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  • growth  (317)
  • Springer  (317)
  • Cambridge University Press
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  • 1995-1999  (269)
  • 1980-1984  (48)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Agrostis canina ; CO2 vents ; photosynthesis ; lignification ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The aim of this study was to characterise growth and photosynthetic capacity in plants adapted to long-term contrasting atmospheric CO2 concentrations (C a). Seeds of Agrostis canina L. ssp. monteluccii were collected from a natural CO2 transect in central-western Italy and plants grown in controlled environment chambers at both ambient and elevated CO2 (350 and 700 μmol mol−1) in nutrient-rich soil. Seasonal mean C a at the source of the plant material ranged from 610 to 451 μmol CO2 mol−1, derived from C4 leaf stable carbon isotope discrimination (δ13C). Under chamber conditions, CO2 enrichment stimulated the growth of all populations. However, plants originating from elevated C a exhibited higher initial relative growth rates (RGRs) irrespective of chamber CO2 concentrations and a positive relationship was found between RGR and C a at the seed source. Seed weight was positively correlated with C a, but differences in seed weight were found to explain no more than 34% of the variation in RGRs at elevated CO2. Longer-term experiments (over 98 days) on two populations originating from the extremes of the transect (451 and 610 μmol CO2 mol−1) indicated that differences in growth between populations were maintained when plants were grown at both 350 and 700 μmol CO2 mol−1. Analysis of leaf material revealed an increase in the cell wall fraction (CWF) in plants grown at elevated CO2, with plants originating from high C a exhibiting constitutively lower levels but a variable response in terms of the degree of lignification. In vivo gas exchange measurements revealed no significant differences in light and CO2 saturated rates of photosynthesis and carboxylation efficiency between populations or with CO2 treatment. Moreover, SDS-PAGE/ LISA quantification of leaf ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) showed no difference in Rubisco content between populations or CO2 treatments. These findings suggest that long-term adaptation to growth at elevated CO2 may be associated with a potential for increased growth, but this does not appear to be linked with differences in the intrinsic capacity for photosynthesis.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Alternating high magnetic fields ; eddy current ; magnetic flux concentration ; Caenorhabditis elegans ; growth ; reproduction ; behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Here we describe a device for testing possible influences of high magnetic fields on biological processes, by which alternating-current magnetic stimuli as high as 1.7 T can be administered. Experiments with a simple multicellular organism, the nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans, revealed that intermittent exposure to the magnetic fields modestly inhibited the animal's reproduction as well as its post-embryonic development, and caused a marked but transient derangement in its locomotory behavior. Available evidence indicates that alternating high magnetic fields can elicit both chronic and acute biological effects, but that the effects may be well tolerated or compensated for by the living organism.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Protein phosphorylation ; ATP-Pi exchange ; Light-harvesting complexes ; Reaction center ; Photosynthesis ; Photomorphogenesis ; Membrane ; growth ; Polypeptide insertion ; Phospho-amino esters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Membranes of Rhodobacter capsulatus strain U43 (pTX35) showed qualitatively very similar phosphorylation patterns under in vitro and in vivo conditions. In vitro, it was irrelevant whether the phosphate source was orthophosphate or ATP. Inhibitors of electron transport did not inhibit light-harvesting complex I (LHIα) (B870) polypeptide phosphorylation, except for o-phenanthroline, which was strongly inhibitory. Redox conditions regulated the amount of protein phosphorylated; external redox potentials between +200 and +300 mV promoted the reaction. Phosphorylation was inhibited by uncouplers such as carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone and nigericin plus valinomycin plus potassium ions. Inhibitors of the H+-ATPase were also inhibitory when the phosphate source was [32P]Pi or [γ-32P]ATP. From these results, it was concluded that an operative reaction center, a coupled membrane, and external redox potentials higher than +200 mV are required for optimum LHIα phosphorylation. We also demonstrated that phosphorylation of LHIα polypeptide occurs before insertion into the membrane and that phosphate is preferentially incorporated into specific domains within the cytoplasmic membrane. Intracytoplasmic membranes, identified here as light membranes, were found to contain a dephosphorylated LHIα polypeptide.
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  • 4
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 79 (1996), S. 335-344 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: alkaloid ; developmental time ; early instars ; growth ; Manduca sexta ; molting duration ; phenolics ; plant-herbivore interactions ; thermal regime
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To understand the mechanisms underlying plant-insect herbivore interactions, it is necessary to examine the simultaneous effects of temperature, food quality and larval age. We examined the simultaneous effects of three allelochemicals (tomatine, rutin and chlorogenic acid) on the performance of first and second instar Manduca sexta larvae under two representative thermal regimes 21 : 10°C and 26 : 15°C for spring and summer, respectively. Thermal regime and allelochemicals interacted to influence the time from egg hatch to ecdysis to the third instar. On average, it took about half as much time to reach the third instar at 26 : 15°C as it did at 21 : 10°C. Separately, tomatine and rutin had a negative effect on developmental time from egg hatch to the third instar, but their simutaneous effects were not additive. Chlorogenic acid significantly reduced the negative effect of tomatine. The magnitude of the allelochemical effect was larger at the cooler thermal regime compared to the warmer regime. For instance, chlorogenic acid by itself had no effect at the 26 : 15°C regime, but at the 21 : 10°C regime it significantly shortened total developmental time. The effect of chlorogenic acid on stadium duration was distinctly different for the two instars. Chlorogenic acid shortened stadium duration of first instar larvae. However, depending on thermal regime and the presence of tomatine, chlorogenic acid had a negative, positive or neutral effect on stadium duration of second instar larvae. Molting duration of second instar larvae was shortened by a half day at the warmer thermal regime but was not affected by the allelochemicals. Final larval weight was influenced by rutin and chlorogenic acid. Caterpillars fed diets containing 20 μmoles of rutin were on average 10% lighter than those fed plain diet, whereas those fed diets containing 20 μmoles of chlorogenic adic were on average 7% heavier. However, the effect of chlorogenic acid depended on thermal regime. Overall, our results indicated that: 1) temperature and food quality can interact to influence insect performance and 2) these effects are influenced by larval age.
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  • 5
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 141-144 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Polygonia c-album ; Nymphalidae ; host-plant selection ; growth ; size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: amylase inhibitor ; red kidney bean ; hard red winter wheat ; growth ; insects ; beetles ; plant resistance ; stored products ; protease inhibitor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Insect α-amylase inhibiting and/or growth inhibiting activities of proteinaceous inhibitors from red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) were examined. The bean inhibitor was most effectivein vitro against α-amylases from the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) and the confused flour beetle (T. confusum), followed by those from the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) and yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor). The insect enzymes were from two- to 50-fold more susceptible than human salivary α-amylase. When the inhibitors were added at a 1% level to a wheat flour plus germ diet, the growth of red flour beetle larvae was slowed relative to that of the control group of larvae, with the bean inhibitor being more effective than the wheat inhibitor. Development of both the red flour beetle and flat grain beetle (Cryptolestes pusillus) was delayed by 1% bean inhibitor, but development of the sawtoothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis) and lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica) was not affected by either the bean or wheat inhibitor at the 1% level. Rice weevil adults fed a diet containing 1% bean or wheat inhibitor exhibited more mortality than weevils fed the control diet. When the wheat amylase inhibitor was combined with a cysteine protease inhibitor, E-64, and fed to red flour beetle larvae, a reduction in the growth rate and an increase in the time required for adult eclosion occurred relative to larvae fed either of the inhibitors separately. The bean inhibitor was just as effective alone as when it was combined with the protease inhibitor. These results demonstrate that plant inhibitors of insect digestive enzymes act as growth inhibitors of insects and possibly as plant defense proteins, and open the way to the use of the genes of these inhibitors for genetically improving the resistance of cereals to storage pests.
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  • 7
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 443-451 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: beta-carboline alkaloid ; Trichoplusia ni ; harmane ; harmaline ; amitriptyline ; imipramine ; monoamine oxidase inhibitor ; tricyclics ; growth ; feeding behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In this study we investigated the effects of two naturally occurring beta-carboline alkaloids and two synthetic tricyclic antidepressants on the growth and food consumption of fifth instar larvae of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In artificial diets at high concentrations (3,000 ppm), harmane, amitriptyline, and imipramine reduce growth and feeding; harmane reduced feeding consistently at a lower concentration (200 ppm). In animals other than insects, beta-carboline alkaloids inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and thus affect rates of disposition of serotonin and other monoamine neurotransmitters. Because brain serotonin levels are associated with variation in rates of carbohydrate and protein intake in insects, the effects of beta-carboline alkaloid ingestion on dietary self-selection behavior were examined. Choosing between diets lacking carbohydrate but containing protein and diets lacking protein but containing carbohydrate, larvae consumed a greater proportion of diet containing protein but lacking carbohydrate in the presence of harmane than in its absence. These results are consistent with beta-carboline alkaloid-mediated persistence of serotonin in the brain due to MAO inhibition. Alternatively, these results could reflect alkaloid-mediated peripheral inhibition of sucrose taste receptors influencing ingestive behaviors. That beta-carboline alkaloid ingestion is associated with changes in feeding behavior is consistent with a possible defensive role for these compounds in plant foliage.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: insect endocrinology ; ecdysone ; juvenile hormone ; reproduction ; growth ; inhibin ; oostatin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The first insect folliculostatic peptide was isolated from vitellogenic ovaries of the mosquitoAedes aegypti. This decapeptide directly inhibits trypsin biosynthesis in the gut, and indirectly ovarian development. The factor was named Trypsin Modulating Oostatic Factor or TMOF by its discoverers. From the fleshfly Neobellieria bullata 2 folliculostatins have been isolated, the hexapeptide Neb-TMOF and the 19-mer Neb-colloostatin. The available data suggest that at least 2 of the 3 folliculostatins originate from matrix (like) proteins present in the ovary, a hitherto unknown source of hormones. Furthermore, one of the folliculostatins (Neb-TMOF) is a potent inhibitor of ecdysone biosynthesis by larval ring glands of fleshflies. The discovery of the dipteran folliculostatins, which do not show any resemblance to inhibins of vertebrates, may significantly contribute to a better understanding of the hormonal control of growth in insects and perhaps, in other animals as well. None of the 3 folliculostatins is blocked at its N- or C-terminus. This, in combination with the pleiotropy of their effects and the narrow species specificity make such peptides prime candidates for, testing their potential in insect pest control by means of molecular biological methods.
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  • 9
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    Invertebrate neuroscience 1 (1995), S. 199-206 
    ISSN: 1439-1104
    Keywords: phospholipase C ; inositol phosphate ; invertebrate vision ; olfaction ; growth ; differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: abstract Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PLC) is a family of enzymes that occupy a pivotal role in one of the largest classes of cellular signaling pathways known. Mammalian PLC enzymes have been divided into four major classes and a variety of subclasses based on their structural characteristics and immunological differences. There have been five invertebrate PLC-encoding genes cloned thus far and these fall within three of the four major classes used in categorizing mammalian PLC. Four of these invertebrate genes have been cloned fromDrosophila melanogaster and one is fromArtemia, a brine shrimp. Structural characteristics of the invertebrate enzymes include the presence of highly conserved Box X and Box Y domains found in major types of mammalian PLC as well as novel features. Two of the invertebrate PLC genes encode multiple splice-variant subtypes which is a newly emerging level of diversity observed in mammalian enzymes. Studies of the invertebrate PLCs have contributed to the identification of the physiological functions of individual isozymes. These identified roles include cellular processes such as phototransduction, olfaction, cell growth and differentiation.
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  • 10
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1996), S. 364-369 
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: biornass ; growth ; phosphate uptake ; Pseudomans fluorescens ; Escherichia coli ; Acinetobacter radioresistens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The ability ofPseudomonas fluorescens, Escherichia coli andAcinetobacter radioresistenns to remove phosphate during growth was related to the initial biomass as well as to growth stages and bacterial species. Phosphate was removed by these bacteria under favourable conditions as well as under unfavourable conditions of growth. Experiments showed a relationship between a high initial cell density and phosphate uptake. More phosphate was released than removed when low initial cell densities (102–105 cells ml−1) were used. At a high initial biomass concentration (108 cells ml−1), phosphate was removed during the lag phase and during logarthmic growth byP. fluorescens. Escherichia coli. at high initial biomass concentrations (107 cells ml−1), accumulated most of the phosphate during the first hour of the lag phase and/or during logarithmic growth and in some cases removed a small quantily of phosphate during the stationary growth phase.Acinetobacter radioresistens, at high initial cell densities (106, 107 cells ml−1) removed most of phosphate during the first hour of the lag phase and some phosphate during the stationary growth phase.Pseudomonas fluorescens removed phosphate more thanA. radioresistens andE. coli with specific average ranges from 3.00–28.50 mg L−1 compared to average ranges of 4.92–17.14 mg L−1 forA. radioresistens and to average ranges of 0.50–8.50 mg L−1 forE. coli.
