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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 140 (1999), S. 81-86 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Schlagwort(e): Reed Warbler ; timing of breeding ; spring arrival ; global climate change ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung In einem Untersuchungsgebiet am westlichen Bodensee (Halbinsel Mettnau) zeichnet sich zwischen 1976 und 1997 eine deutliche Zunahme früh ausgeflogener Teichrohrsänger ab, was auf ein früheres Brüten schließen läßt. Weiterhin hat sich die Erstankunft des Teichrohrsängers am Bodensee in den letzten 16 Jahren (1982–1997) im Vergleich zum Zeitraum 1961 bis 1980 um genau eine Woche verfrüht (im Mittel vom 26.4. auf den 19.4.). Während sich zwischen der jährlichen Erstankunft des Teichrohrsängers am Bodensee und der Zahl früh ausgeflogener Jungvögel kein statistisch gesicherter Zusammenhang finden läßt, ist die Temperatur in der ersten Maihälfte ein guter (statistisch signifikanter) Indikator für die Zahl früh ausgeflogener Teichrohrsänger. Die vorliegende Untersuchung zeigt, daß sich offenbar auch Langstreckenzieher an die sich abzeichnende Klimaveränderung anzupassen beginnen.
    Notizen: Summary Data from a standardized mist-netting programme (the so-called "MRI-Programm") were used to assess the timing of breeding in Reed Warblers (Acrocephalus scirpaceus) at Lake Constance (South Germany). The number of Reed Warblers fledged early in the season increased significantly between 1976 and 1997 (rs=0.614; p〈0.01). This is most probably due to a long-term increase in spring temperature as suggested by the high correlation between the number of early-fledged Reed Warblers and mean temperature in the first half of May (rs=0.416; p〈0.01). While in the period from 1961 to 1980 the mean date of spring arrival was on the 26th of April, it shifted towards the 19th April from 1981 to 1997. However, the number of early-fledged Reed Warblers and the date of spring arrival are not significantly correlated. The lack of a significant correlation may be due to a number of reasons, for instance early arriving birds do not belong to the local population or there could be an observational bias among years. Yet, the most likely explanation is that the timing of breeding in Reed Warblers is triggered by vegetation growth and food supply rather than by the timing of spring arrival. There is growing body of evidence from this and other studies that the recent climate change is responsible for the shift in both the timing of migration and breeding in birds.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 261 (1983), S. 188-189 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Schlagwort(e): Polymerization ; kinetics ; redox polymerization ; acrylamide
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 366-373 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Schlagwort(e): kinetics ; isothermal crystallization ; polymer ; spherulite ; differential scanning calorimetry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract In the DSC technique, isothermal crystallization experiments are usually performed on thin flat specimens, but their interpretation generally uses theories developed for an unbounded volume. In this paper, isothermal crystallization of spherical entities in the volume limited by two parallel infinite planes is considered. Our model, derived from Avrami's theory, gives an analytical expression for the transformed volume fraction as a function of time. It is shown that the influence of thickness becomes important when thickness becomes of the order of or smaller than the average spherulite radius. The main effects of a decreasing thickness are a slower crystallization kinetics and a decrease in the Avrami exponent. These results can be used to interpret experimental data obtained in isothermal polymer crystallization.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 261 (1983), S. 621-625 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Schlagwort(e): Polyamide 6 ; crystallisation ; kinetics ; titania
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract The kinetics of isothermal and nonisothermal crystallization of polyamide-6 (PA6) containing titania was studied by means of DSC. It was found thatTiO 2 causes an acceleration in the crystallization of polyamide-6 and lowers the value of the Avrami exponent,n. The presence of TiO2 does not affect equilibrium melting pointT m 0 , glass temperatureT g, or surface free energiesσ e andσ of the basal and lateral surfaces.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 88 (1998), S. 81-96 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): chlorogenic acid ; Heliothis virescens ; Manduca sexta ; Pseudoplusia includens ; rutin ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; temperature ; tomatine ; Trichoplusia ni
