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  • Articles  (871)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (822)
  • Annual Reviews  (49)
  • 1995-1999  (350)
  • 1980-1984  (201)
  • 1960-1964  (216)
  • 1950-1954  (104)
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  • 1920-1924
  • Sociology  (822)
  • Technology  (49)
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  • Articles  (871)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 1999-08-01
    Print ISSN: 1523-9829
    Electronic ISSN: 1545-4274
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1999-08-01
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1999-08-01
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 1999-08-01
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1999-08-01
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1999-08-01
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    Publication Date: 1999-08-01
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1999-08-01
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1999-08-01
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1999-08-01
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 1999-08-01
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 1999-08-01
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 1999-08-01
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 1999-08-01
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 1999-08-01
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 1999-08-01
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 1999-08-01
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 1999-08-01
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 1999-08-01
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 1999-08-01
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 1999-08-01
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 1999-08-01
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 1999-08-01
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 1999-08-01
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 1999-08-01
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  • 26
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    New technology, work and employment 11 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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  • 27
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    New technology, work and employment 11 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The advent of National Vocational Qualifications represents an important change in British Government policy from attempting to secure appropriate training inputs to a system driven by the aim of stimulating the attainment of learning outcomes assessed against national standards. This article presents a case study of the implications of this policy for intermediate skills in engineering, a major industry subject to rapid technological change.
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  • 28
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    New technology, work and employment 11 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article examines the relationship between technology, entrepreneurial human capital and company performance in a sample of textile and clothing SMEs in Great Britain. General conclusions suggest that firms with a computer network are more likely to have a formal management team. Networked firms appear to be larger: smaller companies are making increasing use of computer networks.
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  • 29
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    New technology, work and employment 11 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article examines two issues: first how Japanese companies recruit, train and utilise engineers in their UK transplants; secondly, how technology transfer between British and Japanese engineers is affected by career structures. It draws on questionnaire responses from 88 companies and interviews at a small number of sites.
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  • 30
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    New technology, work and employment 11 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: From the 1980s, the paper and board industry in Britain, in response to the pressures of strong foreign competition, sought the fuller utilisation of new and existing technology through changing work practices. This particularly involved the extensive introduction of annualised hours arrangements with national bargaining arrangements playing a major role in their introduction.
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  • 31
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    New technology, work and employment 11 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
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    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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  • 32
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    New technology, work and employment 11 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Research that questions the general validity of flexible specialisation can be supplemented by an example that is, paradoxically, frequently used as a supporting example: ceramic tile production. This article examines some comparative evidence and concludes that support is illusory and all too often based on the same weak original data, while there are actually more robust indications of moves towards classical mass production.
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  • 33
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    New technology, work and employment 11 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:Expertise and Innovation: Information Technology Strategies in the Financial Services SectorEthics of Information ManagementAcquiring, Adapting and Developing Technologies: Lessons from the Japanese ExperienceTeleworking ExplainedTime Pioneers: Flexible Working Time and New LifestylesThe Future of Industrial RelationsEnterprise Without UnionsThe Electronic Eye: the rise of surveillance societyManaging Production—Engineering Change and StabilityBusiness Reengineering: The Survival GuideISO 9000—Quality Systems Handbook
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  • 34
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    New technology, work and employment 11 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article argues that studies of the introduction of new technology have tended to ignore the contributions of pre-Braverman approaches. However, in some cases, they have implicitly rediscovered the findings of an older industrial sociology.
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  • 35
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    New technology, work and employment 11 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) for communication between different corporate computer systems was expected to transform relationships between firms. However, this detailed study of three sectors of the UK publishing industry—the book trade; the magazine and newspaper trade; and newsprint supply to newspapers—found that EDI developed in a slow and incremental manner. This calls into question the radical visions of proponents of business network redesign.
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  • 36
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    New technology, work and employment 11 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article examines job knowledge and skill in clerical work drawing on five case studies from the area of credit management. The cognitive, social and ‘tacit’ skills necessary for clerical effectiveness in this sector are identified and examined. Feminist approaches to skills analysis are used to examine how and why this type of work is under-valued.
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  • 37
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    New technology, work and employment 11 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Utilising a typology based on the previous occupational background of owner-managers within technology-based organizations, this article analyses the previous management and technical experiences of a sample of technical entrepreneurs in the UK. Overall, the study concludes that management and technical experience will differ according to occupational background, which may have implications for support provided to small technology-based firms.
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  • 38
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    New technology, work and employment 11 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article explores management's strategic decision making in relation to Total Quality Management (TQM). It demonstrates that management's strategies are fraught with politics and power relations, which influence the ‘choice’ of strategy and the way in which such strategies are ‘implemented’. Hence, management's strategic decision making may not be planned and rational, and their behaviour is often contradictory which may undermine TQM or render its outcomes uncertain and contestable.
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  • 39
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    New technology, work and employment 11 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article examines the role which elite MNC employers play in the process of qualification inflation within the Irish Republic. While these employers do not contribute towards inflation across technical occupations the tendency to select the most qualified within individual occupations has led to the emergence of a ‘graduate barrier’ between technicians and engineers/scientists.
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  • 40
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    New technology, work and employment 11 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:Enriching Production: Perspectives on Volvo's Uddevalla Plant as an Alternative to Lean Production Ake Sandberg (Ed.)Breaking from Taylorism: Changing Forms of Work in the Automobile Industry Ulrich Jurgens, Thomas Malsch and Knuth Dohse Cambridge University Press
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  • 41
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    New technology, work and employment 10 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article takes the view that BPR in the dominant form in which it is presently characterised, is a re-expression of industrial age classical administration. As such it is oblivious of organization as a political entity or as a set of ‘human resources' . What is needed is a new model of BPR for the information age.
