had a higher response frequency than males. Biopsy sample length, i. e., penetration depth, did not explain variations in response intensity but may influence response frequency to biopsy sampling. Group size, geographical region, and number of biopsies taken per whale were not factors that explained variation in behavioral responses. The biopsy technique was found to be an efficient method for obtaining high-quality whale skin and blubber samples with limited behavioral disturbance to balaenopterid whales.
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    FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE PATTERNS AND FETAL GROWTH OF ATLANTIC WALRUSES (ODOBENUS ROSMARUS ROSMARUS) IN FOXE BASIN, NORTHWEST TERRITORIES, CANADA (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We examined the reproductive tracts of 79 female Arlantic walruses (Odohenus rosmarus rosmarus) caught in July and August by Inuit hunters in northern Foxe Basin, NWT, Canada. We found no evidence of past or present ovulation in animals less than 5 yr old, but the poor representation of juvenile and adolescent animals precluded statistical analysis of the average age of maturity. The ovulation frequency of 64 mature females (0.52) indicated biennial ovulation, while the pregnancy rate (0.33) and birth rate (0.30) suggested that females gave birth once every three years. The sex ratio of 17 fetuses was not significantly different from 1:1. Fetuses increased 2.9 mm d-1 in crown-rump length and 0.12 g1/3 d-1 in mass over the range of collection dates. Based on the inverse regressions of fetal growth, implantation occurred in late June early July.
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    DEMOGRAPHY AND BREEDING BIOLOGY OF A SMALL, LOCALIZED POPULATION OF SOUTHERN ELEPHANT SEALS (MIROUNGA LEONINA) (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Southern elephant seals have been studied in depth in most of their breeding range. One notable exception is the Falkland Islands population. We present data on demography and breeding biology of elephant seals of Sea Lion Island, the main breeding site of this species in the Falklands. Sea Lion Island shelters a small, localized population of southern elephant seals (516 breeding females in 1995 and 518 in 1996). Comparison with the few available census data collected prior to our study suggests that the population has been stable in the short term (1989-1996). Females produced pups at maximum rate and pup mortality was low (2.13%). Breeding sex ratio was strongly unbalanced, with about 14 females per breeding male and 47 females per harem-holding male at peak haul-out. Survival rate between breeding seasons was 67.4% for females and 50% for males. Timing of the breeding season was very similar to that recorded in other populations and was in accordance with clinal variation with latitude. Sex ratio at birth was balanced, and no significant weight dimorphism at weaning between sexes was detected (males: 135.4 kg; females: 132.0 kg). Weaning weight was correlated with size class of the mother.
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    ANESTHESIA OF JUVENILE PACIFIC HARBOR SEALS USING PROPOFOL ALONE AND IN COMBINATION WITH ISOFLURANE (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    COMPARISON OF THE CAPABILITIES OF DUGONGS AND WEST INDIAN MANATEES TO MASTICATE SEAGRASSES (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    Right Whales and Ship Noises (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    Deaths Reported (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    KEN NORRIS: NATURAL HISTORIAN (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    HOW KEN GOT THE WOOF AND WE GOT THE WUZZLE (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    “A HOOK IN NATURE” (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY OF KENNETH S. NORRIS (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    EXAMINING THE RISK OF INBREEDING DEPRESSION IN A NATURALLY RARE CETACEAN, THE VAQUITA (PHOCOENA SINUS) (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Uncertainty about the magnitude of various risks facing endangered species can paralyze conservation action. The vaquita is a naturally rare porpoise that has declined to the low hundreds of individuals because of gillnet mortality over the past 57 years. No variability in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was found in vaquitas (n= 43). Because reducing gillnet mortality will require strong conservation action, the question was raised whether vaquitas are doomed because of inbreeding depression and whether, therefore, mitigation efforts would be futile. We use simulations to investigate the “doom hypothesis” by first asking whether the current level of genetic variability results from the recent decline or from historical factors. If fixation was historical then deleterious alleles could have been selected out of vaquitas over thousands of years, reducing concerns about inbreeding depression. Simulations showed that fixation most likely resulted from historical rather than recent loss. Of 1,000 simulations done at plausible abundances and mutation rates, 247 (84.3%) fixed before and 46 (15.7%) fixed during the recent decline. Fixation correlates with historical abundance, making it more likely that because vaquitas are fixed, they are also a naturally rate species. However, because studies on purging deleterious alleles have not shown purging to be universally beneficial we also examine the doom hypothesis using data on the response to inbreeding of a wide variety of captive animals. Responses are so variable that the doom hypothesis cannot be affirmed. We further explore whether more data from vaquitas would lead to conclusive results and found that the data required, such as the adult survival rate, will be impossible to obtain. We conclude that because the doom hypothesis cannot be affirmed this risk factor should not delay conservation actions.
