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  • Articles  (32)
  • pH  (32)
  • Springer  (32)
  • National Academy of Sciences
  • 1995-1999  (32)
  • 1975-1979
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (32)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas-phase methyl ethyl ketone biodegradation in a tubular biofilm reactor: microbiological and bioprocess aspects (1997)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 8 (1997), S. 251-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: biofilm ; MEK ; VOC ; consortium ; Alcaligenes denitrificans ; Geotrichum candidum ; Fusarium oxysporum ; gas/liquid mass transfer ; pH ; sloughing ; waste-gas treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A novel type of bioreactor was designed to clean VOCs-containing air.The operation of this reactor consists in mixing the polluted gas and a mistof nutrient solution in the presence of microorganisms in order to maximizecontact and transfer between gas, liquid and microorganisms and to promotethe degradation kinetics and the relative removal efficiency of thepollutant. A bacterial consortium acclimatized to MEK and containing apreponderance of Alcaligenes denitrificans was established under non-axenicconditions. On the tubular reactor's glass walls, a continuous biofilm wasdeveloped. This biofilm was rapidly contaminated by two fungi able todegrade MEK: Geotrichum candidum and Fusarium oxysporum. Their abundance inthe reactor is probably linked to the acidic conditions inside the biofilmand to their broader tolerance for low pH values concomitant with MEKdegradation. In the reactor, a maximum volumetric degradation rate of 3.5 kgMEK/m3 reactor·d was obtained for arelative removal efficiency of 35%, whereas the latter was maintainedat 70% for more modest applied loadings of 1.5 kgMEK/m3 reactor ·d. In liquid batchcultures, a biomass originating from the biofilm was able to degrade 0.40gMEK/gDCW·h at the optimal pH of 7. Aregular cycle of detachment-recolonization was observed during the operationof the bioreactor. The maximal degradation activity was obtained with a thinbiofilm and was not increased as the biofilm grew in thickness. The overalldegradation rate of the process did not appear to be limited by thediffusion of oxygen inside the biofilm. Over short periods of time, the MEKtransfer from the gaseous phase to the biofilm was neither affected by thepresence of the mist nor by the wetting of the biofilm. A better control ofthe biofilm pH led to improved performance in terms of removal rate but notin terms of relative elimination efficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008257729749
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cations adsorbed to soil organic matter — A regulatory factor for the release of organic carbon and hydrogen ions from soils to waters (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1095-1100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidity ; aluminium ; metal cations ; pH ; soil organic carbon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Surface waters in northern forest ecosystems receive a substantial amount of drainage water from superficial soil horizons enriched in organic matter (SOM). Chemical reactions in the interface between the soil solution andf organic colloides will therefore affect the surface water chemistry. The mobilization of total organic carbon (TOC) and pH was studied as a function of amounts of organically adsorbed Na, Ca and Al in two O and one A horizon, which differed in the likelihood of contributing to the chemistry in runoff, in a forested watershed in northern Sweden. The samples were hydrogen ion saturated, washed and titrated with NaOH, Ca(OH)2 and Al(OH)3 in a constant ionic medium of 0.01 M NaCl in order to give rise to a population of manipulated samples differing in the composition of adsorbed cations. The highly humified SOM accumulated in the Oh and Ah horizons of a Gleysol close to the draining stream was stabilized by flocculating Al (95% of adsorbed metal cations), which resulted in a low release of TOC. These horizons showed a high potential of organic carbon solubility when Al was changed for di- or monovalent cations. Calculations suggested that the release of TOC would increase more than ten times if Al was exchanged for Ca upon liming to pH 6.0. The pH values of all horizons were shown to be determined mainly by the composition of adsorbed mono-,di- and trivalent cations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477127
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Snowpack quality as an indicator of air pollution in Finnish Lapland and the Kola Peninsula, NW Russia (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2185-2190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Cu ; Cu-Ni smelters ; Kola Peninsula ; Lapland ; Ni ; pH ; S ; snowpack
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Bulk snow samples were collected from the snowpack in open areas along two sampling lines running to the west from the Cu-Ni smelters at Nikel and Monchegorsk, NW Russia, during 1991–1993. The aim of the study was to estimate the area affected by sulphur and heavy metal deposition from the smelters. Snowpack quality was used as an indicator of deposition during winter time. The total sulphur, copper and nickel concentrations in the snowpack decreased significantly (p〈0.001) with increasing distance from the smelters along the sampling line running directly to the west from Monchegorsk. The deposition pattern was similar each winter during 1991–1993. The pH values did not correlate with the corresponding sulphur concentrations, and there was no decreasing pH gradient in the snowpack on moving towards Monchegorsk. The effects of sulphur emissions from Monchegorsk on snowpack chemistry were not detectable on the Finnish side of the border. The 3-year mean of the total sulphur concentration was 0.27 mg/kg, and of the pH values 4.92, along the sampling line running to the west of Monchegorsk. The total sulphur concentrations near the smelters (〈 20 km) varied between 0.37 and 0.95 mg/kg. The effect of the Cu-Ni smelters at Nikel on snowpack quality was not detectable in northern Finnish Lapland. The 3-year mean for total sulphur was 0.20 mg/kg and for pH 4.96 along the sampling line running to the west of Nikel.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186158
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The toxic mixing zone of neutral and acidic river water: Acute aluminium toxicity in brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 341-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: aluminium toxicity ; non-equilibrium chemistry ; pH ; stress ; apoptosis ; necrosis ; trout