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  • 42
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    New technology, work and employment 10 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Here the author examines continuities and tensions between the discourses of Business Process Re-engineering and Human Resource Management. Addressing their respective assumptions and claims, especially with regard to the organization of ‘human resources', critical attention is focused upon their shared advocacy of employee empowerment and strong leadership from senior managers.
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  • 43
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    New technology, work and employment 10 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article examines the hype surrounding BPR from a historical, theoretical and empirical perspective. It delineates three ways in which politics are critical to understanding BPR and uses findings on BPR practice, including from case study work and a 1994/5 UK survey conducted by the authors, to locate and explain BPR's appeal and also the less radical outcomes of BPR practice.
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  • 44
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    New technology, work and employment 10 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Capitalism is currently undergoing an epochal change. The associated corporate change is sticky for reasons of institutional inertia. Business process re-engineering is a corporate response which should be understood in technical, social and political terms. Core elements of BPR are identified, illustrated, and critiqued, partly through a BPR case researched by the authors.
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  • 45
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    New technology, work and employment 10 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article examines the emergence of BPR from the literature on the strategic use of IT. Two case studies of BPR are then presented. Analysis of this material suggests that there is a tension between strategic re-orientation and cost-saving in many BPR projects which is difficult to resolve. This tension is explored further using a historical analysis of ‘frameworks' of computing.
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  • 46
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    New technology, work and employment 10 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article explores the relevance of ideas emerging from business process re-engineering (BPR) for the information systems profession. The marginal role of this profession in conceiving and leading organizational change is examined. Against this background, current interest in BPR is seen as reasserting the challenge of incorporating an active engagement with organizational design into professional practices.
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  • 47
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    New technology, work and employment 10 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article looks at the experiences, warts and all of BPR at The Post Office. In so doing it also reflects upon the nature of good practice.
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  • 48
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    New technology, work and employment 10 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
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    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Here the author examines the extent of BPR practice across UK government, reaching conclusions about overcoming impediments which arise in organizational change processes.
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  • 49
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    New technology, work and employment 10 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The world economy is currently stuck in a ‘long wave’ downswing, due largely to the mismatch of a new technological 'style’ with established institutions. The article sketches the effects on the level and pattern of employment and discusses the reforms which will be needed to escape from the downswing.
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    New technology, work and employment 10 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Here the authors examine the unions' experience of building-related sickness among their members and argue that we can no longer treat the built working environment as a neutral factor when analysing the labour process.
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    New technology, work and employment 10 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Book reviews in this article:Tools for Change and Progress: A Socio-Technical Approach to Business Process Re-engineering Enid Mumfordm, Geert Jan BeekmanReengineering the Corporation: A Manifesto for Business Revolution Michael Hammer and James ChampyThe Essence of Business Process Re-Engineering Joe Peppard, Philip RowlandSoftware Assistance for Business Re-Engineering K Spurr, P Layzell, N Richards (Eds.)Re-Engineering the Networked Enterprise Y Jayachandra with Raul Medina-More Gita J Melkote Fernando FloresReengineering Information Technology: Success Through Empowerment Stephen, Baxter, David LisburnManagers Divided: Organisation Politics and Information Technology Management David Knights, Fergus MurrayBusiness Process Reengineering: Breakpoint Strategies for Market Dominance Henry J. Johansson, Patrick McHugh, A. John Pendlebury & William A. Wheeler IIIBeyond Business Process Reengineering: Towards the Holonic Enterprise Patrick McHugh, Giorgio Merli & William A. Wheeler III
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  • 52
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    New technology, work and employment 10 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article examines the introduction of centralized processing. It looks at the multiple objectives underlying the initiative and how these were managed in implementation. Drawing on empirical data gathered at three similar sites a comparative analysis of the outcomes of centralization is presented and the variances are explained.
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    New technology, work and employment 10 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: There are conflicting tendencies among recent developments in bargaining and participation at the workplace level in Europe. While there is an emphasis on decentralisation of bargaining structures in many countries, there is considerable variance. Similarly, there is a diversity of approaches to both direct and indirect forms of participation. Despite attempts by the European Community to integrate policies on these matters among member countries, external influences such as the globalisation of economies and technologies are leading to diverse outcomes.
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    New technology, work and employment 10 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Book reviews in this article:The Volvo Experience: alternatives to lean production in the Swedish auto industry Christian BerggrenPrices, Quality and Trust Mari SakoTechnology and Innovation in the International Economy Charles Cooper, EditorHi-Tech For Industrial Development: Lessons from the Brazilian Experience in Electronics and Automation Hubert Schmitz Jose Cassiolato (eds)Development, Technology and Flexibility: Brazil Faces the Industrial Divide Joao Carlos Ferraz Howard Rush Ian MilesTelecommunications and Politics: the decentralised alternative Andrew DaviesTelecommunications Services: negotiating structural and technological change B. Bolton et al., EditorsIn Search of Management Tony J. WatsonOther publications received
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    New technology, work and employment 10 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article identifies three models that imply different views of the ‘impact’ of the use of computer based information systems for managers' work. Using case study evidence it argues that the ‘impact’ is not a stable and predictable outcome but a non-linear ongoing process that changes and evolves over time.
