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  • Articles  (18)
  • GPS  (11)
  • hydrology  (7)
  • Springer  (18)
  • National Academy of Sciences
  • 1995-1999  (18)
  • 1975-1979
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (18)
  • Information Science and Librarianship
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  • Articles  (18)
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  • Springer  (18)
  • National Academy of Sciences
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigation of changes in characteristics of hydrological time series by Bayesian methods (1996)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 295-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Bayesion methods ; time series ; hydrology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A review of literature reveals the inadequacy of Intervention analysis and spectrum based methods to adequately quantify changes in hydrologic times series. A Bayesian method is used to investigate the statistical significance of observed changes in hydrologic times series and the results are reported herein. The Bayesian method is superior to the previous methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581871
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stochastic and statistical methods in hydrology and environmental engineering (1995)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 9 (1995), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Environmental management ; extreme values ; hydrology ; stochastic differential equations ; sustainable development ; time series analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Recent developments in stochastic and statistical methods in hydrology and environmental engineering presented in the upcoming sequence of research papers are evaluated, compared and put into proper perspective. These papers are being published as a memorial to Professor T. E. Unny who was a founding Editor of the journalStochastic Hydrology and Hydraulics. As explained in this introductory paper, other activities that took place to celebrate Professor Unny's lifetime academic accomplishments include an international conference held in his honor at the University of Waterloo in June, 1993 and the publication of a four-volume conference proceedings in 1994.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581755
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Geoid undulation modelling and interpretation at Ladak, NW Himalaya using GPS and levelling data (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of geodesy 73 (1999), S. 79-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1394
    Keywords: Key words. Geoid ; GPS ; Himalaya ; Tectonics ; Suture zone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract. Fast and accurate relative positioning for baselines less than 20 km in length is possible using dual-frequency Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers. By measuring orthometric heights of a few GPS stations by differential levelling techniques, the geoid undulation can be modelled, which enables GPS to be used for orthometric height determination in a much faster and more economical way than terrestrial methods. The geoid undulation anomaly can be very useful for studying tectonic structure. GPS, levelling and gravity measurements were carried out along a 200-km-long highly undulating profile, at an average elevation of 4000 m, in the Ladak region of NW Himalaya, India. The geoid undulation and gravity anomaly were measured at 28 common GPS-levelling and 67 GPS-gravity stations. A regional geoid low of nearly −4 m coincident with a steep negative gravity gradient is compatible with very recent findings from other geophysical studies of a low-velocity layer 20–30 km thick to the north of the India–Tibet plate boundary, within the Tibetan plate. Topographic, gravity and geoid data possibly indicate that the actual plate boundary is situated further north of what is geologically known as the Indus Tsangpo Suture Zone, the traditionally supposed location of the plate boundary. Comparison of the measured geoid with that computed from OSU91 and EGM96 gravity models indicates that GPS alone can be used for orthometric height determination over the Higher Himalaya with 1–2 m accuracy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001900050221
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The GEOID96 high-resolution geoid height model for the United States (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of geodesy 73 (1999), S. 219-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1394
    Keywords: Key words. Geoid ; GPS ; Datums ; Reference systems ; Gravity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract. The 2 arc-minute × 2 arc-minute geoid model (GEOID96) for the United States supports the conversion between North American Datum 1983 (NAD 83) ellipsoid heights and North American Vertical Datum 1988 (NAVD 88) Helmert heights. GEOID96 includes information from global positioning system (GPS) height measurements at optically leveled benchmarks. A separate geocentric gravimetric geoid, G96SSS, was first calculated, then datum transformations and least-squares collocation were used to convert from G96SSS to GEOID96. Fits of 2951 GPS/level (ITRF94/NAVD 88) benchmarks to G96SSS show a 15.1-cm root mean square (RMS) around a tilted plane (0.06 ppm, 178∘ azimuth), with a mean value of −31.4 cm (15.6-cm RMS without plane). This mean represents a bias in NAVD 88 from global mean sea level, remaining nearly constant when computed from subsets of benchmarks. Fits of 2951 GPS/level (NAD 83/NAVD 88) benchmarks to GEOID96 show a 5.5-cm RMS (no tilts, zero average), due primarily to GPS error. The correlated error was 2.5 cm, decorrelating at 40 km, and is due to gravity, geoid and GPS errors. Differences between GEOID96 and GEOID93 range from −122 to +374 cm due primarily to the non-geocentricity of NAD 83.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001900050239
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On-line detection of abrupt changes in the carrier-phase measurements of GPS (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of geodesy 71 (1997), S. 469-482 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1394