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Mixing of acid river water containing aluminium (pH 5.1, Al 345 μg.l−1) with neutral water of a lake (pH 7.0, Al 73 μg.l−1) resulted in water (pH 6.4, Al 245 μg.l−1) with a pH (6.4) and Al concentration (245 μg.l−1) expected to have low toxicity to fish on the basis of current Al toxicity models. However, under semi-field conditions the freshly mixed water (a few sec. after mixing) proved to be highly toxic to brown trout. The fish were exposed to the water at different places along a 30 m channel. At the beginning of the channel acid and neutral water were continuously mixed; the mixed water left the channel after 340 sec. The cells of the gills showed a highly increased rate of cell death by apoptosis and necrosis. Intercellular spaces were enlarged, and many leucocytes penetrated in these spaces. Mucus release was stimulated to depletion. Plasma chloride levels were hardly affected. There was a clear gradient in the deleterious effects on the fish along the channel. The fish at the beginning of the channel (about 12 sec. after mixing of the water), were severely affected, whereas the fish kept at the end of the channel (340 sec. after mixing) were only mildly affected. In the natural situation fish will relatively quickly pass through a mixing zone. In our study we therefore focused on the effects on fish after a 60 min exposure to a mixing zone (5 sec after mixing), with subsequent recovery in a region downstream of the confluence and in neutral water with low Al. The recovery in the downstream area (at the end of the channel, i.e. 5 min after mixing) was clearly hampered when compared to the recovery in neutral water with low aluminium. Thus, a short exposure to the toxic mixing zone followed by a stay in water downstream of this zone, as may occur in nature, is detrimental to migrating trout. We conclude that freshly mixed acid and neutral water contain toxic components during the first seconds to minutes after mixing, that can not be explained by current models on aluminium toxicity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00476852
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil solution chemistry and element budgets of three Scots pine ecosystems along a deposition gradient in north-eastern Germany (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1197-1202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Scots pine ; Pinus sylvestris ; deposition ; element budget ; soil solution ; soil chemistry ; alkaline dust ; pH ; acidification ; sulfur release
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Since 1993 we are studying three Scots pine ecosystems along a deposition gradient in north-eastern Germany (formerly GDR). Dramatic reductions of pollutant emissions are reported for the period since 1989/90. S-deposition is high at the sites Roesa and Taura (25 kg S ha−1yr−1) compared to Neuglobsow. Inputs of basic cations, especially Ca, by alkaline dust immissions decrease in the order Roesa 〉 Taura 〉 Neuglobsow. The soil solution data show high concentrations of Ca and SO4 at Roesa decreasing drastically along the deposition gradient. The elevated pH values reflect the impact of alkaline dust deposition particularly in the organic surface layer at Roesa. The site Taura received less base cation deposition and is marked by the lowest pH values throughout the soil profile combined with increased Al concentrations in the solution of the mineral soil. Thus, the composition of the soil solutions clearly reflects the different deposition regimes of the past. The element budgets show that large amounts of base cations, sulfur, and, at Taura, also aluminum are actually released from the soils that were previously stored.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477144
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deposition around a coal-fired power station during a wintertime precipitation event (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2125-2130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: wet deposition ; sulphate ; pH ; snowfall ; Doppler weather radar ; short-range deposition modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The contribution to local wet deposition of emissions from a coal-fired power station at Inkoo on the south coast of Finland has been investigated during a wintertime precipitation event. Making use of intensive radiosonde and weather radar observations of meteorological factors, concentrations of sulphur in deposition due to plume washout were predicted by a short-range deposition model. The model used the scavenging coefficient to parametrize the wet removal of pollutants, and it took into account the wind drift of falling precipitation particles within the plume. The model predictions were then compared with the chemical analysis results from snowfall samples collected within 10 km of the power station during the experiment. The experiment was performed ahead of a deeply-occluded front during a period with strong advection of long-range transported pollutants. No reliable sign of the influence of the power station on the sulphate deposition could be identified. On the other hand, the deviations of acidity from the mean pH-value of 4.1 were concentrated in one sector near the expected area of deposited plume pollutants. If local emissions were responsible for these deviations, the explanation may lie in a slightly incorrectly estimated plume direction or the effects of alkaline fly ash. Nevertheless, definite conclusions cannot be drawn, because only a few collectors happened to be sited in the modelled sector of plume washout and none in its maximum area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186148
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solubility of heavy metals in a contaminated soil: Effects of redox potential and pH (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 90 (1996), S. 543-556 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; solubility ; redox potential ; pH ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract To assess the mobilities of Pb, Cd, and Zn from a contaminated soil, the effects of redox potential and pH value on metal solubilities were investigated. Both redox potential and pH were found to greatly affect heavy metal solubility in the soil. Results showed that the soil suspension under continuous oxygen aeration for 21 days resulted in increases of redox potential from 290 to 440 mV and pH value from 6.9 to 7.0, respectively. Soluble concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn varied with time, and were all lower than 1 mg kg−1. When the soil suspension was aerated with nitrogen, final redox potential was −140 mV and pH value of 7.1. The soluble metal concentrations were slightly higher than those aerated with oxygen. The equilibrium solubility experiments were conducted under three different pH values (3.3, 5.0, 8.0) and three redox potential (325, 0, −100 mV). Results showed that metals were sparingly soluble under alkaline conditions (pH = 8.0). Metal solubilities were higher when under slightly acidic conditions (pH = 5.0), and increased drastically when pH was kept at 3.3. When solubilities were compared under same pH values, it was observed that metal solubilities increased as redox potential decreased. Generally speaking, acidic and reducing conditions were most favorable for metal solubilization, and the effect of pH was more significant than that of redox potential. It was proposed that heavy metals were mostly adsorbed onto Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides. The pH-dependent metal adsorption reaction and the dissolution of Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides under reducing conditions was the mechanism controlling the release of heavy metals from soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00282668