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  • 11
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    Journal of productivity analysis 8 (1997), S. 293-310 
    ISSN: 1573-0441
    Keywords: growth ; USagriculture ; externalities ; spill-overs ; public R and D
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Growth in U.S. agriculture is linked to the non-farm economy through domestic terms of trade and factor market adjustments. With almost stable input growth, the relatively large contributions from growth in Total Factor Productivity (TFP) are passed on to intermediate and final consumers in the form of declining real prices for primary farm products. The resulting net growth in the real value of farm output (GDP) is relatively low (0.25% per annum). The decomposition of TFP suggests that public agricultural stock of knowledge and infrastructure are “robustly” associated with TFP growth, while spill-overs from private agricultural and economy wide research and development (R and D) are positive but, relatively small.
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  • 12
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    GeoJournal 49 (1999), S. 279-288 
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: globalisation ; growth ; information technology ; infrastructure ; knowledge ; modernisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract This study examines the modernising role played by infrastructure and the transition of emphasis from physical infrastructure to knowledge-based infostructure as a source of economic growth in Singapore, noting the factors behind the change in strategy. Occupying a strategic sea route location and serving a resource-rich hinterland, Singapore inherited from the old British empire a well-established infrastructure when it achieved self-government in 1959. Since 1965, Singapore's development has been led by a pro-business developmentalist government, and strongly linked to technological advances in the West on which it also relies heavily for its exports and multinational corporation investments. From the 1980s, the government has launched a series of pro-IT plans to prepare the city-state's transition to an `intelligent island', and a regional hub for high-technology, and international financial transactions, a full-swing state-initiated strategy to leap from a semi-peripheral economy to be part of the developed core, and enhance its status to that of a world city. Despite barriers, some positive results have been observed. In terms of IT's spatial effect, it is largely overshadowed by the predeterministic long-term plans of the state's powerful planning authority.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1572-977X
    Keywords: Avicennia alba ; growth ; internodal sequences ; mangrove age determination ; Rhizophora apiculata ; Sonneratia caseolaris ; Thailand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The occurrence of periodic changes in the length of the internodes of the seedlings of SE Asian mangrove species (Rhizophora apiculata, Avicennia alba, and Sonneratia caseolaris) growing in the Pak Phanang estuary (Nakhon Si Thammarat, SE Thailand) was confirmed. The annual nature of these periodic changes was verified through comparisons with the observed average number of internodes produced by plants tagged for one year. The cycles in the sequence of internodal length of the seedlings had an average (± SE) period of 16.0 ± 0.78 internodes for Avicennia alba, 25.0 ± 1.2 internodes for Sonneratia caseolaris, and 8.29 ± 0.40 internodes for Rhizophora apiculata. These values are remarkably close to, and not significantly different (t‐test, P 〉 0.05) from the average (± SE) annual number of internodes of 17.6 ± 0.8 for Avicennia alba, 28.8 ± 2.1 for Sonneratia caseolaris, and 8.03 ± 0.36 for Rhizophora apiculata produced in a year by tagged plants. In addition, the average (± SE) growth of the tagged plants was 0.39 ± 0.018 cm day-1 for Avicennia alba, 0.24 ± 0.015 cm day-1 for Sonneratia caseolaris, and 0.091 ± 0.0036 cm day-1 for Rhizophora apiculata. These estimates were very close to those (0.45 ± 0.06 cm day-1 for Avicennia alba, 0.32 ± 0.01 cm day-1 for Sonneratia caseolaris, and 0.13 ± 0.005 cm day-1 for Rhizophora apiculata) derived as the product of the mean number of internodes produced per day, calculated from the inferred number of internodes produced per year, and the mean length of the internodes of the plants. These findings indicate that the use of regular, annual changes in the length of the internodes of mangrove seedlings can be used reliably to determine their age and to estimate their growth rate.
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  • 14
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    Journal of superconductivity 11 (1998), S. 135-138 
    ISSN: 1572-9605
    Keywords: Superconductor ; thallium ; Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O ; film ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We discuss two methods tor the ex-situ furnace growth of pure TIBaCaCuO superconducting thin films on LaAlO3(100) substrates. The traditional approach of “crucible processing” is used to grow high-quality films of several of the TIBaCaCuO phases. “Two-zone processing” promises greater thermodynamic control, yet film properties from optimized films are not as good as those grown from crucibles. The transport kinetics of Tl-oxide vapor from a source to the film surface appears to be a dominant factor. The best results are from single-phase Tl-1212 and Tl-2212 thin films. Tc's are high and sharp, Jc's 〉 1 × 107 A/cm2 at 5 K, and surface morphologies are relatively smooth.
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  • 15
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    Journal of statistical physics 87 (1997), S. 607-611 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Scaling ; percolation ; growth ; intermittency ; moments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Havlin-Bunde multifractal hypothesis for the probability density of a random walker is used to obtain the scaling law of thepth-order correlation function of the concentration (for percolation) and of the height (for growing surfaces) differences:c p (r)=〈|Θ(x+r)−Θ(x)| p 〉∼r ς p in intermittent media. It is shown that near the transition to homogeneity σ p =A p In(p/p o)(whereA andp 0 are some constants). Good agreement with recent experiments and computer simulations of different authors is established.
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  • 16
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    International journal of thermophysics 17 (1996), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: amorphous silica ; carbon dioxide ; clathrates ; growth ; hydrates ; hypothesis ; natural gas ; nucleation ; ocean ; sodium dodecyl sulfate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract There is substantial evidence that the oceans of the world will pose the most important challenges in the area of hydrate formation. This work indicates three areas of concern for hydrate formation in the ocean: (1) deposits of natural gas in ocean hydrates, which will serve as an energy resource and environmental concern in the next tnillenium, (2) a recent proposal for the ocean storage of carbon dioxide in the form of hydrates, and (3) the prevention of hydrate formation in ocean pipelines. To address such applications, fundamental knowledge on the site of hydrate formation was determined. Results are presented for quiescent, high-pressure experiments done in a sapphire tube to determine the site of hydrate formation in deionized water and in mixtures with amorphous silica and sodium dodecyl sulfate. Visual (microscope aided) results are presented for formation with a typical gas mixture and with carbon dioxide.
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  • 17
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    Mycopathologia 133 (1996), S. 95-103 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: phytopathogenic fungi ; growth ; polyamines ; polyamine biosynthesis inhibitors ; difluoromethylornithine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Polyamine (PA) biosynthesis inhibitors, difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), difluoromethylarginine (DFMA), methylglyoxal bis-(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG) and bis-(cyclohexylammonium) sulphate (BCHA) have been tested for their effects on colony diameters at different intervals after inoculation of four plant pathogenic fungi (Helminthosporium oryzae, Curvularia lunata, Pythium aphanidermatum and Colletotrichum capsici). All these inhibitors, except DFMA had strongly retarded the growth of four fungi in a dose- and species-dependent fashion, and H. oryzae and C. lunata were found to be most sensitive to the effects of PA inhibitors. P. aphanidermatum and C. capsici were relatively insensitive and required rather high concentrations of inhibitors to get greater inhibition of mycelial growth, except DFMA which had stimulatory effect on the growth of these two fungi. However DFMA had greatly suppressed the growth of H. oryzae and C. lunata. The effect was generally more pronounced with MGBG than with DFMO and BCHA, and 1 mM Put completely prevented the inhibitory effects of 1 and 5 mM DFMO. Analysis of free and conjugated PAs in two sensitive fungi (H. oryzae and C. lunata) revealed that Put was present in highest concentrations followed by Spd and Spm and their levels were greatly reduced by DFMO application, and such inhibitions were totally reversed by exogenously supplied Put; in fact, PA titers were considerably increased by 1 mM Put alone and in combination with 1 mM DFMO. These results suggest that PA inhibitors, particularly DFMO and MGBG may be useful as target-specific fungicides in plants.
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  • 18
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    Mycopathologia 133 (1996), S. 139-142 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Cryptococcus neoformans ; growth ; medium ; physiology ; thiamine ; vitamins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The use of a simple synthetic medium is essential for study on the growth and physiology ofCryptococcus neoformans. In the present study, a minimal synthetic liquid medium (MSM) was tested for the growth of 23C. neoformans strains. This medium contained a low concentration of glucose, ammonium sulphate and inorganic salts with a pH value of 4.5, but no amino acids or vitamins. The strains were starved for 4 days to eliminate nutrients which might have been carried over from their pre-culture medium. Then, they were inoculated in the MSM at an initial OD of 0.020 at 550 nm and incubated at 37 °C for 20 days. Cell growth was generally monitored daily by measuring the absorbance at 550 nm. The medium supported the growth of the strains tested and gave an average final OD of 0.500. The results obtained indicate thatC. neoformans may be autotrophic with respect to vitamins and in particular to thiamine. The MSM medium is easy to prepare and store. It is highly reproducible and useful for studies on the growth and physiology ofC. neoformans.
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  • 19
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    Colloid & polymer science 274 (1996), S. 209-217 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Crystallization ; nucleation ; growth ; non-isothermal crystallization ; thermal nucleation ; athermal nucleation ; transient effects ; relaxation times
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A new model of crystallization kinetics in variable external conditions has been developed. The model concerns situations when temperature, pressure, stress, change in time. Compared to earlier models, the present treatment includes transient and athermal effects, proportional to the rate of change of the external conditions. The model can be used for simulation of crystallization in industrial processes (injection molding, fiber spinning, film blowing). The present paper offers general theoretical fundamentals of the model. Applications concerning more specific cases will be published separately.
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  • 20
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    Colloid & polymer science 274 (1996), S. 197-208 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Shear-induced crystallization ; nucleation ; growth ; overall kinetics ; polymer ; polypropylene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The crystallization kinetics of polypropylene was observed during shear and after shear experiments under isothermal condition. The crystallizations were performed in a plate-plate and a fiber pull-out device. The nucleation density, the crystalline growth and the overall kinetics were measured and compared with data obtained in a similar way but during static experiments. The morphologies are spherulitic and formed from nuclei which seem to be randomly distributed. α-phase spherulites are always observed but with a nucleation density and a growth rate which depend on shearrate. The nucleation density is strongly enhanced by shear and acts as the main factor on the overall kinetics. The overall kinetics can be analyzed with a two-step Avrami model, where an Avrami exponentn 1 with a very high value is always observed first after shear and a more usual parametern 2 for the subsequent crystallization period. This high value ofn 1 seems to be related to the strong enhancement of nucleation density. The growth rate increases with the shear-rate, but the basic growth mechanisms do not seem to be modified. For crystallizations after shear the growth rate decreases with a long-time delay after shear but not down to the static value. The effect is characteristic of a partial relaxation of chain orientation after shear but with a very unusual time constant.
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  • 21
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    Empirical economics 24 (1999), S. 23-44 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Key words: Cointegration ; convergence ; growth ; Kalman filter ; JEL classifications: C22 ; O47 ; O57
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Kalman filter convergence tests are applied to annual GDPs per head to 16 industrialised countries from 1890 to 1989. Results favour convergence towards the US with a structural break following the Second World War. Estimates suggest that steady-states were higher after the war and that speeds of convergence are different across countries. The Kalman filter method dismissed the no convergence hypothesis more often than its ADF counterpart. This could explain the apparent contradiction in earlier empirical work on similar data sets (cross-section methods tended to favour convergence while time series methods were unable to dismiss the no convergence hypothesis.)
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Body composition ; fat ; growth ; somatotropin ; pig ; Körperzusammensetzung ; Fett ; Wachstum ; Somatotropin -Schwein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An 78 männlichen Kastraten und weiblichen Schweinen der Kreuzung Pietrain x (Deutsches Edelschwein x Deutsche Landrasse) wurden Untersuchungen zum Einfluß einer porcinen Somatotropin (pST)-Behandlung während des Wachstums auf die chemische Körperzusammensetzung der Tiere, das Adipozyten-Wachstum und das Fettsäure-Profil des Rückenspecks untersucht. Die intramuskulären Injektionen (1 oder 3 mg pST) wurden täglich ab durchschnittlich 65 kg Lebendgewicht bis zum Schlachten verabreicht. Nach der pST-Behandlung wurden bei den Kastraten in allen untersuchten Merkmalen signifikante Unterschiede festgestellt, während sich bei den weiblichen Tieren nur leichte Reaktionen zeigten. Das pST verursachte eine Zunahme des Wasserund Proteingehaltes bei gleichzeitiger Reduzierung des Lipidgehaltes besonders in den fettreichen Körperteilen der Tiere. Im Rückenspeck war der Gehalt an ungesättigten Fettsäuren erhöht und der Fettzelldurchmesser erniedrigt.
    Notes: Summary Seventy eight growing-finishing pigs (male castrates and females) of the cross-breed Pietrain x (Large White x German Landrace) were used to investigate the effects of pST treatment on the chemical composition of the body, the growth of adipocytes, and the fatty acid profile of the backfat. Intramuscular injections (1 or 3 mg pST) were administered daily from an average weight of 65 kg up to slaughter. After pST treatment significant changes in all studied characteristics were observed in barrows, whereas the females exhibited very small responses. The pST caused an increase of water and protein contents and a simultaneous decrease of lipid content especially in body parts rich in fat. Furthermore, the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids increased and the fat cell diameter decreased in the backfat.
