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  • Articles  (13,091)
  • Emerald  (10,084)
  • Oxford University Press  (3,007)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
  • American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
  • American Geophysical Union
  • 1995-1999  (12,621)
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  • Economics  (11,245)
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  • Articles  (13,091)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Empowerment, using skills and competence management (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Empowerment in organizations 7 (1999), S. 27-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 0968-4891
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Nowadays in order to contribute to the competitive strength of the organization empowerment is seen as a useful tool. But the organization must know what it wants to empower. Therefore it must be able to map the desired skills and competence levels for the workforce and to compare these with the actual situation. This article gives an overview of how to set up skills and competence management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14634449910271429
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Constitutive meaning and aspects of work environment affecting creativity in Lebanon (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Empowerment in organizations 7 (1999), S. 47-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 0968-4891
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper seeks to investigate the constitutive meaning of creativity as a construct through the relation between creativity and other constructs and to assess the possible effects of organizational climate on managers' creativity in Lebanon. The present study examines the construct validity of the KEYS instrument in order to gain further insights into the factors stimulating or hindering creativity in Lebanon and to create an environment infrastructure that encourages and reinforces creativity in developing countries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14634449910277793
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Value innovation perspective in Indian organizations (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Empowerment in organizations 7 (1999), S. 88-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 0968-4891
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper presents some of the major learning points of a study in innovation practices in Indian organizations. It explains the current concerns and imperatives of Indian organizations since the liberalization, privatization and globalization processes started in 1991. We attempt to formulate the logical distinctions between different clusters and hypothesize the phenomenon of innovation. We identify the innovative outcomes and the constraining forces. A model is proposed to understand the strategic implications. Value innovations require an organizational commitment to create a strong momentum for inside-in changes and the deeper the commitment, the more likely organizations are to advance in bringing inside-out value creating outcomes and attaining superior positions in the competition pace.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14634449910283561
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of affirmative action on SMME culture in South Africa (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Empowerment in organizations 7 (1999), S. 148-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 0968-4891
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper explores the impact of affirmative action on the culture of small business enterprises in South Africa. The functions of organizational culture are explored and utilized to reach a deeper understanding of the desired impact of affirmative action. Managers are identified as holding key roles as change agents. Recommendations include managing change from a culture perspective directed at creating participative management processes and shifting the enterprise's essential values.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14634449910298222
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Beyond technical competence: the fundamentals of flexibility (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Empowerment in organizations 7 (1999), S. 194-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 0968-4891
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Discusses flexibility and the ability to adapt as an essential attribute of leadership that is beyond technical competence. Defines flexibility as a process of continually examining situations and, when warranted, quickly adapting to changing circumstances. Examines the power of flexibility as it relates to changes in science, medicine and business practice. Defines flexibility as a tool to be used only by the brave and not as a shield for cowards who fear the harsh realities of decision making. Depicts flexibility as an essential behaviour that promotes and supports quality leadership. Provides guidance, techniques and examples that can be used to enhance leadership skills. Establishes a sound philosophy to increase the probability for long-term success and professional fulfillment. Includes quotes from contemporary as well as historical leaders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14634449910298178
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Empowerment in small businesses (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Empowerment in organizations 7 (1999), S. 180-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 0968-4891
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The concept of empowerment has received a great deal of attention in recent years. However, the empowerment knowledge base is predominantly large company-oriented with little evidence of understanding what empowerment means in a small business context. It is inappropriate to treat the small firm as a microcosm of a large organisation. The small business is qualitatively as well as quantitatively different and this article propounds that it is questionable whether the concept of empowerment and its various dimensions as portrayed in the literature are readily transferable to small businesses. It is suggested that empowering management approaches are key features of successful growth-oriented small firms but the current body of empowerment literature fails to encapsulate the idiosyncrasies and informalities of the small business operation, and thus convey understanding of the unique and novel forms of empowerment which facilitate sustainable development. Case study insight is used to support these propositions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14634449910298169
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The impact of the Internet on the role of travel consultants (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Empowerment in organizations 7 (1999), S. 213-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0968-4891
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper discusses the attitude and views of travel consultants on the impact of Internet related technologies on their future employment and their abilities to cope with the threat of dis-intermediation. The authors anticipate that changes in the travel distribution process brought about by the Internet and other technologies will result in retail travel agencies experiencing lower business volume and hence difficulty in maintaining business viability. Against this background, a number of questions need to be addressed. What is the attitude of consultants towards new technologies in travel distribution? Are travel consultants prepared to meet the new challenges? What will be the role of travel consultants? Using a survey of 102 travel consultants, the paper shows the lack of awareness and negative attitude displayed by travel consultants in this rapidly changing distribution environment. The paper further suggests measures and training programs that could be undertaken to address the situation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14634449910303595
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Issues and challenges in the positioning of service brands: a review (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    The @journal of product & brand management 8 (1999), S. 106-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1061-0421
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to positioning and, more specifically, positioning of service brands. This is so because of the unique characteristics of services. Although some authors argue that there are no marked differences between positioning in services and that of physical goods, the vast majority of marketing scholars believe that it is difficult to embark on positioning strategies in services. Sheds some light on this issue within the context and aims to contribute to the debate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10610429910266968
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microeconomic analysis-based comparative evaluation of brands (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    The @journal of product & brand management 8 (1999), S. 119-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1061-0421
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: A brand is a kind of sign by which we can distinguish one commodity from another. Commodity prices, as well as consumers' utility and firms' profit, are affected by brands. Presents a theoretical framework that incorporates aspects of brand in microeconomic analysis. The theory developed makes it possible to infer the quality of differentiated products from the price distribution of the second-hand market for that product. A case study illustrates the workings of the methodology; the application evaluates the quality of the Japanese motorcycle manufacturers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10610429910266977
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strategies for building consumer brand preference (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    The @journal of product & brand management 8 (1999), S. 130-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1061-0421
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The marketer's principal objective is typically to build a relationship with buyers, rather than merely to make a single sale. Ideally, the essence of that relationship consists of a strong bond between the buyer and the brand. Outlines six strategies for building that relationship: linking the brand to a particular need; associating it with a pleasant mood; appealing to subconscious motives; conditioning buyers to prefer the brand through reward; penetrating perceptual and cognitive barriers to create preference; and providing attractive models for buyers to emulate. The choice of an individual strategy or combination depends mainly on the nature of the branded product or service. The success of the strategy depends heavily on the marketer's understanding of the preference building and bonding process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10610429910266986
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Marketing causes and implications of consumer confusion (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    The @journal of product & brand management 8 (1999), S. 319-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 1061-0421
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Explores the concept of consumer confusion; what causes it, how consumers react to it and how marketers can influence it. The focus proposed differs from previous work by integrating the notions of stimulus overload and stimulus similarity as well as acknowledging conscious and unconscious confusion. The marketing determinants of confusion are classified and an inventory of confusion reduction strategies is discussed. Examines the marketing and policy implications of confusion, presents a checklist for brand managers to use when conducting a confusion audit and highlights areas for future research, especially into measurement of the concept.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10610429910284300
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A model for determining price markdowns of seasonal merchandise (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    The @journal of product & brand management 8 (1999), S. 352-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1061-0421
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Retailers of seasonal merchandise often face the problem of selling a fixed inventory over a short selling season. For a small retailer, with a sunk investment in inventory, a major objective is revenue maximisation. This paper is concerned with the provision of decision support for the tactical problem of dynamically marking down the price of seasonal merchandise in order to increase/maintain revenue. A heuristic procedure is developed for quickly identifying, and highlighting for review, items which are "slow selling" and "economically viable for price markdown". It is shown how a retailer can use such information in determining the timing and magnitude of price markdowns.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10610429910284328
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An empirical study which compares the organisational structures of companies managing the World's Top 100 brands with those managing Outsider brands (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    The @journal of product & brand management 8 (1999), S. 402-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 1061-0421
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Contains the results of a quantitative research study which compared the organisational structures of the World's Top 100 brand companies with those of less successful companies, referred to in this article as Outsider brand companies. Identifies that whilst the type of organisational structure may not be seen as a determinant of brand success, perceptions of whether the organisational structure was right for them, were. In other words, managers of brands need to feel that the organisational structure allows them to manage in the way they consider necessary to deliver brand success. In some instances this might mean an authoritarian style of management through a hierarchical organisational structure and in others, it might mean a more democratic style of management through relatively flat organisational structures. The results are discussed in the context of brand management theory and practice and the postmodern paradigm shift regarding organisational structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10610429910296000
