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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 20-26 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Dioryctria abietella ; Cone pyralid ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Sex pheromone, (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate ; Single sensillum recordings ; Electroantennography ; Gas chromatography ; Mass spectrometry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'analyse en chromatographie gazeuse associée à une détection électroantennographique a montré que l'acétate (Z,E)-9,11-tétradécadiényle (Z,E)-9,11–14:Ac est l'un des composants de la phéromone de Dioryctria abietella Schiff (Lepid.: Pyralidae). Couplage chromatographie en phase gazeuse spectrometrie de masse a montré la présence d'acétate tétradécadiényle avec un spectre de masse et un indice de rétention identiques au Z,E-9,11–14:Ac Un récepteur cellulaire sensible à la fois au Z,E-9,11–14:Ac et à un extrait de la femelle a été identifié sous l'antenne du mâle. Les analyses des antennogrammes et de la cellule isolée ont étayé la caractérisation du composant de la phéromone comme étant Z,E-9,11–14:Ac. Un récepteur cellulaire additionnel sensible à l'acétate (Z.)-9-tétradécadiényle et à l'acétate (Z.E.)-9,12-tétradécadiényle a été trouvé sur l'antenne du mâle, mais il n'était pas activé par l'extrait de la femelle. Sur le terrain Z,E-9,11–14:Ac, présenté seul, attirait des nombres importants de mâles de D. abietella. L'addition de l'acétate (Z)-9-tétradécényle a inhibé l'attraction des mâles par les pièges.
    Notizen: Summary Gas chromatographic analyses coupled with electro-antennographic detection indicated that (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate (Z,E-9, 11–14:Ac) is a pheromone component of the cone pyralid Dioryctria abietella. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analyses confirmed the presence of a tetradecadienyl acetate with mass spectrum and retention index identical to Z,E-9,11–14:Ac. A receptor cell sensitive to both Z,E-9,11–14:Ac and the female extract was identified on the male antenna. An additional receptor cell sensitive to (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate was found on the male antenna but was not activated by the female extract. In the field Z,E-9,11–14:Ac presented alone attracted significant numbers of male D. abietella. Addition of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate inhibited the attraction of males to traps.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 179 (1996), S. 331-344 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Schlagwort(e): Hylobius abietis ; Olfaction ; Plant odours ; Receptor neuron responses ; Gas chromatography ; Electrophysiology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Receptor neuron responses to plant volatiles, trapped by head-space procedures, were examined in the pine weevil Hylobius abietis, using gas chromatography linked with electrophysiological recordings from single neurons. Seventy-two receptor neurons were tested 173 times for various plant volatile mixtures, either via a polar or a non-polar column. 1) All responses appeared as increased firing rates which followed the concentration profiles of the GC-eluted compounds. 2) The neurons were classified separately for the two column types in 17 and 19 groups respectively, according to the compounds they responded to. It suggests that the plant odour information is encoded by a large, but limited number of receptor neuron types. 3) Most neurons responded to a limited number of compounds (1–5) and showed a marked best response to one of them, whereas additional responses to several other components which seems to be structurally similar, was recorded for some neurons. It suggests that the plant odour receptor neurons are rather narrowly than broadly tuned, and that each neuron is specialized for receiving information about one or a few related compounds. 4) Most neurons responded to monoterpenes, whereas the other neurons responded to compounds of other categories. 5) Both major and minor plant volatile components activated specifically receptor neurons.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of biomedical science 5 (1998), S. 415-420 
    ISSN: 1423-0127
    Schlagwort(e): Isoprostanes ; Oxidative stress ; Lipid peroxidation ; Gas chromatography ; Mass spectrometry ; Human disease
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The development of a specific, reliable and noninvasive method for measuring oxidative stress in humans is essential for establishing the role of free radicals in human diseases. Currently, accurate techniques to assess oxidant injury in vivo are extremely limited although a number of approaches are being investigated. Of these, the measurement of specific products of nonenzymatic lipid peroxidation, the F2-isoprostanes (F2-IsoPs), appears to be a more accurate marker of oxidative stress in vivo in humans than other available methods. The purpose of this brief review is to acquaint the reader with the IsoPs from a biochemical perspective and to provide information regarding the utility of quantifying these compounds as indicators of oxidant stress.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Schlagwort(e): Reservoir ; Fisheries ; Breeding and wintering waterbirds ; Raising water levels ; Habitat change
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: Abstract A new, higher dam was installed at Kerkini Reservoir in 1982, causing habitat and landscape disruption. A decrease in the area of grassland and shallow water areas, the rapid disappearance of reedbeds, the appearance of beds ofNymphaea, and the disappearance of half the forest area were all observed between 1982 and 1991. With the new hydrological regime, a lacustrine system was created, with an extensive, rather deep (4–8 m), pelagic zone favorable for the development of coarse fish species throughout the year. After 1982, an increase in fishing effort and a change in the relative abundance of fish species in the catch, including the disappearance of eels and wels, were observed. The impact of the rise in the water level of breeding aquatic birds led to a general decline in species typical of marshy habitats in favor of species preferring deeper open water habitats. A decrease was recorded in bird species that feed largely on invertebrates and to a lesser extent fish (e.g., glossy ibis) and that require extensive shallow feeding areas. There was a decline in geese, whose nests were regularly flooded, and a major increase in piscivorous birds, particularly diving birds (e.g., cormorants), which prefer deeper open water and benefitted directly from the large increase in coarse fish biomass. The disappearance of birds breeding in flooded meadows (e.g., black-winged stilts) and of those restricted to reedbeds (e.g., marsh harrier) occurred from 1983. Over the same period, the changes in populations of wintering birds at Kerkini were different from those occurring in other wetlands in northern Greece. The changes recorded in the populations of wintering birds at Kerkini did not therefore result from overall regional trends but from the major habitat modifications that occurred to this wetland. As for breeding birds, strictly piscivorous species increased greatly as a result of the increased availability of fish, but also due to the appearance of many suitable night roosting sites (flooded trees) and to the great increase in the area of open water greater than 2 m deep. Today, Kerkini has become the most important breeding site in Greece for a majority of colonial waterbirds. In contrast, wintering shorebirds practically disappeared. The many changes recorded in the status of breeding and wintering birds at Kerkini can mostly be explained by the changes that occurred in the functioning of the ecosystem and in the habitat structure following the inauguration of the new hydrological regime. These changes did not all occur at the same time: some were immediate and others required a delay before they could be detected.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Environmental management 7 (1983), S. 151-160 
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Schlagwort(e): Grass carp ; Biological control ; Nuisance aquatic weeds ; Fisheries ; Aquaculture ; Reproductive requirements ; Arkansas management plan ; Sterile hybrids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: Abstract Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella Val.) were introduced into the United States in 1963 as potential biological control agents for nuisance aquatic weeds. Since that time an oftentimes bitter controversy has raged over its effects on sportfishing, and its possible natural reproduction and naturalization in North America. This review considers the history, ecology, and present status of grass carp in the United States in light of the voluminous scientific research conducted since its importation. Particular attention is given to the role of grass carp in the fisheries management plans of Arkansas. Recent development of a sterile, triploid grass carp hybrid may lead to widespread use of grass carp to control nuisance aquatic weeds in culturally eutrophicated waters of the United States.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Environmental management 20 (1996), S. 523-539 
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Schlagwort(e): Water control ; Floodplain ; Fisheries ; Bangladesh ; Chandpur
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: Abstract Bangladesh is a very flat delta built up by the Ganges—Brahmaputra—Meghna/Barak river systems. Because of its geographical location, floods cause huge destruction of lives and properties almost every year. Water control programs have been undertaken to enhance development through mitigating the threat of disasters. This structural approach to flood hazard has severely affected floodplain fisheries that supply the major share of protein to rural Bangladesh, as exemplified by the Chandpur Irrigation Project. Although the regulated environment of the Chandpur project has become favorable for closed-water cultured fish farming, the natural open-water fishery loss has been substantial. Results from research show that fish yields were better under preproject conditions. Under project conditions per capita fish consumption has dropped significantly, and the price of fish has risen beyond the means of the poor people, so that fish protein in the diet of poor people is gradually declining. Bangladesh is planning to expand water control facilities to the remaining flood-prone areas in the next 15–20 years. This will cause further loss of floodplain fisheries. If prices for closed-water fish remain beyond the buying power of the poor, alternative sources of cheap protein will be required.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Paracoccus denitrificans ; Paracoccus ; versutus ; CS2 oxidation ; CS2 oxygenase ; Autotrophy ; 16S rRNA phylogeny ; Plasmids ; Megaplasmids ; Murein ; Gas chromatography ; SDS-PAGE profiles