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 332-335 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Nutrient intake ; protein metabolism ; protein synthesis ; growth ; energy expenditures ; Nährstoffaufnahme ; Proteinstoffwechsel ; Proteinsynthese ; Wachstum ; Energieaufwand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Zunahme von fettfreiem Gewebe tritt auf, wenn die Proteinsynthese größer ist als der Proteinabbau. Obwohl während des Wachstums von der Geburt bis zur Reife die absoluten Proteinsynthese- und -abbauraten ansteigen, nehmen dagegen die fraktionellen Raten ab. Bcide Prozesse reagieren auf die Nährstoffaufnahme. Es gibt aber deutliche Unterschiede zwischen den verschiedenen Geweben. Protein, Kohlenhydrate und Fett können den Proteinansatz bei unreifen Tieren und Kindern stimulieren. Die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen und die Energieaufwendungen scheinen jedoch unterschiedlich zu sein.
    Notes: Summary Lean tissue growth occurs when the rate of protein synthesis exceeds the rate of protein breakdown. Althoughabsolute rates of protein synthesis and breakdown rise during growth from birth to maturityfractional rates fall. Both these processes are sensitive to nutrient intake but responses to feeding vary greatly amongst different tissues. Protein, carbohydrate and fat can all stimulate body protein accretion in immature animals and in children but the mechanisms by which they do so, and the energy expenditures involved, seem to be different.
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  • 24
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 205-213 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Frying ; growth ; liver lipids ; lipaemia ; olive oil ; pregnancy ; rat ; Fritierung ; Wachstum ; Leberfett ; Olivenöl ; Schwangerschaft ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um Informartionen über den Zusammenhang zwischen der Aufnahme von Fett, das zum Fritieren benutzt wurde, und dem Fetthaushalt während Perioden starken Körperaufbaus zu haben, wurde der Einfluß der Aufnahme von frischem Olivenöl (Gehalt polarer Verbindungen, 2 %; Ölsäure 78,9 mg/100 mg Öl, und Linolsäure 7 mg/100 mg Öl) und von Olivenöl, das 15 mal in Folge für das Fritieren von Kartoffeln benutzt worden war (Gehalt polarer Verbindungen 9 %; Ölsäure 75,8 mg/100mg Öl und Linolsäure 6,2 mg/100mg Öl) während der Gravidität, untersucht. Dazu wurden trächtige Wistar Ratten in zwei Gruppen geteilt, die beide eine isokalorische Diät bekamen, deren Fettanteil 15 % von frischem (unbenutztem) (P1) bzw. fritiertem (benutztem) (P2) Olivenöl stammte mit nicht trächtigen Ratten verglichen. Die Gravidität erhöhte (p〈0,01) die Futteraufnahme, das Körpergewicht, die Gewichtszunahmen und die Futterverwertung. Die Ölqualität beeinflußte dagegen diese Parameter nicht. Während der Gravidität stiegen die Serumwerte der Triglyceride (TG) (p〈0,01) und des Cholesterins (TC) (p〈0,05) an, während die der Phosphatide (PH) sanken (p〈0,01). Ein signifikanter Effekt der Ölqualität und eine Wechselwirkung zwischen Gravidität und Öl wurde für TG und PH festgestellt. Das Gewicht und der Fettgehalt der Leber der trächtigen Ratten stiegen signifikant an (p.〈0.05), Leber TC, TG und PH stiegen während der Gravidität (ungefähr um das 3-fache der Ausgangswerte), aber es traten keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen der Aufnahme von benutztem und nicht benutztem Öl (P2 vs P1) auf. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Aufnahme von leicht verdorbenem Olivenöl als alleinige Fettquelle der Nahrung keine besonderen Folgen für die Gravidität hat, was die Gewichtszunahme der Mütter und der Feten, die Lipämie und die Zusammensetzung des Leberfetts betrifft.
    Notes: Summary The effect of the consumption of unused olive oil (polar content, 2 %; oleic acid, 78.9 mg/100 mg oil, and linoleic acid 7 mg/100 mg oil) and olive oil used discontinuously for frying potatoes 15 times (polar content, 9 %; oleic acid, 75.8 mg/100 mg oil and linoleic acid 6.2 mg/100 mg oil) was studied in pregnant rats with the aim of better understanding the relationship between the consumption of fat used in frying and lipid metabolism during periods of intense anabolism. Trials were performed in pregnant Wistar rats, divided into 2 groups and fed isocaloric diets in which the fat content (15 % wt/wt) consisted of unused olive oil (P1) or oil previously used for frying (P2), and the results were compared with those of nonpregnant rats fed unused olive oil (NP1) and olive oil used for frying (NP2). Pregnancy increased (p〈0.01) food intake, body weight, weight gain, and food efficiency ratio (P2 vs NP2 and P1 vs NP1, respectively), but the treatment of oil included in the diets did not alter these parameters. Gestation significantly increased the serum triglyceride (TG) (p〈0.01) and total cholesterol (TC) (p〈0.05) concentrations and diminished that of phospholipids (PH) (p〈0.01). A significant effect of the type of oil consumed and a pregnancy x oil interaction on Tg and PH levels was observed. The weight of the liver and its fat content increased significantly (p〈0.05) as a result of pregnancy. Liver TC, TG, and PH increased (approximately 3 times the original values) during gestation, but no significant differences due to the intake of used or unused oil (P2 vs P1) were observed. The results indicate that the consumption of moderately altered olive oil, as the sole source of fat, does not alter the effect of pregnancy on the mothers' weight gain, lipaemia, and hepatic fat composition to any important degree.
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  • 25
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 299-302 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Energy retention ; protein retention ; fat retention ; growth ; body composition ; broilers ; Energieansatz ; Proteinansatz ; Fettansatz ; Wachstum ; Körperzusammensetzung ; Broiler
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit steigender Aufnahme erhöht sich der Körperfettgehalt und der Körperproteingehalt nimmt ab. Es wird oft angenommen, daß jede Zunahme im Ansatz mit mehr Fett und weniger Protein verbunden ist. Experimentelle Ergebnisse widerlegen jedoch diese Annahme. In zwei Experimenten mit männlichen Broilerhühnern wurden die Tiere auf einem Niveau von 60 % und 100 % der empfohlenen Energieaufnahme gefüttert. Die Körperzusammensetzung bei 1500 g zeigte, wie erwartet, daß sich bei steigenden Aufnahmen der Körperfettgchalt vergrößert und der Körperproteingehalt abnimmt. Fettund Proteinansatz waren linear mit der totalen Energieretention (ER) korreliert. Das bedeutet, daß jede Zunahme im Ansatz den gleichen Protein- und Fettgehalt besitzt. Wenn der Fettansatz gleich Null ist wird nur Protein, etwa 50 % des maximalen Ansatzes, retiniert. Wenn ER=O ist, wird Protein angesetzt und Fett mobilisiert. Energie-und N-Bilanzuntersuchungen bestätigen die konstante Zusammensetzung jeder Vergrößerung des Ansatzes. Die Ergebnisse beider Experimente zeigen, daß die ER aus zwei Komponenten besteht: einem basalen konstanten täglichen Proteinansatz und einer variablen zusätzlichen ER, die hauptsächlich aus Fett besteht. Der basale Proteinansatz beträgt etwa 50 % des maximalen Ansatzes. Mit steigenden Energieaufnahmen wird der basale Proteinansatz mit einer zusätzlichen Menge von Protein und Fett im konstanten Verhältnis ergänzt.
    Notes: Summary With increasing intakes the body fat content increases and that of protein decreases. It is most often assumed that this is brought about because each increment in retention contains more fat and less protein. Experimental results, however, showed that this explanation is not true. In two experiments male broiler chickens were fed at levels between 60 and 100 % of recommended energy intake. Body composition at 1500 g showed, as expected, that with increasing intakes body fat content increased and protein content decreased. Both fat and protein retention per day were linearly related to total energy retention (ER). This means that each increment in retention has the same protein and fat content. At zero fat retention only protein was retained, about 50 % of maximal retention. At zero ER protein was retained and fat mobilized. Energy and N balance experiments confirmed the constant composition of each increment in retention. The results of both experiments show that total ER consisted of two components: a basic constant daily protein retention and a variable additional ER, mainly consisting of fat. The basic protein retention is about half of maximal retention. With increasing energy intakes the basic protein retention is combined with an additional amount of protein and fat in a constant ratio.
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    Journal of population economics 9 (1996), S. 415-428 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: H42 ; J 13 ; O 11 ; Fertility ; growth ; public education and health
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper considers the implications of the financing of government services to children when fertility decisions are endogenously determined. In particular, it is shown that when the services are financed by taxation, the equilibrium outcome is biased away from the socially preferred result. The bias results in higher fertility rates and lower economic growth rates than the efficient social optimum. This arises because each household internalizes the benefits, but not the costs of the tax-financed services. We consider alternative methods of financing the public provision of services and find that a combination of taxation and vouchers can eliminate the bias in the equilibrium outcome.
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  • 27
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    Journal of population economics 11 (1998), S. 273-291 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: JEL classification: F22 ; O3 ; J61 ; Key words: Immigration ; assimilation ; growth ; diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper analyzes the welfare effects of immigration and its subsequent effect on ethnic diversity in a model featuring human capital spillovers which depend on the degree of ethnic heterogeneity, variation rates of time preference across individuals and endogenous levels of immigration and assimilation. In the model, an increase in ethnic diversity reduces the spillovers effect for the majority. Nonetheless, immigration can be welfare improving for the majority ethnic group even if it increases the degree of diversity as long as it raises the average human capital level and/or growth rate by increasing the proportion of people with low rates of time preference. However, if an economy is too homogenous, it will not be able to attract immigrants. Finally, if the level of immigration is not too high, then immigration also raises the net benefits to assimilation which leads to a more homogenous economy.
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  • 28
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    Journal of population economics 11 (1998), S. 517-534 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: Key words: Fertility ; mortality ; growth ; JEL classification: J13 ; O41
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. Economic and demographic outcomes are determined jointly in a choice-theoretic model of fertility, mortality and capital accumulation. There is an endogenous population of reproductive agents who belong to dynastic families of overlapping generations connected through altruism. In addition to choosing savings and births, parents may reduce (infant) deaths by incurring expenditures on health-care which is also provided by the government. A generalised production technology accounts for long-run endogenous growth with short-run transitional dynamics. The analysis yields testable time series and cross-section implications which accord with the empirical evidence on the relationship between demography and development.
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  • 29
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    Journal of population economics 9 (1996), S. 415-428 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: Key words: Fertility ; growth ; public education and health
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper considers the implications of the financing of government services to children when fertility decisions are endogenously determined. In particular, it is shown that when the services are financed by taxation, the equilibrium outcome is biased away from the socially preferred result. The bias results in higher fertility rates and lower economic growth rates than the efficient social optimum. This arises because each household internalizes the benefits, but not the costs of the tax-financed services. We consider alternative methods of financing the public provision of services and find that a combination of taxation and vouchers can eliminate the bias in the equilibrium outcome. JEL classification: H42, J13, O11
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Alsophila pometaria ; Geometridae ; Anisota senatoria ; Citheroniidae ; Quercus ; nutritional ecology ; herbivory ; nutritional indices ; consumption ; growth ; utilization efficiency ; nitrogen ; water ; tannins ; phenols ; gut pH ; digestive enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Alimentées sur feuillage jeune de chêne, les chenilles d'Alsophila pometaria avaient un taux relatif de croissance (RGR) et un taux relatif d'accumulation d'azote (RNAR) plus élevés que les chenilles d'Anisota senatoria alimentées sur feuillage mûr de chêne. Bien que le jeune feuillage soit plus efficacement digéré par A. pometaria (AD plus élevé), il n'est pas assimilé et utilisé pour la croissance avec de meilleurs rendements (les ECI ne sont pas différents). Ainsi le taux de croissance plus élevé d'A. pometaria est dû entièrement à un taux de consommation plus important (RCR et RNCR). Le feuillage jeune est significativement plus riche en azote et en eau que le feuillage mûr, mais les niveaux de phénol et de tanins sont les mêmes. A pometaria consomme les feuilles de différentes espèces de chênes au même taux, indépendamment de la teneur en azote, tandis que A. senatoria accroît sa consommation en réponse à une diminution de la teneur en azote. Il en résulte que le taux de croissance d'A. pometaria dépend directement de la teneur en azote des feuilles, tandis que celui d'A. senatoria en est indépendant. Les systèmes digestifs des deux insectes sont biochimiquement semblables et sont efficaces pour la digestion des protéines. Les tanins et les phénols n'influent pas sur les indices nutritionnels de ces deux espèces. Nous estimons que le principal intérêt de l'alimentation printanière est la disponibilité en feuillage succulent, riche en azote, et non l'absence de feuilles à haute teneur en tanin. L'alimentation printanière semble correspondre à une strategie alimentaire qui favorise la croissance aux dépens de l'efficacité tandis que l'alimentation en fin d'été est une stratégie qui favorise l'efficacité sur la rapidité.