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EC steel prices and imports: impact of imports from Eastern Europe (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    The @journal of product & brand management 8 (1999), S. 443-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1061-0421
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: As might be expected, steel product prices fell during the recession of the early 1990s. Between 1990 and 1992, steel prices fell by about a third. As the economies of the EC recovered from the recession from early 1993, steel prices rose but by mid-year it was clear that the increase was much below what was expected. It soon became clear that expected price rises were being mitigated by rising imports from Eastern European countries. This paper considers the process of steel price determination in the EC and the effect of cheap imports on EC prices. It shows that unregulated and relatively cheaper imports from the Former Soviet Union and Central and Eastern European countries indeed had a more depressing effect on EC prices by raising supply than would have been the case otherwise.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10610429910296046
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Leadership in change and the wisdom of a gentleman (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Empowerment in organizations 7 (1999), S. 5-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 0968-4891
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Resistance to change is a centerpiece in the traditional change agenda. The author argues that resistance to change is not a basic part of our make-up and he uses the example of his grandfather's life to provide examples of the many dramatic changes that have successfully impacted on people's lives during the twentieth century. The author outlines the leadership inadequacies that result in change initiatives being rejected. Central to these leadership problems are a lack of vision, limited integrity, lack of courage, inappropriate language, limited understanding of true empowerment, and only a passing commitment to leadership as service. The argument concludes that while many modern leaders have been trained in the what and the how of change, the real problem lies in the fact that the why and the who gains remains largely mute.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14634449910262474
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Working smarter: the impact of technology on marketer motivation (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Empowerment in organizations 7 (1999), S. 56-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 0968-4891
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The variables impacting marketers' motivation to work smarter are examined. These influencing variables are the manager's venturesomeness, job challenge, effort and skill results, as well as self-esteem. The model is empirically tested using 273 responses to a questionnaire distributed to marketers using a purchased, national mailing list. The empirical tests were done using a structural equations approach and maximum likelihood estimation. The results indicate that the motivation to work smarter is directly and positively impacted by the manager's job challenge, effort and skill results, and venturesomeness. The manager's self-esteem has positive, indirect impacts on the motivation to work smarter through each of the manager's venturesomeness, effort and skill results, and job challenge. Based on these results, recommendations on how marketers can be encouraged to work smarter are made.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14634449910277810
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Downsizing and the emergence of self-managed teams (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Empowerment in organizations 7 (1999), S. 109-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 0968-4891
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This article explores the effects of downsizing and the subsequent emergence of self-managed work teams. Continuous and accelerated change has resulted in massive downsizing activities by organizations. A classical model for the planning - implementing - and design of the downsizing process is presented. Group structure and typology is presented in terms of formal versus informal groups. The impact of groups and group dynamics, the stages of group development, and impact upon effectiveness, environment, design and learning processes will be included. Attention is given to the survivors of downsizing who form the foundation of the self-managed team. Leadership demands are presented in terms of leading the survivors, ensuring commitment and managing the future. The emergence of the SMT in terms of productivity, expectations and the management of conflict complete this exhaustive review of empirical data required for action-driven organizations in a turbulent environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14634449910287837
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The UK context of workplace empowerment: Debating HRM and postmodernity (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Empowerment in organizations 7 (1999), S. 163-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0968-4891
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Offers insights into workplace empowerment by concentrating on the wider contemporary (UK) context of work, conceptualising work in the on-going debates on human resource management (HRM) and postmodernity. Connections are made between theory and practice in HRM and postmodern critique, drawing on an empirical case study. Compares the postmodern motifs of consumerism and consumption, commodification and image projection and the HRM ideals of commitment, individuality and continuous development. Suggests that viewing HRM as discourse may enable a focus for, if not a reconciliation of, the debate between theoretical HRM and HRM in practice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14634449910298231
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developing individual freedom to act: Empowerment in the knowledge organization (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Empowerment in organizations 7 (1999), S. 204-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 0968-4891
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Empowerment, a term often misunderstood, is a synergistic process of individual development through which the base of influence in an organization is enlarged. Individual empowerment requires that the philosophy of the organization, principally enacted through its administrative system, support employees in accomplishing organizational goals. Support comes from effective and efficient managerial allocation of organizational resources. Two different organizational philosophies are presented and discussed in terms of their impact on empowerment: organizational resource conservation and organizational resource integration. Differences between the philosophies are explained through a conceptual model of preventing failure versus assuring success. Implications of each philosophy for the practice of management in knowledge organizations are discussed. These implications are based on the assumption that managerial behaviors determine how successful will be the process of empowerment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14634449910303603
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The application of airline yield management techniques to a holiday retail shopping setting (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    The @journal of product & brand management 8 (1999), S. 61-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1061-0421
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Most airlines utilize a revenue maximizing technique called yield management (YM), which allows the airlines to allocate their fixed capacity of seats to various fare categories in the most profitable manner possible. The discriminatory pricing goal is to sell only non-discounted seats to the business travel segment. Suggests that yield management techniques may also be appropriate in certain retail settings where capacity (i.e. product inventory) is not necessarily "perishable" in the same sense as unsold seats on an airline flight however, its value may decline with the culmination of a well-defined shopping period (e.g. the "Christmas holiday" shopping period). Examines how knowledge of customer price sensitivity as it pertains to this shopping period, coupled with the appropriate use of discount pricing, can maximize the revenue gained from sales of a seasonal product associated with a specific holiday.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10610429910258011
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time-based zones: an alternate pricing strategy (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    The @journal of product & brand management 8 (1999), S. 73-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1061-0421
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Service industries, such as public bus transport, are time-bound, which makes it impossible to inventory their service output. The potential revenue from an empty seat on a bus is lost for good once the service run is complete. Conversely, when demand for a seat on a service run exceeds supply, the revenue is also lost. As public bus transport has a high fixed to variable cost ratio, these demand and supply imbalances have a significant impact on cost recovery performance. Addresses a number of factors that influence the cost recovery performance of public bus transport using data from one of Australia's largest operators. It considers the shortcomings of current fare price structures and how these may be changed to reflect operational cost drivers in a way that improves cost recovery performance. The various non-monetary costs passengers incur when purchasing and using public transport are also considered along with methods of reducing these to increase the revenue-generating performance of operators' fixed capacity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10610429910258020
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  • 22
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    Electronic Resource
    PRICING STRATEGY & PRACTICE"Why did you do that?" The important role of inferred motive in perceptions of price fairness (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    The @journal of product & brand management 8 (1999), S. 145-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1061-0421
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: There is research evidence that suggests that perceptions of price unfairness give rise to consumer resistance to prices and result in decreased profit to the firm. However, it is as yet unclear what factors influence perceptions of unfairness. Answers the question, "What is fair?" by proposing that consumers sometimes infer a firm's motive for a price and that the inferred motive influences perceived price fairness. A study provides evidence that consumers use contextual information to infer a firm's motive. When consumers infer a negative motive, the price is perceived to be unfair and when consumers do not infer a negative motive, the same price is perceived to be fair. Suggests that marketers should: provide reasons for prices; consider consumers' likely inferences of motive and either avoid taking actions that are likely to give rise to inferences of negative motive or manage the motive inferred; and consider the inferences that consumers may make for other marketing actions in addition to price.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10610429910266995
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  • 23
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    Measuring brand power: validating a model for optimizing brand equity (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    The @journal of product & brand management 8 (1999), S. 170-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1061-0421
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Rather than taking the more traditional approach of measuring brand equity for accounting or strategic reasons, the approach taken here is concerned with optimizing brand equity through parsimonious manipulation of the marketing mix. To this end a macro-model is first developed; this model is then operationalized and tested (in terms of predicted versus actual brand share) in three Korean markets. The contribution of the paper lies in the development of a methodology through which management can efficiently build brand power in their markets. The statistical methods (factor analysis and preference regression) are commonly used in commercial research and the research requirements to build such a model are quite modest - the proposed model makes a theoretical contribution but can also be used as a practical managerial tool.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10610429910272439
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  • 24
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    Product entry in international markets: the effect of country-of-origin on first-mover advantage (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    The @journal of product & brand management 8 (1999), S. 218-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1061-0421