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sulphur and heavy metal concentrations in Scots pine bark in northern Finland and the Kola peninsula (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 395-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: air pollution ; pine bark ; sulphur ; pH ; conductivity ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Sulphur and heavy metal deposition in northern Finland (= in Lapland) and the Kola Peninsula were surveyed using Scots pine bark samples. Sulphur concentrations in bark close to the Kola smelters were on an average twice as high as on the Finnish side of the border. The Cu and Ni concentrations near the smelters were almost 100-fold the mean values in northern Finland. There was a marked decrease in the sulphur and heavy metal concentrations with increasing distance from the emission sources. The effects of emission from the Kola Peninsula were evident in Finland only close to the border, especially in the eastern parts of Inari (NE corner of Lapland) where the Cu and Ni concentrations were 2- to 6-fold those in western Lapland. The sulphur and heavy metal concentrations in most of northern Finland were low. However were the concentrations of Cr in bark in the SW corner of Lapland considerably high, due to the emissions from the Tornio refined steel plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02404769
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adsorption of Reactive Dye on Chitin (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 59 (1999), S. 111-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: adsorbent concentration ; adsorbent size ; adsorption ; chitin ; pH ; reactive dye ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The adsorption of reactive dye on chitin has been investigated with a view to obtain the design data for batch processing of effluents for dye adsorption. The effect of several factors governing the dye adsorption such as the adsorbent concentration, adsorbent size, temperature and pH have been elicited. Desorption of the dye at different temperatures and pH have also been investigated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006072119624
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copper-induced toxicity in aquatic macrophyte, Hydrilla verticillata: effect of pH (1996)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 5 (1996), S. 23-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: copper ; Hydrilla verticillata ; toxicity ; cysteine ; lipid peroxidation ; pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Copper uptake and toxicity were evaluated in Hydrilla verticillata. Its effect on lipid peroxidation, chlorophyll, protein, ascorbate, cysteine and sugars was studied at pH 6.8. Dose- and durationdependent uptake of Cu followed by a significant decrease in malondialdehyde and sugar content was found in plant tissue. Chlorophyll, ascorbic acid and protein contents were increased non-significantly up to 8, 16 and 32 þM Cu, respectively. Cysteine content was slightly increased at lower concentrations followed by a significant decline. At 80 þM Cu, plants of H. verticillata showed significant toxic effects after 168 h of exposure indicating the sensitivity of the plant to this level of Cu stress. The effect of low and high pH in combination with different concentrations of Cu was determined at 168 h of exposure. Low pH (4.5) enhanced Cu toxicity while at high pH (9.5) toxicity was considerably reduced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00116321
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Precipitation chemistry in Japan 1989–1993 (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2307-2312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Precipitation chemistry ; sulfate ; nitrate ; ammonium ; calcium ; pH ; Japan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Precipitation chemistry in Japan was discussed on a wet-only sample database obtained in a nationwide survey from April 1989 to March 1993. Wet-only samples were collected at 29 stations over Japan on a biweekly basis. Commonly determined chemical parameters were measured in laboratories. The volume-weighted annual mean pH at each site ranged from 4.50 to 5.83 with a mean of 4.76. Concentration ranges and means (parenthesized) on an equivalent basis for major ions were as follows: nss-SO4 2−; 5.2–58.9 (38.6), NO3 −; 1.8–25.0 (14.1), NH4 +; 0.55–29.8 (18.3), nss-Ca2+; 2.0–34.5(14.2), Na+; 6.4–275.3 (49.1), Cl−; 13.7–322.4 (63.5) β eq L−1. Acid-base relationships for Phase-II records were quantitatively discussed in terms of three measures: pH, fractional acidity, and our proposed pAi.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186178
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Net change in organically bound halogens in relation to soil pH (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 89 (1996), S. 351-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: organohalogen ; AOX ; organochlorine ; pH ; soil ; production ; mineralisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The total amount of organically bound halogens was determined in soil samples from the Palace Leas meadow hay plots, Northumberland, UK. These plots have been amended with different combinations of farmyard manure, potassium chloride, ammonium sulphate or nitrate since their establishment in 1897, resulting in, among other things, substantial pH differences between the plots. It was found that the amount of organically bound halogens increased significantly with decreasing pH. Net changes in amounts of organohalogens were also studied in soil obtained from a coniferous forest in southern Sweden. The collected soil was divided into four sets of samples, which were incubated in a climate chamber and subjected to different treatment regimes that influence soil pH. Significant changes in amounts of organically bound halogens were detected in three of the four sets of samples, resulting in significantly increasing amounts with decreasing pH. However, although the amount of organically bound halogens detected was related to soil pH in both the field and the experimental study, the net changes observed in the latter investigation were not directly related to soil pH. This shows that net changes in the amount of organically bound halogens in soil are caused by complex processes, and that further studies are needed to clarify the nature of the observed relation between soil pH and amounts of organically bound halogens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00171641