    Notes: Abstract The larvae of Alsophila pometaria (Harr.), feeding on the young foliage of oak, has a higher relative growth rate (RGR) and relative nitrogen accumulation rate (RNAR) than the larvae of Anisota senatoria (J. E. Smith), feeding on the mature foliage of oak. Although the young oak foliage is more efficiently digested by A. pometaria (higher AD's), it is not more efficiently assimilated and used for growth (no difference in ECI's). Thus, the higher growth rate of A. pometaria is due entirely to a higher consumption rate (RCR and RNCR). Young foliage is significantly higher in nitrogen and water than mature foliage, but phenol and tannin levels are comparable in young and old foliage. A. pometaria consumes the foliage of different oak species at the same rate, independent of nitrogen content, while A. senatoria increases its consumption rate in response to decreased nitrogen levels. As a result, the growth rate of A. pometaria is directly related to leaf nitrogen content, while the growth rate of A. senatoria is independent of leaf nitrogen. The two species of insects have digestive systems that are very similar biochemically, and that are well-designed for effective protein digestion. Tannins and phenols do not influence the nutrional indices of either species. We suggest that the major benefit of spring feeding is the availability of succulent, high-nitrogen foliage, and not the avoidance of high-tannin foliage. The spring feeder appears to have a feeding strategy that favors rapid growth at the expense of efficiency, while the late summer feeder has a strategy that favors efficiency over rate.
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    Photosynthetica 34 (1997), S. 321-342 
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Keywords: genetic apparatus ; growth ; oxidative enzymes ; photosynthetic apparatus ; senescence ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Copper (Cu) is a heavy metal which in recent studies has been attributed an increasing role in metabolic processes of plant cells. It is an indispensable component of oxidative enzymes or of particular structural components of cells. At elevated concentrations, Cu can act strongly on chromatin, the photosynthetic apparatus, growth, and senescence processes. The mechanisms of the metal toxicity depending largely on the growth stage of treated plants are presented in this review.
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  • 32
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 31 (1981), S. 97-108 
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: children ; growth ; high protein rice ; nitrogen retention ; rice-based diet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of high protein milled rices (IR480-5-9 and IR2153-338-3, 10% protein) on the nitrogen retention and growth of preschool Indian children was assessed in two feeding trials in a residential home. The children were offered, ad libitum, a rice-based diet in four meals daily without vitamin and mineral supplement. The children in the experimental group were given the high protein rice; those in the control group were given a local rice (7% protein). The groups had similar percent apparent digestibility and retention of dietary nitrogen. Statistically significant differences in increase in height and weight between the two groups were not consistently observed at the end of 4.5 to 5 months or 1 year. Possible factors contributing to these results are discussed.
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 33 (1983), S. 279-285 
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: Ragi husk ; N-retention ; growth ; body composition ; feed efficiency ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of including ragi husk in the diet, at the 8 per cent level, on growth and body composition of pair-fed albino rats was studied. Even on equal food intake by both control as well as the experimental animals, the incorporation of ragi husk promoted better growth, nitrogen retention and protein efficiency ratio. Protein content of the carcass and liver of rats fed diets containing ragi husk was higher than the control group. The growth response of rats fed ragi husk appeared to increase with the content of nitrogen in the husk.
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  • 34
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    International journal of primatology 18 (1997), S. 683-701 
    ISSN: 1573-8604
    Keywords: capuchins ; chimpanzees ; growth ; reproduction ; weaning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We examined growth and development in capuchins and chimpanzees in relation to weaning, onset of reproduction, and reproductive life span. Striking differences are evident in neurobehavioral status at birth (more mature in capuchins), the relative duration of infancy (longer in chimpanzees), and the proportional weight of the infant at the time of weaning (greater in capuchins). Although capuchins and chimpanzees spend a similar proportion of life in a weaned but reproductively immature state, chimpanzees spend so much more of their lives as nursing infants that reproductive output per individual is much lower than in capuchins. Discussion centers around tolerated transfers of food (food-sharing) as a potential adaptation to limited foraging success by immature foragers. Perhaps food transfers from adult to infant, which is a more prominent feature of behavior in chimpanzees than in capuchins in natural environments, allow a very small weanling chimpanzee to survive.
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  • 35
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    Photosynthetica 34 (1997), S. 293-302 
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Keywords: amino acids ; 14C photoassimilation ; dark respiration rate ; growth ; Hordeum vulgare ; photoassimilates ; proteins ; transpiration rate ; water relations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Obzor) were grown as a water culture in a climatic room. One part of them was subjected to a long-term Cd2+ stress - 12 d with 5.4×10−5 M Cd. The Cd2+ stress inhibited formation of the photosynthetic apparatus and its capacity for 14C photoassimilation, decreased the content of soluble proteins, increased the dark respiration rate and the free amino acids content, disturbed plant water relations, as well as the distribution of 14C within primary photoproducts of the treated barley plants.
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  • 36
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    Photosynthetica 36 (1999), S. 597-599 
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Keywords: biomass ; chlorophyll ; detoxification ; growth ; Hill reaction activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In Abelmoschus esculentus L. uniconazole brought about a marked decrease in cadmium-induced loss of chlorophyll and Hill reaction activity, but it did not completely prevent cadmium toxicity.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Keywords: Glycine max ; growth ; leaf nitrogen content ; mesophyll conductance ; specific leaf area ; stomatal conductance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The diurnal variation of net photosynthetic (PN) and transpiration (E) rates in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Fukuyutaka] plants grown under 100, 50, or 25 % of full sun irradiance (I100, I50, I25 plants) were compared. In the morning, activities of the plants were measured at irradiances under which they grew. However, during the afternoon, all the plants were tested under full irradiance. The lower the growth irradiance, the lower PN, E, and mesophyll conductance values were found. Stomatal conductance was considerably lower in I25 plants only. Both the increase in specific leaf area (SLA) and the decrease in nitrogen content per leaf area unit contributed to the PN reduction of soybean plants grown under low irradiances. Though E of the plants grown under different irradiances differed less markedly than PN, the water use efficiency declined from I100 to I25.
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    Biologia plantarum 41 (1998), S. 133-137 
    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: amino acids ; Glycine max ; growth ; nucleic acids ; proline ; proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract NaCl stress decreased root growth, shoot length and dry matter production of Glycine max seedlings. It has also caused accumulation of proline and amino acids and decreased protein and nucleic acid contents of the seedlings. Addition of triadimefon to NaCl stressed seedlings partially restored the growth and increased the protein, amino acid, proline and nucleic acid contents of the seedlings. The root biomass production under combination of triadimefon and NaCl was even larger than control. Thus triadimefon can ameliorate the effect of NaCl stress in soybean.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: aminopeptidase ; carboxypeptidase ; growth ; ×Haynaldoticum sardoum ; proteinase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of 50 to 200 mM NaCl on two lines (CP with solid stem and CV with hollow stem) of ×Haynaldoticum sardoum was studied. NaCl significantly reduced root and shoot fresh and dry masses, root length and less markedly shoot length of CP and CV plants. The sodium accumulated in the leaves in relation to the concentration of NaCl and length of the treatment; CP leaves contained twice as much sodium as CV leaves. The leaf chlorophyll a/b ratio was not affected by NaCl. NaCl decreased the leaf water and osmotic potentials. The pressure potential increased due to the increased concentration of dissolved solutes in the leaf, particularly sodium. The proteinase and exopeptidase activities increased during NaCl treatment.
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    Biologia plantarum 41 (1998), S. 623-627 
    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: growth ; leaf area removal ; fruiting spur ; Pyrus communis ; ringing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of modifying local source-sink relations on fruit and leaf characteristics of young pear trees were evaluated during the 1997 - 1998 growing season. The following treatments were applied: early spur ringing (ESR) from 27 days after full bloom (DAFB), late spur ringing (LSR) from 97 DAFB, early 15 % spur leaf area removal (ELAR) and late 15 % spur leaf area removal (LLAR). ESR and LSR significantly inhibited fruit growth, suggesting that the fruiting spurs were not fully autonomous in their carbon economy. ELAR and LLAR had little effect on fruit size; sink strength was demonstrated here, since the presence of the fruit caused an efficient transfer of photoassimilates. ESR treatment decreased specific leaf mass (SLM) by 23.84 % when measured 94 DAFB. ELAR did not significantly influence SLM. Treatments had no marked influence on fruit quality.
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    Biologia plantarum 42 (1999), S. 631-636 
    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: allocation pattern ; 14C-sucrose ; Cecropia pachystachya ; growth ; Hymenaea courbaril ; Myroxylon peruiferum ; Schizolobium parahyba ; tropical tree species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Carbon translocation was affected by shade in different tropical tree species differing in successional status and degree of shade tolerance. Plants of the early-successional shade-intolerant species Cecropia pachystachya and Schizolobium parahyba and of the late-successional shade-tolerant species Myroxylon peruiferum and Hymenaea courbaril were grown under full sun (FS) and natural shade treatments (NS) and assessed for [14C]-sucrose translocation. Most of the 14C was retained in the fed leaf after a 24 h translocation period. Under FS, the growing apical part of the plant was the most intense sink for most species. Shade affected growth and sink intensity differently in early and late successional species. Growth was more markedly affected in the early species. Whereas these continued to invest carbon into the growing apical part of the plant under shade conditions, the late successional species invested relatively more into other sinks.