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    Family business review 9 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1741-6248
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Everyone is aware of the federal income tax. What many do not realize is that federal estate tax may have a bigger impact than the income tax. While the income tax decreases take-home pay, the estate tax threatens job creation, business growth, and family harmony. This article examines the impact of the federal estate taxes and reviews several studies which indicate that the estate tax has a deleterious impact on capital accumulation, business growth, job creation, and federal tax revenues.
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    Family business review 9 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1741-6248
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Closely held businesses differ from their publicly held counterparts in the relative importance assigned to planning for estate taxes. When faced with the prospect of an estate taxes liability, owners of closely held businesses may alter their investment behavior. This essay presents a simple model of the investment decision in a closely held business. While finance theory prescribes that firms maximize their value through funding capital projects with positive net present values, this model suggests that the presence of estate taxes may induce the firm to reject projects which, if funded, would add value to the firm. Further, the propensity to pass on value-adding projects increases with both the estate tax rate and the age of the business owner.
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    Family business review 9 (1996), S. 0 
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    Family business review 9 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1741-6248
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This paper questions the effectiveness of economic development policies and programs which fail to differentiate family from non-family enterprises in the UK small and medium-sized firms sector. Published evidence is reviewed and findings from workshops and interviews with 10 Scottish family enterprises demonstrate that family enterprises differ, and in some economically significant ways, from non-family enterprises. It is suggested that the lack of provision for family enterprises hinders their business activity. The aim is to begin an argument for recognition of a “family business sector” in the UK in order to promote business activity in this economically significant group of firms, and to achieve a better payoff for governments from investment in economic development in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).
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    Family business review 9 (1996), S. 0 
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    Notes: Family business studies have focused on succession because of the incidence of family business failure and the importance of family businesses within the US economy. This study furthers the understanding of family business failure by making the distinction between succession planning (the management task of transitioning leadership) and estate planning (the task of transitioning financial assets and managing federal estate tax obligations) and using this distinction to better understand family business discontinuance. This study of 749 heirs of failed family businesses demonstrates that inadequate estate planning is more often associated-with family business failure than is poor succession planning.
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    Family business review 9 (1996), S. 0 
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    Notes: Although family-owned and managed firms are the predominant form of business organization in the world today, little systematic research exists on these companies. This paper builds upon insights found in the emerging literature on these enterprises and upon our own observations to provide a conceptual frame-work to better understand these complex organizations. We introduce the concept of the Bivalent Attributes–a unique, inherent feature of an organization that is the source of both advantages and disadvantages–to explain the dynamics of the family firm.
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    Kyklos 50 (1997), S. 0 
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    Kyklos 51 (1998), S. 0 
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    Kyklos 51 (1998), S. 0 
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    Notes: This paper is meant to answer the question whether the CMEA countries trade flows have been able to catch up with their trade potential. The gravity equations estimated over a panel of 14 years show that there is a room for an increase in trade, which could compensate for the huge regional trade losses. But, if one takes into account the higher than average transportation costs in East Europe, this potential increase may only he reached through the reduction of these transportation costs and through further liberalisation of regional trade flows. How costly has been the disintegration process? The computation of gross trade destruction (GTD) versus trade creation (TC) minus external trade diversion (ETD) in the framework of the Viner model reflects the decreasing costs of the CMEA break-up: a dramatic trade reorientation has taken place, and it is welfare improving.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDieser Artikel untersucht, ob der Aussenhandel der ehemaligen COMECON-Länder sein potentielles Niveau bereits erreicht hat. Ein Gravitltsmodel über einen Zeitraum von 14 Jahren zeigt, dass es noch ein Potential für zusätzlichen internationalen Handel giht, das den Zusammenbruch des regionalen Handels kompensieren könnte. Wenn jedoch die höheren Transportkosten in Mittel- und Osteuropa in Betracht gezogen werden, dürfte dieses Potential nur durch eine Reduzierung dieser Kosten und eine weitergehende Handelsliberalisierung ausgeschöpft werden können. Der Artikel heschäftigt sich ebenfalls mit den Kosten des Zusammenbruchs des COMECON-Handels. Die Berechnung der Bruttohandelszerstörung versus neu entstandenem Handel abzuglich der Handelsahlenkung im Modell von Viner zeigt, dass diese Kosten positiv und ahnehmend sind. Die starke Reorientierung des Aussenhandels hat eine erhöhte Wohlfahrt in der Region zur Folge.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RESUMECet article tente de répondre è la question de savoir si le commerce des pays ex-memhres du CAEM a rattrapé son niveau potentiel. L'équation de gravité estimée sur un panel de 14 ans montre qu'il existe un potentiel d'échanges qui pourrait compenser l'effondrement du commerce régional. Mais la prise en compte des coǔts de transport qui sont plus élevés en Europe de l'Est suggère que ce potentiel ne peut ěre exploité qu' è travers la réduction de ces coǔts en Europe de l'Est et è travers une libéralisation plus poussée des échanges. Le processus de désintégration a t'il été coǔteux? Le calcul de la destruction de commerce (DC) versus création (CC) et destruction extérieure de commerce (DEC) dans le modèle de Viner montre que le coǔt est positif mais décroissant. L'importante réorientation des échanges tend è améliorer le bien-ětre dans la région.