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Three distinct strains (KL1, KS1, and KS2) of facultatively chemolitho-autotrophic bacteria able to use carbon disulfide or carbonyl sulfide as sole energy substrates were identified as novel strains of Paracoccus denitrificans. Evidence for their identity as biovars of P. denitrificans and as close relatives of Paracoccus versutus is based on their DNA composition, total sequencing of the genes for their 16S rRNA, muropeptide profiles, amino acid composition of peptidoglycan, kinetics of murein degradation by lysozyme, possession of large plasmids (91–98 kb) and megaplasmids (〉 450 kb), and plasmid transfer between the strains and with P. denitrificans and P. versutus. No functions have been identified for the 91- to 98-kb plasmids of strains KL1 and KS2, but curing strain KL1 of its plasmid did not affect growth on carbon disulfide, thiosulfate or succinate. Emendation of the formal description of Paracoccus denitrificans is presented. Autotrophic growth on carbon disulfide and thiosulfate was confirmed by 14CO2 fixation. Evidence is presented for initiation of carbon disulfide oxidation by an NADH-dependent oxygenase. Cell-free extracts catalyzed (1) NADH-stimulated uptake of oxygen in the presence of carbon disulfide, and (2) carbon-disulfide-stimulated oxidation of NADH. The activity was not sedimented at 50,000 ×g. Intermediates in aerobic carbon disulfide metabolism were shown by GC and GC/MS to include carbonyl sulfide and hydrogen sulfide, but anaerobic production of COS and H2S from carbon disulfide did not occur. SDS-PAGE of cell-free extracts showed polypeptides that were unique to growth on carbon disulfide, common to carbon disulfide and carbonyl sulfide, or found after growth on carbon disulfide, carbonyl sulfide or thiosulfate. The possible identity of these as proteins involved in sulfur compound metabolism is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 73-82 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Preputial glands ; Nude mice ; Ultrastructure ; Gas chromatography
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The preputial glands of male nude (nu/nu) mice were analyzed by a combination of electron microscopy and gas chromatography to determine whether or not they are affected, like developing hairs and nails, by the nu/nu genotype. Results of the analyses revealed no differences between the glands of nude and normal male mice in either their ultrastructural characteristics or lipid secretory products.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Adrenals ; Morphology ; Steroids ; Gas chromatography ; Mass spectrometry ; Clarias gariepinus (Teleostei)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Interrenal-like tissue in male African catfish is localized in paired organs, situated retroperitoneally anterior of the kidney. Histological and enzyme-histochemical (3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) reactions were carried out on sections of these organs in order to localize steroid-producing cells. In vitro incubations were carried out to determine the steroidogenic capacity of the interrenal-like tissue. Twenty-one steroids could be identified and quantified in the incubation medium, by means of gas chromatography followed by mass spectrometry. Cortisol, 5α-and 5β-androstanedione and androstenedione together comprised about 80% of the total steroid content. In a previous study, twenty testicular steroids were detected in plasma after castration. In the present investigation we have shown that most of these steroids can be produced by the interrenal-like tissue, which thus can be considered as an extra-testicular source of gonadal steroids.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Key words: Adrenals ; Morphology ; Steroids ; Gas chromatography ; Mass spectrometry ; Clarias gariepinus (Teleostei)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract. Interrenal-like tissue in male African catfish is localized in paired organs, situated retroperitoneally anterior of the kidney. Histological and enzyme-histochemical (3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) reactions were carried out on sections of these organs in order to localize steroid-producing cells. In vitro incubations were carried out to determine the steroidogenic capacity of the interrenal-like tissue. Twenty-one steroids could be identified and quantified in the incubation medium, by means of gas chromatography followed by mass spectrometry. Cortisol, 5α- and 5β-androstanedione and androstenedione together comprised about 80% of the total steroid content. In a previous study, twenty testicular steroids were detected in plasma after castration. In the present investigation we have shown that most of these steroids can be produced by the interrenal-like tissue, which thus can be considered as an extra-testicular source of gonadal steroids.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 13 (1980), S. 203-206 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Carrier gas purity ; Sample stability
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary The amount of oxygen which may be present in the gas volume corresponding to a peak is investigated and compared to the sample amounts. It is shown that even with high purity carrier gases one may have a significant excess of oxygen present at low sample amounts. Attention is drawn to the possibility of impurity build-up by diffusion e.g. through the septum.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 13 (1980), S. 263-270 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Metal complexes ; Enantiomers ; Isotopic composition
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary The high selectivity of complexation gas chromatography has been employed for enantiomer resolution and isotope separation. Thus, a chiral olefin, 3-methylcyclopentene, has been resolved analytically on optically active dicarbonyl-rhodium(I)-3-trifluoroacetyl-1R-camphorate in squalane. The deuterated ethylenes C2H4−nDn have been separated on the same rhodium(I)-containing stationary phase. The chiral aliphatic oxiranes epoxypropane andtrans-2,3-epoxybutane have been resolved on optically active nickel(II)-bis-3-trifluoroacetyl-1R-camphorate in squalane.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; On-column abstraction ; Aliphatic aldehydes ; Amine antioxidants
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary The selective on-column abstraction of aliphatic aldehydes by gas chromatographic stationary phases containing N-iso-propyl N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine is described.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 14 (1981), S. 19-22 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Teflon columns ; Chemically modified teflon ; Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary Wall-coated open tubular columns prepared from chemically modified teflon tubing have been developed for gas chromatography. Chemical reaction of the inner walls of teflon tubing allows bonding of an adhesive layer on which a variety of stationary phaes can be coated. Test mixtures of alkanes and alcohols were used to investigate the chromatographic properties of these columns and the stability and mixing of the adhesive and stationary phae layers. the results in dicate that mixing of the layers is negligible and that the column is stable for a long period of time.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Teflon capillary columns ; Chemically modified teflon ; Gas chromatography
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary The preparation of teflon capillary columns employing direct coating of the stationary phase to the chemically modified teflon surface and the role of the chemically modified teflon in the separation mechanism are described. Two types of contributions from the modified teflon have been observed: nonspecific adsorption of the carbon surface and specific interactions of polar groups in the carbon skeleton. The use of polar liquid phases can eliminate adsorption due to the presence of polar groups in the modified teflon.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 14 (1981), S. 55-66 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Capillary columns, glass ; Gas chromatography ; Column preparation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Kapillar-Gas-Chromatographie ist heute das sich am stärksten entwickelnde Gebiet der Gas-Chromatographie. Es gibt viele komplexe, neue Fragestellungen in der Analytik, welche den Einsatz spezieller Kapillarsäulen erfordem. Glücklicherweise gibt es aber auch eine große Zahl von Herstellungsverfahren für Kapillarsäulen, welche — noch mehr als bei der Herstellung von gepackten Säulen — eine Anpassung an die gestellten Aufgaben ermöglichen. In diesem Artikel werden die Herstellungsverfahren für Kapillarsäulen zusammengestellt und Anregungen gegeben, wie aufgaben-orientierte Säulen erreicht werden.
    Notizen: Summary Glass capillary column chromatography is the most rapidly growing part of gas chromatography. There are many complex new analytical tasks and they require special capillary columns, Fortunately there is a wide range of column preparation methods available, and they make the preparation of glass capillary columns a more varied job than that of packed columns. In this paper these methods are reviewed and suggestions are given for making task-oriented columns.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Urea herbicides ; Catalytic hydrolysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary A method is described for the rapid catalytic hydrolysis of phenylurea herbicides on silica gel at elevated temperatures. After derivatisation of the anilines produced with heptafluorobutyric acid anhydride final analysis is done on a gas chromatograph equipped with an electroncapture detector. Detection limits are in the 1–5 picogram range. The method has successfully been applied to residue analysis of water samples at the 1 ppb level. The determination of free anilines present in water samples and the potential of various techniques to be used to discriminate between free anilines and parent herbicides are also discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Graphitised carbon black ; Phenols ; Water pllutants
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary The fractionation of eleven phenols which may be contaminants in drinking water has been accomplished by using acid-washed graphitised carbon black modified with trimesic acid and PEG 20 M.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 14 (1981), S. 447-451 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Headspace analysis ; Gas chromatography ; Residual analysis of polyethylene terephthalate ; Acetylene reduction assay ; Ethylene evolution in germinating seed ; Acetaldehyde generation in polyester resin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary New application areas for headspace gas chromatography in agricultural and polymer degradation research are described. Specific examples are drawn from the various forms of headspace analysis with emphasis on the automated static equilibrium method.
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 13 (1980), S. 35-39 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Nitromethane ; Nitroalkanes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary Impurities in commercially available nitromethane have been determined by gas-liquid chromatography using six different column packings. Besides nitromethane, 1-nitropropane, 2-nitropropane, acetonitrile, methanol, small amounts of ethanol and acetaldehyde have been detected. The presence of formaldehyde, ethyl acetate and acetone is probable. Mixtures containing comparable amounts of the four nitroalkanes could be separated on all columns, but plots of logarithms of the retention times vs. carbon number or boiling points of the nitroalkanes or column temperatures were linear only in case of columns packed with Porapak R and Q.
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 16 (1982), S. 60-62 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Amines ; Derivatization ; Chloroformate esters
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary The gas chromatographic analysis of amines after conversion to electron capture sensitive carbamates in two-phase systems has been studied. Hydrophilic compounds, for instance methylamine, are reacted with 2,2,2-trichloro-tert. butyl chloroformate. Quantitation below 10−7 M can be made by thermionic or electron capture detection. A hydrophobic amine, namely N,N-dimethyl-n-octylamine, was derivatized with 2,4,6-tribromophenyl chloroformate with addition of iodide ion to the aqueous phase. The favorable effect of iodide ion as well as the choice of pH and chloroformate ester is discussed.