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Analysis of the combined effects of allelochemicals on insect herbivores is useful because there may be adverse additive or even synergistic effects. Analysis of the simultaneous effects of temperature and alleochemicals is also necessary because these factors may interact. We examined the effects of three allelochemicals found in tomato (chlorogenic acid, rutin and tomatine) and thermal regime (21:10 °C and 26:15 °C, representing spring and summer respectively) on five insect herbivores (a Solanaceae specialist, Manduca sexta, and the polyphagous Heliothis virescens, Pseudoplusia includens, Spodoptera frugiperda and Trichoplusia ni). There were allelochemical interactions and thermal regime-allelochemical interactions for all species, and so the patterns were complex. In some cases, paired allelochemicals or the combination of three allelochemicals showed adverse additive effects on insect performance. But that was not always the case, and there were only a few examples of synergism. Negative effects of the allelochemicals were sometimes, but not always, damped by the cooler thermal regime. Comparing the growth rates of the five species in this study with those of a previous study (a total of seven species) revealed five patterns. For two of three pairs of closely-related species, the paired species had distinctly different patterns. For example, for H. virescens, tomatine prevented development and chlorogenic acid slowed growth, whereas for Helicoverpa zea, tomatine just slowed growth and the phenolics had little effect. The specialist Manduca sexta had a pattern that was midway between patterns of the generalists; it was not the most tolerant of the allelochemicals.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 481-489 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): reproductive compatibility ; hybrid inviability ; temperature ; Trichogramma ; biological control ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract In non-reciprocal cross-incompatibility (NRCI), the crossing of a female of a strain A with a male of a strain B results in hybrid offspring, whereas the reciprocal cross produces few or no hybrids. Only females are of hybrid origin in Hymenoptera because they arise from fertilized eggs; males arise from unfertilized (haploid) eggs. Crosses between many strains of Trichogramma deion showed some degree of NRCI. Crosses between a T. deion culture collected in Seven Pines, California (SVP) with one from Marysville, California (MRY) showed an extreme form of NRCI in which practically no female offspring was produced when MRY females were crossed with SVP males. The reciprocal cross produced a close to normal proportion of female and male offspring. Detailed studied of this cross indicated that 1) the female offspring produced in the compatible interstrain cross were not the result of parthenogenesis but were true hybrids, 2) the incompatible interstrain cross did not produce female offspring because fertilized eggs died during development, 3) the death of these eggs could not be prevented by either antibiotic or temperature treatment, 4) cytoplasmically inherited factors causing NRCI could be discounted because backcrossed females with the genome of MRY and the cytoplasm of SVP, exhibit the NRCI relationship characteristic of their genome. Therefore the NRCI between these strains appears to be caused by a modification coded for by the nuclear genes of MRY that results in incompatibility when SVP sperm fertilizes MRY eggs. In addition the level of incompatibility in crosses between the SVP females and MRY males is temperature sensitive, the higher the rearing temperature the lower the level of compatibility.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fire technology 20 (1984), S. 47-63 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Schlagwort(e): Extinguishment ; fire modeling ; mass loss ; heat release ; char ; reflash ; sprinklers ; radiant flux ; kinetics ; reaction rate ; heat loss ; ash ; latent heat ; spray density ; extinguishing agents
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung
    Notizen: Abstract The Ad Hoc Mathematical Fire Modeling Working Group was organized about seven years ago to facilitate voluntary cooperation and coordination in developing mathematical fire modeling capability. The group has a steering committee of representatives of agencies that support fire modeling and related research. These include the National Bureau of Standards' Center for Fire Research, Factory Mutual Research Corp., the Naval Research Laboratory, NASA, and the Federal Aviation Agency. The Group holds plenary meetings when it seems desirable to do so (about once each 1 1/2 years), and workshops on topical subjects. Three workshops were held in 1983. Normally, Group meetings are held before or after other meetings at which a number of interested personnel would likely be present. Minutes are mailed to those who attended and to others (including European and Japanese personnel) who have indicated interest. This workshop was arranged by Ron Alpert of Factory Mutual Research Corp. and held at their facilities at Norwood, MA, in November 1983.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 85 (1997), S. 231-236 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Glossina fuscipes fuscipes ; vegetation ; biconical trap ; temperature ; light ; relative humidity ; monitor lizard