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    Kyklos 7 (1954), S. 0 
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    Kyklos 7 (1954), S. 0 
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    Kyklos 7 (1954), S. 0 
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    Kyklos 7 (1954), S. 0 
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    Notes: AS long as economics is conceived as a purely formal science of human action (praxeology) the basic concepts and findings of such behavioral sciences as psychology, sociology and cultural anthropology will be considered as irrelevant for economic analysis. However, if economics is considered as an empirical (substantive) science which starts from actual human needs and places man's dependence upon and interaction with his natural and social environment in the center of its investigation, the basic concepts and conclusions of the behavioral sciences cannot be dispensed with.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGNationalökonomie und die Wissenschaften vom menschlichen Verhalten. So lange die Nationalökonomie als eine rein formale Wissenschaft vom menschlichen Handeln (Praxeologie) begriffen wird, erscheinen die grundlegenden Konzeptionen und Erkenntnisse der Verhaltenswissenschaften wie der Psychologie, der Soziologie und der Kulturanthropologie für die ökonomische Analyse als irrelevant. Wenn indessen die Nationalökonomie als wirklich empirische Wissenschaft betrachtet wird, die von den tatsächlichen menschlichen Bedürfnissen ausgeht und die Abhängigkeit des Individuums von seiner natürlichen und sozialen Umgebung sowie deren Wechselwirkung in den Mittelpunkt ihrer Forschungen stellt, so können die grundlegenden Konzeptionen und Folgerungen der Verhaltenswissenschaften nicht übergangen werden.RÉSUMÉĽ economie politique et les sciences du comportement humain. Tant que ľéconomie politique sera concue comme une science purement formelle de ľ action humaine (praxéologie), les concepts fondamentaux et les découvertes des sciences du comportement humain telles que la psychologie, la sociologie et ľ anthropologie culturelle seront considéréd comme de peu ď importance pour ľ analyse économique. Cependant, si ľéconomie politique est considérée comme une science effectivement empirique qui part des besoins humains réels et place la dépendance de ľ homme de son ambiance naturelle et sociale ainsi que ľ action réciproque de cette dernière au centre de ses recherches, les conceptions et conclusions fondamentales des sciences du comportement humain ne peuvent etre négligées.The question then arises as to the proper method by which the results of one field of inquiry can be utilized in another. Such integration is possible only if we find or formulate common denominator concepts sufficiently broad to contain and cut across the subject-matter of several social disciplines. Which particular concepts are likely to prove useful for a “substantive” science of economics depends upon the nature of the central research problems of contemporary economic analysis. Since these germinal questions of modern economics are all related to the behavior of social groups and of individuals acting as members of structured social entities the basic concepts and findings of social psychology and cultural anthropology are likely to prove most useful for the substantive-empirical economist.Having outlined the major concepts which have proved helpful in the analysis of group decisions and the individual-group relationship the article concludes by setting forth the thesis that a substantive science of economics must be conceived from the very outset as an integral part of a science of man and culture. Such a “humanization” of economics would have the task of placing the living human being once more in the center of economic analysis and, at the same time, would provide a starting point for the solution of the urgent task of integrating our contemporary knowledge about man and culture.Es stellt sich dann die Frage, durch welche Methode die Ergebnisse des einen Forschungsgebiets im andern verwendet werden können. Eine solche Integration ist nur dann möglich, wenn für die verschiedenen Konzeptionen gemeinsame Nenner gefunden oder formuliert werden können, die weit genug sind, um den Gegenstand verschiedener Sozialwissenschaften zu umfassen. Welche Konzeptionen sich für eine wirklich empirische Wissenschaft als nützlich erweisen dürften, hängt von der Natur der zentralen Forschungsprobleme der heutigen ökonomischen Analyse ab. Da alle diese grundlegenden Fragen der modernen National ökonomie sich auf das Verhalten sozialer Gruppen und des Einzelnen beziehen, die als Glieder sozialer Gebilde von bestimmter Struktur handeln, dürften die grundlegenden Konzeptionen und Erkenntnisse der Sozialpsychologie und der Kulturanthropologie für den empirischen Ökonomen von grossem Nutzen sein.Nach einer Skizzierung der hauptsächlichsten Konzeptionen, die sich für die Analyse von Gruppenentschlüssen und der Beziehung zwischen Individuum und Gruppe als nützlich erwiesen haben, wird die These aufgestellt, dass eine wirklich empirische Nationalökonomie von allem Anfang an als ein wesentlicher Teil einer Wissenschaft vom Menschen und der Kultur begriffen werden muss. Eine solche “Humanisierung” der Nationalökonomie hätte zur Aufgabe, den Menschen - so wie er in Wirklichkeit ist - in den Mittelpunkt der ökonomischen Analyse zu stellen, und würde gleichzeitig den Ausgangspunkt darstellen für die Lösung der dringenden Aufgabe, unser gegenwärtiges Wissen über den Menschen und die Kultur zu integrieren.La question se pose alors de savoir par quelle méthode les résultats ď un domaine de recherche peuvent etre utilisés dans ľ autre. Une telle intégration n'est possible que si nous trouvons ou formulons pour les différentes conceptions des dénomina-teurs communs suffisamment larges pour contenir ľ objet des diverses sciences sociales. Quelles sont les conceptions pouvant se révéler utiles pour une science réellement empirique, voilà qui dépend de la nature des problèmes majeurs de recherches de ľ analyse économique actuelle. Comme toutes ces questions fondamentales de ľéconomie politique moderne se rapportent au comportement de groupes sociaux et de particuliers agissant en tant que membres ď entités sociales ď une structure déterminée, les conceptions fondamentales et les découvertes de la psychologie sociale et de ľ anthropologie culturelle devraient etre ď une grande utilityé pour ľéconomiste empirique.Après avoir esquissé les principales conceptions qui se sont révelées utiles àľ analyse des décisions de groupes et des rapports entre ľ individu et le groupe, ľ article se termine par ľnonce de la these qu'une Economic politique reellement empirique doit etre concue des Tabord commcar; part intégrante ď une science de ľ homme et de la culture. Une telle “humanisation” de ľéconomie politique aurait pour tǎche de placer ľ homme - tel qu'il est en réalité - au centre de ľ analyse économique et représenterait simultanément le point de départ de la solution de la tǎche urgente consistant à intégrer notre connaissance actuelle de ľ homme et de la culture.