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 16 (1982), S. 98-102 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Rectangular channel ; Efficiency ; Capacity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary Gas chromatographic experiments have been performed in a truly rectangular channel with a 60∶1 cross-sectional aspect ratio, constructed according to the field-flow fractionation technology. It is shown that the peak broadening is controlled by the thickness of the channel while the maximum load is determined by the largest cross-sectional dimension. However, even with its elongated configuration, the side walls contribute significantly to the band broadening of solutes with a high diffusivity. Good agreement is found between the experimental plate height data and the recent theoretical calculations of Golay [13] taking into account the side-wall effect.
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 17 (1983), S. 269-284 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Liquid chromatography ; Phenols
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary Gas and high-performance liquid chromatographic methods in the analysis of phenols are reviewed. Among the great number of phenolic compounds analyzed, alkylphenols, chlorophenols, dihydroxy- and trihydroxybenzenes and biphenols are chiefly considered. The advantages and drawbacks of the methods are discussed, quoting the most important work. Relationships between the structural characteristics of phenols, the stationary phase structure, the mobile phase composition and the retention data are treated. Typical examples of the conditions for GC and HPLC analysis are summarized in tables. The literature comprises over 270 references, most of them recent.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Average molecular polarizability ; Retention index ; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The Kováts retention indices of 10 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were determined on SE-30, OV-101, SE-52, OV-7 and OV-17 stationary phases. A significant correlation has been found between the retention indices and the average molecular polarizabilities of the analyzed substances. Equations were derived for the direct determination of the average molecular polarizabilities from the retention index values. The influence of the temperature on this relationship is also indicated.
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 17 (1983), S. 493-500 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Esterification in aqueous solution ; iso butyl esters of C1–C20 fatty acids ; Gas chromatography ; Fatty acid analysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary C1–C20 carboxylic acids have been esterified in aqueous solutions with i-butanol. Gas chromatographic analyses have been performed from a single chromatogram. It has been established that esterification in the concentration range of [H2O]/[i-BuOH]=0.01–10.3 can be utilized for the quantitative determination of these carboxylic acids. The presence of water does not interfere in the range of [H2O]/[i-BuOH]=0.01–1.03. In the cases of [H2O]/[i-BuOH]〉1.03, anhydrous sodium sulfate has been used for binding the water, in an amount of [Na2SO4]anh./[H2O]≥0.2.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Esterification in aqueous solution ; n-Butyl esters of C2−C16 dicarboxylic acids ; Dicarboxylic acid analysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary C2−C16 dicarboxylic acids were esterified in aqueous solution in the presence of sulfuric acid. Esterification in water/n-butanol mixtures with mole ratios between 0.02 and 2.53 can be utilized for the quantitative determination of the dicarboxylic acids by gas chromatography. The presence of water does not interfere at water/n-butanol mole ratios below 0.27. For mole ratios above 0.27 anhydrous sodium sulfate has been used for binding the water. The mole ratio range was 0.25–0.75 for anhydrous sodium sulfate/water, and 0.32–1.3 for sulfuric acid/anhydrous sodium sulfate.
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 18 (1984), S. 663-667 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Gas solubilities ; Enthalpies of solution ; Polar solutions
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary The gas-liquid chromatographic method has been used to determine the solubilities and partial molar enthalpies of solution of the gases H2S, CO2 and COS in four polar solvents. The results agree well with literature values obtained using conventional techniques, with the one exception of H2S in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone. In this case there is some evidence for the occurrence of adsorption at the gas-liquid interface.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Esterification in aqueous solution ; n-Butyl esters of aromatic polycarboxylic acids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary The direct esterification and gas chromatographic analysis of aromatic carboxylic acids as n-butyl esters is described. Derivatization is performed in aqueous solution with n-butanol in the presence of sulfuric acid. The butyl esters of benzoic, phthalic, hemimellitic, trimellitic, trimesic and pyromellitic acids permit their gas chromatographic separation from each other and from fatty acids and alipatic dicarboxylic acids. At mole ratios of [H2O]/ [n-BuOH]≤0.04 the water present does not interfere with the esterification reaction. At mole ratios above 0.04 anhydrous sodium sulfate is used for binding the water, at mole ratios of [Na2SO4 anh.]/[H2O]=0.25–0.75.
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 18 (1984), S. 202-204 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Polysiloxane stationary phases ; Heat of adsorption ; Heat of solution
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary The changes in the heat of solution of polar compounds and xylene isomers in methylsilicone fluid OV-101 deposited on Chromosorb W AW DMCS were studied. It was shown that the heat of solution increases with an increase of the percentage loading of the OV-101 up to 10%. Solution and adsorption thermodynamic characteristics of the studied system are briefly discussed.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Metal complexes ; Chemically bonded phase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary Packings consisting of diphenylphosphine complexes with CoCl2 and CoBr2, chemically bonded to the silica surface, were synthesized and their retention parameters determined. The packings are capable of specifically interacting with electron-donating compounds by forming π-complexes. The interaction is considerably stronger in the case of CoBr2-containing packing than in the case of CoCl2-containing packing.
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 18 (1984), S. 234-238 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Open-tubular columns ; On-column injection ; Stopped-flow operation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary A simple, inexpensive, on-column injector of the septum moving-needle kind is described for quantitative analysis using open-tubular columsn. when operated in the stopped-flow mode an improvement incolumn efficiency is observed combined wit a diminished tendency to produce split-top peaks, particularly for late eluting peaks. Using electronic integration a relative error of about 2.7% was observed for peaks spanning a wide range of sample concentrations and volatilities.
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 18 (1984), S. 243-248 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Carrier gas ; Viscosity ; Influence of temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The vicosity-temperature relationship of the three gases (helium, nitrogen and hydrogen) most frequenly used as the carrier gas in gas chromatography is studied. Based on available data, equaitions are derived to describe this relationship. Using these equations viscosity data are tabulated for the chromatographically important temperature range.
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 18 (1984), S. 260-264 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Parabens and their dissolution ; Pharmaceutical dosage forms ; Derivatization ; Gas chromatography
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary A specific, sensitive and general applicabla gas chromatographic method is described for the determination of parabens in various liquid pharmaceutical preparations: propylparaben and butylparaben in a liquid antacid dosage form (I); methylparaben, ethylparaben and propylparaben in a syrup (II); methylparaben and propylparaben in a solution for injection (III). Each time one of the parabens is used as internal standard. The parabens are extracted with diethylether and derivatized by silylation. Different columns are used for the analysis of the parabens: 3% SE-30 column, a 3% QF-1 column for different selectivity, a 2% OV-1 column for isothermal operation. Special attention is attributed to the standard: the parabens are dissolved in a minimal amount of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide and extracted in the same way as the pharmaceutical dosage form.
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 18 (1984), S. 294-296 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Configuration ; Resolution ; Alcohols
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary The study of the resolution of sixteen secondary aliphatic alcohols by gas chromatography on (+)-dodecyl (2R, 3R)-tartrate, trapping the ascending part of the peak from a conventional filled column, has allowed the determination in a single operation of the sign and order of emergence of enantiomers. A correlation between the configuration of these secondary alcohols and their order of emergence has been established.
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 18 (1984), S. 309-312 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Carboxylic acids ; Acetonyl derivatives
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary The preparation of the acetonyl esters of nine aliphatic carboxylic acids is described, the general formula of the derivatives being RCOOCH2COCH3 where R=alkyl or H. The derivatives show good chromatographic properties on both packed and capillary columns. The electron impact and chemical ionisation mass spectra of the derivatives are discussed.
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 18 (1984), S. 449-455 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Thermodynamic relationships ; Retention index ; Peak identification
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary A thermodynamic criterion, ΔQ, is suggested which permits to estimate the difference in the functional group energy of interactions for two different stationary phases. The linear dependence of ΔQ on the homolog number m of any series Rm X can be used as the thermodynamic criterion for the identification of substances by GC analysis.
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 18 (1984), S. 477-488 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Open tubular (capillary) columns ; Sample capacity ; Column comparison ; Film thickness ; Column diameter
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary Wall-coated, open-tubular (capillary) columns prepared from different diameter tubing, with different liquid phase film thickness, are compared with each other and with packed and support-coated open-tubular columns. The comparison is based on the variation of the phase ratio and the capacity factor, and includes column efficiency (HETP, theoretical plate number), resolution, retention time, and sample capacity. Problems associated with the evaluation of the sample capacity are outlined. The influence of temperature on column performance is discussed in detail. Finally, the possibilities of short, wide-bore open-tubular columns prepared with a thick liquid-phase film are demonstrated.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Retention-structure correlation ; Molecular descriptors ; Polycyclic aromatics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary Statistical and factor analysis have been used to test the ability of several molecular descriptors to predict the retention indexes (I) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons determined on SPB-5 and SPB-20 stationary phases. Regression analysis with both columns showed that linear regression with connectivity index and bending energy of the molecules as independent variables gave the best correlation coefficients. ΔI 20–5, considered to be a measure of the polar forces in retention, gave a good correlation with the van der Waals radii of the molecules, or strain, and bending energy.