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: An experimental design is used to examine the effect of products' country-of-origin on first-mover advantage. Specifically, focuses on the effects of favorable/unfavorable country-of-origin on first-mover advantage, as well as its effects with regard to "early followers" and "late followers". The results have direct implications for products entering international markets as a first mover, "early" follower, or "late" follower. Results indicate that with increasing number of competitors entering an international market, a product's favorable country image begins to lose its strategic importance. Consequently, the pursuit of first-mover advantage may be more relevant than a positive country-of-origin effect. Also, the results suggest that for products from countries with a less than favorable image, it may be more useful to be a "follower" than a "first-mover" because the advantage of being first in a market can be negated by the unfavorable country-of-origin effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10610429910272493
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improving competitive position using branded ingredients (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    The @journal of product & brand management 8 (1999), S. 267-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1061-0421
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Assesses how branded ingredients affect consumer product quality perceptions, confidence in product quality perceptions, product evaluations, taste perceptions, purchase likelihoods, and reservation prices of host brands of varying quality. In two experiments, we find that branded ingredients consistently and positively affected moderate-quality host brands, but only occasionally positively affected higher-quality host brands. Suggests that managers of both moderate and higher-quality host brands consider implementing branded ingredient strategies, albeit for different reasons. While moderate-quality host brands can improve their competitive position by using branded ingredients, higher-quality host brands generally do not. However, higher-quality host brands may benefit most by securing the most desirable branded ingredients for their own use, thereby blocking moderate-quality host brands from using a branded ingredient strategy to improve their competitive position.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10610429910284210
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  • 26
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    Product evolution: a Darwinian or Lamarckian phenomenon? (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    The @journal of product & brand management 8 (1999), S. 301-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1061-0421
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Examines the product life cycle (PLC) concept as presented in much of the marketing literature, and the implications of PLC-based strategic action for marketing practitioners. A range of problems is identified with the PLC, and an evolutionary perspective for product management decisions is considered. Concludes that an evolutionary perspective is more appropriate than PLC-based approaches, and proposes an evolutionary model known as "Lamarckism", which is better able to account for the realities of product evolution than the Darwinian model.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10610429910284292
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    Factors influencing the price premiums that consumers pay for national brands over store brands (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    The @journal of product & brand management 8 (1999), S. 340-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1061-0421
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Identifies some managerially relevant factors that influence the size of the price premium that consumers will pay for national brands over store brands in grocery products. We define price premium as the maximum price consumers will pay for a national brand over a store brand, expressed as the proportionate price differential between a national brand and a store brand. Overall, perceived quality differential accounts for about 12 percent of the variation in price premiums across consumers and product categories and is the most important variable influencing price premiums.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10610429910284319
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    Innovativeness and newness in high-tech consumer durables (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    The @journal of product & brand management 8 (1999), S. 415-429 
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    ISSN: 1061-0421
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This study concerns consumer responses to new product offerings in the category of high-tech audio equipment. For the purposes of the study, consumers were categorised as high-innovators or non-innovators. The general objective of the research was to determine how differing groups of consumers view innovativeness, and how innovativeness is assessed, with particular reference to high-tech product offerings. The research was carried out in two stages; a series of focus groups was run to determine the dimensions of the problem, and a questionnaire derived from this. The questionnaire was then administered to visitors at a consumer-oriented trade show. Statistical analysis of the questionnaire revealed that there are significant differences between groups of consumers regarding the relative importance of various factors in the process of assessing innovativeness.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10610429910296028
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    The performance appraisal process of pharmaceutical product managers in Canada: an empirical study (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    The @journal of product & brand management 8 (1999), S. 463-493 
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    ISSN: 1061-0421
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Examines the way in which the performance of the pharmaceutical product manager is evaluated. Attempts to provide a picture of the principal functions on which the Canadian pharmaceutical product manager is evaluated, as well as of performance appraisal systems currently used in the pharmaceutical industry. Two methodologies are used, both in-depth interviews and survey, in order to provide the most comprehensive examination of this area. Additionally, examines whether or not these systems are proving useful in linking job tasks to performance appraisal in order to achieve the goals of the organization.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10610429910299719
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    Repatriation - the toughest assignment of all (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial and commercial training 31 (1999), S. 224-228 
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    ISSN: 0019-7858
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Examines the need for HR departments to have a clear policy on repatriation, especially at times of restructuring and redundancy and the need to retain valuable staff on return. Considers the physical, psychological and emotional effects of "reverse culture shock", the often unrealistic expectations of returnees and their families and suggests coping strategies, including assistance to the accompanying spouse and children, that can be implemented by both employers and employees. Outlines the possible content of a repatriation programme, stressing the need to tailor it to the needs of employees and their families. Comments on the heightened circumstances of natural disasters and political unrest that can cause rapid repatriation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00197859910291397
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    Individuals and enterprise: developing intrapreneurs for the new millennium (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial and commercial training 31 (1999), S. 258-261 
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    ISSN: 0019-7858
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Downsizing, cost-cutting and re-engineering are essentially negative activities. The emphasis is switching to revenue generation and value creation. Also, customers increasingly demand tailored solutions and expect more imaginative responses to their particular requirements. In short, more entrepreneurial approaches are required. There is scope for reconciling individual and corporate interests. Companies want to encourage, develop, release and retain entrepreneurial talent, while many aspiring and intending entrepreneurs could benefit from the support which corporations can provide. Although relevant tools are available, training and development professionals are failing to encourage enterprise, develop entrepreneurs and support new corporate ventures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00197859910301926
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    When training became learning - a cautionary tale about what could be (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial and commercial training 31 (1999), S. 277-279 
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    ISSN: 0019-7858
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper describes a management development programme, which aimed to increase staff commitment to tasks by strengthening teamwork. It explores the lessons that can be gained from such training programmes, and concludes that both time and leadership are essential attributes for successful learning experiences.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00197859910302024
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    Management training and development at Aeroquip-Vickers, Inc.: a process model part 1 (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial and commercial training 31 (1999), S. 132-137 
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    ISSN: 0019-7858
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Aims to provide an in-depth discussion of how a Fortune 500 manufacturing organization refocussed its management development practices using a systems approach. A description of how the organization conducted a needs assessment, developed a system for management education and recreated its approach to management development are discussed. The implications for organizational practice are clearly stated that management development is a shared responsibility between a manager and his or her employer. This article will also discuss the evolution of this organization's approach to developing managers for the twenty-first century. It is also important to note that Aeroquip-Vickers was recently honored as one of the 100 best managed companies in the US by Inc Magazine.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00197859910275674
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    The art of mentoring (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial and commercial training 31 (1999), S. 136-142 
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    ISSN: 0019-7858
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: How can you be a good mentor? How can you pass on your wisdom? How can you help people to find their answers to challenges? Mentoring now plays a key role in organisations that wish to pass on their hard earned wisdom. But how to ensure that such an approach works? This article explores issues you may wish to consider when: selecting mentors; defining the role of mentors; and running a mentoring session. The article also illustrates the classic "Five C" model for helping people to focus on their challenges; choices; consequences; creative solutions; and conclusions. Good mentors create a "stimulating sanctuary". They help people to build on their strengths, find solutions and achieve ongoing success. This article gives a snapshot of key elements to bear in mind when introducing mentoring into your organisation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00197859910275683
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    Training issues for the European automotive industry (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial and commercial training 31 (1999), S. 174-181 
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    ISSN: 0019-7858
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Provides an overview of the results of an investigation carried out for the European Commission. Aims to identify themes and issues in the field of continuing training in the European automotive industry. A large number of interviews were carried out in all the major car manufacturing countries of Europe, and a series of case studies were done on training projects funded by the European Commission within the framework of the FORCE programme on continuing training. Shows that training has become a key element in a far-reaching process of restructuring which is currently under way in the industry. Identifies major fields of interest including training for new work structures; training for co-makership; and new methods and approaches for learning while working. Larger numbers of people are trained than ever before, especially in production. Claims an increasing use of information technology (expert systems) for training is being signalled.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00197859910284764
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    Training your staff (and the boss) to deal with drugs (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial and commercial training 31 (1999), S. 219-224 
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    ISSN: 0019-7858
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Drugs are hitting at the roots of our productivity and competitiveness, as their usage escalates amongst current employees and those entering full-time work for the first time. Main symptoms are rising absenteeism, injuries, damage and stealing. But employers are having difficulty in recognising their cause, mainly through ignorance, lack of trained knowledge and fear of what is still a relatively new phenomenon. The realistic answer is the development and implementation of effective substance misuse policies in full consultation with staff representatives. But this is a precise and skilled activity requiring proper training of personnel management and staff supervisors. The article exposes the breadth of the problem, discusses how to train British staff and examines how our training industry can gear up to learn this newest and most vital of training subjects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00197859910291388
