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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Particle discrimination effects in the determination of trace metals in natural fresh waters
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Analytica Chimica Acta 167 (1985), S. 161-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-2670
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003-2670(00)84418-9
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Size fractionation techniques in the determination of elements associated with particulate or colloidal materials in natural fresh waters
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Talanta 32 (1985), S. 907-913 
    Details
    ISSN: 0039-9140
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0039-9140(85)80205-8
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of radionuclides associated with colloids in natural waters (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 115 (1987), S. 113-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Due to the interaction with components present in natural waters, radionuclides may be present in different physico-chemical forms, varying in size, charge and density. The distribution pattern will influence the transport, mobility and biological uptake of the radionuclides. Size fractionation based on hollow fiber is useful for the determination of the size distribution pattern of radionuclides in natural waters. Furthermore, a continuous mixing and separation system has been developed for the investigation of the association of radionuclides with naturally occurring colloids. Results based on radionuclides in waste water from the Forsmark nuclear power plant, Sweden, will illustrate the potential usefulness of the technique.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02041980
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study on radionuclide association with soil components using a sequential extraction procedure (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 142 (1990), S. 531-538 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Measurements performed in 1986–1988 demonstrate that most of the radiocesium isotopes (137Cs and134Cs) deposited after the Chernobyl accident are still located in the upper soil layers (0–2 cm). The vertical migration appears to be slow, and only a small fraction of the radiocesium has been transferred into the biological cycle. Sequential extraction techniques have been utilized in order to investigate the degree of binding or association between deposited radionuclides (137Cs,134Cs and90Sr) and components in soil. The results indicate that a major fraction of the radiocesium is associated strongly with organic and mineral materials in the litter or upper soil layers: less than 10% is easily leachable. The distribution of137Cs throughout the fractions was similar to that determined for naturally occurring stable cesium (133Cs), implying that isotopic exchange had been extensive. For90Sr, the results show a relatively high leachable fraction. Therefore, present results indicate that radiocesium should be less mobile, and less available for root uptake, than90Sr in soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02040324
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improvement for α-energy resolution in determination of low level plutonium by liquid scintillation counting (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 145 (1990), S. 345-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract An improvement of α-energy resolution for determining low level plutonium has been investigated using combined solvent extraction-low level liquid scintillation counter. In the present work, α-energy resolution of 270–290 keV for liquid scintillation spectra of236Pu and239Pu is attained. Thus the simultaneous determination of low level plutonium with α-liquid scintillation spectrometry may be practized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02165075
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recent advances in the determination of low level plutonium in environmental and biological materials (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 148 (1991), S. 163-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The present paper reviews briefly the recent advance in radioanalysis of low level plutonium in environmental and biological samples. Lots of new radiochemical methods for determination of plutonium in aerosols, natural waters, soil, sediments and various biological materials have been developed. The use and prospects of several radiochemical procedures are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02060558
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Addition of sulphuric acid to high organic carbon lake water: Effects on macro-chemistry, aluminium, and iron (1993)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 66 (1993), S. 349-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A humic lake of pH 5.6 was acidified with H2SO4 to pH 4.1. Measurements of total and hollow-fiber ultrafiltered samples were made after three different times of storage, before and after the acid treatment. The nominal molecular weight cutoff of the hollow-fiber membrane was 10 kDalton. Assuming a linear molecular weight distribution of the organic complexes present in solution, the average organic molecule had an average molecular weight of 12.8−08 kDalton (n=6). Not only Ca2+ and Mg2+, but also detectable amounts of Na+ and K+ was found to be present on high molecular weight forms. No significant change in the molecular weight distribution of these elements were observed after the pH decrease. Changes in the molecular weight distribution after the acid treatment were only observed for Fe and Al. Significant amounts of SO4 2− were present on high molecular weight forms. A small, but significant increase in the relative amounts of SO4 2− present on high molecular weight forms was observed after the pH lowering. Kinetic constraints were demonstrated for dissolution of Al and Fe. To some extent, kinetic constraints in the equilibrium distribution of cation/anion exchange reactions of Al, Fe, and SO4 2− were also observed. After the acid treatment, the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the organic pool present was estimated to be at least 18.2±1.4 (n=3) μeq of positive charges per mg C, probably because the negative sites on the organic pool are either not totally protonated or occupied by other cations at pH 4.09. This CEC is of the same order as industrially made cation exchange resins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00479855