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 41 (1995), S. 15-22 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Average velocity of carrier gas ; Compressibility of carrier gas ; Pneumatic parameters of carrier gas
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary This report was conceived as a source for the relations between five pneumatic parameters of carrier gas-inlet and outlet pressure, inlet and outlet velocity, and average velocity. Any pair of these parameters can be independent while the remaining three can be expressed as functions of the independent pair. As the total number of the independent pairs is ten, thirty different functions describing relations between arbitrary independent pairs and dependent parameters can be identified. All thirty were derived below together with the complete set of bounds for variations of independent parameters. To derive some relations, a third order rational equation had to be solved. Some properties of that solution are discussed. A simple case of vacuum operations with zero outlet pressure has also been considered.
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 41 (1995), S. 37-42 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Temperature programming ; Isothermal measurements ; Column efficiency ; Dead time
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary If the dependence of HETP on temperature is specified under isothermal conditions, it is possible to predict the HETP for programmed temperature elution and subsequently peak width at half-height. This requires knowledge of isothermal retention time at retention temperature, which is computed by means of a model including the variation with temperature of dead time estimated from 3 homologs with carbon number: n, (n+j), (n+jk), where n, j and k are any integers. Predicted and measured peak widths corresponded within 4–9%.
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 41 (1995), S. 678-684 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Solid phase micro extraction ; Graphitized carbon black ; Volatile organic compounds
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary This paper presents the results obtained using fused-silica fibers coated with graphitized carbon black (Carbograph-Alltech) for solid-phase microextraction (SPME). The extraction and calibration curves relative to organic micro-pollutants present in gaseous and aqueous samples are reported. Examples of applications of this extraction procedure to GC and GC-MS analysis of organic micro-pollutants in actual samples are also reported.
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 41 (1995), S. 697-701 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; New stationary phase ; Packed columns ; Specific retention volumes ; Activity coefficients
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary The synthesis of 3-bromo-4-(4-methylbenzyloxy)azobenzene (BMBOA) and its use as a stationary phase in packed columns are described. Chromatographic characteristics such as column efficiency, polarity (McReynolds constants) and operating temperature range were studied. Retention factors, specific retention volumes and activity coefficients for alcohols, esters, ketones, aromatic hydrocarbons andn-alkanes were determined. Phenols and 2,3, and 4-chlorobenzyl chlorides were separated on the new phase. Based on experimental data some assumptions were made on the possible types of intermolecular forces between solute and solvent.
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 40 (1995), S. 28-32 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Linear temperature programming ; Tekler-equation extension ; Retention index precalculation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary An extension of Rohrschneider's concept to the field of the linear temperature programmed gas liquid chromatography, is proposed, which is based on Antoine's equation for the temperature dependence of the reduction index of Takács et al. and Tekler. The new method presented in this paper, applied to retention data of two stationary phases of low polarity, PS-255 and OV-105, gives a new possibility of precalculating retention data.
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 40 (1995), S. 550-556 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Open tubular columns ; Short chain fatty acids ; Intestinal fluids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary A capillary gas-liquid chromatography method for the analysis of free short chain fatty acids in intestinal samples was developed. Analytical results obtained with intestinal samples are influenced not only by high molecular mass matrix constituents but also by matrix components with a molecular weight smaller than 5000 daltons. To achieve a faithful transfer of SCFA into the chromatographic system it was important to avoid accumulation of involatile deposits on the surface of the inlet liner. Cleaning of the inlet linear lead to a significant weakening of matrix effects. The method described, using an Innowax column, is more effective, particularly with respect to precision and sensitivity, and is clearly superior to packed columns. The capillary is the column of choice for the separation of short fatty acids in samples from the small intestine and stomach.
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 41 (1995), S. 726-727 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Retention indices ; Correlation equations ; n-Alkenes ; n-Alkynes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary The correlation equations between Kovats retention indices ofn-alkenes andn-alkynes, column temperature and number of carbon atoms in molecules of these compounds on OV-101, OV-225 and PEG 20M capillary columns have been calculated. The two variable equationI=A+B·n+C/T give a good fit and are the simplest for prctical use.
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 194 (1995), S. 55-67 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Onagraceae ; Clarkia ; Gas chromatography ; mass spectrometry ; monoterpenes ; benzyl esters ; floral fragrances ; intraspecific variation ; moth pollination
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Clarkia breweri (Onagraceae) is the only species known in its genus to produce strong floral fragrance and to be pollinated by moths. We used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify 12 abundant compounds in the floral headspace from two inbred lines ofC. breweri. These volatiles are derived from two biochemical pathways, one producing acyclic monoterpenes and their oxides, the other leading from phenylalanine to benzoate and its derivatives. Linalool and linalool oxide (pyran form) were the most abundant monoterpenoids, while linalool oxide (furan form) was present at lower concentrations. Of the aromatic compounds detected, benzyl acetate was most abundant, whereas benzyl benzoate, eugenol, methyl salicylate, and vanillin were present as minor constituents in all floral samples. The two inbredC. breweri lines differed for the presence of the additional benzenoid compounds isoeugenol, methyleugenol, methylisoeugenol, and veratraldehyde. We also analyzed floral headspace fromC. concinna, the likely progenitor ofC. breweri, whose flowers are odorless to the human nose. Ten volatiles (mostly terpenoids) were detected at low concentrations, but only when headspace was collected from 20 or more flowers at a time. Trans-β-ocimene was the most abundant floral compound identified from this species. Our data are consistent with the hypothesized recent evolution of floral scent production and moth pollination inC. breweri.
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 7 (1982), S. 177-180 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Schlagwort(e): Temperature ; Behavior ; Ecology ; Fisheries ; Fish ; Marine juveniles
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Synopsis Sixteen yearling winter flounder, tested individually for 3-day periods in electronic shuttleboxes, voluntarily occupied an 8–27°C range of temperature, with a modal final thermal preferendum of 18.5°C (mean 18.7°C, median 19°C, midpoint 17.5°C, s.d. 1.9°C, S k + 0.33). The locomotor activity pattern of the yearling fish in the laboratory was markedly nocturnal, with mean hourly nocturnal activity exceeding mean hourly diurnal activity by a factor of 3.4. Maximum activity occurred at 0300 EST, minimum activity at 1400 EST. While activity generally increased with temperature, a local activity minimum occurred at 18.7°C, coinciding with the 24-hour mean final thermal preferendum. Comparison of these laboratory data with previously published field data suggest that behavioral responses to temperature and light play significant roles in determining age- and size-specific differences in seasonal depth stratification and onshore-offshore distributions in this species.
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 45 (1996), S. 219-235 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Schlagwort(e): Ecology ; Behaviour ; Evolution ; Cichlids ; Fisheries ; Conservation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Synopsis Ecological conditions in tropical lacustrine systems are considered by focusing on the evolution, maintenance, exploitation and vulnerability of fish communities in the African Great Lakes. The exceptionally high biodiversities in the littoral/sublittoral zones of the very ancient, deep, clear, permanently stratified rift lakes Tanganyika and Malawi, are contrasted with the simpler systems in their pelagic zones, also with biodiversity in the much younger, shallower Victoria, the world's largest tropical lake.
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 43 (1995), S. 381-391 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Schlagwort(e): Fisheries ; Irrigation ; Reproductive seasonality ; Sarotherodon galilaeus ; Species richness ; Water quality
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Synopsis A preliminary study of the ecology and commercial fish catches was carried out in the Toho-Todougba, Ahouangan and Dati lakes (1500 ha) in southern Benin (West Africa) over a period of 18 consecutive months. Water quality, species richness, and the reproductive biology of the dominant species, Sarotherodon galilaeus, were examined. Unlike Lagoon Toho-Todougba, lakes Ahouangan and Dati are less favourable for fish production because of their high total iron content and their relative low pH. The study revealed the existence of 19 species belonging to eleven (11) families: 16 species in Lagoon Toho-Todougba,12 in Lake Ahouangan, and 7 in Lake Dati. Lakes Ahouangan and Dati had a relatively high faunal similarity whereas Lagoon Toho-Todougba exhibited a relatively low faunal similarity with the former systems. In Lagoon Toho-Todougba, six cichlid species were the most important component of the fishery: Sarotherodon galilaeus, Tilapia guineensis, T. zillii, T. mariae, Chromidotilapia guntheri, Hemichromis fasciatus. Three catfish species Chrysichthys auratus, Clarias agboyiensis, and Clarias lazera were harvested in low abundances. Some other fish, such as Polypterus senegalus senegalus, Protopterus annectens and Heterotis niloticus were captured sporadically, with H. niloticus appearing more consistently in catches than the others. Although not abundant, Gymnarchus niloticus and the African pike, Hepsetus odoe, were almost always present in the catches. Ctenopoma kingsleyae appeared only in Ahouangan. Some predatory species, such as Notopterus afer and Xenomystus nigri, are encountered only in lakes Ahouangan and Dati. In Lagoon Toho-Todougba, Sarotherodon galilaeus had a sex ratio (♂: ♀) of 0.49:1, and size at maturation was estimated as 12.3 cm TL. The spawning period extended from May to September with the peak occurring in July. Fecundity was correlated to log-body length (r = 0.74) and log-body weight (r = 0.76). Fish catches were estimated at 389 kg ha−1 year−1; about 73% of which was Sarotherodon galilaeus. The overexploitation of juvenile fish and the use of this lagoon for the irrigation of palm tree plantations have reduced fish recruitment and mean size.