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    Marketing meta-narrative and its tenets: at odds with marketing's realities? (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Asia Pacific journal of marketing and logistics 11 (1999), S. 3-15 
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    ISSN: 1355-5855
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Examines key general marketing texts to produce a consistent set of claims termed the nine tenets of marketing. States that these are core to conventional marketing teaching and thought. Argues that they have little epistomological basis. Shows that marketing professionals do not enjoy the same status as those in law and accountancy, concluding that to convince others of the profession's worth, the whole basis may need renovation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13555859910764534
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    Strategy selection to enhance exports of the Malaysian electrical and electronic industry (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Asia Pacific journal of marketing and logistics 11 (1999), S. 16-27 
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    ISSN: 1355-5855
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Presents the findings of 700 CEO/senior managers regarding general strategy and competitiveness in the Malaysian electrical and electronic industry. Outlines four major strategies, cost, differentiation, cost-price and marketing/focus. Addresses the question, "is the battle to the low-cost, low-price vendor?" Uses two case studies, IBM and Samsung as examples to emulate for long term survival.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13555859910764543
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    Survival strategies of hightech corporations: applicable insights from executive narratives (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Asia Pacific journal of marketing and logistics 11 (1999), S. 1-312 
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    ISSN: 1355-5855
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Gives an in depth view of the strategies pursued by the world's leading chief executive officers in an attempt to provide guidance to new chief executives of today. Considers the marketing strategies employed, together with the organizational structures used and looks at the universal concepts that can be applied to any product. Uses anecdotal evidence to formulate a number of theories which can be used to compare your company with the best in the world. Presents initial survival strategies and then looks at ways companies can broaden their boundaries through manipulation and choice. Covers a huge variety of case studies and examples together with a substantial question and answer section.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13555859910764606
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    Strategies for Japan's protected market: rice as a case in point (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Asia Pacific journal of marketing and logistics 11 (1999), S. 47-60 
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    ISSN: 1355-5855
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Outlines the Japanese system of protectionism as a global barrier and focuses on the rice markets as one of the first markets to be opened up. Analyses the reasons for this and offers strategies for overseas companies to take advantage of this opportunity. Suggest that these examples can then be applied to other markets.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13555859910764598
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    Model trainers (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial and commercial training 31 (1999), S. 13-18 
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    ISSN: 0019-7858
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: What a trainer does is at least as important as what a trainer says. The trainer brings a model of behaviour into live sessions, and this, as much as the content, can serve to improve participants' performance. This paper draws on the author's expertise to reveal the pros and cons of masterclasses and describe what trainers really need in order to add value.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00197859910253119
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    Hidden concepts in training (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial and commercial training 31 (1999), S. 57-60 
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    ISSN: 0019-7858
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This article describes covert content in training courses, examines the role it can play in deciding content and methods, and addresses the issue of how important this influence may be. The specific concepts of differentiation, integration, a holistic approach and you get out what you put in, are described, together with the ways in which they have been identified as contributing fundamentally to the structure and content of a particular training programme, and to the methodology used in presenting it. The ways in which these concepts show in the training are described, showing how each concept links to one or more techniques used within the courses.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00197859910262218
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    SMEs in an environment of change: computer-based tools to aid learning and change management (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial and commercial training 31 (1999), S. 49-56 
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    ISSN: 0019-7858
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: As global competitive forces begin to impact more and more on smaller enterprises, they may find themselves more limited in the approaches available to them to prepare for fundamental change. In-depth case studies were analysed for 11 firms in the south-west of England, of which eight were characterised as small/medium enterprises (SMEs). Each firm had recently undergone a major change, and their managers were found to face considerable practical difficulties in developing and updating their skills in comparison with their counterparts from larger organisations. The need for innovative new approaches to SME managerial skills development is argued, and the potential benefits of a generic "computer-aided visioning" system is highlighted as a low-cost option for the smaller enterprise.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00197859910262173
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    Learning alliances: a customer-supplier focus for continuous improvement in manufacturing (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial and commercial training 31 (1999), S. 88-96 
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    ISSN: 0019-7858
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The manufacturing industry is becoming increasingly competitive. In order to remain competitive there is a need for improved inter-organizational relations between organizations so as to improve the performance. In an attempt to improve cost effectiveness and improve quality, as well as create a long-term competitive advantage, manufacturing organizations are beginning to initiate strategic alliances with their customers and suppliers as part of their supply chain management. This paper suggests that the key to gaining a competitive advantage and improving customer satisfaction lie with the ability of manufacturing organizations to form learning alliances. Essentially, learning alliances are strategic partnerships that are based on creating an environment that encourages mutual and reflective learning between supply chain partners. It is suggested that an alliance based on cooperation can encourage higher levels of trust and commitment. This paper presents a learning framework founded on total quality management for the formation of cooperative alliances between manufacturing organizations in a supply chain. The implications of forming a learning alliance in manufacturing are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00197859910269167
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    Corporate communications in small- and medium-sized enterprises (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial and commercial training 31 (1999), S. 112-119 
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    ISSN: 0019-7858
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The Institute of Personnel and Development has long recognized the impact that small- and medium-sized enterprises make in encouraging innovation in human resources management. It was, therefore, perfectly consistent that as part of their major initiative to assess the current status and future direction of personnel management, they would wish to research the SME sector. The researchers, part of the charity of the Professional Development Foundation, sampled over 300 companies, and this article reflects the findings relating to internal, corporate communications. Not unnaturally, SMEs favour more informal modes of communication, although breakdowns in this, plus other pressures, invoke the need to introduce some degree of formality. The research themes emerging are further explored in ten case studies which represent a representative cross-section of SME activity.
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    Training needs analysis for IT training (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial and commercial training 31 (1999), S. 149-153 
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    ISSN: 0019-7858
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Without appropriately educating staff about new technologies and what they can do for them, businesses will go on incurring the cost of software implementation without exploiting the benefits. Tailored training solutions are almost universally offered these days, but do companies really know what they are getting? What do we mean by "tailored training" anyway? How is the content of the training determined and will it suit each of those to be trained? Key Training have pioneered the creation and development of an automated Training Needs Analysis (TNA 2000) a tool used to establish the organisational, departmental and individual objectives of those to be trained.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00197859910275773
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    Management training and development at Aeroquip-Vickers, Inc.: a process model - part 2 (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial and commercial training 31 (1999), S. 213-219 
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    ISSN: 0019-7858
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The second part of the article aims to show how the principles established during the evolution of the management development program at Aeroquip-Vickers can be applied to other organizations. In particular, the design of each manager's individual development program is a responsibility shared between the organization and the manager themselves. It was also found that most managers remember and learnt most from real, challenging situations they had to deal with and development programs need to recognise this by incorporating challenging assignments and opportunities as well as training and education.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00197859910291379
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    Leadership in the twenty-first century (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial and commercial training 31 (1999), S. 236-242 
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    ISSN: 0019-7858
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Innovation is the constant requirement for the twenty-first century. This comes first from individuals, but must permeate throughout the organisation. There is a new concept of the organisation itself being a learning, evolving organism. Knowledge must be shared freely to give it fuel for that growth. The status traditionally given to people who know a lot needs to be shifted to people who share a lot. This happens spontaneously in a crisis, when people are willing to try anything. We need to retain this willingness day to day. It takes emotional resilience, as change is difficult, and sometimes even seems threatening. The status quo has to be steadily challenged. Diversity is not something to be merely managed, but to be harvested as an essential ingredient for innovation. Leaders have to be behind the workforce, empowering them. Leading from the front is obsolete.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00197859910291414
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    Knowledge is about people, not databases (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial and commercial training 31 (1999), S. 262-266 
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    ISSN: 0019-7858
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Knowledge and knowledge management are popular phrases these days. Despite the increased sophistication of knowledge management projects and of knowledge management theory development, the information technology-led perspective dominates. Knowledge transfer is about connection not collection, and that connection ultimately depends on choice made by individuals. There are many mechanisms that enable knowledge transfer, but these mechanisms, such as information technology, are only tools. Despite it presenting a seemingly more complex approach, the behavioural choice of people is the key to the success of knowledge transfer. Whether this can be successful as an additional "program" in our organisations, or whether a new strategic approach is required, is a matter of debate. However, the development of knowledge management as a discipline gives us the opportunity to model, by engaging in dialogue, the dynamic interpersonal process of knowledge transfer. Furthermore, such discussions can help increase the profile of "people-centred" strategic thinking.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00197859910301962
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    Lessons from a major cultural change workshop programme (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial and commercial training 31 (1999), S. 267-271 
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    ISSN: 0019-7858