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flocculation of Particles by Fluid Shear in Buffered Suspensions (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 55-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Flocs ; median size ; fine-sediments ; pH ; shear ; size spreading ; probability of cohesion ; electrophoretic mobility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Flocculation experiments were carried out by using a Couette type of viscometer for applying uniform fluid shears to freshwater suspensions of estuarine fine-grained particles. The suspensions were buffered by a maleic acid/ammonium hydroxide system. The objectives of the study are to investigate the relationship between the steady-state sizes of flocculated particles and applied shear at various pH values. The results showed that the rate of particle flocculation increased with the addition of the buffer. With a particle concentration of 100 mg/l and pH of 6.0, the floc size decreased with the increasing shear. While with a pH of 7.5, the floc size increased with the shear until it reached a maximum value at the shear of 400 s-1, and then the size decreased as the shear increased further to 500 s-1. The maximum size shear was found at 200 s-1 for pH 7.9. By increasing the pH value to 9.0, there was no particle growth with any applied shear. The electrophoretic mobility of the particles was measured. It was found that for any constant shear the floc size is inversely proportional to the absolute value of the mobility. That is, the more repulsive the force between particles, the smaller the floc size. The effect of pH on floc size was not uniform within the pH range tested. The results demonstrated that the higher the shear the more significant the changes of floc size due to the pH effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018311811049
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sulphur and Heavy Metal Concentrations in Scots Pine Bark in Northern Finland and the Kola Peninsula (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 395-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: air pollution ; pine bark ; sulphur ; pH ; conductivity ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Sulphur and heavy metal deposition in northern Finland (= in Lapland) and the Kola Peninsulawere surveyed using Scots pine bark samples. Sulphur concentrations in bark close to the Kolasmelters were on an average twice as high as on the Finnish side of the border. The Cu and Niconcentrations near the smelters were almost 100-fold the mean values in northern Finland. Therewas a marked decrease in the sulphur and heavy metal concentrations with increasing distancefrom the emission sources. The effects of emissions from the Kola Peninsula were evident inFinland only close to the border, especially in the eastern parts of Inari (NE corner of Lapland)where the Cu and Ni concentrations were 2- to 6-fold those in western Lapland. The sulphur andheavy metal concentrations in most of northern Finland were low. However were theconcentrations of Cr in bark in the SW corner of Lapland considerably high, due to the emissionsfrom the Tornio refined steel plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022160930526
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ion Leaching Before and After Clear-Cutting in a Norway Spruce Stand - Effects of Long-Term Application of Ammonium Nitrate and Superphosphate (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 1-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Nitrogen deposition ; Haplic Podzol ; fertilization ; pH ; nitrification ; nitrate leaching ; aluminium leaching ; sulphate adsorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Soil solution chemistry was measured in a Haplic Podzol in a Norway spruce (Picea abies, L.Karst) site in central Sweden that had received frequent low-dose applications of nitrogen (N) asammonium nitrate (30-120 kg N/ha yr) and phosphorus (P) as superphosphate (20-40 kg P/haabout every third year) over a long period (22 yr). The aim was to investigate effects of added Non the ion leaching before and after clear-cutting. The N load corresponded well with actual loadsin central Europe. Prior to clear-cutting, fertilization increased concentrations of several ions inthe soil solution. Total losses of NO 3 - , Al andH+ increased with the intensity of fertilization. However, since fertilization enhanced tree growthand nutrient uptake, differences between the total losses of several other ions tended to beequalized. After clear-cutting, the pH in the soil solution decreased, and the losses of Mn and Alincreased with fertilizer load, probably because of increased N mineralization and nitrification. Inthe N treatments the concentration of SO 4 2- in the soil solution decreased, probably owing toincreased adsorption in the B horizon in response to the pH decrease. The effects ofanthropogenic N deposition are discussed in the light of our findings and possible causes oftemporal and spatial variation in soil solution chemistry and ion fluxes are suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022167013669