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 13 (1980), S. 686-692 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Micropacked columns in GC ; Microparticles
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary Porous silica microparticles designed for modern liquid chromatography have proven effective in gas chromatography. Columns of 35–50 cm gave plate heights as low as 3.3 particle diameters and speeds of 2400 theoretical plates per second or 500 effective theoretical plates per second. Inlet pressures up to 70 atmospheres were required using hydrogen as carrier gas. The particles as received were too retentive for fast chromatography and gave asymmetric peaks. A coating of fluorosilicone oil overcame both problems. Other coatings were less effective. Bonded phases proved less satisfactory on both counts and also gave substantially less efficient columns and greater flow resistance. Column efficiency and flow resistance were sharply dependent on physical properties of the particles. The most efficient packing was clearly spherical particles of 5–10 μm diameter with narrow size distribution, pore diamters about 50 nm, BET surface areas of 25–50 m2/g and surfaces modified with trifluoropropyl silicone. A six-component hydrocarbon sample was separated in 33 s with a resolution of 4 for the most difficult pair and in 2.6 s with a minimal resolution. Performance was limited by end effects and by available pressure so that much better performance can be expected from longer columns and higher pressures.
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 13 (1980), S. 752-754 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Xylenol isomers ; Gas chromatography ; Polyols and polyethers as stationary phase ; Hydrogen bonding
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary Xylenol isomers can be resolved on most polyols (sugars or sugar alcohols) and polyethers (polyethylene glycol or polypropylene glycol) with hydrogen-bonding interaction. They are separated on vinical polyols which have more hydroxy hydrogen than tetrol, and even on vicinal triol when its hydroxy hydrogen is acidic (stronger proton donor). The stronger is the hydrogen bonding interaction between xylenols and the liquid phase, the better is the separation of 2,4- and 2,5-xylenol, and the poorer the separation of 2,4-and 2,3-xylenol.
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 13 (1980), S. 651-660 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Capillary columns, glass ; Gas chromatography ; Column preparation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary Glass capillary column chromatography is the most rapidly growing part of gas chromatography. There are many complex new analytical tasks and they require special capillary columns. Fortunately there is a wide range of column preparation methods available, and they make the preparation of glass capillary columns a more varied job than that of packed columns. In this paper these methods are reviewed and suggestions are given for making task-oriented columns.
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 13 (1980), S. 73-84 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Gas hold-up time ; Dead time
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary The two approaches used for the calculation of the gas hold-up time and thus, the adjusted retention time are outlined, first for the restricted case when the carbon numbers of the three homologues used for the calculation are evenly spaced (c3−c2=c2−c1) and then, for the general case when (c3−c2) differs from (c2−c1). The basic difference in the philosophy of the two approaches is shown.
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 14 (1981), S. 576-578 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Tortuosity factor
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary The relationship between the obstructive factor γ and velocity was restudied. The dependence of the obstructive factor on velocity was verified. The effects of diffusion coefficient and particle-to-column diameter ratio on the obstructive factor-velocity relationship were investigated. The results are consistent with Hawkes' hypothesis that values of γ at low velocities are averages over tightly packed and loosely packed domains while at high velocities they are weighted in favour of the loosely packed domains where there is more flow.
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 14 (1981), S. 648-652 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Gas-liquid adsorption ; Bulk solution ; Mixed stationary phases
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary It is shown that the blending of some retention effects can make the resolution of complex mixtures on short classical columns as effective as on capillary columns.
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 14 (1981), S. 699-703 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Headspace analysis ; Aromatic hydrocarbons ; Water analyses
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary The possibilities of using headspace analysis of aromatic hydrocarbon traces in aqueous solutions with changing values of the partition coefficients are discussed. A variant of headspace analysis of the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon in natural and waste water is described. It involves two-step gaseous extraction of a sample in vessels of varying volume before and after the equilibrium phase is replaced with a pure gas (air or nitrogen). This method permits to analyse 5–50 ml water samples with benzene and toluene contents varying from the ppb to the ppm range within an error not exceeding 155. The analysis time is about 1.5 h. The presence of non-volatile organic or mineral substances does not influence the determination. This method is unsuitable to heterogeneous systems (aqueous oil emulsions): before carrying out the analysis for the hydrocarbon content these systems have to be homogenized first.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Open tubular (capillary) columns ; Glass columns ; Fused-silica columns ; Column testing
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary Column characteristics affecting the chromatographic behavior of glass and siliceous glass (“fused silica”) capillary columns include the dimensional uniformity of the column, the physical and chemical characteristics of the column wall and the characteristics of the liquid phase. In the case of the coated column the uniformity and thickness of the liquid phase film are the most important criteria affecting column reproducibility. The paper discusses these factors and their influence on column performance.
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 14 (1981), S. 203-211 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Quantitative analysis ; Copper oxide converter ; Inorganic gas analysis ; Determination of fluorine and oxygen ; Hydrocarbon analysis ; Wine analysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary A review of past activities concerning selected industrial analytical problems is given. This includes the following question: preparation of pure gas mixtures to be used for calibration, catalytic conversion of ester and pyridin samples to carbon dioxide and a one-point calibration method using peak heights, both for quantitative analysis, analysis of gas mixtures containing fluorine and inorganic fluorine compounds and the determination of the oxygen and fluorine content of the sample, separation and identification of hydrocarbons in shale oil and petroleum fraction samples, and analysis of wine.
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 15 (1982), S. 704-706 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Isopropyliden-sorboses ; TMS-derivatives ; GC-MS combined technique ; Mass spectra
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary A method has been developed using gas chromatography — electron impact mass spectrometry for the determination of the di-0-isopropylidene-sorbofuranose and mono-0-isopropylidene-sorbofuranose. The compounds are separated as their trimethylsilyl derivatives on a capillary column coated with the stationary phase SE-52. The mass spectra show that the silylation reaction is quantitiative and that the isopropylidene groups does not change.
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 15 (1982), S. 183-185 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Analysis of ethylbenzene hydroperoxide ; Time normalization method
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary A gas chromatographic method, based on the time normalization technique, is described for the analysis of ethylbenzene hydroperoxide in mixtures containing ethylbenzene, acetophenone, 1-phenylethanol, benzaldehyde and phenol. Different liquid phases were tested and the best results were obtained with tricresyl phosphate and neopentyl glycol sebacate. The influence of the support, the liquid loading and the gas velocity are discussed.
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 15 (1982), S. 625-630 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Open-tubular (capillary) columns ; Comparison of liquid phases ; Influence of temperature ; Retention index data
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary The influence of temperature and liquid phase film thickness of open-tubular (capillary) columns on the retention index values of hydrocarbons on methylsilicone liquid phases is discussed. Data obtained on methylsilicones and squalane are compared. Retention index values of 43 hydrocarbons between 40 and 70 °C on OV-101 liquid phase are listed.
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 15 (1982), S. 351-354 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Supported catalysts ; Reserved-flow GC ; Drying step ; Gas chromatography
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary Application of reversed-flow gas chromatography to study the drying step in the preparation of supported catalysts is proposed. It is demonstrated that this technique can be applied to investigate the kinetic law followed, as well as to obtain kinetic parameters of drying (rate constants, activation energies and frequency factors). Amaterial illustrating this application is γ-Al2O3 impregnated with usual organic solvents (n-C5H12,n-C6H14,n-C7H16, CH3COCH3 and CH3CH2OH). It was found that in all cases above a simple first-order law based onone kind of active site is followed. Moreover, it was observed that the activation energyE a of the drying process increases almost linearly with the relative molecular mass of the solvent, whereas for the same solventE a increases with the amount used. The operation of a kinetic compensation effect suggests “similar” activated complexes of the various solvents used.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Fused silica capillaries ; New polar phases: OV-1701 and RSL-310 ; Immobilization
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary The possibilities of OV-1701 and RSL-310, two new stationary phases, have been evaluated for capillary gas chromatography in fused silica columns. OV-1701 is a cyanopropylphenyldimethyl polysiloxane of moderate polarity possessing excellent chromatographic characteristics. The phase exhibits high coating and chromatographic efficiencies, high temperature stability and is suitable for cross-linking. RSL-310 is a polar liquid stationary phase yet to be permanently bonded in a capillary column. The selectivity of both phases extends the applicability of fused silica columns.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Phosphine ; Flame photometric detection ; Anaerobic bacteria
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary A gas chromatographic method is presented which distinguishes phosphine from hydrogen sulfide and other possible headspace gases of anaerobic microbial cultures. In anaerobic cultures spiked with phosphine, this gas is recovered in the liquid and gaseous phase down to 10 pg per ml of gas or liquid. No biogenically produced phosphine was found. Phosphine in amounts as small as 30 ng per 1 can be stored for several days in glass bottles covered with rubber septa, filled with nitrogen, in the presence or absence of water or of an anaerobic bacterial culture. Due to the selectivity of the detector and the retention characteristics of the porous layer open tubular polymer column alkanes, alkenes and organosulfur compounds routinely found in anaerobic bacterial headspaces do not interfere with the analytical quantification of phosphine.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Liquid crystals ; Internal and external NO2 compounds ; Transition temperature ; Analytical properties
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary Thermal and analytical properties of two liquid crystals containing internal [2-nitro, 3-methyl 4-(4-heptylbenzoyloxy) 4′-methylazobenzene] and external NO2 [2,3-dimethyl 4-(4-heptylbenzoyloxy) 4′-nitroazobenzene] have been investigated by gas chromatography. Transitions temperatures are determined by inverse gas chromatography using standard columns. Good agreement with values determined by differential scanning calorimetry are found. Analytical capabilities of the two liquid crystals are shown in glass capillary columns. Compared to examples in the literature, the crystals used separated different kinds of solutes. In addition, high molecular mass solutes were eluted at relatively low temperatures. Typical separations are observed for hydrocarbon positional isomers, aromatic hydrocarbons, geometric isomers, and volatile aroma compounds. Comparison between the performance of internal and external, NO2-liquid crystals is made.