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Examines the response of a utilities company (UtilityCo) to the commercial pressures associated with privatisation and a requirement for it to genuinely change employee expectations about the future ways in which the company would need to operate. It describes a cultural change programme centred on a workshop methodology embracing all 2,000 of its employees. The components of the specially designed workshop are described along with the linked rationales for creating change readiness in the delegates. A review of key organisation challenges and the identification of probable solutions are described and also linked to broader organisational development activities (e.g. employee communications). The evaluation processes showed a positive impact had been achieved and five key lessons are emphasised as important: a true understanding of what is required at the level of the individual employee; management buy-in; sound evaluation; a plan for subsequent change management interventions; the need for knowledge management/embedded change.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00197859910301971
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    UK industry guidelines on nutrition labelling to benefit the consumer (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 99 (1999), S. 24-28 
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    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A three-year consumer research programme, using both qualitative and quantitative techniques, was undertaken to assess whether additional voluntary nutrition information for calories and fat would aid consumers' ability to use the nutrition information that is given on food packs. A variety of label formats was investigated. The research established that providing information for calories and fat per serving, either separately from the nutrition panel or highlighted within the nutrition panel, and providing Guideline Daily Amounts (GDAs) for calories and fat helped to make the nutrition information more accessible to consumers. GDAs were felt by consumers to be new and useful information. The research findings were developed into voluntary industry guidelines by an IGD working group consisting of representatives of manufacturers, retailers, consumer organizations, nutrition scientists and government. The guidelines represent best practice for industry.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00346659910247644
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    Body composition and energy balance assessment of élite female athletes in the USA and Greece (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 99 (1999), S. 66-71 
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    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The purpose of this study was to determine body composition, energy balance and tendencies towards eating disorders of female competitive athletes in two countries, USA and Greece. Data were collected using similar methodology in both countries during the non-competitive (training) and the competitive seasons. Forty-two athletes and 11 controls in the USA and 35 athletes and ten controls in Greece participated in the study. Comparison of the results between the countries showed that US athletes weighed more than Greek athletes but there was no significant difference in the percentage of body fat between the two groups. No significant differences were found in the energy intakes between athletes in either country. Athletes appeared to be in negative energy balance (-380 to -580 kcals daily) in both seasons, in both countries.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00346659910254231
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    Is healthy eating only for the young? (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 99 (1999), S. 12-18 
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    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A survey of 12 residential homes assessed the nutritional balance of the meals selected and consumed by the elderly residents. With the increasing age of the population and the demand for professional care there is an increasing pressure on the professional caterer and carer to meet the nutritional needs of those in their care. However the ongoing concern over the safety of various foods and the requirement for residential homes to remain within budget can have an impact on the food offered to and consumed by the elderly person. The results show a general satisfaction by the consumer with the food supplied but the research indicates that the meals are not generally nutritionally balanced. The overall concern of the providers is to remain within budget and any nutritional balance of meals is obtained more by accident than as a planned policy. If this is an indication of the situation in Northern Ireland there is the possibility that throughout the United Kingdom there may be similar widespread imbalance in the nutritional provision to the older members of the population.
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    Food safety enforcement and the hospitality industry (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 99 (1999), S. 37-41 
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    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A good relationship between the hospitality industry and environmental health officers is seen as essential if food poisoning statistics are to be improved in the future. A questionnaire issued to both parties indicates that there are still areas of disagreement which need to be bridged if progress in food safety is to be made.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00346659910247662
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    Emerging issues for the next millennium (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 99 (1999), S. 78-80 
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    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: With changes in the curriculum, science breakthroughs, consumer demands and the Government's recent Green Paper on Our Healthier Nation, the British Nutrition Foundation's National Nutrition Education Conference entitled "Emerging issues for the next millennium" informed delegates about emerging issues in nutrition and education.
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    The soya bean: so small yet so mighty (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 99 (1999), S. 144-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The role of diet in contributing to the incidence of coronary heart disease, cancer and other common Western diseases is attracting increasing attention. Foods which provide different biologically active compounds, such as phyto-oestrogens, have been extensively studied and epidemiological evidence suggests that populations consuming a diet high in phyto-oestrogens have a lower risk of these diseases. This paper reviews some of the key studies on soy isoflavones which suggest that the incorporation of soy protein into the British diet may offer important health benefits. Non-steroidal dietary oestrogens are found in high concentrations in the traditional diets of the Far East, and by vegans who consume large amounts of soy protein. Consumption of isoflavones across Asia varies considerably and it is estimated that between 25 to 45mg of isoflavones is consumed daily, compared to as little as 5mg daily in Western countries. It is well established that modification of dietary fat, especially saturated fat, soluble fibre and total calories have a role in coronary heart disease risk. In a meta-analysis of 38 controlled trials on soy proteins, it was concluded that significant reductions in serum and total LDL cholesterol could be achieved. A wide range of epidemiological data shows strong correlations between a diet high in soy protein and vegetables and a reduced risk of breast cancer. The incidence of osteoporosis in Japanese women is significantly lower than in Western women and dietary factors such as soy protein intake may be important in sustaining this protection.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00346659910262197
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    Diet, bacteria and colonic cancer (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 99 (1999), S. 187-193 
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    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The links between diet, bacteria and colonic cancer are examined in this article. Studies suggest that high intakes of fat and protein are associated with elevated risk of colonic cancer whereas cereals, fruits and vegetables seem to be protective. A further aspect considered in relation to this type of cancer is metabolism by gut bacteria. Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics are presented as ways of stimulating the activities, certain gut flora and the use of "functional foods" is also discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00346659910270945
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    Nutrition in older people (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 99 (1999), S. 219-224 
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    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new National Diet and Nutrition Survey was published in October 1998, by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food and the Department of Health, which reported on the dietary intake and nutritional status of people over 65 years of age in the UK. This survey provided data on 1,275 free-living people and 412 people in residential care. Along with the information on diet and nutritional status are data on anthropometric and biochemical parameters. A second related survey looked at dental health in this age group. The key findings of these surveys and the public health implications for older people are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00346659910277641
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    Antibiotics and resistance in farm animals (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 99 (1999), S. 178-184 
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    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Antibiotics are used in animals to cure disease and prevent suffering. Bacterial populations in animals which are exposed to these antibiotics may be selected for resistance. There is a concern that spread of these bacteria in the food chain to humans may result in the establishment of antibiotic resistant bacteria in people which will prove difficult or impossible to treat with conventional drugs. It is clear that antibiotics must be used carefully to reduce the development of resistance and that steps should be taken to reduce the transfer of bacteria from animals to man.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00346659910270918
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    Organisations providing diet sheets for people with Diabetes Mellitus (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 99 (1999), S. 192-199 
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    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This article focuses on the dietary requirements of people with Diabetes Mellitus, both insulin dependent and non-insulin dependent. It is one disorder where good dietary management can benefit control, well being and avoid complications. The guidelines for dietary intake for those with Diabetes Mellitus both past and present are given. The recommended intake of carbohydrate, fruit and vegetables, sugar, protein, fat, salt and alcohol are also discussed. The study itself focuses on the organisations involved in producing diet sheets for people with Diabetes Mellitus. The article also gives information on how to obtain such publications.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00346659910270963
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    Food choices of 9-17- year olds in Northern Ireland - influences and challenges (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 99 (1999), S. 229-238 
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    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Few studies have concentrated on the food choices of young people and the potential influences, yet the food choices established in these early years can determine the diet and quality of health in later life. This study investigates the diet and food choices of 9-17-year olds in Northern Ireland and considers the potential effects of age, gender and socio-economic grouping. A range of research methods was implemented including observations, questionnaires and diet based case studies. The observations, in five schools, indicated the types of foods being chosen whilst the questionnaires further investigated this initial information along with other factors, to obtain more detailed data. A total of 764 questionnaires were administered to young people and 516 to parents to facilitate comparison. In-depth diet based case studies also took place evaluating the diets of 14 young people. The research indicated that this group have a diet which continues to cause concern.
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    Healthy eating or chips with everything? (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 99 (1999), S. 270-277 
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    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Outlines the numerous messages sent to consumers regarding healthy eating practices and indicates the problems involved in determining whether or not the British consumer has adopted a nutritious and healthy diet. Research was undertaken which measured individuals' involvement in healthy eating issues and related this to several demographic characteristics. The research indicates some variation in involvement in healthy eating according to demographic variables but the results were not statistically significant. Group discussions were also conducted which confirmed that the healthy eating messages were widely received and understood; however, there was some confusion over their content, scepticism regarding the veracity and motivation of some sources and a growing resentment of boring and puritanical themes. In the future care must be taken to produce clear, simple and positive healthy eating messages to the public if trends towards a more nutritious diet are to continue.