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flocculation of particles by fluid shear in buffered suspensions (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 55-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Flocs ; median size ; fine-sediments ; pH ; shear ; size spreading ; probability of cohesion ; electrophoretic mobility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Flocculation experiments were carried out by using a Collette type of viscometer for applying uniform fluid shears to freshwater suspensions of estuarine fine-grained particles. The suspensions were buffered by a malcic acid/ammonium hydroxide system. The objectives of the study are to investigate the relationship between the steady-state sires of flocculated particles and applied shear at various pH values. The results showed that thle rate of particle flocculation increased with tile addition of the buffer. With a particle concentration of 100 mg/l and pH of 6.0, tile floc size decreased with the increasing shear. While with a pH of 7.5, the floc size increased with the shear until it reached a maximum value at the shear of 400 s−1 and then the size decreased as the shear increased further to 500 s−1. The maximum size slicar was found at 200 s−1 for pH 7.9. By increasing tile pH value to 9.0, there was no particle growth with any applied shear. The electroplioretic mobility of the particles was measured. It was found that for any constant shear the floc size is inversely proportional to the absolute value of the mobility. That is, the more repulsive the force between particles, the smaller the floc size. The effect of pH on floc size was not uniform within the pH range tested. The results demonstrated that the higher the shear the more significant the changes of floc size due to the pH effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406844
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impacts of ocean CO2 disposal on marine life: II. Probabilistic plume exposure model used with a time‐varying dose‐response analysis (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental modeling and assessment 2 (1997), S. 345-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2967
    Keywords: carbon dioxide ; plume ; pH ; random walk ; diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A method to evaluate aquatic mortality given a pollutant distribution is presented and applied to several sample low pH plumes representing various ocean CO2 disposal schemes. The method is an improvement over current analysis because it integrates the mortality due to time‐varying exposure to low pH with the probabilistic experiences of passive organisms subject to turbulent lateral diffusion as they pass through the plume. For the examples presented, the plume was discretized laterally into lanes and longitudinally by time steps, and a random walk model accounting for the scale‐dependent nature of relative diffusion was used to simulate the organism pathways over one time step. From these simulations, the probability that an organism will be in a given lane, $$\dot \jmath $$ , one time step after it starts from an initial lane, $$i$$ , was determined for all combinations of $$i$$ and $$\dot \jmath $$ . These probabilities were used to find the number of organisms following each of the possible pathways, and the mortality to the organisms due to their time varying exposure to low pH was determined by using the toxicity model described in part I of this paper. The integrated method allows the impact of the plume to be described in terms of total organism mortality as well as spatial deficit of organisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019081915826
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Air oxidation of S(IV) in cloud-water samples (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1985-1990 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: cloud-water ; sulphur dioxide ; oxidation ; catalysis ; trace metals ; iron ; acidity ; pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Aerobic oxidation of S(IV) was investigated in cloud-water samples collected at Great Dun Fell,U.K., as part of a wider project into cloud-water chemistry. The rate was found to be first-order in S(IV) concentration, and the reaction rate constant. kS(IV), was found to vary from 10−5 to 10−3 s−1. The rate constant was highly correlated with H+ concentration (pH 3.5 to 6.5) and Fe concentration (〈0.02 to 3×10−6 mol dm−3). The aerobic oxidation of S(IV) does not contribute significantly to SO2 oxidation in clouds at Great Dun Fell, however, the reaction may be of consequence in clouds and fogs at polluted or urban sites with elevated trace metal concentrations. Also, this reaction may be responsible for the oxidation of S(IV) in cloud-water samples during storage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186125
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  • 19
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    Effects of pH and aluminium on the growth and feeding behaviour of smooth and palmate newt larvae (1995)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 4 (1995), S. 299-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: pH ; aluminium ; Triturus ; growth ; feeding behaviour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The distribution of smooth and palmate newts (Triturus vulgaris and Triturus helveticus) may be related to water quality. This study compared the larval growth and feeding behaviour of both species under sublethal levels of aluminium and low pH. The growth of both species was inhibited to a similar degree under acidic conditions with aluminium toxicity dependent upon both low pH and developmental stage. The two species were differentially affected by low pH in terms of feeding behaviour. T. vulgaris larvae took significantly longer to snap at food under low pH than the apparently acid-tolerant T. helveticus. Aluminium had no significant effect on the feeding behaviour of either species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00118596
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  • 20
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    Valve movement response of the mussel Dreissena polymorpha -- the influence of pH and turbidity on the acute toxicity of pentachlorophenol under laboratory and field conditions (1997)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 6 (1997), S. 153-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: Dreissenapolymorpha ; early warning system ; continuous watercontrol ; pentachlorophenol ; pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Dreissena-Monitor is a biological early warning system for the continuous monitoring of water quality, based on the computer assessment of valve movements in two groups of 42 zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha). In the laboratory, two series of toxicity tests were conducted with PCP. (1) At neutral pH conditions only the concentration of PCP was altered. The dose--response relationship revealed ∼15 μg l−1 PCP for the number of valve movements and ∼20 μg l−1 PCP for the percentage of open mussels. (2) At 50 μg l−1 PCP the pH value was altered from 6.5 to 8.4, demonstrating an inverse relationship between the toxicity of PCP and the pH. The detection limits evaluated from a series of toxicity tests under the field conditions of the River Rhine at Koblenz were nearly ten times higher than those from the laboratory. During a second series of toxicity tests under the field conditions of the River Rhine at Bad Honnef, the toxicity of PCP seemed to be reduced in relation to the increasing turbidity. The differences between the results obtained under laboratory and field conditions are discussed with respect to the influence of the pH and turbidity at the toxicity of PCP on D. polymorpha