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  • 66
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    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 41 (1995), S. 722-725 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Mixed stationary phases ; Distilled beverages ; Direct analysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary The analysis of spirits with a single stationary phase is still an unsolved problem; the two amyl alcohols, ethyl acetate and acetal are not separated on a polar column, methanol and acetaldehyde coelute from an apolar column. Trials with coupled columns of different polarities showed that optimum results were obtained with a 40 m capillary column, comprising 6 m of Carbowax 20 M, 12 m of 1∶1 Carbowax 20M:OV1 mixture and 30 m of PS 264. Best results were achieved when a 1 m retention gap was used, injecting a small amount of sample and using a 7 cm syringe needle.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Column liquid chromatography ; Polychlorinated biphenyls ; Cod liver oil
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary By application of a chromatographic column filled with Supelclean ENVI-Carb/Celite and elution with three solvents of different polarity three PCB fractions were obtained. Fraction A contained poly-ortho PCBs, Fraction B mono-ortho PCBs, and Fraction C non-ortho PCBs. The Supelclean ENVI-Carb/Celite column was used in combination with a sample preparation procedure for pre-cleaning of acid-stable chlorinated hydrocarbons such as DDT and its metabolites, HCH isomers, and regulation-relevant PCB congeners. The method was optimized using standard solutions of 55 PCB congeners, 8 chlorinated pesticides and contaminated cod liver oil samples. The influence of traces of remaining matrix on the elution profile of the organochlorine compounds on Supelclean ENVI-Carb/Celite was observed. Quantitation was carried out by GC-ECD with fused silica capillary columns of different polarity.
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 42 (1996), S. 72-76 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Estuarine waters ; Solid-phase extraction ; Triazines, alachlor, metolachlor ; Nitrogen phosphorus detection
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary The stability of atrazine, simazine, alachlor, metolachlor, and deethylatrazine on C18 Empore disks has been determined. Estuarine water (100 mL) spiked at 3 μg L−1 with the target pesticide mixture was preconcentrated on the disks; the disks were then stored at −20°C, 4°C, and at room temperature for periods up to three months and were analyzed by gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection. Complete recovery was observed after storage at −20°C throughout the period of the study. Losses up to maximum of 10% were observed after storage at 4°C. Higher losses (up to 24% for alachlor) occurred only at room temperature; the coefficient of variation for these determinations (8–11%) was also higher than that for the others (3–5%). The stability of the pesticides was dependent on the water matrix, on storage temperature, and on properties such as vapor pressure and water solubility.
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 42 (1996), S. 660-664 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Unified retention data ; Alkanes, alkenes, naphthenes and aromatics ; Squalane
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary Gas chromatographic, unified retention data of 120 hydrocarbons including: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alkylcycloalkanes, alkylcycloalkenes, aromatics and dienes on squalane stacionary phases are given. These values agree well with the corresponding experimental values used in the statistical treatment of the experimental data.
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 42 (1996), S. 653-659 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Dialkylhydrazones ; Kováts retention indices ; Structure-retention relationships
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary N,N-Dialkylhydrazones [DAHs; R1R2C=1N-2N(R3)2] were prepared and their Kováts retention indices determined on 100% dimethylpolysiloxane (HP-1) and 5% diphenyl and 95% dimethylpolysiloxane (HP-5) stationary phases. The physico-chemical and retention behaviour of the DAHs depend greatly on whether R2=H or an alkyl group. A similar difference is observed in the alkane and oxo homomorphic factors of DAHs formed from aldehydes or ketones. The difference is explained on the basis of NMR and quantum-chemical results by intramolecular interactions between R2 and the lone pair of the2N atom. A single linear equation is suitable for prediction of retention indices if parameters are introduced representing resonance structure (bond angle and electron density) besidesI oxo or the van der Waals' surface.
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 42 (1996), S. 462-464 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Alcohols ; Cellulose tribenzoate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary Cellulose tribenzoate (CTB) has some desirable operational properties and special interactions with alcohols. When chromatographic separation is carried out at 150°C, the C1–C4 alcohols have enhanced retention and other alcohols are eluted rapidly. Some probe molecules were used to characterize the chromatographic behavior of CTB by calculating the adsorption enthalpy (−ΔHa) between the sample and stationary phase. Separation of aliphatic alcohols was successfully performed on a packed column with a support (GDX) coated with CTB and temperature programming improved the separation of these alcohols.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Reversed-flow technique ; Rate constants ; Bimolecular gaseous reactions
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary Rate constants for bimolecular reactions in the gas phase, under diffusion controlled conditions, can easily be determined by the reversed-flow gas chromatography (RF-GC) technique. The analysis of the diffusion band by means of a simple PC programme gives directly an apparent, second-order rate constant for gaseous reactions. By varying the amounts of the reactants, one can calculate the true order of the reaction and the true non-first-order rate constant of gaseous reactions. The calibration problem of the analytical techniques in non-first-order reaction kinetics is absent as are other disadvantages connected with carrier gas flow, peak shape and their instrumental spreading. The method can be used for atmospheric reactions and was applied in the gaseous reaction systems: SO2+NO2, SO2+Br2, C6H6+NO2, C6H5CH3+NO2 and C3H6+NO2 with various concentrations of reactants in nitrogen. The effect of the NO2 concentration on the apparent second-order rate constant of C2H4+NO2 at 333.2 K was also studied. Finally, the effect of sun light pre-irradiation of C2H2+NO2 in nitrogen was investigated.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Molecular absorption spectrometry ; Gas phase detection ; Benzene derivatives
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary A simple and inexpensive detection system for gas chromatography, based on gas-phase, molecular absorption measurements, is presented in which the chromatographic column is directly joined to the spectrophotometer flow cell, without heated transfer lines. A mixture of eight benzene compounds (including methyl, halogen and nitrogen derivatives) were separated and analyzed. Parameters affecting separation (temperature program and carrier gas flow) and measurement quality (wavelength and integration time) were studied and a measurement program designed to modify the wavelength during chromatography. The analytical characteristics of each compound were calculated, obtaining detection limits ranging from 0.5 to 9 μg mL−1. Finally, the method was applied to several synthetic mixtures, with good results.
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 42 (1996), S. 465-468 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Packed column separations ; Pyridine and alkylpyridines
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary The gas chromatography of the β-picolines in a lowboiling tar base fraction, is described. The methods developed employ packed columns with binary phases containing N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-hydroxypropyl) ethylenediamine plus metal transition stearate, or with a ternary phase containing this mixture and o-hydroxyethylresorcinol
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 42 (1996), S. 547-550 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Supercritical Fluid Extraction ; Pesticides Residues ; Chlorothalonil ; Appels
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary A new method for the extraction of Chlorothalonil residues from apples using supercritical CO2 as the extracting fluid is described. The supercritical fluid extraction results were compared with those obtained by solid-liquid extraction. The results showed that SFE is faster and more selective with better recovery and higher selectivity.
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 42 (1996), S. 578-582 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; EDTA determination ; DTPA determination ; Water analysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary A new analytical method and the method validation for the determination of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) in lake and sea water is presented. An aqueous sample, after evaporation to dryness, was treated with an esterification reagent. The resulting ethyl ester derivates were determined by capillary gas chromatography using a nitrogen phosphorus specific detector (GC-NPD). The response was linear up to 5 mg L−1. The recoveries from lake and sea waters were 59–105 % for EDTA and 86–112 % for DTPA. The run-to-run repeatabilities (R.S.D.) were 2–8 % for EDTA and 4–11 % for DTPA depending on concentration and the reproducibilities (R.S.D.) were 6–13 % and 3–11 %, respectively. The limits of detection for EDTA and DTPA were 3 and 12 μg L−1 in distilled water, respectively. The method is simple to use and reliable as shown by the analysis of samples of lake water that is influenced by pulp and paper industry.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Electron capture detection ; Mass spectrometric detection ; Atomic emission detection ; PCBs in marine sediments
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary Electron capture detection (ECD), low- and highresolution mass spectrometry (LR- and HRMS), and atomic emission detection (AED) were compared for the gas chromatographic (GC) detection of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) present in highly contaminated marine sediments. With ECD, LRMS, and even HRMS, detection was seriously disturbed by the complex matrix of the sediments, whereas AED in the chlorine-selective mode provided excellent PCB profiles without interferences. In addition, GC-AED provided congener independent responses, which enabled accurate quantitation of all PCBs based on a single calibration curve. However, because GC-AED was less sensitive than the other techniques studied, preparation of relatively large amounts of sample (10–20 g dry sediment) was required for most analyses.