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    Kyklos 7 (1954), S. 0 
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    Notes: It is now sometimes being said that the food supply is becoming so elastic that men need no longer be apprehensive lest population growth affect their welfare adversely. This assertion respecting the elasticity of the food supply lacks empirical validity so far as most parts of the world are concerned. It is true, however, that in some countries food is no longer the operative population-limiting factor, and food may cease to be such in yet other countries. It does not follow, however, that population-limiting factors will cease to be operative. The dynamics of culture, production, and consumption serve to change the character of these factors, but they do not remove them. For if one factor ceases to be operative, its place is necessarily taken by others. Population growth may not affect adversely man's consumption of food or some other item of living supposedly in highly elastic supply; but then it is quite likely, in many empirical situations, to make his consumption of some other items of living lower than it otherwise would have been.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Beschrdnkende Faktoren in der Bevölkerungstheorie. Es wird heute bisweilen gesagt, das Nahrungsmittelangebot sei im Begriffe so elastisch zu werden, dass die Menschheit nicht mehr befürchten müsse, ihr Wohlstand werde durch das Wachstum der Bevölkerung beeinträchtigt. Die Behauptung hinsichtlich der Elastizität des Nahrungsmittelangebots entbehrt jedoch der empirischen Gültigkeit mit Bezug auf den Grossteil der Erde. Es ist allerdings richtig, dass in einigen Ländern die Nahrungsmittel das Bevölkerungswachstum nicht mehr wirksam beschränken, und dies mag künftig auch in andern Ländern der Fall sein. Daraus folgt jedoch nicht, dass überhaupt keine solch beschränkenden Faktoren mehr wirksam sind. Die Dynamik der Zivilisation, der Produktion und des Konsums tragen dazu bei, den Charakter dieser Faktoren zu ändern, aber sie beseitigen sie nicht. Denn sobald ein Faktor nicht mehr wirksam ist, treten notwendigerweise andere an seine Stelle. Es mag sein, dass der individuelle Verbrauch an Nahrungsmitteln oder irgendeines andern Artikels mit vermutlich sehr elastischem Angebot durch eine wachsende Bevölkerung keine Beeinträchtigung erfährt; aber dann ist es in manchen konkreten Situationen wahrscheinlich, dass der Verbrauch anderer Artikel geringer sein wird als er es sonst wäre.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉSUMÉFacteurs limitatifs dans la théorie de la population. Certains prétendent aujourd'hui que ľ offre des denrées alimentaires serait en voie de devenir si élastique que les hommes n'auraient plus à craindre que ľ accroissement de la population ne porte préjudice à leur bien-etre. Cette affirmation sur ľélasticité de ľ offre de nourriture manque de toute justification empirique, tout au moins en ce qui concerne la plus grande partie de la terre. II est cependant exact que dans certains pays la nourriture n'est plus un facteur limitant en fait ľ accroissement de la population et il pourrait en etre de meme a ľ avenir dans ď autres pays. II ne s'ensuit pas toutefois que les facteurs limitatifs cesseront ď agir. Ľévolution de la civilisation, celle de la production et de la consommation contribuent à modifier le caractère de ces facteurs, mais elles ne les éliminent pas, car aussitǒt qu'un facteur n'agit plus, ď autres se substituent nécessairement à lui. Ľ accroissement de la population peut ne pas affecter la consommation individuelle de denrées alimentaires ou tout autre bien de consommation dont ľ offre est présumée très élastique; mais il est alors probable que dans maintes situations concrètes la consommation ď autres biens sera plus faible que ce ne serait autrement le cas.