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018666525205
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    Ion leaching before and after clear-cutting in a Norway spruce stand — effects of long-term application of ammonium nitrate and superphosphate (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 1-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Nitrogen deposition ; Haplic Podzol ; fertilization ; pH ; nitrification ; nitrate leaching ; aluminium leaching ; sulphate adsorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Soil solution chemistry was measured in a Haplic Podzol in a Norway spruce (Picea abies, L. Karst) site in central Sweden that had received frequent low-dose applications of nitrogen (N) as ammonium nitrate (30–120 kg N/ha yr) and phosphorus (P) as superphosphate (20–40 kg P/ha about every third year) over a long period (22 yr). The aim was to investigate effects of added N on the ion leaching before and after clear-cutting. The N load corresponded well with actual loads in central Europe. Prior to clear-cutting, fertilization increased concentrations of several ions in the soil solution. Total losses of NO3 −, Al and H+ increased with the intensity of fertilization. However, since fertilization enhanced tree growth and nutrient uptake, differences between the total losses of several other ions tended to be equalized. After clear-cutting, the pH in the soil solution decreased, and the losses of Mn and Al increased with fertilizer load, probably because of increased N mineralization and nitrification. In the N treatments the concentration of SO4 2− in the soil solution decreased, probably owing to increased adsorption in the B horizon in response to the pH decrease. The effects of anthropogenic N deposition are discussed in the light of our findings and possible causes of temporal and spatial variation in soil solution chemistry and ion fluxes are suggested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02404745
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  • 22
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    Impacts of ocean CO2 disposal on marine life: I. A toxicological assessment integrating constant‐concentration laboratory assay data with variable‐concentration field exposure (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental modeling and assessment 2 (1997), S. 333-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2967
    Keywords: carbon dioxide ; sequestration ; plume ; pH ; toxicity ; zooplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Feasibility studies suggest that the concept of capturing CO2 from fossil fuel power plants and discharging it to the deep ocean could help reduce atmospheric CO2 concentrations. However, the local reduction in seawater pH near the point of injection is a potential environmental impact. Data from the literature reporting on toxicity of reduced pH to marine organisms potentially affected by such a plume were combined into a model expressing mortality as a function of pH and exposure time. Since organisms exposed to real plumes would experience a time‐varying pH, methods to account for a variable exposure were reviewed and a new method developed based on the concept of isomortality. In part II of this paper, the method is combined with a random‐walk model describing the transport of passive organisms through a low pH plume leading to a Monte‐Carlo‐like risk assessment which is applied to several candidate CO2 injection scenarios.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019029931755
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  • 23
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    Sorption and Desorption of Fluoride in Soil Polluted from The Aluminium Smelter at Årdal in Western Norway (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 103 (1998), S. 357-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: fluoride pollution ; ionic strength ; pH ; soil ; sorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Fluoride (F) accumulation and transport in soil columns near the aluminium smelter at Årdal in Western Norway are studied together with fluoride sorption capacity, and the effect of pH and ionic strength on F solubility in soil. Unpolluted soil columns of 50 cm height placed at different distances from the smelter (1–0 km) accumulated from 0.27 g F m-2 to 1.5 g F m-2 during a 5 months period. Fluoride accumulation was high in the upper 0–10 cm of the soil columns where 50–90% of the accumulated F was found. Laboratory sorption experiments showed that the sorption of added F in the Ah-horizons increased with increased distance from the smelter at Årdal, in accordance with decreasing previous pollution from the smelter. The B-horizons sorbed considerably more F than the Ah-horizons, due to higher content of Al-oxides/hydroxides. Maximum sorption of F occurred at pH 4.8–5.5. Fluoride solubility increased with increased ionic strength. Continued deposition of F may increase the availability to plants and soil organisms. Leaching of F from soil to groundwater or surface water will be strongly dependent on the presence and thickness of a B-horizon, and probably also on underlying horizons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004900415952
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  • 24
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    Effect of Fluoride Pollution on pH AND Solubility of Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, K and Organic Matter in Soil from Årdal (Western Norway) (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 103 (1998), S. 375-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: aluminium fluoride complexes ; fluoride pollution ; organic matter ; pH ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The effect of fluoride (F) on pH and solubility of organic matter (TOC), aluminium (Al), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) in soil samples collected near an aluminium smelter in Norway was studied. Increased addition of F to the soil samples led to an increase in pH and concentrations of TOC, Al and Fe in solution. Most of the F and Al in solution were in the forms of ALFx-complexes. K solubility decreased in some soil samples, but there were no consistent effect on the solubility of Ca or Mg. The effect of NaF addition was significantly different from equimolar NaCl-treatments. The concentrations of Al, Fe, TOC and the pH-values were lower, while the concentrations of K, Mg and Ca were higher in the NaCl-treatments than in the NaF-treatments. The results from the experiment imply that F-pollution of soil induces breakdown of Al- and Fe-oxides/hydroxides and solubilize organic material in the soil. This may influence the availability of potentially toxic elements, such as AIFx-complexes, to microorganisms and plant roots.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004921600022