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  • 42
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 90 (1980), S. 1591-1593 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: electromagnetic field ; fluctuation ; growth ; carcinogenesis
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 43
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 98 (1984), S. 1159-1161 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: motor response ; growth ; catecholamines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 44
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    Fish physiology and biochemistry 19 (1998), S. 163-169 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: Salmo salar ; protein-coding loci ; heterozygosity ; growth ; sexual maturation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The development of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr was monitored during the first year in a fresh-water hatchery environment to test whether multilocus heterozygosity (computed for six allozyme loci: s AAT-4*, IDDH-1*, IDDH-2*, IDPH-3*, s MDH-3,4* andm MEP-2*) is associated with growth (body mass, fork length) and maturity status (mature male parr). The length frequency distribution of population was unimodal in September, but was clearly bimodal by December. UMG fish tended to be more heterozygous and had higher growth rates than LMG fish. The heterozygosity of UMG fish and mature male parr (MMP) did not differ significantly but MMP showed lower growth rates than UMG. There were positive correlations between the number of heterozygotic loci and the fork length, weight or growth rates of individuals.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: rainbow trout ; Oncorhynchus mykiss ; growth ; protein synthesis ; protein degradation ; RNA ; temperature ; pH ; ammonia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Appetite, growth, and protein turnover (synthesis, growth and degradation) of liver and gills were measured in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed to satiation, and exposed for 90 days to elevated winter temperatures (+2 °C above ambient) and either low pH (5.2) in softwater or 70 μM total ammonia (TAmm) in hardwater. All fish increased in weight during the experiments, but those exposed to +2°C grew significantly more than those at ambient temperature due to a stimulation of appetite. During the relatively constant temperature of the first 75 days, +2 °C caused a significant increase in the rates of protein synthesis and degradation in the liver of hardwater-acclimated fish, as a result of an increase in RNA translational efficiency (KRNA). The elevated temperature also induced an increase in gill protein synthesis in softwater-acclimated fish but in this case the underlying mechanism was an increase in Cs, the capacity for protein synthesis (RNA:protein) rather than in KRNA. The addition of 70 μM TAmm had no effect on protein turnover in either liver or gills of hardwater-acclimated fish. Low pH inhibited protein growth in the liver of softwater-acclimated fish at day 90 under both temperature regimes. This inhibition was effected via a decrease in protein synthesis at control temperature but via an increase in protein degradation when the fish were exposed to both low pH and +2 °C. From these results we conclude that a simulated global warming scenario has potentially beneficial rather than detrimental effects on protein turnover and growth of freshwater fish during winter.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: Atlantic salmon ; trypsin isozymes ; isozyme expression ; rearing temperatures ; feed conversion efficiency ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hatching and start-feeding temperatures affected the expression of different trypsin isozymes in the pyloric caeca of Atlantic salmon. Hatching temperature of 10 °C induced the expression of the common isozyme TRP-2*100, and of 6 °C induced the variant TRP-2*92 (p$〈$0.01). In contrast, start-feeding temperature of 12 °C significantly (p$〈$0.0001) influenced the expression of the variant TRP-2*92, compared to 6 °C. The frequencies between different trypsin isozyme patterns were not changed at later stages under varied rearing temperatures. The frequency distribution between Atlantic salmon without and with trypsin variants was about 0.4:0.6. The trypsin isozyme TRP-2*92 was the major variant in Norwegian salmon, while the trypsin variant TRP-1*91 was dominant in Scottish salmon, at frequencies of 0.47 and 0.42, respectively. The presence of both the common and either variant trypsin isozymes were important for feed utilization and growth at varying rearing temperatures. Trypsin isozymes are functionally sensitive to different temperatures. The expression of the common trypsin isozyme TRP-2*100 is important when the water temperature is $〉$ 8 °C, while it is important for the expression of the variant TRP-2*92 when the water temperature is $\leq$ 8 °C, especially below 6 °C. The variant TRP-1*91 was observed to perform effectively at a wider temperature range than the variant TRP-2*92, but not at temperature $\leq$ 6 °C. Genetic variation in trypsin isozyme pattern is a primary factor affecting food conversion efficiency and growth under different rearing temperatures.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: growth ; mass spectrometry ; 15N-phenylalanine ; protein synthesis ; stable isotope technology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In vivo rates of protein synthesis in fish have predominantly been measured using a single flooding dose injection of a solution containing 3H-Phenylalanine as a tracer. However, use of a radiolabelled tracer restricts the application of this technique to controlled laboratory conditions. In this study, the flooding dose technique was used to successfully measure in vivo rates of protein synthesis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolts utilising a stable isotope labelled amino acid, L-[15N]-Phenylalanine, as an alternative tracer. Methodologies are presented allowing the 15N enrichment in the free amino acid pool and in body protein to be measured using mass spectrometry. In this study, the fractional rates of protein consumption (kr), synthesis (ks) and growth (kg) of Atlantic salmon smolts (37 ± 1.4 g) were measured as 4.7, 3.3 and 1.6% day−1 respectively. Protein synthesis retention efficiency (kgks) and protein growth efficiency (kgkr)were calculated as 48.5 and 34.0% respectively. The ks, kgks and kgkr values obtained in this study were found to be within the range of values available in the literature for juvenile salmonid fish of a comparable size. The use of L-[15N]-Phenylalanine provides an alternative tracer to radiolabelled amino acids for measuring in vivo rates of protein synthesis in fish using the flooding dose' technique and also allows studies of fish protein metabolism to be carried out in environmentally sensitive (field and laboratory) conditions where the use of radiolabels is prohibited.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: Atlantic salmon ; growth ; individual feed consumption rate ; plasma insulin ; protein synthesis capacity ; trypsin isozymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Growth was found to be associated with the changes of trypsin activity in the pyloric caecal tissues and the level of plasma insulin in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). A decrease in trypsin activity accompanied by an increase in plasma insulin was detected one month before an enhanced growth was observed. There were significant relationships between weight specific consumption rate, plasma insulin levels and fish growth. The correlation of weight specific consumption rate was higher with growth rate (R2=0.7, p〈0.0001) than with plasma insulin concentration (R2=0.4, p〈0.0001). When the comparison was made between Atlantic salmon carrying and lacking the trypsin variant TRP-2*92, the fish with the variant had lower maintenance ration (p〈0.05), higher capacity for protein synthesis in the white muscle (p〈0.02), and a greater ability to utilize the feed at a restricted ration than the fish without the variant. In Atlantic salmon lacking the variant, both plasma insulin concentrations and growth rates were significantly lower (p〈0.05) in the fish fed 0.5% bw day−1 than those fed 1% bw day−1. Whilst the growth rates of TRP-2*92 salmon fed the different rations became similar one month after similar levels of plasma insulin were observed between them. The TRP-2*92 salmon may be defined as a high protein growth efficiency fish with low protein turnover rate. Genetic variation in trypsin isozyme pattern affects feed utilization, plasma insulin levels and growth in Atlantic salmon.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: turbot ; growth ; γ-linolenic acid ; eicosapentaenoic acid ; liver pathology ; lipids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A marine fish oil, Marinol K (MO) and borage oil (BO) were used to formulate diets relatively rich in eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA; 20:5(n-3)] and γ-linolenic acid [GLA; 18:3(n-6)], respectively. The diets were fed to duplicate groups of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) of initial weight 1.4 g for a period of 12 weeks. No differences were observed in final weights either between duplicate tanks or between dietary treatments. Mortalities in the MO-fed group were significantly greater than in the BO-fed group. In the MO-fed group, 7 out of 12 fish sampled for histological analysis showed a pronounced liver histopathology whereas only 1 of 12 fish sampled in the BO-fed group showed slight pathology. EPA levels were increased 2.2-fold and its elongation product, 22:5(n-3), was increased 1.8-fold while arachidonic acid [AA; 20:4(n-6)] was decreased by 30% in MO-fed fish compared to the initial carcass composition. GLA was increased 53-fold and its elongation product dihomo-γ-linolenic acid [DHGLA; 20:3(n-6)] was increased 16-fold while AA was reduced by 90% in BO-fed fish compared to the initial carcass composition. The amount of triacylglycerol in liver of BO-fed fish was significantly greater than levels in MO-fed fish. The fatty acid compositions of individual phospholipids from liver showed marked differences between dietary treatments. Fish fed MO had significantly higher levels of the (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), 20:5(n-3), 22:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3), and also significantly more 20:4(n-6) compared to BO-fed fish which had significantly higher 18:2(n-6), 18:3(n-6), 20:2(n-6) and 20:3(n-6). The composition of liver phosphatidylinositol was particularly unusual in BO-fed fish having DHGLA as the major C20 PUFA which was 2.2-fold greater than AA and 3.9-fold greater than EPA. This study demonstrates that the carcass composition of turbot can be altered, by means of dietary lipids, to contain increased levels of EPA and DHGLA which would be of potential benefit in human as well as in fish nutrition. However, caution should be exercised when using very highly unsaturated oils relatively rich in EPA which may generate histopathological lesions in the fish.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: salmon ; trout ; growth ; growth hormone ; muscle ; protein synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports on the effect of administration of mammalian growth hormone (GH) on muscle protein synthesis as measured in white muscle using the phenylalanine flooding technique. The effect of exogenous GH was compared with that of insulin and prolactin, and with endogenous GH. The rate of protein synthesis in white muscle of rainbow trout 6 h after the injection of bovine GH or bovine insulin was twice (2.6 and 2.9% d−1) that of the control saline-injected fish (1.2% d−1). A metabolic effect of GH, as observed with insulin, is suspected. The rates of change in body weight and body length and the fractional rate of protein synthesis in muscle of rainbow trout were enhanced by mammalian GH administration. The effect of GH on muscle RNA/protein ratios was not significant. An opposite effect of antibodies against salmon GH (Lebailet al. 1989) on growth rate and muscle protein synthesis rate was found in rainbow trout. It is suggested that the effects of exogenous and endogenous GH on capacity and efficiency of muscle protein synthesis were similar. The long-term effects of mammalian GH on presmolt Atlantic salmon was also tested. The same trends were found with ovine prolactin supplementation in Atlantic salmon but not as high as those observed with ovine GH.
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  • 51
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    Fish physiology and biochemistry 15 (1996), S. 453-458 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: cortisol ; development ; growth ; tilapia ; larva and free-swimming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Treatment of one-day-old yolksac larvae of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), by immersion in cortisol solution for two weeks, significantly enhanced growth. The standard length, tail length, head width and wet weight showed dose-dependent increases at concentrations of cortisol (hydrocortisone) from 0.05 ppm to 0.5 ppm, with no further increase at 1.0 ppm. However, cortisol at 5.0 ppm retarded the growth of the larvae without causing any morphological abnormality. Yolk absorption and the onset of free-swimming activity in the larvae were also accelerated by cortisol treatment.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: Atlantic salmon ; canola oil ; growth ; lipid composition ; thyroidal status
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of various dietary blends of menhaden oil (MO) with canola oil (CO) on the growth performance, whole body proximate composition, flesh quality (muscle proximate and lipid composition) and thyroidal status of immature Atlantic salmon in sea water were studied. Atlantic salmon (initial weight, 145.2–181.3 g), held on a natural photoperiod and in 1100 L fibreglass tanks that were supplied with running, aerated (D.O., 9–10.5 p.p.m.), ambient temperature (8–10.5 °C) sea water (salinity, 28–30‰), were fed twice daily to satiation one of four isonitrogenous (∼36% digestible protein) and isoenergetic (∼18.8 MJ of digestible energy kg-1) extruded high-energy diets for 112 days. All diets contained omega –3 (n-3) fatty acids in excess of requirements and differed only with respect to the source of the supplemental lipid which was either, 25% MO; 20.75% MO and 4.25% CO; 16.5% MO and 8.5% CO; or 12.25% MO and 12.75% CO. Thus, CO comprised, respectively, 0, 15.5, 31.2, or 47.0% of the total dietary lipid content (∼28% on an air-dry basis). Dissimilar percentages of saturated fatty acids in the dietary lipids were not found to be consistently related to the apparent gross energy digestibility coefficients of the diets. Atlantic salmon growth, dry feed intake, feed and protein utilization, percent survival, thyroidal status, and whole body and muscle proximate compositions were generally not influenced by the different sources of supplemental lipid. Therefore, our results suggest that canola oil may comprise as much as 47% of the lipid in high-energy grower diets for Atlantic salmon without compromising performance. The muscle lipid compositions generally mirrored those of the dietary lipids which, in turn, were influenced strongly by the concentrations and compositions of the CO and MO in the diet. Hence, as the dietary CO level was increased there were attendant increases in percentages of oleic acid (18:1(n-9)), linoleic acid (18:2(n-6)), total omega-6 (n-6) fatty acid content, and ratios of (n-6) to (n-3) and decreases of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5(n-3)), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6(n-3)) and n-3 HUFAs (EPA & DHA) in the flesh lipids. The ranges for percentages of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in the flesh lipids were, however, much less than those noted respectively in the dietary lipids probably because of selective metabolism of many of the former acids and some of the 18 carbon unsaturates for energy purposes.
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  • 53
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    Fish physiology and biochemistry 15 (1996), S. 57-64 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: striped bass ; Morone saxatilis ; triiodothyronine ; growth ; survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study was carried out to test the effect of triiodothyronine (T3) on the growth and survival of larval striped bass (Morone saxatilis). Growth and survival of striped bass held in 5 ppt seawater and treated with various doses of T3 were measured beginning at 5 and 16 days after hatching. Body content of T3 was measured by radioimmunoassay. T3 dissolved in the 5 ppt seawater was taken up by larval striped bass in a dose-dependent manner, and affected the growth and survival of the fish. At 5 days after hatching, T3 at 100 ng ml−1 and 50 ng ml−1 retarded the growth of larval striped bass and caused a lower survival rate than T3 at 25 ng ml−1 or the control treatment. At 16 days after hatching, T3 at 100 ng ml−1 retarded the growth of larval fish and caused a higher mortality. T3 at 10 ng ml−1 and 1 ng ml−1 did not show any effect on either survival or growth. Body content of T3 returns to control levels within days following end of treatment. The results indicate that exogenous T3 can be detrimental to the growth and survival of larval striped bass.
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  • 54
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    Fish physiology and biochemistry 17 (1997), S. 231-236 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: growth ; salmon ; smoltification ; insulin ; insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) ; growth hormone ; thyroxine ; photoperiod ; temperature ; nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 55
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 35 (1984), S. 75-81 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Nezara viridula ; insect dietetics ; growth ; fecundity ; flight capacity ; Heteroptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les effets du régime alimentaire pendant le 5ème stade sur les performances imaginales de N. viridula ont été déterminés en comparant la croissance, la fécondité, la durée du vol captif, et l'accumulation de corps gras chez des insectes élevés sur 4 régimes stérilisés. A partir de la formation des larves de 5ème stade, elles ont été alimentées sur haricots verts et arachides, ou transférées sur un régime formé exclusivement d'arachides, ou de haricots verts, ou de graines de soja ‘trempées’, cependant la durée du 5ème stade. Les insectes ont été transférés sur un régime de haricots verts et arachides à leur émergence. Les femelles élevées continuellement de haricots verts et arachides étaient plus lourdes (P〈0,01) à l'émergence (161,6 mg) que celles élevées sur haricots verts (146,3 mg) pendant le 5ème stade, et pondent plus d'oeufs (P〈0,08) pendant une durée de 34 jours (100,9 oeufs) que celles élevées sur arachides (54,7 oeufs). Plus de femelles élevées sur haricots verts et arachides (76,2%) pondent que celles élevées sur arachides (61,1%), soja ‘trempé’ (62,5%), ou haricots verts (60,9%). Les femelles élevées sur arachides volaient plus longtemps (P 〈 0,01) (42,9 mn) que celles élevées sur haricots verts (19,8 mn) pendant des vols captifs le 3ème jour après l'émergence. 78% de toutes les femelles élevées sur arachides volaient 〉-30 mn, contre 50% pour celles élevées sur haricots verts et arachides, ou soja ‘trempé’, et 35% pour celles élevées sur haricots verts. Seulement 7% des femelles élevées sur haricots verts volaient à la 60ème minute à la fin du test, contre 25% pour les femelles soja ‘trempé’, 33% pour les femelles haricots verts et arachides, et 47% pour celles élevées sur arachides. Les femelles ont été disséquées 34 jours après l'émergence pour déterminer l'importance du corps gras. Les indices de corps gras (Kiritani, 1963) montraient que les femelles élevées sur arachides (1,8) et graines de soja (1,7) ont apparemment un corps gras plus développé que celles élevées sur haricots verts et arachides (1,5), our haricots verts (1,2), pendant le 5ème stade. Ces résultats montrent que l'alimentation pendant le dernier stade larvaire de N. viridula affecte irréversiblement la croissance, la fécondité et l'aptitude au vol des femelles. En estimant que des résultats semblables auraient été obtenus avec des insectes élevés sur ces 4 aliments depuis l'éclosion, haricots verts et arachides constituent le meilleur aliment pour l'élevage de N. viridula. Ce régime fournit une graine mûre, vraisemblablement nécessaire pour l'accumulation d'un corps gras suffisant et une aptitude au vol migratoire, et une plante verte qui fournit les aliments apparement essentiels à l'ovogenèse.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of diet during the fifth stadium on performance of adult N. viridula were determined through comparing growth, fecundity, and duration of tethered flight of insects reared on four axenic diets: fresh green bean, raw-shelled peanut, a combination of the two and soaked soybean seed. Females reared on the combination diet were heavier than those reared on green beans and oviposited more than those reared on peanuts. Three-day-old adult females reared on peanuts flew longer than those reared on green beans. More females reared on diets containing mature seed showed a capacity for extended flight and had larger fat bodies at 34-days postemergence. Thus, inadequate diet during the fifth stadium irreversibly affected growth, development, reproduction and flight capacity.