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    LONG DISTANCE OFFSHORE MOVEMENTS OF BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Despite recent progress defining the morphological and genetic characteristics of forms of the bottlenose dolphin inhabiting offshore waters, little is known of their behavior or ranging patterns. Reports suggest that an “offshore form” exists between the 200- and 2,000-m isobaths in distinct Gulf of Mexico and western North Atlantic stocks, while one or more coastal forms inhabit the waters inshore. Two opportunities to track rehabilitated adult male bottlenose dolphins with satellite-linked transmitters occurred in 1997. “Rudy” stranded in NW Florida and was released in the Gulf of Mexico off central west Florida. He moved around Florida and northward to off Cape Hatteras, NC, covering 2,050 km in 43 d. “Gulliver” stranded near St. Augustine and was released off Cape Canaveral, FL. He moved 4,200 km in 47 d to a location northeast of the Virgin Islands. Gulliver swam through 5,000-m-deep waters 300 km offshore of the northern Caribbean islands, against the North Equatorial Current. These records expand the range and habitat previously reported for the offshore stock of bottlenose dolphins inhabiting the waters off the southeastern United States, underscore the difficulties of defining pelagic stocks, illustrate the success of rehabilitation efforts, indicate the value of follow-up monitoring of rehabilitated and released cetaceans, and expand our understanding of the long-range movement capabilities of a dolphin species more commonly thought of as a resident in coastal waters.
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    VARIATION IN THE VISUALLY OBSERVABLE BEHAVIOR OF GROUPS OF GALÁPAGOS SPERM WHALES (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The behavior of groups of female and immature sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) was measured on 117 d within an 11-yr period off the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. On each day, up to 18 measures of visually observable behavior were calculated. These concerned speeds, headings, movement patterns, diving synchrony, foraging formations, time spent socializing, and aerial behavior. The measured behavior of the sperm whales was considerably more variable when they were socializing than when foraging. None of the measures showed much correlation with sea-surface temperature, and only measures of consistency of movement were significantly correlated with defecation rate, an indicator of feeding success. However, month-long time periods accounted for over 50% of the variance in eight of eighteen measures, and, in the cases of surface speed and dive synchrony, the effects were statistically significant. In contrast, there was no autocorrelation with lag of one day in the residuals of any of the measures. Thus, behavior may be tracking substantial temporal variation in the whales' environment over scales of about several months. Groups of whales had significantly different travel patterns, but there was little other evidence for group-specific behavior, perhaps because tests of group-specific effects were not of adequate statistical power. Variation in sperm whale behavior, especially over time scales of a few months or longer and spatial scales of a few hundred kilometers or larger, should be considered when estimating densities from sighting surveys.