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of 109cd among different soil fractions studied by a sequential extraction technique (1994)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 73 (1994), S. 285-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The association of Cd with different soil components and the rate of exchange between 109Cd and stable Cd in the soils were studied by using a sequential extraction technique. The experiments were performed after different contact times between 109Cd and the soils (5 min-221 days). According to the short term batch experiments, based on a loam soil (ås, Eastern-Norway), no significant differences in the distribution of 109Cd were observed after a contact time of about 1 hour. On average, the relative distribution of 109Cd among exchangeable, easily reducible, oxidizable and acid-digestable fractions was about 25, 60, 10, and 2%, respectively. In the pot experiment, a loam soil (ås) and a loamy sand (Birkenes, Southern-Norway) were adjusted to pH 5.5 and 6.5 and spiked with 109Cd before storing them in pots at room temperature and at about 15% moisture content. 109Cd was rapidly distributed, and the two soils showed only minor differences with respect to the distribution of 109Cd among soil fractions with time (2–221 days). The amounts of 109Cd in the more easily available fractions; NH4-acetate fraction (F1) and NH2OH · HCl fraction (F2), however, were higher in the soil from Birkenes (pH 5.0) which was originally more acidic than the soil from As (pH 6.1). The 109Cd/stable Cd ratio, calculated from the relative distribution of radioactive and stable Cd in the different fractions, did not vary significantly from 2 days to 221 days, but the ratios were higher in the more easily available fractions; i.e. NH4-acetate fraction (F1) and NH2OH · HCl fraction (F2). The fixation of Cd in soils appears to be a slow process as the relative distribution (%) of 109Cd/ stable Cd in the strongly bound fraction; extracted with 7 M HNO3 at 80
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477993
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increased mortality of fish due to changing Al-chemistry of mixing zones between limed streams and acidic tributaries (1994)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 75 (1994), S. 339-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The present study is mainly focusing on mortality variations of fish due to changing Alchemistry of mixing zones. An artificial mixing zone was made by pumping water from a limed stream and an acidic tributary into a mixing channel. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr were exposed to the mixed water, limed stream water, and acidic tributary water. Mortality, blood haematocrit and plasma Cl−-concentration were recorded. Neither mortality, nor changes in haematocrit and plasma Cl− were observed when fish were exposed to limed water, while in both acidic and mixed water, mortalities and loss of plasma Cl− were observed. The highest mortality rates were found within the initial part (0 to 20 s) of the mixing zone. Blood haematocrit increased only in fish exposed to acidic tributary water. Our results shows that changes in Al-chemistry and subsequent Al-polymerization occur when acidic tributary water is mixed with limed stream water. We have also demonstrated that the toxicity which can arise in mixing zones are greater than in the original acidic water before mixing. The variations in mortality observed are associated with the quality and quantity of Al-polymerization as well as ageing of the polymers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00482945
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The toxic mixing zone of neutral and acidic river water: Acute aluminium toxicity in brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 341-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: aluminium toxicity ; non-equilibrium chemistry ; pH ; stress ; apoptosis ; necrosis ; trout
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Mixing of acid river water containing aluminium (pH 5.1, Al 345 μg.l−1) with neutral water of a lake (pH 7.0, Al 73 μg.l−1) resulted in water (pH 6.4, Al 245 μg.l−1) with a pH (6.4) and Al concentration (245 μg.l−1) expected to have low toxicity to fish on the basis of current Al toxicity models. However, under semi-field conditions the freshly mixed water (a few sec. after mixing) proved to be highly toxic to brown trout. The fish were exposed to the water at different places along a 30 m channel. At the beginning of the channel acid and neutral water were continuously mixed; the mixed water left the channel after 340 sec. The cells of the gills showed a highly increased rate of cell death by apoptosis and necrosis. Intercellular spaces were enlarged, and many leucocytes penetrated in these spaces. Mucus release was stimulated to depletion. Plasma chloride levels were hardly affected. There was a clear gradient in the deleterious effects on the fish along the channel. The fish at the beginning of the channel (about 12 sec. after mixing of the water), were severely affected, whereas the fish kept at the end of the channel (340 sec. after mixing) were only mildly affected. In the natural situation fish will relatively quickly pass through a mixing zone. In our study we therefore focused on the effects on fish after a 60 min exposure to a mixing zone (5 sec after mixing), with subsequent recovery in a region downstream of the confluence and in neutral water with low Al. The recovery in the downstream area (at the end of the channel, i.e. 5 min after mixing) was clearly hampered when compared to the recovery in neutral water with low aluminium. Thus, a short exposure to the toxic mixing zone followed by a stay in water downstream of this zone, as may occur in nature, is detrimental to migrating trout. We conclude that freshly mixed acid and neutral water contain toxic components during the first seconds to minutes after mixing, that can not be explained by current models on aluminium toxicity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00476852
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