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  • 25
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    Trends in the Chemistry of Acidified Bohemian Lakes from 1984 to 1995: I. Major Solutes (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 108 (1998), S. 107-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; acidification ; base cations ; Bohemian lakes ; chloride ; Czech Republic ; lake water ; nitrate ; pH ; reversibility ; sulphate ; temporal changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Temporal changes in major solute concentrations in six Czech Republic lakes were monitored during the period 1984–1995. Four chronically-acidic lakes had decreasing concentrations of strong-acid anions (CSA = SO4 2- + NO3 - + Cl-), at rates of 3.0 to 9.0 μeq L-1 yr-1. Decreases in SO4 2-, NO3 -, and Cl- (at rates up to 5.1 μeq L-1 yr-1, 3.2 μeq L-1 yr-1, and 0.6 μeq L-1 yr-1, respectively) occurred. The response to the decrease in deposition of S was rapid and annual decline of SO4 2- in lake water was directly proportional to SO4 2- concentrations in the acidified lakes. Changes in NO3 - concentrations were modified by biological consumption within the lakes. The decline in CSA was accompanied in the four most acidic lakes by decreases in AlT, increases in pH at rates of 0.011 to 0.016 pH yr- 1, and decreases of Ca2+ and Mg2+ (but not Na+) in three lakes. The acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) increased significantly in all six lakes. Increases in base cation concentrations (CB = Ca2+ + Na+ + Mg2+ + K+) were the principal contributing factor to ANC increases in the two lakes with positive ANC, whereas decrease in CSA was the major factor in ANC increases in the four chronically-acidic lakes. The continued chemical recovery of these lakes depends on the uncertain trends in N deposition, the cycling of N in the lakes and their catchments, and the magnitude of the future decrease in S deposition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005064829981
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    Effects of Alum-treated Waste Water Sludge on Barley Growth (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 108 (1998), S. 33-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Al3+ activity ; alum sludge ; barley growth ; pH ; soil solution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Alum sludge derived from a municipal wastewater plant was used as a soil amendment in a greenhouse study with barley (Hordeum vulgare) as the test crop. Treatment variables included the soil pH (4.5, 5.1 and 6.5), the amount of Al in the sludge (control = 30 mg AlT/g; alum sludges = 38 and 52 mg AlT/g), and the sludge application rate (100 and 270 kg NT/ha). Soil amendment with the two alum sludges reduced soil pH, increased Al3+ activity in the soil solution, and reduced barley growth over the 6-week experiment. Barley growth decreased as the Al3+ activity in the sludged soil solution increased, but for a given Al3+ the phytotoxicity of Al was markedly pH dependent. For example, at a pH of 5.0 ± 0.1 an Al3+ activity of 0.5 μM was sufficient to inhibit plant growth by about 50% this IC50 value increased five-fold to about 2.5 μM when the soil pH was 4.5 ± 0.1. This decrease in the toxicity of Al50 with acidification was explained in terms of a competitive interaction between the H+-ion and Al3+ at the root surface. Stepwise multiple regression allowed the prediction of aerial leaf biomass from soil pH and sludge application rate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005034107131
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  • 27
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    Predicting Heavy Metal Concentrations in the Surface Sediments of Norwegian Headwater Lakes from Atmospheric Deposition: An Application of a Simple Sediment-Water Partitioning Model (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 114 (1999), S. 27-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: bootstrapping ; heavy metals ; Norway ; palaeolimnology ; partition coefficients ; pH ; redundancy analysis ; surface sediments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Data from 96 headwater lakes from Norway are used to model heavy metal concentrations in surficial lake sediments in relation to atmospheric deposition. The study evaluates the application of sediment-water partitioning models at the field scale and finds optimum values for the partition coefficients. The impact of environment (sediment type, lake water pH, etc.) on KDvalues is explored directly by comparing KDestimates with environmental variables. KDvalues for each metal are found by optimising the fit between predicted and observed surface-sediment concentrations. The sensitivity of the KDestimates to data structure is examined by bootstrapping. KDvalues of 105.8and 106.2were calculated for cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), respectively, comparable to recent direct observations. Biogenic silica influenced KDvalues for Cd, Pb and Zn, whereas lake depth influenced Pb. pH did not have any detectable effect. KDfor zinc (Zn) was less well defined, but higher than indicated by published experimental measurements. The results suggest that sediment-water partitioning models have an important contribution to make to field-scale lake studies of sediment heavy metals, and have important implications for palaeolimnological evaluations of heavy metal deposition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005096820943
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  • 28
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    Changes in pH, CEC and Exchangeable Acidity of Some Forest Soils in Southern China During the Last 32–35 Years (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 108 (1998), S. 377-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: CEC ; exchangeable acidity ; pH ; soil acidification ; southern China
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Soil acidification has been occurred in two locations in southern China. The changes in soil pH during a 35 yr period has been about 1.0 pH 2O) units, and about 0.58–0.71 pH (KCl) units at Wuming in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Zhurongfeng of Mt. Heng in Hunan Province. A decrease in CEC and BS and an increase in hydrogen and aluminum ion concentrations were found in the acidified soils, and related to the acidification caused by acid deposition. Hydrogen ion concentration increased about 0.1–1.0 × 10-6 equivalent g-1 soil yr-1. Cation exchangeable capacity (CEC) and base saturation (BS) decreased to 53–76 and 30–59% in the acidified soils respectively, and an increase in exchangeable acidity also occurred. Acidification in the topsoil is higher than in the subsoil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005015526022