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    WHY DO BALEEN WHALES MIGRATE? (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The annual migrations of baleen whales are a conspicuous but unexplained feature of their behavioral repertoire. Some hypotheses offered to explain whale migration focus on direct benefits to the calf (thermoregulation, calm water) and some do not (resource tracking, and the “evolutionary holdover” hypothesis). Here, we suggest that a major selective advantage to migrating pregnant female baleen whales is a reduced risk of killer whale (Orcinus orca) predation on their newborn calves in low-latitude waters. Killer whale abundance in high latitudes is substantially greater than that in lower latitudes, and most killer whales do not appear to migrate with baleen whales. We suggest that the distribution of killer whales is determined more by their primary marine mammal prey, pinnipeds, and that following the baleen whale migrations would remove them from their pinniped prey. There are problems with all current hypotheses, most of which stem from a lack of directed research. We explore variation in migratory habits between species, populations, and individuals that may provide a “natural laboratory” for discriminating among the competing hypotheses.
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    BIOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON STEJNEGER'S BEAKED WHALE, MESOPLODON STEJNEGERI, FROM STRANDINGS ON ADAK ISLAND, ALASKA (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    HEAD-BUTTING IN NORTHERN BOTTLENOSE WHALES (HYPEROODON AMPULLATUS): A POSSIBLE FUNCTION FOR BIG HEADS? (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    STONES IN THE STOMACHS OF SOUTHERN ELEPHANT SEALS (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    REGULATION OF CORONARY BLOOD FLOW IN RINGED SEALS: THE HISTOCHEMICAL EVIDENCE (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    HAS THE AGE AT TRANSITION OF SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE MINKE WHALES DECLINED OVER RECENT DECADES? (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The earplugs of several baleen whale stocks exhibit seasonal growth layers which have been shown for some species to indicate the total age of the animals. A transition from early, irregular layers, to later, more regular layers can be seen in these earplugs, and this is thought to indicate the age at maturity of the whale. The earplugs of Southern Hemisphere minke whales are relatively difficult to read, particularly for the age at transition, and it has been suggested that these readings reflect no more than random allocations by the reader, rather than any real effect. Plots of average transition phase against year of birth (cohort) show a decline in the average age at transition. However, certain factors can result in a downward bias in this trend, particularly when only a short time-series is available for analysis, as was the case when this trend was first estimated some 15 yr ago. Data collected over 25 yr are now available and are reanalyzed here. A plot of mean age at transition against year of sampling for animals of similar age shows a decline, as does the conventional plot against cohort, suggesting that the decline is real. A model that simulates random allocation of the transition phase by earplug readers yields predictions that show systematic deviations from the data. In contrast, a second model that allows for a real trend in the average age at transition and that takes account of two potentially biasing effects (termed truncation and the fringe effect) fits the data well. A tendency is evident for readers to recognize a transition phase in a greater proportion of the earplugs that they read as they gain experience over time. This is taken into account in the model. This model shows a decline in the average age at transition from roughly 11 for the cohorts of the 1950s to roughly 7 for those of the 1970s. These results suggest that minke whale transition-phase readings are related to a real signal in the data and are not simply an artefact, and further that there has been a real decline in the age to which this signal corresponds.