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    Producing non-GM soy protein through identity preservation (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 99 (1999), S. 281-284 
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    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Much of the debate surrounding genetic modification has centred on food product ingredients, in particular soya derivatives, and the supposed inability to segregate GM from non-GM soybeans. Protein Technologies International has, however, implemented a system, Identity Preservation, which ensures the delivery of non-GM soy protein to its customers. The system covers seeds, on-farm storage, planting, growing and harvesting, transportation, processing and distribution, with independent third-party verification. It is, believes the company, a way of ensuring that consumers can obtain the health benefits of soy protein consumption even if they are actively avoiding GM ingredients.
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    How to succeed at reengineering (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 752-757 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Business process reengineering is the hottest trend in management. Done well, it delivers extraordinary gains in speed, productivity, and profitability. But process redesign is not always successful and almost always accompanied by pain or at least unpleasant side effects. Many companies have undertaken reengineering efforts only to abandon them with little or no positive results. How can you increase the odds for success? Here are a few lessons from the front.
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    The manager's guide to internal control: diary of a control freak (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 93-215 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Using the backdrop of an (apparently) extended visit to the West Indies, analogies with key concerns of internal audit are drawn. An unusual and refreshing way of exploring the main themes - a discussion between Bill and Jack on tour in the islands - forms the debate. Explores the concepts of control, necessary procedures, fraud and corruption, supporting systems, creativity and chaos, and building a corporate control facility.
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    When giants collide: strategic analysis and application (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 233-248 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: On June 4, 1942, a small US naval force defeated a much bigger Japanese fleet off Midway Island. This was the first defeat suffered by the heretofore invincible Japanese military, and changed the course of the Pacific war. The Battle of Midway provides an informative case study of strategic decision-making processes, because of its unexpected outcome and volatile environmental factors. Building from Daft and Weick's (1984) "interpretation system" model, this paper develops an analytical framework to study the formulation of strategic decisions at the Battle of Midway. The three interacting components of the framework - decision parameters, decision processes, and decisions and implementation - are examined, with emphasis on how bounded rationality, cognitive biases, leadership styles, management structures, and organizational cultures combine to impact strategy formulation. Research and strategic implications are highlighted.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910264479
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    Correlates of adjustment: a study of expatriate managers in an emerging country (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 267-279 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: To minimize adverse consequences associated with expatriation, multinational companies need to identify the factors which facilitate (or impede) expatriate managers adjustment to a new environment. In this study, on the basis of their adjustment to four diverse aspects of life and work in Turkey, a sample of 78 expatriate managers were dichotomized into high and low adjustment groups. The two groups were then compared in terms of selected company and individual-related characteristics, previous international experience and the types of training received prior to and during the assignment. The article discusses these results and proffers strategies to facilitate expatriates adjustment to the Turkish environment.
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    Excellence in client/server information system implementations: understanding the STS connection (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 295-304 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper uses the Socio-Technical Systems (STS) model as a conceptual framework to explore client/server information system implementations, and demonstrates the logical disconnect between traditionally developed mainframe systems and the flexibility required to meet rapidly changing environments. Such flexibility can be afforded by client/server and web enabled technologies; however, to exploit these technologies, managers must improve the interaction between the technical and social systems of the organization during the information systems development process. In this paper, conditions for successful implementations are presented along with a technology migration model based upon the characteristics of and flexibility afforded by these newer technologies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910264532
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    Evaluation of information technology investment (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 329-339 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Traditional accounting methods used for evaluating new information technology (IT) projects such as Net present value (NPV) and Internal rate of return (IRR) have been criticized in the academic and practitioners' literature as being grossly inadequate. This is because these methods do not quantify benefits that are considered to be intangible. Similarly, they do not incorporate many "hidden" costs associated with new IT projects. Thus, traditional methods have been stated to be only appropriate for simple "cost saving" projects and not for evaluating complicated IT investments. New methods suggested in the academic literature have been criticized as being too esoteric for practitioners. Presents the results of a case study and shows how many intangible benefits previously ignored can actually be quantified and incorporated in traditional NPV models by holding discussions with personnel of all departments affected by the new IT. Also demonstrates how many of the costs considered hidden (and thus ignored) can be quantified and incorporated in the decision-making model. Shows how uncertainty and risks associated with anticipated project cash flows can be quantified and included by the use of probability theory and sensitivity analysis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910269375
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    Gendered organizational cultures in Canadian work organizations: implications for creating an equitable workplace (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 372-381 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Results of a survey of Canadian work organizations reveal a broad set of gendered values embedded in organizational cultures. The findings of this study show stereotypically masculine values in the culture of these organizations and a desired change toward a culture that is more friendly, less accepting of established authority and less dominant. In addition, current cultures are perceived to reward men and women differently in terms of the values shown in their behavior, contributing to a discriminatory climate that makes many women feel unwelcome and uncomfortable. This makes many organizational change efforts particularly difficult.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910269429
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    The peer learning community: a contextual design for learning? (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 403-410 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The term "learning community" is in common usage but appears to mask significant variation in practice. This article begins with a description of the "peer learning community" model within the MSc in Change Agent Skills and Strategies at the University of Surrey, UK. Tosey and Gregory have proposed five criteria as distinguishing this specific, designed model from more general usage of the term "learning community". From this basis, it is argued that the effectiveness of learning programmes (such as action learning) will be greatly influenced by the framework and context within which they take place. The peer learning community is an example of a contextual design that could be applied within both business and higher education. As such it has relevance to the concept of the "learning organisation". The presence or absence of conditions such as the five proposed may crucially impact on the effectiveness of programmes of learning. The article concludes by raising critical questions about the peer learning community model.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910274171
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    Changing strategic postures of overseas Chinese firms in emerging Asian markets (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 445-457 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: One of the most important cultural values in Chinese societies is family-oriented collectivism. This cultural value has had much impact on the structures and strategies of overseas Chinese firms. Influenced by this cultural value, traditional Chinese firms prefer family ownership and stress hierarchy and centralized decision making, which in turn influence the business strategies of these firms. In recent years, however, the majority of Chinese societies have been in transition, and traditional Chinese culture is also changing. These developments have brought about changes in strategies of the overseas Chinese firms. To study these changes, this paper focuses on the manufacturing industries in a major emerging market, China, and reports evidence of changes in both culture and business strategy of overseas Chinese firms. Concludes with a discussion on the implications of the findings for both researchers and practitioners.
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    Downsizing failures: an examination of convergence/reorientation and antecedents - processes - outcomes (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 473-490 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Examines varied empirical studies on downsizing which have revealed that, as a result of its aftermath, high percentages of companies have judged these efforts as unsuccessful. Corporate restructuring encompasses multiple forms of change, which are classified into three distinct categories: portfolio, financial and organizational. An analysis of the Freeman and Cameron theoretical framework on downsizing implementation processes is examined in terms of where the process occurs, during periods either of convergence and/or of reorientation, and the results associated with each approach. A case study of the Kansas Department of Health and Environment revealed that restructuring did not provide visible improvements in efficiency, economy and responsiveness. Cultural impact of this intervention revealed negative intergroup reactions, i.e. denial, dissatisfaction. An analysis of Richard Johnson's model of the antecedents, processes and outcomes of downsizing revealed the impact upon strategy, productivity, human resources and finance. Interrelationships suggested diminished performances of firms which downsized without a lucid blueprint, adversely impacting upon these businesses. Finally, 30 recommendations are given for the human resource executive for effective downsizing, focusing upon: approach, involvement, leadership, communication, preparation, support, cost cutting, measurement, and implementation.
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    From marketing research to competitive intelligence: useful generalization or loss of focus? (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 519-525 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The history of competitive intelligence (as an organizational function) and its evolution out of marketing research are discussed. Besides a straight historical overview, the transition from marketing research to competitive intelligence is analyzed in order to point to both the potential strengths and weaknesses of having intelligence form an independent "freestanding" discipline. While military analogies can be seductive, organizations should continue to embrace the marketing concept which centers on cooperation and service, not conflict.
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    Conspiring fruitfully with professionals: new management roles for professional organisations (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 29-44 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Professionalism still is on the way up. However, the working methods of managers and professionals do not develop at the same pace. Professionals often seek out their workplace within an organisation but then proceed to act as soloists, which makes fragmentation, mediocrity and non-commitment the rule rather than the exception. The manager's reflex dictates that he/she tackles problems with control and command, resulting in all sorts of conflicts. It is argued that this dysfunctional habit can be corrected by introducing a clear division of roles: professionals manage the primary process, managers the secondary processes. Peace then will be restored but fragmentation, mediocrity and non-commitment are still evident. We have found heuristically that these core problems only can disappear when professionals and managers tackle them in a concerted action by developing a collective ambition, investing in mutual learning and setting performance standards. Although professionals' loner genes hold them back in concerted action on these matters, they can overcome this resistance when managers are willing and able to orchestrate a dialogue on these matters. This is a tall order, but the core problems can thus be transformed into inspiration, growth and dedication.