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  • 56
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 29 (1981), S. 109-116 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Heteronychus arator ; Scarabaeidae ; larvae ; consumption ; utilization ; growth ; feeding ; roots ; Paspalum dilatatum ; Lolium perenne ; Trifolium repens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Futteraufnahme, die Futterverwertung und das Wachstum von Drittstadiumlarven von H. arator beim Fressen von Wurzeln von Paspalum dilatatum, Raygras (Lolium perenne) und Weissklee (Trifolium repens) wurden gravimetrisch gemessen. Der durchschnittliche Futterverzehrindex auf Gräsern war 0.65 mg/mg Larve/Woche verglichen mit 0.18 auf Weissklee. Die relative Wachstumsrate auf Paspalum und Raygras was 0.158 und 0.124 mg/mg Larve/Woche verglichen mit 0.043 auf Weissklee, was den geringen Verzehr an Weisskleewurzel widerspiegelt. Die Verwertung der gefressenen Wurzel war 22%, 18% und 24% für Paspalum, Ryagras und Weissklee. Das Fehlen gesicherter Unterschiede in der Futterverwertung der drei Pflanzenarten deutet darauf hin, dass die geringe Wachstumsrate auf Weissklee bloss durch geringe Futteraufnahme verursacht ist. Es wurde gezeigt, dass in Weisskleewurzel Frasinhibitoren für H. arator vorhanden sind. Die erhaltenen Schätzungen für Futteraufnahme durch Scarabaeiden sind die besten Daten für wurzelfressende Arten und liefern eine Basis, um den Einfluss der Weidepflanzen auf H. arator Populationen zu verstehen.
    Notes: Abstract The consumotion, utilization and growth of third-instar larvae of black beetle, Heteronychus arator (F.) feeding on roots of ryegrass (Lolium perenne), paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum) and white clover (Trifolium repens) were studied. Consumption was greater on the grasses than on white clover when assessed by gravimetric methods. Larvae had a higher growth rate on the grasses. Utilization of the roots of the three species was similar indicating that poor growth on white clover is the result of low consumption probably induced by the presence of feeding deterrents in the roots.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: NADH oxidase ; plasma membranes ; growth ; retinol ; retinoids ; HeLa cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Several retinoids, both natural and synthetic, were evaluated for their ability to modulate NADH oxidase activity of plasma membranes of cultured HeLa cells and the growth of HeLa cells in culture. Both NADH oxidase activity and the growth of cells were inhibited by the naturally-occurring retinoids all trans-retinoic acid (tretinoin) and retinol as well as by the synthetic retinoids, trans-acitretin, 13-cis-acitretin, etretinate and arotonoid ethylester (Ro 13-6298). For all retinoids tested, inhibition of NADH oxidase activity and inhibition of growth were correlated closely. With tretinoin, etretinate and arotonoid ethylester, NADH oxidase activity and cell growth were inhibited in parallel in proportion to the logarithm of retinoid concentration over the range of concentrations 10-8 to 10-5 M. Approximately 70% inhibition of both NADH oxidase activity and growth was reached at 10 µM. With retinol, trans-acitretin and 13-cis-acitretin, inhibition of NADH oxidase activity and growth also were correlated but maximum inhibition of both was about 40% at 10 µM. The possibility is suggested that inhibition of the plasma membrane NADH oxidase activity by retinoids may be related to their mechanism of inhibition of growth of HeLa cells in culture. (Mol Cell Biochem 166: 101-109, 1997)
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: annexin V ; cardiac myocyte ; growth ; hypertrophy ; heart
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Recently it was shown that annexin V is the most prominent member of the annexin family in the adult heart [1]. Amongst others, annexin V has been suggested to play a role in developmental processes. The aim of the present study was to explore whether in the heart annexin V content and localization change during maturational and hypertrophic growth, in order to obtain indications that annexin V is involved in cardiac growth processes. First, in the intact rat heart annexin V content and localization were studied during perinatal development. It was clearly demonstrated that annexin V content in total heart transiently increased in the first week after birth, from 0.79 ± 0.06 µg/mg protein at l day before birth to a peak value of 1.24 ± 0.08 µg/mg protein 6 days after birth, whereafter annexin V protein levels declined to a value of 0.70 ± 0.06 µg/mg protein at 84 days after birth (p 〈 0.05). Differences in annexin V content were also observed between myocytes isolated from neonatal and adult hearts [0.81 ± 0.09 and 0.17 ± 0.08 µg/mg protein, respectively (p 〈 0.05)]. Moreover, during cardiac maturational growth the subcellular localization of annexin V might change from a cytoplasmic to a more prominent sarcolemmal localization. Second, in vivo hypertrophy induced by aortic coarctation resulted in a marked degree of hypertrophy (22% increase in ventricular weight), but was not associated with a change in annexin V localization or content. The quantitative results obtained with intact hypertrophic rat hearts are supported by findings in neonatal ventricular myocytes, in which hypertrophy was induced by phenylephrine (10-5 M). In the latter model no changes in annexin V content could be observed either. In conclusion, the marked alterations in annexin V content during the maturational growth in the heart suggest a possible involvement of this protein in this process. In contrast, the absence of changes in annexin V content and localization in hypertrophied hearts compared to age matched control hearts suggests that annexin V does not play a crucial role in the maintenance of the hypertrophic phenotype of the cardiac muscle cell. This notion is supported by observations in phenylephrine-induced hypertrophied neonatal cardiomyocytes.
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  • 59
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    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 179-187 
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: feeding ; growth ; larvae ; micro-algae ; pearl oyster (Pinctada margaritifera L.) ; survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports on an experiment to determine growth and survival of blacklip pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera (L.), larvae fed a 1:1 mixture of Isochrysis aff. galbana clone T-ISO and Pavlova salina at six different densities (1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 30 × 103 cells ml-1. Larval growth and survival were assessed every four days over a 20–day period. Exponential and logistic regression models were fitted to the growth and survival responses, respectively. Overall growth of larvae fed ≥5 × 103 cells ml-1 was significantly greater (p 〉 0.01) than growth of larvae reared at other algal densities. The optimal food ration for maximum larval growth was 20 × 103 cells ml-1, which resulted in larvae with antero-posterior shell length of 230 μm after 20 days. These larvae were significantly larger (p 〉 0.05) than those in all other treatments at the end of the experiment. Survival of larvae fed 0, 1 and 2 × 103 cells ml-1 was significantly lower than that of larvae in all other treatments at the end of 15 days (p 〉 0.01). Maximal survival (8%) over the 20 day period was shown by larvae fed 10 × 103 cells ml-1, while lower survival was shown by larvae fed 2 × 103 cells ml-1 (2%) and 1 × 103 cells ml-1 (0%).
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: Convict cichlid (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum ; environmental UV effects ; growth ; ultraviolet radiation ; UVA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The long term (two generations) effect an enhanced (5%) sub-lethal ultraviolet-A (320–400 nm) irradiation on growth and survival rate of a convict cichlid (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum is presented. Two UVA irradiated populations (G1-UVA and G2-UVA) and two control populations (G1-control and G2-control) were observed from age 60 to 403 days. The UVA populations were exposed to enhanced UVA irradiation from 4 months of age (G1-UVA and from egg's state (G2-UVA). The specific growth rates (daily weight and length increase) and the condition factors of the populations were not affected by the enhanced UVA, it depended more on the population size. At the adapted temperature range (27–29 °C) the survival rate of those populations was not affected by enhanced UVA. A combined effect of enhanced UVA and increased temperature (31–32 °C) was responsible for a high mortality rate in the GI-UVA. A total of 67% of the G1-UVA population died just within a week of exposure to high temperature.
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    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 251-260 
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: bacterial biofilm ; common carp (Cyprinus carpio) ; growth ; rohu (Labeo rohita) ; Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were conducted to enhance the growth of common carp (Cyprinus carpio), rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) through use of sugarcane bagasse as substrate. Bagasse was suspended in water with or without supplementation with fertilizers. Bagasse supplemented with cattle dung and urea favoured higher zooplankton production and significantly (p 〈 0.05) increased fish growth by over 50% compared to bagasse or fertilizers on their own. This higher production of fish is attributed to bacterial biofilm promoted on the substrate which, apart from forming food for zooplankton and fish, contributed to improved water quality by lowering ammonia.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) ; growth ; Laguna Lake ; salinity tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis Oshima) fry of various ages (11, 18, and 35 days post-hatch) were exposed to the low salinities encountered during the annual intrusion of seawater in Laguna Lake, Philippines. Practical indices of salinity tolerance assessed the effect of a 96 h direct exposure to low salinities (0–16‰). Mean (MST) and median survival times (MST50) of fry decreased as salinity of rearing medium increased. Younger fry were less able to tolerate exposure to these salinities than their older cohorts. Median lethal salinity after 96 h (MLS) revealed higher tolerance among 35–day old fry (7.6‰) than 11 (2.3‰) and 18–day old fry (6.0‰), demonstrating that survival in saline water depends on their age at initial exposure to low salinities. Mean body weight of 18–day old fry reared in 0 and 2‰ for 3 and 4 weeks was higher than for those reared in 4 and 6‰ for the same period. Growth over these periods was inversely related with the range of salinities tested. These results demonstrate that, despite their known stenohalinity, bighead carp fry possess some degree of osmoregulatory capability, allowing them to survive and grow in lakes subjected periodically to saltwater inflow.
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    International tax and public finance 3 (1996), S. 297-310 
    ISSN: 1573-6970
    Keywords: Education ; political economy ; income inequality ; growth
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper analyzes the political economy of education, acquired through a combination of compulsory public schooling and supplementary private education, in the context of an OLG model in which growth is driven by the accumulation of human capital. The level of public schooling, fully funded by a proportional income tax, is determined by majority vote, while supplementary private education is purchased individually. We show existence of a political-economic equilibrium, and examine its characteristics, describing the evolution of the publicprivate mix over time: for moderate parameter values the share of public schooling increases as incomes rise, and inequality falls.
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    Journal of economic growth 2 (1997), S. 251-278 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: exploitation ; growth ; property rights ; taxation
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract I develop a model of exploitation—coercive wealthtransfer—and growth based on social importance. Exploitationreduces growth since the return to capital falls with exploitationcosts. Initial relative wealth across groups—the measureof social importance—determines which group is the exploiterand how costly exploitation will be. The exploiter selects anexploitation path that maintains its dominant position and rarelymaximizes current transfers. Productive minorities and fast-growinggroups are most prone to exploitation. International sanctions,if strong, end exploitation; otherwise they increase exploitationand reduce growth. Segregation and apartheid are broadly consistentwith the theory.
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    Journal of economic growth 2 (1997), S. 305-329 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; income distribution ; tax and transfer policy ; human capital investment ; school effort
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The distortion in educational investment in poorer childrenis often attributed to credit market imperfections and henceto the unequal access of children to educational opportunity.However, the distortion might also be attributable to disincentiveeffects that cause children to make inefficient use of educationalopportunities. This possibility is demonstrated for an overlappinggenerations economy with multiple family dynasties in which childrenhave random unobservable abilities and base their school efforton their parents‘ after-tax returns to schooling. Income redistributioncan result in suboptimal effort choices that offset the beneficialeffects of income transfers and sharply lower social welfare.
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  • 66
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    Journal of economic growth 3 (1998), S. 143-170 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; convergence ; trade ; liberalization ; knowledge diffusion
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Can trade liberalization have a permanent affect on output levels, and more important, does it have an impact on steady-state growth rates? The model emphasizes the role that knowledge spillovers emanating from heightened trade can have on income convergence and growth rates during transition and over the long run. Among the results of the model, unilateral liberalization by one country reduces the income gap between the liberalizing country and other, wealthier countries. From the long-run growth perspective, unilateral (and multilateral) liberalization generates a positive impact on the steady-state growth of all the trading countries.