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  • 78
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    Digitale Medien
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    Chromatographia 43 (1996), S. 73-75 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Spatial average gas velocity ; Temporal average gas velocity ; Column pressure drop
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary While the commonly known temporal average velocity of a carrier gas is approximately proportional to the pressure drop along a column, the spatial average velocity is exactly proportional to that pressure.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Electron capture detection ; Solid phase extraction ; Chlorophenols ; Water analysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary A solid-phase extraction system coupled to a gas chromatograph fitted with an electron capture detector was developed for the determination of chlorophenols in waters. The continuous system consists of an XAD-2 adsorbent column where chlorinated phenols are preconcentrated and subsequently eluted with ethyl acetate. The sensitivity of the method is proportional to the number of chlorine substituents in the phenol; thus, the detection limit for monochlorophenols is ca. 10 μg L−1 and that for pentachlorophenol about 2 ng L−1. The method was used to determine chlorophenols in treated waters, with good precision; however, no mono or dichlorophenols were detected at the levels afforded by the proposed method.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Retention indices ; Correlation equations ; n-Alkylcyclopentenes andn-alkylcyclohexenes ; n-Alkyl esters
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary Correlation equations have been derived which relate the Kováts retention indices ofn-alkylcyclopentenes,n-alkylcyclohexenes andn-alkyl esters of aliphatic acids on the stationary phases OV-101, OV-225 and PEG 20M to column temperature and carbon number in the alkyl chain. The universal equation: $$\begin{gathered} RI = A + B \cdot m + C \cdot \log (m)/m + \hfill \\ D/[(m - 2)^2 + 0.1] + Et \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ whereA, B, C, D andE are correlation coefficients,m is the number of carbon atoms in the side chain (forn-alkylcycloalkenes) or in the alcohol chain (for alkyl esters) andt is the column temperature, describes the retention indicesRI of these homologous series with high accuracy (SD〈1 index unit), beginning with the first members of the series.
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  • 81
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    Digitale Medien
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    Chromatographia 44 (1997), S. 91-96 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Liquid chromatography ; Racemic sulphoxides ; Enantiomer separation ; Preparative LC
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary The enantiomeric resolution of seven racemic sulphoxides on chiral stationary phases has been investigated by gas and liquid chromatography. In gas chromatography the separations were performed on octakis-(2,6-di-O-pentyl-3-O-butyryl)-γ-cyclodextrin (FS Lipodex-E) and heptakis-(2,6-di-O-methyl-3-O-pentyl)-β-cyclodextrin (DMP-β-CD). Both stationary phases were suitable for separation of the enantiomers of the sulphoxides. With one exception for each series all racemetes could be resolved on both stationary phases; FS Lipodex-E was more enantioselective than DMP-β-CD, whereas the latter seemed more generally applicable. Liquid chromatographic separations with Chiralcel-OB as stationary phase were significantly improved by optimization of mobile phase composition and temperature. Resolution factors up to Rs=6 were achieved indicating that the improved separations could now be easily used for preparative purposes.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Trace volatile components ; Human breath
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary A modified GC sampling system and its analytical use are described for the determination of volatile components of human breath or in ambient atmosphere with flame-ionization detection (FID). The difficulties of collection for low concentration samples were alleviated by using a very small trapping column packed with activated charcoal. The collected samples can be measured directly after thermal desorption onto the chromatographic column (packed with Porapak Q). The preconcentration recoveries for pentane, methanol, ethanol and acetone have been studied.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Solid phase extraction ; Nitrogen phosphorus detector ; SCH 44643 in rat plasma
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary A gas chromatographic (GC) assay for the determination of SCH 44643, an orally active antagonist of responses to both histamine and PAF, was developed and validated for rat plasma. The method involved organic solvent extraction followed by solid phase extraction on aminopropyl column. The separation was on a capillary column (DB-17) with quantitation by a nitrogen-phosphorus detection. The method was sensitive with a limit of quantitation of 5 ng mL−1. There was a good linear relationship between the peak height ratio (SCH 44643/internal standard) and SCH 44643 concentration in the range 5 to 200 ng mL−1. The method was precise with a coefficient of variation ranging from 1.8 to 3.0% and accurate with a bias ranging from 0 to 5.8%. Moreover, SCH 44643 was stable in rat plasma after being subjected to three freeze-thaw cycles. The assay was shown to be sensitive, specific, accurate and precise, and suitable for use in pharmacokinetic or toxicokinetic studies.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Poly(L-glutamate) ; Cholesteric liquid crystal ; Properties as stationary phases
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary Comparative gas chromatographic properties of two thermotropic Poly(L-glutamates) with long alkyl side chains (10 and 16 carbons called Poly 10 and Poly 16 respectively) are studied. Their thermal properties were established with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and gas chromatography. They present a cholesteric liquid crystal in a large temperature range. The chromatographic separation abilities of the two polymers in the liquid crystal state were studied using capillary glass columns. Interesting analytical performances were obtained in different fields: isomeric separation of alkanes, aromatics, polyaromatics, volatile aroma compounds and cis and trans isomers. Some differences were noticed in their behaviours; 2 and 3-methyloctane and xylene isomers are separated only on Poly 10 while limonene and eucalyptol are separated only on Poly 16.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Aliphatic hydrocarbons ; Chlorinated aromatics ; Pork liver extracts
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary A multicomponent extraction/concentration procedure has been developed for the enrichment of PCBs, PCTs and aliphatic hydrocarbons (pristane, C18, C19, C20, C22, C24, C28, C32 and C36) in pork liver. These components of the enriched extract were then simultaneously determined by gas chromatography. Mean recoveries ranged from 81.5% for pristane to 93% for PCBs;CV% (0.9–6.7) indicated the method to be both precise and reproducible.
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 44 (1997), S. 97-99 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; FAMEs ; Rapeseed-mustard ; Half-seeds
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary An efficient and economical GC method for rapid determination of FAMEs in rapeseed-mustard is described. The seeds were transmethylated with acetylchloride, using microwave heating and separation achieved on a 3 m column packed with a mixture of 2% SP-2300 and 3% SP-2310 on Chromosorb ‘W’. The method is compared with the conventional heating method and extended efficiently for half-seed analysis. The fatty acid composition of the FAMEs mixtures prepared by both methods was similar with highly significant correlation coefficients (P〈0.001).
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 44 (1997), S. 279-282 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Retention volumes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary Through a straightforward mathematical derivation it is shown that the compressibility correction factor equals the ratio of gas pressure at the column outlet to the average pressure in the column, $$j = p_0 \sqrt p $$ . Therefore, by multiplying by this factor, the experimentally measured retention volumes can be recalculated to the average pressure in the column. Corrected retention volumes thus represent the volume of the mobile phase under real conditions of chromatography in the column. Appropriate definitions for corrected retention volumes and factorj are formulated.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Solid-phase extraction ; Gas chromatography ; Ion trap tandem mass spectrometry ; Water samples ; Environmental analysis ; Pesticides ; Bromide ; Nitrite
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary On-line solid-phase extraction-gas chromatographyion-trap tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-GC-MS/MS) has been used for the trace-level determination of polar and apolar pesticides. The SPE-GC interface, an Autoloop 2000, was operated at an injection temperature of 90°C which permitted the determination of thermolabile pesticides such as carbofuran and carbaryl. Rectilinear calibration curves were obtained for the analytes tested over a range of 0.1–500 ng L−1, using a sample volume of 10–100 mL for enrichment on an SPE cartridge packed with styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer. The detection limits for the pesticides were in the 0.01–4 ng L−1 range. For a number of pesticides acceptable tandem mass spectra were obtained at levels as low as 0.1 ng L−1 level in real-life water samples. As a demonstration of the applicability of this technique for inorganic anions, bromide and nitrite were converted into 4-bromoacetanilide and 2-phenylphenol, respectively. The reaction products were pooled and subjected to simultaneous analysis by the present method using full-scan mass spectrometric detection. The detection limits were 0.3 and 2 ng L−1, respectively.
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 44 (1997), S. 386-392 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; HBr-treated capillary column ; Methylmercury chloride ; Halide exchange ; ECD
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary Gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD) for the analysis of methylmercury choloride (MMC) using a packed column and a capillary column has been investigated. The columns were 2% silicone OV-227 Uniport HP glass column and a DB-17 capillary column, each pretreated by about ten injections of HBr-methanol solution. MMC was separated as a sharp peak by the HBr-teated column and determined directly by ECD without derivatisation. The mass spectrum of MMC indicated that halide exchange from chloride to bromide proceeded during separation. The minimum detectable concentrations were approximately 5 ng mL−1 on the packed column, and 2 ng mL−1 on the capillary. Calibration curves showed good linearity between 5–200 ng mL−1 for the packed column, and between 2–200 ng mL−1 for the capillary. Relative standard deviations of peak areas were 0.95% for the packed column and 0.43% for the capillary at the level of 100 ng mL−1 in both cases. The column treatment technique was applicable to determination of methylmercury in fish samples.