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    Addressing the divergence between environmental strategy formulation and implementation (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 338-348 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Despite growing evidence that large UK organisations are increasingly incorporating the environment into corporate strategy, there continues to be considerable scepticism as to whether this is leading to any meaningful action to reduce industry's environmental impact. One possible explanation is the existence of a "gap" between policy formulation and implementation, and the authors suggest that this may be due to a failure on the part of business to ensure congruence between organisational context, values and capability. Utilising data drawn from a recent survey of corporate environmental policies and practices, the authors explore the interaction of external and internal factors with regard to policy development, and search for evidence of congruence. They conclude that very often policy formulation takes little consideration of the organisation's capability to implement environmental strategies, and suggest that until this question is taken seriously, a gulf will always exist between what companies aim to do, and what they actually achieve.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910269384
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    Business strategy in new high-tech ventures: an empirical analysis (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 222-232 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The aim of this study is to determine the existence of specific and unique features characterising markets, activities and customers in at least two of the most representative high technology sectors nowadays, the microelectronics/software industry and the biotechnology/biomedical industry. Cross-Tabs statistical method has been used to analyze the data collected from the sample made up by 18 high-tech American firms. One of the major findings of this study is that the business strategy will hold better prospects in those high-tech firms benefiting from a higher technological excellence, having spent longer time in developing and launching their products, being able to keep longer the novelty attached to their products, being positioned in intermediate to final stages of the production chain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910264460
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    Factors for consulting engagement success (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 394-404 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Clients engage consultants for many reasons, not always successfully. Based on a literature review and client and consultant interviews, this paper suggests six universal factors -- stated as testable propositions -- to help explain consulting engagement success. The factors are consultant integrity -- in particular in putting the client's interests first, client involvement and readiness to change, a clear agreement concerning requirements and expectations, client control of the engagement -- partly via clear and limited assignments, consultant competence, and a good fit along a number of dimensions -- including models of consultancy, client expectations, consultant capabilities, and consultant type. The paper also addresses the distinction between organisation development consultation and other types of management consulting and concludes that the distinction need not be so sharp.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910274162
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    The confluence of gender and culture: sexual harassment in the international arena (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 417-423 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Two trends in business currently receiving much practical and theoretical discussion are diversity and globalization. Issues related to these trends can create significant challenges for managers but may also represent potentially rich learning experiences. This paper explores the confluence of gender and globalization, particularly in the context of sexual harassment. Two hypothetical dilemmas are presented. Information on demographic and global trends is presented. The legal and economic status of women in a number of different countries is reviewed, as is the legal definition of sexual harassment in the United States. Finally, directions for future research focusing on diversity-related training and the issue of cultural relativism are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910274199
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    Downsizing: an examination of some successes and more failures (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 424-437 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Focuses on downsizing and reviews selected research on organizational change and downsizing. Addresses the issues of "survivors", and also covers the strategic concerns in planning a downsizing operation and attempts to determine some specific reasons why some companies succeed at downsizing while others do not. Discusses an organization's context, composed of culture, level of trust and level of leadership, since it has a profound effect on a company's downsizing strategy. Examines case studies of Compaq Computer, the State of Oregon, and Patagonia and supports the need for the concerns of the surviving employees to be listened to. In the case of these downsizings, the surviving employees were successfully shown that they should not feel victimized by the downsizing process, but instead should see this process as an opportunity for personal growth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910274207
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    Governance structures, size and corporate performance in UK firms (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 457-464 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Analyses the extent of Cadbury compliance and its impact on corporate performance in the UK. Comparing 1992 and 1995, we find that UK public companies have, in general, complied with the Cadbury Committee's Code of Best Practice and have adopted the recommended governance structures. However, compliance is more common among larger firms. Thus we find that duality is less common, firms tend to have more than three non-executive directors and that there has been an almost universal adoption of board subcommittees such as the remuneration and audit committees. However, little evidence is found to suggest either that the board characteristics recommended by Cadbury lead to improved performance or that moving towards them improves performance. The only governance mechanism which does positively affect performance is the presence of remuneration and audit committees.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910274234
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    Quality concepts and litigation: the role of record-keeping in products liability litigation in the USA (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 633-643 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The purpose of this paper is to examine the myriad ways record-keeping can affect the course and outcome of products liability litigation. The examination includes an overview of the civil jury system in the USA, as well as an analysis of the benefits gained from instituting quality concepts and principles regarding the creation, management, storage and protection of quality-related documents. Frequently the "star witness" in a products liability lawsuit is not a witness at all - it is a document. The written record a company generates plays a critical role in presenting a case to the jury in the event of litigation. With regard to retaining and storing company records, serious legal problems arise when documents are lost, damaged or destroyed without adequate explanation. Accordingly, embracing and implementing quality concepts and principles with regard to record-keeping provides numerous rewards in the event of litigation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910291604
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    Perception configurations in business relationships (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 686-696 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: There is a growing interest in relationships in the marketing literature, which has resulted in increasing attention to relational aspects of business. How the actors perceive the relationship thus emerges as a key issue. Traditionally, customer perceptions, for example, perceived service quality, satisfaction and value have played an important role in service management. However, in a business setting it is more appropriate to study both the seller's and the buyer's perceptions. This paper proposes a configuration map to depict both parties' perceptions. This map can be used to capture both the composition and the dynamics of perception configurations, and it is generically applicable to dyadic perception studies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910299020
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    Exploring the common ground of total relationship management (TRM) and total quality management (TQM) (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 719-730 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper is a continuation of our research effort to develop a new approach to total relationship management. It is a theoretical and conceptual one, providing marketing and management ideas on how to integrate total quality management (TQM) and total relationship management (TRM) in order to achieve better quality relationships, product/service and process. Aims to shed light on how TRM and TQM can be integrated, and to suggest how the work on TQM can add impetus to successful TRM. First, the role of quality in customer satisfaction and relationships, and the main philosophy behind TRM, are discussed. TRM, quality, loyalty and profitability are examined; some TQM tools are suggested for possible use with the TRM approach to improve its functions. Finally, the common grounds of TQM and TRM, and the common principles for TRM success, are identified.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910299138
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    Encouraging creative thinking (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Leadership & organization development journal 20 (1999), S. 374-383 
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    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In order to develop more innovative products, process and services, organisations must encourage their employees to think more creatively. One method of achieving this is to encourage teams to utilise creative problem-solving (CPS) techniques. There are a variety of different CPS techniques. Perhaps the most common technique utilised is that of brainstorming. This, however, does not necessarily produce novel and innovative solutions. The purpose of this article is to explore creative problem solving and to present a model that can help facilitators and team members choose an appropriate technique for their situation. The model has divided creative problem solving into three categories, namely paradigm preserving techniques, paradigm stretching techniques and paradigm breaking techniques. The article discusses these three categories and presents some examples of their use.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01437739910302533
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    Leading through communication, conversation and dialogue (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Leadership & organization development journal 20 (1999), S. 231-242 
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    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: South Africa has gone through a period of unprecedented change in moving from Apartheid to democracy. These sociological changes have also infiltrated organisational life and behaviour - and new approaches to leadership have become vital. In modern organisational life, dialogue and conversation are core processes for building the organisational intelligence and community which enable other business processes to adapt to change and create results. This paper discusses increasingly important leadership issues - such as diversity, teams, collaboration, trust formation, community, individual change, and relationships - in relation to dialogue and transformation. Where trust is high, change is managed more effectively and, where it is low, communication and co-operation suffer and there is an increasing tendency to resort to power. It is the author's concluding opinion that change is a phenomenon that occurs within conversation and dialogue! and is therefore a necessary social construct within twenty-first century organisations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01437739910287108
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    Ownership in environmental management (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Leadership & organization development journal 20 (1999), S. 354-359 
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    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In this article the meaning of ownership is considered. Three categories of ownership are recognized and the efforts to influence environmental leadership and management are analysed based on the relevant important documents from the last 15 years. The article starts by categorising ownership. Next, the question of who owns the right to lead/manage, and therefore the right to control the use of global resources, leads to a discussion of the influences of environmental problems on the theory of leadership and management. Finally, a short analysis of the battle of ownership is documented.