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    Journal of economic growth 3 (1998), S. 217-240 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; inequality ; political economy ; income distribution ; political effect ; threshold effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article studies the political economy of inequality and growth by combining the political economy approach with an imperfect capital market assumption. In the present model, there emerges a class of individuals whose members do not invest privately beyond the state-financed schooling, due to their initial wealth constraint. We show that inequality affects private investment not only through the political effect, which relates inequality to private investment negatively, but also through what we call the threshold effect, which associates inequality to private investment positively. In general, private investment and inequality do not show a monotone negative relationship.
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    Journal of economic growth 3 (1998), S. 241-266 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: democracy ; growth ; regime change ; regression tree
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article focuses on two previously unexamined aspects of the relationship between economic growth and democracy. First, the growth experiences of countries that experience significant changes in democracy are examined directly. Countries that democratize are found to grow faster than a priori similar countries, while countries that become less democratic grow more slowly than comparable countries. These differences do not seem to be due to differences in education or investment levels. Second, regression tree analysis suggests that democracy, along with initial income and literacy, contributes to the identification of regimes of countries facing similar aggregate production functions.
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    Journal of economic growth 1 (1996), S. 1-27 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; democracy ; freedom ; rule of law ; O40 ; O57
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Growth and democracy (subjective indexes of political freedom) are analyzed for a panel of about 100 countries from 1960 to 1990. The favorable effects on growth include maintenance of the rule of law, free markets, small government consumption, and high human capital. Once these kinds of variables and the initial level of real per capita GDP are held constant, the overall effect of democracy on growth is weakly negative. There is a suggestion of a nonlinear relationship in which more democracy enhances growth at low levels of political freedom but depresses growth when a moderate level of freedom has already been attained. Improvements in the standard of living—measured by GDP, health status, and education—substantially raise the probability that political freedoms will grow. These results allow for predictions about which countries will become more or less democratic over time.
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    Journal of economic growth 1 (1996), S. 277-304 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: social security ; pensions ; human capital ; growth ; transfers ; H53 ; H55 ; I38 ; O4
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper I make two points. First, I argue that social security programs around the world link public pensions to retirement: people do not lose their pensions if they make a million dollars a year in the stock market, but they do confront marginal tax rates of up to 100 percent if they choose to work. Second, after arguing that most existing theories cannot explain this fact, I construct a positive theory that is consistent with it. The main idea is that pensions are a means to induce retirement—that is, to buy the elderly out of the labor force because aggregate output is higher if the elderly do not work. This is modeled through positive externalities in the average stock of human capital: because skills depreciate with age, the elderly have lower-than-average skill and, as a result, have a negative effect on the productivity of the young. When the difference between the skill level of the young and that of the old is large enough, aggregate output in an economy where the elderly do not work is higher. Retirement is desirable in this case, and social security transfers are the means by which such retirement is induced. The theory developed in this paper is also shown to be consistent with a number of other regularities documented in Section 1.
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    Journal of economic growth 2 (1997), S. 155-168 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; taxation ; capital flight ; multiple equilibria ; redistribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article shows that multiple growth paths may occurin a politico-economic model of endogenous growth. This multiplicityis characterized by the coexistence of the low-tax, low-capital-flightequilibrium and a high-tax, high-capital-flight equilibrium.The likelihood of multiplicity is crucially related to the structureof power in society—namely, it is necessary that the politicallydecisive agents have a greater access to international capitalmarkets than the average in the economy.
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    Journal of economic growth 2 (1997), S. 93-124 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: Income distribution ; human capital ; growth ; overlapping-generations ; Kuznets hypothesis
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper analyzes the interaction between the distributionof human capital, technological progress, and economic growth.It argues that the composition of human capital is an importantfactor in the determination of the pattern of economic development.The study demonstrates that the evolutionary pattern of the humancapital distribution, the income distribution, and economic growthare determined simultaneously by the interplay between a local home environment externality and a global technologicalexternality. In early stages of development the local home environmentexternality is the dominating factor and hence the distributionof income becomes polarized; whereas in mature stages of developmentthe global technological externality dominates and the distributionof income ultimately contracts. Polarization, in early stagesof development may be a necessary ingredient for future economicgrowth. An economy that prematurely implements a policy designedto enhance equality may be trapped at a low stage of development.An underdeveloped economy, which values equality as well as prosperity,may confront a trade-off between equality in the short-run followedby equality and stagnation in the long-run, and inequality inthe short-run followed by equality and prosperity in the longrun.
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    Journal of economic growth 2 (1997), S. 185-209 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; human capital ; development ; transition ; learning ; genetic algorithm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article develops the first model in which, consistentwith the empirical evidence, the transition from stagnation toeconomic growth is a very long endogenous process. The modelhas one steady state with a low and stagnant level of incomeper capita and another steady state with a high and growing levelof income per capita. Both of these steady states are locallystable under the perfect foresight assumption. We relax the perfectforesight assumption and introduce adaptive learning into thisenvironment. Learning acts as an equilibrium selection criterionand provides an interesting transition dynamic between steadystates. We find that for sufficiently low initial values of humancapital—values that would tend to characterize preindustrialeconomies—the system under learning spends a long periodof time (an epoch) in the neighborhood of the low-income steadystate before finally transitioning to a neighborhood of the high-incomesteady state. We argue that this type of transition dynamic providesa good characterization of the economic growth and developmentpatterns that have been observed across countries.
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    Journal of economic growth 2 (1997), S. 1-26 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; technology ; diffusion ; convergence ; adaptation
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We construct a model that combines elements of endogenousgrowth with the convergence implications of the neoclassicalgrowth model. In the long run, the world growth rate is drivenby discoveries in the technologically leading economies. Followersconverge toward the leaders because copying is cheaper than innovationover some range. A tendency for copying costs to increase reducesfollowers‘ growth rates and thereby generates a pattern of conditionalconvergence. We discuss how countries are selected to be technologicalleaders, and we assess welfare implications. Poorly defined intellectualproperty rights imply that leaders have insufficient incentiveto invent and followers have excessive incentive to copy.
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    Journal of economic growth 2 (1997), S. 61-92 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: search ; matching ; mismatch ; human capital ; growth ; wage inequality ; income inequality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper analyzes a model in which firms and workershave to engage in costly search to find a production partner,and endogenizes the skill, job, and wage distributions in thiscontext. The presence of search frictions implies that thereare two redistributive forces in the labor market. The firstis mismatch relative to the Walrasian economy; skilled workerstend to work with lower physical to human capital ratios, andthis compresses the earnings differentials. The second is theopportunity cost effect; because the opportunity cost of acceptingan unskilled worker, which is to forgo the opportunity to employa skilled worker, is high, unskilled wages are pushed down. Theinteraction between these two forces leads to a non-ergodic equilibriumprocess for wage and income inequality. Further, the presenceof mismatch reduces the rate of return to physical capital andthus depresses growth. A key prediction of the analysis is thatincreasing wage inequality is more likely to arise in economieswith less frictional labor markets, which is in line with thediverse cross-country patterns observed over the past two decades.Finally, the paper predicts that, as is largely the case withU.S. data, between group and within group wage inequality shouldmove in the same direction.
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    Journal of economic growth 2 (1997), S. 169-183 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; democracy ; education ; inequality
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We use an OLG model to examine democratic choice betweentwo modes of government support for education: subsidies forprivately purchased education and free uniform public provision.We find little conflict between democracy and growth: the samefactors that generate popular support for subsidization overfree uniform provision—large external benefits, a largeexcess burden, and little inequality—also favor its relativegrowth performance. Furthermore, restricting the franchise toan upper-income elite may also reduce growth. Two extensionsexamine the effect of intergenerational mobility and indicatethe theoretical possibility of periodic swings in the balancebetween public and private spending.
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    Journal of economic growth 3 (1998), S. 5-28 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: convergence ; growth ; complementarity ; adjustment ; young workers ; old workers ; age
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The human capital of young and old workers are imperfect substitutes both in production and in providing on-the-job training. This helps explain why capital does not flow from rich to poor countries, causing instantaneous convergence of per capita output. If each generation chooses its human capital optimally, given that of the preceding and succeeding generations, human capital follows a unique rational-expectations path. For moderate substitutability, human capital within each sector oscillates relative to that in other sectors, but aggregate human capital converges to the steady state monotonically.
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    Journal of economic growth 4 (1999), S. 55-80 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: mercantilism ; growth ; taxation ; openness ; familiarity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Nations close themselves voluntarily to varying degrees. Restrictions on the flow of ideas are difficult to understand, since open countries have higher relative incomes. This article provides an explanation based on the existence of two channels of public finance—traditional and mercantilistic. The latter refers to monopoly creation to provide a stream of government revenue. Strong, profitable monopolies require that the nation be closed to new ideas about technology and organization. The government sets the degree of restriction to balance current mercantilistic revenue with future revenue from traditional sources. The model is supported with numerical simulations and historical illustrations.
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    Journal of economic growth 1 (1996), S. 49-73 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; innovations ; O30 ; O40
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper introduces into Schumpeterian growth theory an important element of heterogeneity in the structure of innovative activity—namely, the distinction between research and development. We construct a simple model of growth to investigate how the (steady-state) rate of growth affects and is affected by the relative mix between research and development. Although we assume for simplicity that the total supply of innovative activity is given it turns out that, with one important exception, the growth rate responds to most parameter changes in the same way as in previous models where growth was determined by the total amount of innovative activity. In particular, the level of research tends to covary positively with the rate of growth, even in the extreme case where the general knowledge that underlies long-run growth is created only by secondary innovations arising from the development process. The exception concerns the effects of competition on growth. Although simpler Schumpeterian growth models implied that increased competition would reduce growth by reducing the incentive to innovate, introducing the distinction between research and development implies that this effect is likely to be reversed.
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    Journal of economic growth 1 (1996), S. 125-142 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: dynamic games ; growth ; social conflict ; D74 ; O40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Despite the predictions of the neoclassical theory of economic growth, we observe that poor countries have invested at lower rates and have not grown faster than rich countries. To explain these empirical regularities we provide a game-theoretic model of conflict between social groups over the distribution of income. Among all possible equilibria, we concentrate on those that are on the constrained Pareto frontier. We study how the level of wealth and the degree of inequality affects growth. We show how lower wealth can lead to lower growth and even to stagnation when the incentives to domestic accumulation are weakened by redistributive considerations.
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    Journal of economic growth 1 (1996), S. 309-332 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: private information ; growth ; indeterminacy ; E31 ; E32 ; E44 ; G14 ; O16
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We introduce an informational asymmetry into an otherwise standard monetary growth model and examine its implications for the determinacy of equilibrium, for endogenous economic volatility, and for the relationship between steady-state output and the rate of money growth. Some empirical evidence suggests that, for economies with low initial inflation rates, permanent increases in the money growth rate raise long-run output levels. This relationship is reversed for economies with high initial inflation rates. Our model predicts this pattern. Moreover, in economies with high enough rates of inflation, credit rationing emerges, monetary equilibria become indeterminate, and endogenous economic volatility arises.
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    Journal of economic growth 2 (1997), S. 399-418 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; international spillovers ; spatial economics ; openness
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Does a country‘s long-term growth depend on what happensin countries that are nearby? Such linkages could occur for avariety of reasons, including demand and technology spillovers.We present a series of tests to determine the existence of suchrelationships and the forms that they might take. We find thata country‘s growth rate is closely related to that of nearbycountries and show that this correlation reflects more than theexistence of common shocks. Trade alone does not appear responsiblefor these linkages either. In addition, we find that being neara large market contributes to growth.
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    Journal of economic growth 4 (1999), S. 81-111 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; investment ; regimes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The absence of continuous regime type measures that focus on institutions rather than outcomes besets studies on whether democratic or authoritarian regimes grow faster. Additional shortcomings include the failure to consider development stages and the erroneous endogenous specification of regimes. Given panel data on 105 countries from 1960 to 1989, the effective party/constitutional framework measure does not correlate with growth or investment in the total sample. But considering development levels, some evidence indicates that discretion decreases growth in advanced areas, and, contrary to theory, inhibits investment in poorer countries. Also, single-party dictatorships have higher investment ratios but do not grow faster than party-less regimes.
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    Journal of economic growth 4 (1999), S. 213-232 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: education ; work experience ; self-employment ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We examine the implications for growth and development of the existence of two types of human capital: entrepreneurial and professional. Entrepreneurs accumulate human capital through a work-experience intensive process, whereas professionals’ human capital accumulation is education-intensive. Moreover, the return to entrepreneurship is uncertain. We show how skill-biased technological progress leads to changes in the composition of aggregate human capital; as technology improves, individuals devote less time to the accumulation of human capital through work experience and more to the accumulation of human capital through professional training. Thus, our model explains why entrepreneurs play a relatively more important role in intermediate-income countries and professionals are relatively more abundant in richer economies. It also shows that those countries that initially have too little of either entrepreneurial or professional human capital may end up in a development trap.