    Keywords: Key words. Quality control ; Cusum test ; GPS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The detection of cycle slips in carrier-phase data, outliers in phase rate or in code ranges, or any other type of disorder in the measurements of the GPS system, is one of the major quality-control problems that needs to be addressed, especially where GPS is used for real-time applications or for those applications that require continuous and reliable positioning results. This study is concerned with designing algorithms to detect failures or changes of small magnitude, in order to monitor and control the quality of GPS measurements for critical real-time and/or deformation applications. In this regard, the statistical technique known as the cumulative-sum test is described for the detection of abrupt changes in the GPS carrier-phase measurements. Real GPS data have been used to test and evaluate the algorithm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001900050115
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preliminary evaluation of the Russian GLONASS system as a potential geodetic tool (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of geodesy 72 (1998), S. 356-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1394
    Keywords: Key words. Satellite geodesy ; Navigation ; GLONASS ; GPS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract. By the beginning of 1996 the Russian Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) constellation was completely deployed, although several satellites have already been decommissioned since then. With 17 satellites in operation (status as of 21 December 1997, although two of them are unusable and one is a non-operative spare), GLONASS is now an alternative and a complement to GPS. We present an evaluation of the current status of the GLONASS system, paying particular attention to its possible geodetic applications. Data from several receivers were used for this evaluation, including data from GPS receivers in order to allow for a comparison between GLONASS and GPS. We tested the quality of the geodetic observables, the consistency of the broadcast orbits, the single-point positioning results, and we also looked at multipath errors and cycle slips in our GLONASS data. In general the GLONASS performance has been found to be very satisfactory, even better than GPS in aspects such as single-receiver positioning or in the quality of the second-frequency pseudo-ranges due to the degradation of the GPS measurement quality under selective availability and anti-spoofing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001900050175
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The CARIB97 high-resolution geoid height model for the Caribbean Sea (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of geodesy 73 (1999), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1394
    Keywords: Key words. Geoid ; Mean sea level ; Ocean dynamic topography ; GPS ; Reference systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract. A 2×2 arc-minute resolution geoid model, CARIB97, has been computed covering the Caribbean Sea. The geoid undulations refer to the GRS-80 ellipsoid, centered at the ITRF94 (1996.0) origin. The geoid level is defined by adopting the gravity potential on the geoid as W 0=62 636 856.88 m2/s2 and a gravity-mass constant of GM=3.986 004 418×1014 m3/s2. The geoid model was computed by applying high-frequency corrections to the Earth Gravity Model 1996 global geopotential model in a remove-compute-restore procedure. The permanent tide system of CARIB97 is non-tidal. Comparison of CARIB97 geoid heights to 31 GPS/tidal (ITRF94/local) benchmarks shows an average offset (h–H–N) of 51 cm, with an Root Mean Square (RMS) of 62 cm about the average. This represents an improvement over the use of a global geoid model for the region. However, because the measured orthometric heights (H) refer to many differing tidal datums, these comparisons are biased by localized permanent ocean dynamic topography (PODT). Therefore, we interpret the 51 cm as partially an estimate of the average PODT in the vicinity of the 31 island benchmarks. On an island-by-island basis, CARIB97 now offers the ability to analyze local datum problems which were previously unrecognized due to a lack of high-resolution geoid information in the area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001900050212
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unification of vertical datums by GPS and gravimetric geoid models with application to Fennoscandia (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of geodesy 72 (1998), S. 64-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1394
    Keywords: Key words. Vertical datums ; Unification ; GPS ; Geoid ; Fennoscandia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract. The second Baltic Sea Level (BSL) GPS campaign was run for one week in June 1993. Data from 35 tide gauge sites and five fiducial stations were analysed, for three fiducial stations (Onsala, Metsähovi and Wettzell) fixed at the ITRF93 system. On a time-scale of 5 days, precision was several parts in 109 for the horizontal and vertical components. Accuracies were about 1 cm in comparison with the International GPS Geodynamical Service (IGS) coordinates in three directions. To connect the Swedish and the Finnish height systems, our numerical application utilises three approaches: a rigorous approach, a bias fit and a three-parameter fit. The results between the Swedish RH70 and the Finnish N 60 systems are estimated to −19.3 ± 6.5, −17 ± 6 and −15 ± 6 cm, respectively, by the three approaches. The results of the three indirect methods are in an agreement with those of a direct approach from levelling and gravity measurements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001900050149
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Geodetic measurement of horizontal strain across the Red River fault near Thac Ba, Vietnam, 1963–1994 (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of geodesy 73 (1999), S. 298-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1394
    Keywords: Key words. Crustal deformation ; triangulation ; GPS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract. Geodetic measurements from 1963 through 1994 are used to estimate horizontal strain rates across the Red River fault near Thac Ba, Vietnam. Whether or not this fault system is currently active is a subject of some debate. By combining: (1) triangulation from 1963, (2) triangulation in 1983, and (3) Global Positioning System (GPS) observations in 1994, horizontal shear strain rates are estimated without imposing any prior information on fixed stations. The estimated rates of shear strain in ten triangular subnetworks surrounding the fault trace are not significantly different from zero at 95% confidence. The maximum rate of dextral shear is less than 0.3 μrad/year in all but one of the triangles. The estimates help bound the slip rate in a simple elastic dislocation model for a locked, vertical strike-slip fault. By assuming a locking depth of 5–20 km, the most likely values for the deep slip rate are between 1 and 5 mm/year of right-lateral motion. These values delimit the 23% confidence interval. At 95% confidence, the slip rate estimate falls between 7 mm/year of left-lateral motion and 15 mm/year of right-lateral motion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001900050247