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    AGE-LENGTH RELATIONSHIPS IN HUMPBACK WHALES: A COMPARISON OF STRANDINGS IN THE WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC WITH COMMERCIAL CATCHES (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Strandings of previously identified individuals, while rare, provide an opportunity to examine age-length relationships in humpback whales (Megaptera novacangliae) from the North Atlantic. Ages and lengths of 23 individuals are presented: 11 females and 12 males, 9 of known age and 14 with estimated minimum ages. Lengths ranged from 853 to 1, 430 cm, ages 0.5–17 yr. These individuals were generally smaller and more variable in size at age than reported from commercial catches. Fifteen of the stranded individuals were four years of age or younger, while few of the animals taken by whalers were this young, and these probably represented the larger individuals in these age categories. Thus the data presented herein help to give more definition to the early growth curve for the humpback whale than has previously been available. Growth equations illustrate a difference of about one meter in asymptotic length through age five between stranding and catch data. The close fit of growth models to data from younger and older animals separately and the difficulty of fitting a single growth model to animals of all ages, could indicate that a dynamic or staged growth pattern exists in this species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00839.x
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    BODY SIZE, SURVIVAL, AND DECLINE OF JUVENILE HAWAIIAN MONK SEALS, MONACHUS SCHAUINSLANDI (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In the mid 1980s half of the entire Hawaiian monk seal species was located at French Frigate Shoals, and this colony may have reached environmental carrying capacity. Since 1989 this colony has declined by 55%, primarily from poor juvenile survival. Only 8%–25% of weaned pups have survived to age 2 during this period, compared to at least 80% between 1984 and 1987. We characterize (1) this drop in survival, (2) a strong, but variable, correlation between survival and size at weaning, (3) interisland differences in size from weaning to age 2 in 1991 through 1993, and (4) decadal-scale changes in mean measures of size at weaning. We compare observations at French Frigate Shoals with the colony at Laysan Island where abundance is well below historical levels and was therefore expected to be below carrying capacity. At Laysan Island juvenile survival has also been poor (30%-70%), and the size of weaned pups has decreased during the past decade. Our hypothesis is that poor survival may be due to reduced prey availability at both sites, but particularly at French Frigate Shoals. Evidence to support this hypothesis includes a large increase in total abundance at French Frigate Shoals; reduced size of weaned pups; decreased survival, emaciation, and slower growth rates of juvenile seals; and declining primary productivity. Regardless of cause, the immediate consequences at French Frigate Shoals and Laysan Island, and for the species overall, will likely be poor recruitment and productivity. Because the decline is still in progress, the ultimate consequences for the species' viability are of great concern in light of its already low abundance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00843.x
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    ESTIMATING TOTAL KILL OF NORTHWEST ATLANTIC HARP SEALS, 1994–1998 (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00851.x
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    PREDATION BY A HOOKER'S SEA LION (PHOCARCTOS HOOKERI) ON A SMALL POPULATION OF FUR SEALS (ARCTOCEPHALUS SPP.) AT MACQUARIE ISLAND (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00855.x
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  • 97
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    A METHOD FOR CALIBRATING SWIM-SPEED RECORDERS (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00856.x
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  • 98
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    THE DIETS OF MODERN AND HISTORIC BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN POPULATIONS REFLECTED THROUGH STABLE ISOTOPES (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The δ13C and δ15N compositions of teeth used in combination with existing data provide dietary information for different populations of western North Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). The dental isotopic signatures of bottlenose dolphins collected during the 1980s significantly differ for coastal and offshore ecotypes and are consistent with reports that coastal forms feed primarily on fish whereas offshore individuals consume more squid. In a second study, the isotopic compositions of teeth from bottlenose dolphins that span a 100-yr period and data from published stomach content analyses as well as field observations made during the past 100 yr provide evidence that coastal bottlenose dolphins from the 1880s, 1920s, and 1980s had similar diets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00805.x
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  • 99
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    STELLER SEA LION STATUS AND TREND IN SOUTHEAST ALASKA: 1979–1997 (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) numbers in the United States declined by about 75% over the past 20+ yr. They are classified, under the U. S. Endangered Species Act, as “threatened” in the eastern portion of their range and as “endangered” in the western portion. We analyzed trends in numbers of pup and non-pup Steller sea lions counted in Southeast Alaska between 1979 and 1997. Sea lion numbers, based on counts of pups on rookeries, increased by an average of 5.9% per year between 1979 and 1997. However, numbers of pups increased at a much slower rate (+ 1.7% per year) between 1989 and 1997. For counts of non-pup Steller sea lions we used models that controlled for the effects of date, time, and tide at the time of the survey to analyze trends. This technique reduced bias and increased precision of the resulting trend estimates. Numbers of sea lions were stable (+0.5%) between 1989 and 1996, based on counts of non-pups. We estimated the Southeast Alaska breeding population of Steller sea lions at about 19,000 animals of all ages in 1997, a level that is probably near the highest in recorded history.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00813.x
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    A PORTABLE BROADBAND DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM FOR FIELD STUDIES IN BIOACOUSTICS (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00817.x
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