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    Journal of economic growth 4 (1999), S. 331-349 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; fertility ; income distribution
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article analyzes the interaction between growth and fertility via income distribution in a model in which fertility decisions are motivated by old-age support. It provides an explanation of the demographic transition of an economy from a stage of increasing fertility and low growth to a stage of low fertility, high human capital investments, and high growth.
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    Journal of economic growth 4 (1999), S. 429-445 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; R&D ; education ; regime shift
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The role of learning and R&D in economic development is addressed in an endogenous growth model. When human capital is below a threshold level, the model predicts that skills are accumulated as the only growth-generating activity, whereas both innovation activities and learning drive growth above this level. Hence, an endogenous regime shift is triggered when the level of human capital reaches the threshold level because it becomes profitable to innovate.
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    Journal of economic growth 3 (1998), S. 337-359 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; education ; human capital ; panel data
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article proposes an approach to answering two questions: first, does investment in education help growth; second, does the allocation of investment in education matter? I develop a model where individual ability is heterogeneous and education both trains students and reveals their suitability for further training. I use UNESCO data on educational enrollments and spending to estimate the efficiency of existing educational allocations in a panel of countries. A cross-country growth decomposition regression shows that the correlation of human capital capital accumulation and GDP growth is not significant in countries with poor allocations but is significant and positive in countries with better allocations.
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    Journal of economic growth 4 (1999), S. 119-137 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; technology ; Solow
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Growth accounting breaks down economic growth into components associated with changes in factor inputs and the Solow residual, which reflects technological progress and other elements. After a presentation of the standard model, the analysis considers dual approaches to growth accounting (which considers changes in factor prices rather than quantities), spillover effects and increasing returns, taxes, and multiple types of factor inputs. Later sections place the growth-accounting exercise within the context of two recent strands of endogenous growth theory—varieties-of-products models and quality-ladders models. Within these settings, the Solow residual can be interpreted in terms of measures of the endogenously changing level of technology.
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  • 89
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    Journal of economic growth 4 (1999), S. 305-330 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; convergence clubs ; poverty trap ; cultural factors ; location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This study investigates the sources of heterogeneity across a worldwide set of countries. Unspecified ex ante and unanticipated cultural (Protestant versus Catholic), geographical (continents), and institutional (OECD versus non-OECD) clubs emerge endogenously and naturally as homogeneous classes on the basis of their economic structure. The dynamics both within and across the identified groups of countries are consistent with multiple equilibrium-growth models proposed by, for instance, Azariadis and Drazen (1990), therefore strengthening the viability of the convergence club hypothesis. In particular, higher stages of development are, on average, non linearly associated with higher stages of growth.
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  • 90
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    Journal of economic growth 1 (1996), S. 149-187 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: income distribution ; growth ; fertility ; political instability ; O1 ; H5
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper investigates the relationship between income distribution, democratic institutions, and growth. It does so by addressing three main issues: the properties and reliability of the income distribution data, the robustness of the reduced form relationships between income distribution and growth estimated so far, and the specific channels through which income distribution affects growth. The main conclusion in this regard is that there is strong empirical support for two types of explanations, linking income distribution to sociopolitical instability and to the education/fertility decision. A third channel, based on the interplay of borrowing constraints and investment in human capital, also seems to receive some support by the data, although it is probably the hardest to test with the existing data. By contrast, there appears to be less empirical support for explanations based on the effects of income distribution on fiscal policy.
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  • 91
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    Journal of economic growth 1 (1996), S. 363-389 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: convergence ; growth ; generalized method of moments ; O41 ; O47
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract There are two sources of inconsistency in existing cross-country empirical work on growth: correlated individual effects and endogenous explanatory variables. We estimate a variety of cross-country growth regressions using a generalized method of moments estimator that eliminates both problems. In one application, we find that per capita incomes converge to their steady-state levels at a rate of approximately 10 percent per year. This result stands in sharp contrast to the current consensus, which places the convergence rate at 2 percent. We discuss the theoretical implications of this finding. In another application, we perform a test of the Solow model. Again, contrary to prior reults, we reject both the standard and the augmented version of the model.
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  • 92
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    Hydrobiologia 319 (1996), S. 15-21 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: brachyuran crab ; fecundity ; growth ; Metopograpsus messor ; reproduction ; seasonal changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The annual cycle of a Metopograpsus population (Muzhupilangad estuary) had three distinct periods: (1) growth-reproduction (January–May), when crabs were involved in moult and reproduction; (2) inactive period (June–July), and (3) reproductive period (August–December). Usually, spawning was immediately followed by another vitellogenic cycle, paralleled by the embryogenesis of prehatch eggs in the brood. Moulting was seemingly an annual event. In the programming of moult and reproduction, the species deviated from the common brachyuran pattern, inasmuch as the postmoult females engaged in active vitellogenesis. The synchrony in the stages of maturation and spawning, and the precision with which the physiological events are programmed, make this highly fecund species an ideal model for an integrated study of the physiology of growth and reproduction.
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  • 93
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    Hydrobiologia 325 (1996), S. 39-46 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: roach ; pike ; chub ; growth ; river zones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Variation in the growth patterns of roach, Rutilus rutilus (L.), pike, Esox lucius L., and chub, Leuciscus cephalus (L.) was examined along the upper Warta River, where human impact (mostly pollution) has influenced the longitudinal zonation on the fish assemblage. Significant differences were found in the exponent of weight-length relationships for roach and chub populations occupying different zones of the river, but no such variation was observed in pike. Moreover, pike growth was isometric, whereas roach and chub grew allometrically, with regression coefficients (slope) above 3. Although the length-at-age data were similar for each zone, the von Bertalanffy parameters (L inf, K and t 0) suggest that there may exist some inter-zone variation in the overall growth patterns of these species. All the species grew better in the zone where the index of relative abundance (relating dominance of a particular species to its maximum abundance in river system) achieved its highest value. The results suggest that a relative abundance index expressed in this way can be a good index of ‘habitat quality’.
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  • 94
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    Hydrobiologia 326-327 (1996), S. 67-73 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: growth ; kelp ; Laminaria ; Nereocystis ; nutrient removal ; technical and economical feasibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Critical aspects of growing Laminaria saccharina and Nereocystis luetkeana near salmon sea cages are discussed. A new computer spreadsheet model was developed, which integrated biological, physical and economic aspects of kelp/salmon cultivation, in order to provide information on production, nutrient removal, and technical and economic feasibility of different production strategies. Given a farm-gate price of $20 kg−1 (dry mass) and either a 24 or 48 sea cage salmon farm, kelp is a feasible investment option. Results of the model suggest that kelp apparently obtains ammonium for growth during slack tide and that ammonium uptake is also significant during that time. The net yield of Nereocystis needs to be increased before it can compete with the yield of Laminaria. To include kelp on a salmon farm, a part-time position and a separate mooring system for kelp would be needed. Special attention should be given to training personnel in both salmon and kelp production.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Thamnocephalus ; Branchinecta ; growth ; filter-feeders ; feeding ; clay ; silicium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We designed and standardized a culture method for freshwater anostracans using diets free of live algae.Thamnocephalus platyurus andBranchinecta lindahli were used as test organisms. We used baker's yeast as basic food and added inert particles (clay or amorphic silicium dioxide) to improve the digestion of the yeast. A flow-through culture system was used, according to a fixed feeding schedule, to supply separately, culture medium (tap water), food, and inert particle suspensions. Three variants with baker's yeast as basic, food were compared for survival, growth, and reproduction. A diet of solely baker's yeast (diet 1) or baker's yeast supplemented with vegetal oil containing ß-carotene (diet 2) was unsuitable for reproduction ofT. platyurus. Cyst production was only achieved when diet 2 was supplemented with fish oil andSpirulina powder (diet 3). This suggests that not only a digestibility problem, but also nutritional deficiencies are present in baker's yeast.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Anostraca ; algal food ; temperature ; conductivity ; water quality ; growth ; maturation ; survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Food concentration (0.5 × 103 − 5 × 105 Scenedesmus cells m1−1) significant influenced the somatic growth, maturation and survivorship ofS. proboscideus larvae. A density of 5 × 104 cells m1−1 was optimal for early larval stages. Of four temperature tested (20–35 °C), 30 °C resulted in the best growth and survival. Maturation time was inversely related to temperature, and was size- rather that age-dependent. Larvae were tolerant of a wide conductivity range, but optimal growth and survival were observed at 260 µS cm−1. Nitrate-Nitrogen (NO2-N) caused a larval mortality of 50% after 24 h at 0.58 mg1−1.
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  • 97
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    Hydrobiologia 308 (1995), S. 153-165 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: water mite ; Piona ; growth ; development ; temperature-food interactions ; zooplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We analysed the relative effects of food availability and temperature on rates of growth and development of a predatory planktonic water mite, Piona exigua. Growth in length of mites fed Daphnia, Ceriodaphnia and Chydorus was analysed by Gompertz or von Bertalanffy curves; these curves were compared by parallel curve analysis. Growth rates of nymphs and adult female mites increased with temperature; the duration of the imagochrysalis stage decreased. Females grown at 10 °C were smaller at final size than females grown at 15 °C, 18 °C or 22 °C. Females reared at food levels of 15 or 30 prey l−1 grew more slowly and were smaller than those provided with 60 or 120 prey l−1. Nymphs grew more slowly when Daphnia were the only prey, than when smaller prey were available. Food level did not affect nymph growth at 10 °C or 15 °C, but growth at 18 °C or 22 °C may have been slowed at the lowest food levels. Synergistic effects of temperature and food level on nymph growth were apparent only from analysis of growth curves and not from stage duration data.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Daphnia ; diapause ; growth ; maturity ; clutch size ; intrinsic rate of increase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory and field investigations revealed that the life history traits of exephippial and parthenogenetic generations of Daphnia differ substantially. Daphniids hatching from resting eggs grow faster and their definitive body sizes are bigger than of hatchlings from subitaneous eggs. Size at maturity for exephippial animals is significantly larger. In spite of this, they mature a few days earlier than parthenogenetic females. In this study, the difference was 3–4 days for the laboratory experiments and 1–3 days for the field. Fecundity of the exephippial generation is markedly higher. Here, the clutch size for this generation was up to 3.5–4.0 times as large as for the parthenogenetic generation. Moreover, obtained results suggest that the relationship between clutch size and body length for both generations differ significantly. Estimates of the intrinsic rate of increase for field Daphnia populations demonstrated that life history traits of exephippial animals lead to a two or threefold higher rate of increase in the conditions of invertebrate predation pressure. Under moderate fish pressure, obtained r values for the daphniids hatching from resting eggs were larger than those from subitaneous. High growth rate of exephippial females is disadvantageous only under the conditions of severe pressure by fish. Obtained results suggest that hatchlings from diapausing eggs an acceleration of population increase by several times during the beginning of the development of a population with periodical re-establishment from resting eggs.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Alps ; prealpine streams ; Ephemeroptera ; community structure ; life cycle ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Within the framework of a study on the ecology of Dippers in a prealpine stream system, the macroinvertebrate communities were also investigated, especially Ephemeroptera. Ten stations were sampled qualitatively, of which two (Saane and Turbach streams) were investigated quantitatively for 16 months (April 1983–July 1984). Fifteen mayfly species were found. The faunistic affinities among the 10 streams investigated reflect the main abiotic characteristics. There was no significant difference in species richness, diversity and evenness for Saane and Turbach streams. Life cycles of nine species were studied in these two watercourses. Those of Rhithrogena degrangei, Rh. hybrida, Rh. savoiensis and Ecdyonurus helveticus are described for the first time. Baetis alpinus is the only species to exhibit a bivoltine cycle, whereas all others have a univoltine summer or winter cycle. Specific growth rates were measured for most species. The summer generation of B. alpinus presents the highest growth rate (4.51 % dry weight d−1), whereas the lowest values were recorded for Rh. degrangei (0.76% dry weight d−1). The importance of abiotic variables, especially water temperature, is also discussed.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: heavy metals ; diet ; detritivory ; growth ; reproduction ; Potamopyrgus jenkinsi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Evidence for the influence of food type and heavy metals on shell growth and fertility is presented for a freshwater population of the snail P. jenkinsi. When fed an excess of lettuce or lamb heart (protein source), growth rates were higher for lettuce. Highest growth rates occurred at a diet of lettuce plus lamb heart. Fertility was favoured by a diet of lamb heart. When fed an excess of lettuce, the EC50 growth values were 16 µg Cd l−1, 13 µg Cu l−1, and 103 µg Zn l−1 in lake water; snail fertility was inhibited at 25 µg Cd l−1 and 30 µg Cu l−1. A diet of lake detritus spiked with Cd or Cu resulted in a decrease of approximately 50% in growth rates, when compared with growth on non-spiked detritus. Spiked detritus lost metals into lake water. Food type positively interacted with metal stress, both for growth rate and fertility. The assessment of inhibitory effects of detritus contaminated either in the field or, notably, by spiking, and serving as food source for deposit feeders is hampered by sampling problems in the field and by redistribution processes of pollutants between particles and water in laboratory-scale experiments.
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