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    Notes: In recent years there has been a great development of interest in the principles and the problems of rational decision-making and rational action. Economists, mathematicians, statisticians, logicians, engineers, and philosophers have all addressed their efforts to various phases of the general problem of rationality. This paper attempts a provisional synthesis of their basic results so far, in the form of a suggested preliminary definition of rationality that is sufficiently general to be applicable in all circumstances.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGBeitrag zu einer allgemeinen Definition des rationalen Handelns In den letzten Jahren ist ein zunehmendes Interesse an den Grundlagen und den Problemen der rationalen Entschlussfassung und rationalen Handelns festzustellen. Ökonomen, Mathematiker, Statistiker, Logiker, Ingenieure und Philosophen haben ihre Anstrengungen auf verschiedene Phasen des allgemeinen Problems des Rationalen gerichtet. Die vorliegende Studie macht den Versuch einer vorläufigen Synthese der bisherigen grundlegenden Ergebnisse in Form einer vorläufigen Definition des Rationalen, die genügend allgemein ist, um unter jeglichen Bedingungen anwendbar zu sein.RÉSUMÉRecherche ď une définition générate de ľ ction rationnelle. Durant ces dernières années, ľ intéret s'est fortement accru pour les principes et les problèmes relatifs à la décision rationnelle et àľ action rationnelle. Des économistes, des mathématiciens, des statisticiens, des logiciens, des ingénieurs et des philosophes ont concentrés leurs efforts sur les différentes phases du probléme général de la rationalité. La présente étude constitue un essai de synthèse provisoire des résultats fondamentaux obtenus jusqu'ici, sous la forme ď une définition préliminaire de la rationalité, par ailleurs suffisamment générale pour etre applicable dans toutes les circonstances.The general definition of rationality, to be usable for “practical” decisionmaking, must take full cognizance of each of the following characteristics of the “real” world, at least: the time-dimension of action and of the consequences of the action; the multitudinous side-effects of an action; the inevitable uncertainty of the “actor” in connection with the alternatives of action open to him and the consequences of each of these; the costs of information-gathering; the costs of performing logical operations; the variety of the value-criteria of different actors; the changes in the value-criteria of any given actor over time; and the “tastes” of the actor in relation to time-preference, risk-taking, logical processes, and the facing of uncertainty. The definition of rationality should specify the course of action which, in the light of all these factors, is the “best” one.The present suggested definition outlines a “rational” procedure for choosing one from among the set of all known possible actions, where the word “action” refers to a particular time-sequence of (a) acting (in the usual sense), (b) information-gathering, and (c) logical analysis. The procedure consists, roughly, of these four steps: (1) the specification of the set of known possible actions; (2) the determination, for each of the actions, and using all available relevant information, of the set of all possible consequences of that action and their respective probabilities; (3) the evaluation, in the light of the relevant value-criteria, of each of the possible consequences of each of the possible actions; and (4) the derivation from (3) of the “correct” action to be adopted. In carrying out these steps we employ a logical construction patterned after those of Carnap, Hempel and Oppenheim.For the sake of greater understandability, the definition is presented in two stages. The appendix to this paper contains a (grossly oversimplified) illustration of the application of the definition.Die allgemeine Definition des Rationalen - soil sie für praktische Entschlüsse verwendbar sein - muss zumindest folgende Charakteristika der “realen” Welt voll berücksichtigen: die Zeitdimension einer Handlung und der Konsequenzen der Handlung; die zahlreichen Nebenwirkungen einer Handlung; die unvermeidliche Ungewissheit des Handelnden mit Bezug auf die ihm offenstehenden alternativen Handlungen und auf die Folgen jeder dieser Handlungen; die Kosten zusätzlicher Information; die Kosten des logischen Vorgehens; die Mannigfaltigkeit der Wertkriterien der verschiedenen Handelnden; die Rnderungen in den Wertkriterien eines Handelnden im Zeitverlauf; die Einstellung des Handelnden hinsichtlich Zeitpräferenz, Risikobereitschaft, logische Verfahren und Ungewissheit. Die Definition des Rationalen sollte jenen Ablauf des Handelns aufzeigen, der im Lichte aller dieser Faktoren der “beste” ist.Die hier vorgeschlagene Definition skizziert ein “rationales Verfahren für die Wahl einer Handlung unter all den bekannten möglichen Handlungen, wobei das Wort “Handlung” sich auf eine besondere Zeitfolge von Handeln (im üblichen Sinn), Information und logischer Analyse bezieht. Das Verfahren besteht, grob gesprochen, in folgenden vier Schritten: I. Spezifikation der bekannten möglichen Handlungen; 2. Bestimmung aller möglichen Folgen und der Wahrscheinlichkeit dieser Folgen für jede der Handlungen, unter Verwendung aller verfügbaren relevanten Informationen; 3. Wertbestimmung jeder möglichen Folge von jeder der möglichen Handlungen auf Grund der relevanten Wertkriterien; und 4. Ableitung der “richtigen” vorzunehmenden Handlung aus 3. Bei der Ausführung dieser Schritte wird eine logische Konstruktion verwendet nach dem Muster von Carnap, Hempel und Oppenheim.Im Interesse einer grössern Verständlichkeit wird die Definition in zwei Stufen entwickelt. Der Anhang enthält eine (stark vereinfachte) Illustration über die Anwendung der Definition.Une définition générale de la rationalité - pour qu'elle soit utilisable pour des decisions pratiques - doit pour le moins tenir pleinement compte de chacune des caractéristiques suivantes du monde “réel”: la durée de ľ action et des conséquences de ľ action; la multitude des effets connexes ď une action; ľ inévitable incertitude de celui qui agit en ce qui concerne les alternatives qui s'offrent à lui et les conséquences de chacune de ces actions; le coǔt des informations complémentaires; le coǔt de ľ exécution logique des opérations; la diversite des criteres-valeur, suivant l'opinion de ceux qui agissent; les modifications dans le temps des critères-valeur ď un exécutant donné; la préférence que marque celui qui agit quant au temps, au risque, à la procédure logique et àľ incertitude. La définition de la rationalité devrait spécifier le déroulement de ľ action, qui, à la lumière de tous ces facteurs, apparaǐt comme “la meilleure”.La définition proposée ici esquisse une procédure rationnelle pour le choix ď une action parmi toutes les actions reconnues possibles; en ľ occurrence, le mot action se rapporte à une suite chronologique a) ď actions (au sens usuel), b) ď informations et c) ď analyses logiques. Grosso modo, le processus comprend les quatre étapes suivantes: I° la spécification des actions connues possibles; 2° la détermination pour chacune des actions, et en utilisant toutes les informations disponibles entrant en ligne de compte, de toutes les conséquences possibles et de leurs probabilityés respectives; 3oévaluation, à la lumière des critères-valeur entrant en ligne de compte, de chacune des conséquences possibles de chacune des actions possibles; et 4o la déduction de 3o de ľ action “correcte”à exécuter. En exposant ces étapes, ľ auteur utilise une construction logique calquée sur celles de Carnap, Hempel et Oppenheim.Afin ď etre mieux compréhensible, la définition est présentée en deux paliers. Ľ annexe à cet article contient un exemple (considérablement simplifyé) de ľ application de la définition.