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    Maintaining the status quo: federal government budget deficits and defensive rent-seeking (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 5-14 
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    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The purpose of the present study is to test the hypothesis alluded to by Tullock, within the context of defensive rent-seeking efforts developed by others (e.g. McChesney). Here, we test the idea that defensive rent seeking efforts (or rent-defending) to maintain the status quo augment offensive rent-seeking (all proxied by real campaign contributions to US House/Senate candidates, 1976-1992) during federal budgetary climates of deficit-cutting (budget-balancing). When a panel estimator is properly used, our econometric evidence confirms our hypothesis. Evidence from a Parks regression technique suggests that total rent-seeking is positively related to the amount of federal spending, as others have shown, but that rent-seeking efforts increase when federal budget deficits are reduced, threatening existing spending patterns and rents. Perhaps an unintended consequence of deficit-reduction efforts, holding government spending constant, is an increase in the size of the rent-seeking industry.
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    The subsidy savings from reducing UK arms exports (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 15-37 
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    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Following the Gulf War, international discussions took place about multilateral restraints on "destabilising arms transfers". Given that the UK is one of the leading exporters of arms, any reduction in such exports would affect the UK economy. The UK government spends considerable sums promoting such exports and it benefits from defence exports as they reduce the Ministry of Defence's procurement costs. This paper analyses the direct financial implications of arms exports to the UK government, both as a buyer of defence equipment and as a promoter of such exports. The results suggest that in the UK each job generated by arms exports is subsidised by just under £2,000 per annum and that a one-third reduction in UK defence exports would save the taxpayer some £76 million per annum (at 1995 prices).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443589910252575
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    Globalisation and labour immiserisation in Australia (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 82-105 
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    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The dissolving trade barriers, financial deregulation, hyper-mobility of capital and the rapid diffusion of new information technologies have ushered the Australian economy into the borderless world. The orthodoxy that states that centralised wage-fixing in Australia has impeded wage flexibility and resulted in high unemployment is unconvincing. Partly, this is because in the 1980s Australian labour market institutions have been decentralised and decollectivised in response to pressures from the borderless world. The insights garnered from cross-sectional comparative statics that, first, skill-biased Schumpeterian technological change was the major cause of labour immiserisation and, second, adverse Stolper-Samuelson trade played an insignificant effect need to be reviewed. Parsimonious dynamic time-series models of trade and technology have been formulated using general-to-specific methods after taking account of stochastic trends through unit root and cointegration tests. Granger causality and non-nested tests applied to these models support the contention that both trade and technology contributed to increasing wage disparity during the borderless era. Moreover the supply side factors such as female participation, immigration and institutional factors such as deunionisation have also increased wage disparity. The deregulation of the Australian labour market by the Workplace Relations Act, whilst an inevitable response to achieve competitiveness in the borderless world market, would exacerbate wage inequality. Policies aimed at skill accumulation on the one hand, and social welfare policies involving negative income taxes on the other may have to be implemented to mitigate the deleterious social effects of rising wage inequality.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443589910258443
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    The role of structural change in labour productivity convergence among European Union countries: 1970-1990 (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 106-122 
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    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: New evidence is presented on the degree of aggregate and sectoral labour productivity convergence among 11 EU countries between 1970 and 1990. As with studies for other groups of countries, it is found that there is a greater degree of aggregate than sectoral convergence. Aggregate productivity converged at 0.9 percent per annum, with agriculture and manufacturing both diverging and only services converging (0.6 percent p.a.). We contend that structural change provides one explanation for this finding. When measured as changes in sectoral employment shares, structural change accounted for between 50 percent and 66 percent of the overall rate of aggregate productivity convergence among the EU countries over the period. Countries with relatively low levels of aggregate productivity benefited most from structural change.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443589910258452
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    The long-run relation between a black market exchange rate and the trade balance: Evidence from Iran (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 121-130 
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    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper investigates the long-run relationship between Iranian trade balance and the black market value of Iranian rial by employing cointegration technique. It is shown that in a oil producing country like Iran due to rent-seeking opportunities, depreciation of the rial in the black market has an adverse effect on the Iranian trade balance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443589910258461
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    Foreign direct investment and industry structure (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 38-57 
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    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Using a differentiated oligopoly, this paper studies the effects of tax incentives on the structure of a domestic industry in terms of price, output, profit, and entry/exit, taking account of technology transfer through FDI. It is found that if the government of the host country provides more tax relief for foreign firms, it will raise total output and reduce the price index. More foreign firms will enter the industry while certain existing host firms will have to exit. Consumers are better off if income is unchanged; otherwise, the change in social welfare is ambiguous in general and several sufficient conditions ensuring definite outcomes have been identified. This suggests that the government should be cautious in reducing taxes to attract FDI and should differ their preferential tax treatments across industries.
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    Real business cycle: a critical review (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 159-172 
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    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Provides an overview of the real business cycle research agenda, tackling the main theoretical and empirical issues. Concludes that although this methodological approach has been popular in terms of the number of papers published, it has not been completely convincing in providing a theory of the business cycle.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443589910258489
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    The impact of demographic deterioration on labour balances in Greece (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 130-158 
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    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper investigates the impact of demographic deterioration on Greek labour supply, and the possible labour shortages that it may entail. Through a disaggregated approach by occupation and region, the paper predicts, for the year 2000, the new entry to and exit from the labour force, as well as labour requirements. Various methods are used, such as temporal shifts of youth and workers by age brackets for predicting net demographic additions to the labour force, shift and share analysis for decomposing employment changes, and the manpower requirements approach for predicting employment through output and productivity projections. The occupational and regional predictions are mostly done by top-down calculations. Finally, a formula is invented for measuring the occupational and regional intensity of demographic deficits. Despite the predicted demographic deficits in almost all regions of the country, immigrants and other additional workers to the job market will fill the demographic gap, but many of them will also remain unemployed.
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    Competitive money supply: the international monetary system in perspective (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 188-200 
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    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper inquires into monetary standards, focusing on the characteristics of money instead of the exchange rate regime. The transition from commodity to fiat money, a major break in monetary evolution, has led to international arrangements that represent an application of the competitive money supply model (section 1), which is consistent with various optimality criteria and has far-reaching implications for the future development of the monetary system (section 2).
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    Tests of a competitive model of the size and growth of government (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 209-224 
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    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In this paper we test a general equilibrium model of the size and growth of government developed by Dao and Esfahani (1995) using OECD cross-sectional and US time-series data. The model is based on the assumption that various socioeconomic groups try to redistribute income in their favor. Results of the tests are consistent with the theoretical explanations implied by the model. They show that the recent growth of government may be explained by the increase in the role of human capital as a factor of production, by the rise in the proportion of the elderly population, and by the reductions in the relative value of nonmarket uses of labor brought about by increased specialization and population pressure.
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    Transaction costs versus resource value? (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 221-240 
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    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Two major advances in the theory of the firm and (micro)economics more generally are arguably transaction costs economics (TCE) and the theory of firm resources. TCE has originally been applied to the theory of the firm, but found applications in virtually all fields of economic inquiry. The theory of firm resources currently spans much of the industrial organisation (IO) and strategic management literature. In some fields, e.g. diversification, it has already acquired dominant status. Despite significant progress in TCE there still seem to remain significant unresolved issues. Indeed we claim that transaction cost economics fail to supply convincing answers to the issues of the nature of the firm (why do firms exist?), and their essence (running a business). It offers a partial explanation of the "nature" and little on the "essence". The resource value view complements the nature side and goes far beyond on the essence issue. It provides a fruitful starting point for an integrative framework. This, we suggest, should be based on the resource value perspective story and craft (dynamic) transaction costs in the ensuing evolutionary tale.
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    Is trade liberalization harmful to the environment? An alternative view (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 201-209 
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    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The standard definition of ecological dumping, the marginal cost of abatement is less than the marginal damage from the pollution, does not catch well the concern of the environmentalists. Comparing environmental quality before and after trade liberalization, this paper uses a partial equilibrium strategic trade framework to show that trade liberalization can improve environmental quality. This result holds under both Cournot and Bertrand competition, and for both partial and complete trade liberalization.
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    India's economic policy reforms: a review (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 241-257 
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    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: India embarked on economic reforms in July 1991, in the wake of a balance of payments crisis. In this article, an attempt is made to review two books and a set of World Bank reports concerning the progress of these reforms. Issues concerning economic policy, impact of the reforms on poverty, sectoral issues relating to agriculture, industry and infrastructure are briefly discussed. As reforms enter a more difficult phase, several challenges remain. Some of these fall under the "economic agenda" of measures needed to maintain economic growth; others can be termed the "development agenda" - of improving human development. Progress with regard to the former is not sufficient to produce results concerning the latter.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443589910284417
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