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  • 29
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    Gypsum Application Reduces Selenium Uptake by Vegetation on a Coal Ash Landfill (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 110 (1999), S. 421-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: calcium ; coal fly ash ; gypsum ; pH ; selenium ; soil ; sulfur ; trace element
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Selenium, a potentially toxic trace element, is present in coal fly ash and is accumulated by plants growing on ash landfills. Application of gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) can reduce Se accumulation. The persistence of this effect and the efficacy of repeated gypsum applications were investigated in forbs and grasses on a soil-capped, fly ash landfill near Lansing, New York. Gypsum was applied as a top-dressing at a rate of 0 or 11.2 t ha-1 in 1990 to three plots, and one-half of each of these plots received an additional top dressing of gypsum at 11.2 t ha-1 in 1991, producing four treatments – no gypsum, gypsum only in 1990, gypsum only in 1991, and gypsum in both years. Vegetation was harvested in July and October of 1991 and in July of 1992 and analyzed for Se, S, and Ca. Application of gypsum: (1) decreased Se accumulation by forbs and grasses harvested later in the season; (2) decreased Se accumulation in a subsequent year; (3) produced no further decrease when reapplied in a second year; and (4) did not decrease Se accumulation two years after a single application. The decrease in Se accumulation was not due to dilution caused by S fertilization. Variation in Se accumulation was not explained by variation in the pH and Se concentration of the soil and ash.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005024309538
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  • 30
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    Copper Solubility and Speciation of In Situ Contaminated Soils: Effects of Copper Level, pH and Organic Matter (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 100 (1997), S. 133-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: contaminated soils ; copper ; ion-selective electrode ; pH ; solubility ; speciation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This study attempts to identify the soil properties controlling the fractionation of copper into various soil pools and determine the influence of pH and metal loading on soil-solution free copper activity (pCu2+). The pCu2+ was determined in 0.01 M CaCl2 soil extracts using a copper ion selective electrode. We analyzed a wide variety of soils: urban, agricultural and forest soils from the Province of Québec, New York State and Denmark. The pCu2+ ranged from 12.21 to 6.18. The relationships among pCu2+, total soil copper, total dissolved copper and soil pH are studied for their variability within and between sites as well as for the whole data set. Regression equations are presented for predicting soluble copper as a function of total soil copper and also for predicting pCu2+ as a function of total soil copper and soil pH.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018312109677
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    Laboratory Investigation of the Control of Acid Mine Drainage Using Alkaline Paper Mill Waste (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 111 (1999), S. 57-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: abatement ; acid mine drainage ; leaching columns ; paper mill waste ; pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A great deal of research effort has been undertaken to find an effective solution to the problem of acid mine drainage. Indeed, Canadian legislation requires mining companies to respect environmental regulations by providing a rehabilitation plan with a financial guarantee. In order that the Canadian mining industry remains competitive, the proposed solutions have to be not only efficient but also economic, that is why the use of another waste material is attractive. The main objective of this study was to investigate the technical and environmental feasibility of stabilizing acid mine residues using alkaline paper mill waste produced by the pulp and paper industry as a basic source. The mineralogical characterization of the alkaline paper mill shows that calcite is the dominant mineral with hydrated lime (portlandite) present at a low content. The mineralogical characterization of the mining residues shows a polyphasic system where silica dominates the oxidized zone. On the other hand, a high pyrite content is present in the non-oxidized zone. The essential observations that emerge from the leaching tests undertaken in the laboratory can be summarized by the efficiency of the incorporation of the alkaline paper mill waste (1/3 waste and 2/3 mining residue) on the production of acid mine drainage. In fact, it can be observed that there is a reduction of the high toxicity elements like heavy metals. The increase in pH permits the reduction of catalytic bacterial activity and reduces the rate of oxidation in the mining residue.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005017912012
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  • 32
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    A study on short-time sampling of individual rain events at New Delhi during monsoon, 1994 (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2143-2148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: rain event ; pH ; intensity ; crustal ; antecedent periods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Rain water samples of equal volume (50 mL) were collected from two couvective showers at New Delhi on 28 July and 23 August during the monsoon, 1994. The variation of constituents of both the showers showed different trends which might have been due to different antecedent periods. The first shower occurred after an antecedent period of 2–3 hours while the second shower occurred after a 14 day interval. The first shower had acidic pH (〈5.6) and relatively higher concentration of NH4, SO4, NO3, Cl, F and K indicating insignificant below cloud scavenging. The second shower had alkaline pH (〉5.6) and relatively higher concentrations of Ca and Mg. The higher concentration of Ca and Mg in the second shower were due to the loading with particulate matter during the preceding 14 days which made below cloud scavenging significant.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186151
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