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    Notes: The paper defines entrepreneurship as about ‘self-competition’, the quest to test self-ability: Can a future self achieve greater goals than what has been so far achieved? Self-competition involves the development of ability and, hence, ex post assessment of ability is uncertain. Such uncertainty occasions either immobilizing anxiety (Buridan's ass) or entrepreneurial action. No such uncertainty surrounds the assessment of risk probability characterizing events such as floods and stock market crashes. An observable prediction of the proposed uncertainty/risk dichotomy is that insurance, which concerns risk, cannot crowd out religion and other belief systems which appeal to uncertainty.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMENFASSUNGIn diesem Papier wird Unternehmertum im Sinne von ‘Selbst-Konkurrenz’ deftniert, als Streben, die eigenen Fähigkeiten unter Beweis zu stellen: Kann das zukünftige Ich höhere Ziele als bisher erreichen?Selbst-Konkurrenz beinhaltet die Entwicklung von Fähigkeiten, und daher ist deren ex post Einschätzung unsicher. Diese Unsicherheit führt entweder zu einer lähmenden Angst (Burdians Esel) oder zu unternehmerischer Aktivität. Im Gegensatz dazu ist die Einschätzung der Risikowahrscheinlichkeit von Überschwemmungen oder Kursschwankungen an der Börse nicht von einer solchen Unsicherheit geprägt. Als beobachtbare Voraussage aus der vorgeschlagenen Unsicher-heit/Risiko-Dichotomie heraus ergibt sich, dass eine dieses Risiko betreffende Versicherung nicht in der Lage ist, Religion und andere Glaubenssysteme, die sich auf Unsicherheit bezichen, zu verdrängen.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉSUMÉCe papier définit ľesprit entrepreneur comrne ‘une concurrence de soi’, la quete d'éprouver la capacityé de soi: Est-ce possible qu'un futur-soi puisse achever de plus grands buts qu'il a déjà accomplis? Une concurrence de soi consiste du développcinent de sa capacityé, done, ľévaluation ex past de cette capacityé n'est pas certaine.Une telle incertitude mène à une anxiété paralysante (ľǎne de Buridan) ou àľ action entreprenante. Une incertitude de la sorte n'entoure pas ľévaluation de la probabilityé de risque qui caractérisent les événements tels comme ľ inondation ou la chute de la Bourse. Une prédiction qu'on petit observer de la dichotomie proposée incertitude/risque, c'est que ľ assurance, qui concerne le risque, doit laisser de place aux réligions et aux autres systèmes de croyance qui invoquent ľ incertitude.
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    Notes: The paper results from interviews held among economists from Central and Eastern Europe. It tries to get an inside view on the profession under communist rule. As expected, the results depend upon period and country under analysis. Poland and Hungary did not lose contact with Western developments, while the Soviet Union and the GDR and also Czechoslovakia after 1968 isolated themselves completely. In Russia there was an own development in the sphere of optimal planning theory. In the GDR strict political control and adherence to dogmatism led to sterility. Reform thinking became stronger in the 1980s, with the exception of the GDR and Russia. The results are corroborated by the personal situation of the individual economist. Asked where they see the lasting contribution of economics under communism, most respondents are rather pessimistic: it is more the abortive practice of Soviet-type central planning which taught a lesson than the theoretical developments of the period.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie Studie ist das Ergebnis von Interviews, die unter Wirtschaftswissenschaftlern aus Mittel- und Osteuropa gehalten wurden. Sie sucht einen Blick von innen auf die Entwicklung einer Wissenschaft unter kommunistischer Herrschaft zu gewinnen. Das Resultat hängt von der jeweiligen Periode und dem jeweiligen Land ab. Polen und Ungarn haben den Kontakt zum Westen nicht verloren. Russland und die DDR, ebenso die CSSR nach 1968, haben sich dagegen vollständig isoliert. Russland kannte eine eigene Entwicklung in der Planungstheorie. In der DDR führten dagegen politische Kontrolle und Dogmatismus zur Sterilität. Mit Ausnahme dieserbeiden Länder wuchs das Reformdenken in den 80er Jahren stetig an. Die Ergebnisse spiegeln sich auch in der persönlichen Situation der einzelnen Wissenschaftler wider. Nach dem bleibenden Beitrag der Ökonomie unter dem Kommunismus befragt, zeigen sich die Antworten eher pessimistisch: nicht die theoretischen Errungenschaften der Periode sind lehrreich, vielmehr aber das abschreckende Beispiel des sowjetischen Zentralplansystems.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉSUMÉL' article rend compte des résultats d'interviews réalisés auprès d'économistes des pays de l'Europe Centrale et Orientale. II présente une vision de l'intérieur sur le développement de la science économique sous le régime communiste. Les résultats dépendent de la période et du pays analyses. La Pologne et la Hongrie n'ont jamais perdu le contact avec la science économique occidentale, tandis que la Russie, l'Allemagne de l'Est et, après 1968, la Tchécoslovaquie s'en sont isolés complètement. Avec la théorie de la planification optimale, la Russie a connu son propre développement. En RDA, le contrǒle politique et le dogmatisme ont abouti à une stérilité théorique. À l'éxception de ces deux derniers pays, la pensée réformiste s'est renforcée continument au cours des années 80. Ces résultats se reflètent aussi dans la situation personnelle faite aux économistes. Quant a la contribution durable de la science économique sous le communisme, les réponses sont peu optimistes: ce ne sont pas tellement les développements théoriques qui survivront à la periode soviétique, mais plutöt (‘experience avortée de la planification centrale de type soviétique.