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 44 (1997), S. 405-410 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Tenax-TA sampling ; Thermal desorption ; Preconcentration ; Flame ionization detection
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary By participating in an International Hydrocarbons Intercomparison Experiment, a method for the determination of nonmethane hydrocarbons was evaluated. The method involves Tenax-TA sampling, thermal desorption and preconcentration combined with capillary gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Sixty target compounds from C2 to C11 were separated by using a megabore capillary column with a thick film of bonded nonpolar siloxane stationary phase (5 μm, Rtx-1). The unusually thick film in the column was an advantage for resolving light hydrocarbons (C2−C3) at room temperature. The percent difference between the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and our laboratory in the intercomparison experiment is in the range of 0.99%–19.70%.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Modified silica gel ; Gaseous standard mixtures ; FID calibration ; Methyl chloride
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary A possibility of extending analytical applications of chemically modified silica gels is described. This involves their utilization for the generation of gaseous standard mixtures consisting of methyl chloride as the analyte and nitrogen as a carrier gas to be used for the calibration of the GC-FID system. N-methylmorpholine was chemically bonded to the propylsilylated surface of silica gel forming chloride of an appropriate immobilized compound which, under certain conditions, undergoes thermal decomposition yielding a single, volatile component (methyl chloride). Such a method of generating specific amounts of a standard substance can be used both for a single point calibration and for checking the accuracy of an analytical instrument in a relatively wide measurement range. It was found that 3.40±0.081 mg of methyl chloride can be generated per 1 g of the modified gel.
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 44 (1997), S. 505-513 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Colum liquid chromatography ; Gel permeation chromatography ; Gas chromatography ; Organophosphorus, organochlorine and pyrethroid pesticides ; Multiresidue analysis in medicinal plants
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary Multiresidue analysis of organophosphorus, organochlorine and pyrethroid pesticides in medicinal plants, gives problems of extraction, purification and detection. Analytical methodologies have been developed for vervain and tested for camomile and peppermint without prior knowledge of the pesticides used in their treatment. Extraction is common to all three pesticide families: acetone or acetonitrile is chosen depending on the particular matrix. Isolation of organophosphorus compounds is performed by gel permeation chromatography. Organochlorine and pyrethroid pesticides are extracted in two steps: gel permeation followed by adsorption chromatography on silica el cartridges. Analysis and detection of organophosphorus compounds is by gas chromatography with a nitrogen phosphorus detector; organochlorine and pyrethroid compounds are identified by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector.
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 44 (1997), S. 497-504 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ; Column liquid chromatography ; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; Food analysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary Several separation and detection methods for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in smoked chicken by GC and HPLC were compared. With HPLC and a gradient solvent system, all 16 PAHs could be simultaneously separated and detected by fluorescence with seven settings of programmable wavelength (excitation/emission). The presence of impurities in smoked chicken could interfere with the subsequent identification and quantification of PAHs by HPLC. With GC and a temperature programming method, all 16 PAHs could be separated and the PAHs in the chicken sample could be detected with an ion-trap mass spectrometer even in the presence of fat-or PAH-like impurities. Nine PAHs were identified by the former method while fourteen PAHs were identified by the latter method. The retention times by HPLC were shorter than those by GC, also, the former had better separation for most PAHs than the latter.
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 35-41 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Programmed-temperature vaporization (PTV) ; Large-volume injection ; Direct water injection ; Triazines
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary The potential of large-volume PTV injection was studied for the analysis of triazine herbicides in water samples. Direct water injection and in-vial extraction were described and compared. Detection limits were between 0.01–0.02 μg L−1 and relative standard deviations were 〈9%. Both methods are suitable for the analysis of triazines at ppt-level, although in-vial extraction is favourable for water samples with relatively large amounts of matrix components.
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 42-48 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Cholesterol oxides ; Cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) ; Meat products
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary A method of extraction, purification and gas chromatographic analysis of five cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) (7β-hydroxycholesterol, 5α, 6α-epoxycholesterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol, 7-ketocholesterol and cholestane-3β, 5α, 6β-triol) has been developed. The method is aimed at the determination of COPs in meat and meat products, in particular dry sausages, where large differences in the content of cholesterol and its oxidation derivatives may occur. Linearity of response of trimethylsilyl ethers was defined. The minimum concentration tested was 2.5 μg g−1 in the injected solution. The main feature of the present work is the addition of a purification step of unsaponifiables by SPE on silica cartridges. Extraction recoveries of COP standard mixtures, performed with or without the SPE step, are evaluated. The introduction of the clean-up step results in high purity samples without further losses in the entire process.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes ; Thiazolidine derivatives ; Flame photometric detection ; Cigarette smoke
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary A selective and sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes in cigarette smoke by gas chromatography (GC) has been developed. After trapping of cigarette smoke into dilute hydrochloric acid containing ascorbic acid, aldehydes were converted into their thiazolidine derivatives by the reaction with cysteamine, and then measured by GC with flame photometric detection using two-connected fused-silica capillary columns containing DB-17 and DB-210, respectively. The derivatives were sufficiently volatile and gave single symmetrical peaks. The calibration curves for aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes in the range 20–2000 ng were linear and the detection limits at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 were ca. 4–100 pg injected. Aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes in cigarette smoke could be selectively determined by this method without any interference from coexisting substances. Overall eecoveries of aldehydes added to cigarette smoke samples were 83–110%. Analytical results for the contents of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes in mainstream and sidestream smokes of several cigarettes are presented.
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 57-62 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Solid-phase extraction ; Graphitized carbon black ; Volatile organic compounds ; Workplace air
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary A fast, simple, and reliable method is presented for the determination of atmospheric semi-volatile organic pollutants at μg m−3 levels. The method has been used to monitor potentially carcinogenic toxic compounds to which workers are exposed in workplaces, and to measure the same compounds in outdoor air.
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 63-71 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Liquid foods ; Food packaging materials ; Vinylchloride
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary The interaction of vinylchloride (VC) with liquid foods, such as water, olive oil and honey, was studied using the relatively new technique of Reversed-Flow Gas Chromatography (RFGC). The RFGC method permits the calculation of the VC diffusion coefficient in the liquid phase (water, oil and honey) and the determination of the partition coefficient of VC between the liquid and the carrier gas, as well as the determination of the Henry's constant of VC in the liquid food. From the variation of the above parameters with temperature, thermodynamic parameters (free and excess free energies, enthalpies, entropies and activity coefficients) were calculated for the adsorption of VC by liquid foods. These are discussed in comparison with the same parameters calculated from empirical equations or determined experimentally by other techniques.
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 570-574 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; Compressibility correction factor ; Specific retention volume
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary The exact definition of the compressibility correction factor,j, has been extensively discussed in recent literature. In this work, it is shown that this compressibility correction factor has several different interpretations; however, the simplest and most useful meaning involves a correction from the experimentally accessible pressure at the outlet of a column to the average pressure in the column. Also, an unconventional definition of the retention volume of a solute in terms of the sample size and the equilibrium concentration of the solute in the mobile phase is presented. This retention volume definition is presented as an alternative to the common definition ofV R as the volume of carrier gas which passes through the column in a period of time called the retention time. In this discussion, it is emphasized that the temeprature dependence of the specific retention volume is determined by the thermodynamics of the phase distribution process for the solute and not by an equation-of-state for the carrier gas. Finally, the conventional correction of the specific retention volume by a factor of 273/T c can be used to correct a volume of carrier gas to a pseudo-standard state of 273 K and the average pressure in the column; however, this corrected specific retention volume has no relation to the specific retention volume that would be experimentally obtained at this standard state temperature and pressure. compressibility correction factor, and specific retention volume, were examined with regard to the physical interpretation, exact definition and appropriate standard states to be applied to these commonly reported chromatographic parameters. Such arcane discussions are beneficial to the health of science but may lead to confusion among potential and practicing chromatographers. In order to prevent or at least help ameliorate this problem, the following discussion presents a somewhat unorthodox interpretation of the questioned terms along with a pseudo-physical explanation of the so-called retention volume which is ubiquitous throughout the chromatographic literature.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Gas chromatography ; SPME ; Soil and groundwater samples ; Chlorobenzenes ; Thermal desorption
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary A complex method was developed for the determination of chlorobenzenes in soil and groundwater samples. Samples were taken at two sites in Baranya county, where a mixture of chlorobenzene waste was deposited, causing severe contamination in the environment. Clean-up of these sites demands modern and reliable analytical methods. Several sample preparation techniques were used, such as solid phase microextraction (SPME), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and a recently developed thermal desorption method. The applicability of various sample preparation methods was compared by measuring recovery percentages, relative standard deviations and by investigating the matrix dependency of these values. Gas chromatography was used for quantitative determination of chlorobenzenes, using MS, IR, FID and ECD detection techniques. Detection levels were as low as 1 ppt in water, and 10 ppt in soil samples. Chlorobenzene concentration was in the range 1 ppt-1 ppm in water and 100 ppb-100 ppm in soil samples. Identification and calibration of these compounds were performed by quantitative standards. This complex analytical method can be used for rapid and precise quantitative and qualitative determination of chlorobenzenes.
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