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gps Ambiguity Resolution as a Classification Problem (1999)
    Springer
    Studia geophysica et geodaetica 43 (1999), S. 61-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1626
    Keywords: GPS ; ambiguity resolution ; classification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this contribution we explore the analogy between GPS ambiguity resolution on the one hand, and the problem of statistical classification, on the other hand. As classification rules we discuss the Bayes-, the MAP-, the ML- and the Minmax-rule. It is shown to what extent ambiguity resolution may be considered a classification problem. It turns out that both problems show many similarities, although some marked differences exist as well. These similarities and differences are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1023310125038
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Climatic Change Impact on Water Resources in a Systems Perspective (1997)
    Springer
    Water resources management 11 (1997), S. 407-435 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: climate change ; hydrology ; water management ; water resources
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Global climate change related to natural and anthropogenic processes has been the topic of concern and interest world wide. Despite ongoing research efforts, the climate predictions cannot be rated any better than speculative or possible scenarios whose probability of occurrence is, at the present stage, impossible to assess. One of the most significant impacts of the ‘greenhouse effect’ is anticipated to be on water resources, including different elements of the hydrologic cycle, water supply and demand, regional vulnerability, and water quality. Thus, the impact of climate change appears to be an additional component on top of the large number of existing water-related problems. The existence of the greenhouse effect, the increase of greenhouse gas emissions, and the rise of corresponding concentrations are things that are certain. However, their impacts on hydrology and water management are highly uncertain. In the latter area, one needs information on much smaller spatial and temporal scales than those used in climate studies. The objective of the present paper is to analyze the climate change impact on water resources in a system's perspective, to discuss scientific gaps, and challenge scientific issues. The role of different scales and uncertainties, as well as the hydrological view of global circulation models are also discussed. Our preparedness for probable global (climate) change is reviewed in terms of assessment, planning, design and adaptation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007984001105
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trends in Hydrological Parameters of a Southern Brazilian Watershed and its Relation to Human Induced Changes (1998)
    Springer
    Water resources management 12 (1998), S. 295-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: changing-point ; human induced changes ; hydrology ; time series ; trend analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The Piracicaba river basin is a subtropical watershed located in the southeastern region of Brazil. With an area of 12 400 km2, the basin is a typical example of new landscape resulting from development in tropical and sub-tropical regions: establishment of intensive industrial and agricultural processes were followed by significant population growth and water management. This scenario has led to significant increase in water demand and decrease in water quality. The main objective of this study is the detection of changes in the patterns of flow and precipitation in the basin, and its possible relation to man-induced changes. Statistical analyses were performed on records of precipitation, evapotranspiration and streamflow, from 1947 to 1991. Precipitation and evapotranspiration totals showed significant increasing trends for the entire basin. From eight streamflow gauge stations, half showed significant decreasing trend. The most probable cause of such trends is the export of water from the basin to the metropolitan region of São Paulo city.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008048212420
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental management scenarios: Ecological implications (1999)
    Springer
    Urban ecosystems 3 (1999), S. 279-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1642
    Keywords: scenario-consequence analysis ; hydrology ; landscape mosaic ; ecosystem management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The measure of whether a management scenario is capable of establishing regional-scale ecosystem sustainability is the degree to which it recovers the historical characteristics of the regional landscape mosaic. This study examines the ability of alternate management scenarios to recover the defining ecological features of the Everglades and South Florida landscape. Five conceptual scenarios are evaluated for recovering and sustaining the ecological characteristics of the wetland systems in South Florida. First, the regional-scale physical characteristics are identified that created and supported the major organizing and driving forces in the predrainage Everglades and Big Cypress basins. Eight hypotheses are proposed to explain how human-caused modifications to these defining characteristics have been responsible for the substantial level of ecological deterioration that has been documented in South Florida wetlands during the last century. The restoration scenarios are evaluated on their proposed ability to correct the physical and biological problems identified by the hypotheses. Our assessment of the five scenarios shows that all would improve the problems addressed by the eight hypotheses, as all could more effectively move increased volumes of water across broader expanses of contiguous wetlands than do existing management programs. This would result in longer hydroperiods over larger areas, reflecting historical patterns. Two of the scenarios would be successful in increasing flows into Florida Bay and the Gulf coast estuaries because removing internal structures increases the spatial extent of the upstream areas that could be devoted to natural hydropatterns. The benefits of eastern boundary buffer zones include improved flow into the Taylor Slough basin. Using Lake Okeechobee as a site for increased water storage, followed by the addition of eastern buffer zones and portions of the Everglades Agricultural Area, would produce increased flexibility in providing the storage capacity required to meet sustainability goals. Scenarios with maximum areas of buffer not only are more successful in reducing groundwater seepage losses to the east but also are more likely to reduce the level of nutrients and other contaminants entering the natural wetlands.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009508718195