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    Notes: This paper presents the results of an overlapping-generations experiment on the individual choice between intergenerational transfers and savings. One dominant finding of our experiment is that if savings are possible individuals choose to (gradually) opt out of the intergenerational transfer system. In that case the average individual pay-offs are lower but their distribution among individuals is less volatile. This suggests that risk aversion is a driving force behind the decline of intergenerational transfers. The willingness to give to previous generations does not disappear completely, however. Moreover, the degree of cohesion between successive generations, measured by (lie correlation between current and past transfers does not diminish significantly after the introduction of (he savings option.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMIENEASSUNGDicser Artikcl präsentierl die ErgebnisseeinesOvcrlapping-Generations-Experitnents, indent sich die Tcilnehmer zwisehen tnlergenerationalcn Transfers und Sparen entscheiden mussten. Eines der Hauptergcbnisse besteht darin, dass die Einführung der Mögliehkeit zur individuellen Zukunfts-vorsorge durch Sparen zu einer (allmählichen) Zurückdrängung von intergencrationalen Transfers führt. Im Fall des Sparens isl die durehschnittliche individuclle Auszahlung zwar geringer, dafür aber weniger unsieher. Die Zurückdrangung intergenerationaler Transfers lässt sich dahcr durch Risikoaversion erklären. Dennoch verschwindct die Bereitschaft, an die vorausgehende Generation abzugeben, nicht völlig. Ausserdein vennindert sich die Stärke des Zusatnnienhalts zwisehen aufcinanderlolgcnden Generalionen, getnessen durch die Korrelation zwisehen gegenwärtigen und früheren Transfers, nicht wesentlich durch die Einführung der Mögliehkeit des Sparens.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉSUMÉLe papier présente des résultats expérimentaux sur les choix individuels entre transferts inter-génération et épargnc. Un des résultats principaux est que s'il est possible d'épargncr, alors (progressivement) les agents passent du système de transfer! inter-générationnelausystème d'épargne. Dans de cas le payoff moyen des agents est plus faible mais la distribution des payoffs est inoins volatile. Ceei suggère que l'aversion pour le risque est l'une des prineipales causes du déclin des transferts intergénération. Cependant, les transferts inter-génération ne disparaissent pas totalement. De plus, le degré de cohesion entre les génération successives, mesuré par la corrélation entre les transferts présents et passés, ne diminue pas significativemenl apres l'introduction de la possibilityé d'épargncr.
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    Notes: This paper investigates spatial disparities in unemployment in three Member States of the EU. It attempts to identify the factors responsible for the persistence of regional unemployment disparities in Germany, Italy and the UK during 1984-94. The empirical results indicate that a substantial proportion of the variation in unemployment rates between NUTS2 level regions can be explained by regional disparities in three key variables: unit labour costs, the industry mix and employment density. The findings are consistent with the view that regional unemployment disparities are explained primarily by regional disparities in economic competitiveness.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMENFASSUNODieser Artikel untersucht die räumlichen Unterschiede in der Höhe der Arbeitslosigkeit in drei Mitgliedsstaaten der EU. Er basiert auf dem Versuch, die Faktoren zu bestimmen, die im Zeitraum zwischen 1984 und 1994 für die Persistenz von regionalen Unterschieden der Höhe der Arbeitslosigkeit in Deutschland, Italien und Grossbritannien verantwortlich waren. Die empirischen Ergeb-nisse zeigen, dass ein wesentlicher Teil der Unterschiede in der Höhe der Arbeitslosigkeit zwischen NUTS2 Regionen durch eine regional unterschiedliche Ausprägung von drei wichtigen Variablen erklärt werden kann: Lohnstückkosten, Wirtschaftsstruktur und Zahl der Arbeitsplätze pro Quadratkilometer. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen die Ansicht, dass die regional unterschiedlich hohe Arbeitslosigkeit hauptsächlich durch Unterschiede der regionalen Wettbewerbsfähigkeit zu cr-klüren ist.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉSUMÉCe document examine les disparités géographiques du chǒmage dans trois États membres de l'Union Européenne. Nous essayerons d'identifier les facteurs responsables de la persistance des disparités en chǒmage régional en Ailemagne, en Italie el au Royaume-Uni pendant la période 1984-94. Les résultats empiriques indiquent qu'une proportion importante de la variation du taux de chǒmage entre les régions de la catégorie NUTS2 peut s'expliquer par des disparités régionales en trois variables prépondérantes: le coǔt unitaire d'emploi, la structure industrielle et la densité d'emploi. Les résultats coïncident avec l'avis que les disparités du chǒmage régional s'expliquent surtout par les disparités régionales en compétitivitééconomique.
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