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neural nets for modelling rainfall-runoff transformations (1995)
    Springer
    Water resources management 9 (1995), S. 299-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: hydrology ; rainfall-runoff models ; neural networks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract To obtain river flow data, a neural network (NN) is developed and applied to rainfall-runoff transformation. The NN has been built considering a hidden two layer net and the sigmoidal has been used as a response function. Training is conducted using a back-propagation learning rule. In the input layer, both areal and point data values may be considered. The capability to provide a suitable forecast of river runoff has been examined for the Araxisi watershed in Sardinia. Experiments have been made dividing the total extension of observed data into three ten-year periods, assuming each as a training set, learning the NN and simulating the other two decades over the same period. The obtained model efficiency confirms the capability of this approach to supplying a useful tool in the evaluation of rainfall-runoff transformations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00872489
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in water resources: A review (1996)
    Springer
    Water resources management 10 (1996), S. 251-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: Geographic information systems (GIS) ; modeling ; hydrology ; surface water ; groundwater ; water supply ; sewer design ; agricultural pollution ; nonpoint source pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Increasing public awareness, stricter measures and promulgation of new laws in the area of water resources have made the use of advanced technologies indispensable. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are an effective tool for storing, managing, and displaying spatial data often encountered in water resources management. The application of GIS in water resources is constantly on the rise. In order to stress the importance of GIS in water resources management, applications related to this area are addressed and evaluated for efficient future research and development. Fundamentals of GIS are summarized and the history of the GIS evolution in water resources is discussed. Current GIS applications are presented including surface hydrologic and groundwater modeling, water supply and sewer system modeling, stormwater and nonpoint source pollution modeling for urban and agricultural areas, and other related applications. Future research and development needs are presented, based on these reviews.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00508896
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Repeated Geodetic Measurements in the West Bohemia Seismoactive Region: Period 1993 - 1996 (1997)
    Springer
    Studia geophysica et geodaetica 41 (1997), S. 319-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1626
    Keywords: earthquake swarms ; surface deformations ; GPS ; precise levelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The western part of the Bohemian Massif is characterized by repeated occurrences of intraplate earthquake swarms. To study surface deformations of this anomalous region, a network covering about 2000 square kilometres for repeated geodetic measurements was established in 1993 - 1994. The positions of the individual points of the network were carefully picked with respect to local tectonic structure and earthquake foci distribution. GPS and precise levelling measurements were performed 1-2 times a year. The GPS data were processed by Bernese GPS software. No tendency to any displacement - either horizontal or vertical - of geological blocks was derived from the geodetic data for the period 1993 - 96. Only displacements of less than 5 mm/year in average could occur in the whole region in that period; larger displacements would have been revealed by our measurements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1023355300199
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Recent crustal movements and earthquakes in the area of the Tornquist Zone (1995)
    Springer
    Studia geophysica et geodaetica 39 (1995), S. 257-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1626
    Keywords: geological motion ; stress ; stress release ; geodesy ; relevelling ; retriangulation ; GPS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The present state of knowledge on recent crustal movements, stresses and earthquakes around the Tornquist Zone has been collected. It is found that the Tornquist Zone is neither geodetically nor seismically active, but it separates regions of different earthquake activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02295816
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    GPS Ambiguity Resolution: Impact of Time Correlation, Cross-Correlation and Satellite Elevation Dependence (1997)
    Springer
    Studia geophysica et geodaetica 41 (1997), S. 181-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1626
    Keywords: GPS ; ambiguity ; stochastic model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this contribution we discuss the geometry-free GPS single baseline model and show how the least-squares ambiguities are affected by changes in the stochastic model. We particularly pay attention to the effect of time correlation, cross-correlation and satellite elevation dependence. We also differentiate between the impact on the location of the ambiguity search space and the impact on the size and shape of the search space. The analysis is carried out for both the model in which the ionospheric delays are assumed absent, and for the model in which they are assumed present. The former model is applicable to short baselines only.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1023340713054
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