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Newstead was sampled in isolated thickets and forest patches near Lake Victoria, Kenya using unbaited biconical traps, between March 1992 and June 1993. Traps set at 1 m from the forest edge caught 3.3 times as many males and 5 times as many females as those set inside or 10 m away. The corresponding figures at 1 m from the edge of thicket were about 1.43 and 1.64 times, respectively. Hourly catches of males and females were positively correlated with temperature, light intensity and host (monitor lizard) prevalence, and negatively correlated with relative humidity. Light intensity and temperature were the most important variables affecting the catches of each sex. The results are discussed in relation to control and monitoring of G. f. fuscipes using traps.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 86 (1998), S. 13-24 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; cytoplasmic incompatibility ; Wolbachia ; temperature ; antibiotics ; density
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The effects of high temperatures, antibiotics, nutrition and larval density on cytoplasmic incompatibility caused by a Wolbachia infection were investigated in Drosophila simulans. Exposure of larvae from an infected stock to moderate doses of tetracycline led to complete incompatibility when treated females were crossed to infected males; the same doses only caused a partial restoration of compatibility when treated males were crossed to uninfected females. In crosses with treated females, there was a strong correlation between dose effects on hatch rates and infection levels in embryos produced by these females. Ageing and rearing males at a high temperature led to increased compatibility. However, exposing infected females to a high temperature did not influence their compatibility with infected males. Male temperature effects depended on conditions experienced at the larval stage but not the pupal stage. Exposure to 25 °C reduced the density of Wolbachia in embryos compared with a 19 °C treatment. Low levels of nutrition led to increased compatibility, but no effect of larval crowding was detected. These findings show the ways environmental factors can influence the expression of cytoplasmic incompatibility and suggest that environmental effects may be mediated by bacterial density.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 86 (1998), S. 49-58 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): aphids ; Sitobion ; population ; chromosomal race ; mean relative growth rate ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Chromosomal races of the aphid Sitobion miscanthi (Takahashi), and a closely-related species S. near fragariae (Aphididae: Macrosiphini) show seasonal differences in abundance in eastern Australia. We tested whether this was related to differences in temperature response, using controlled laboratory conditions. Intrinsic rate of increase, rm, mean relative growth rate (MRGR), and longevity were compared at different temperatures, and rates of increase were compared outdoors under ambient conditions. Using laboratory data, we simulated population growth, for comparison with outdoor populations. There were significant differences in responses to temperature regimes both in the laboratory and outdoors. Outdoor populations fell well short of predicted sizes. S. miscanthi (2n=18) showed evidence of adaptation to warmer conditions. In contrast, S. nr fragariae showed consistent evidence for adaptation to cooler conditions, and S. miscanthi 2n=17 was approximately intermediate. These data indicate that temperature responses are important in the ecology, evolution and pest status of S. miscanthi clones and S. nr fragariae in Australia.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 511-519 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): sweet potato whitefly ; temperature ; relative humidity ; migration and dispersal ; virus transmission ; Homoptera ; Aleyrodidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The ability of the sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennad., to survive a range of environmental conditions was investigated in the laboratory. The range of temperature and humidity investigated corresponds to the normal climatic range during B. tabaci's summer migration in Israel. Adult whiteflies confined to small test cages were exposed to combinations of temperature (25, 30, 35, and 41 °C) and relative humidity (20, 50, 80, and 100%) for periods of 2, 4, or 6 h. A logistic regression model describing the four-dimensional surface defining percent survival as a function of time, temperature, and humidity was developed. Using stepwise regression to exclude non-significant terms, the linear predictor included temperature, and the products of temperature and time, and humidity and time. The model accounted for 75% of the variance. A reparameterization of the fitted regression model suggests that survival potential is conditioned by temperature conditions prevailing during the previous 10 h. Whitefly survival after 2 h exposure ranged from ≈ 90% survival at 20°C and 100% RH, to 〈2% survival at 41°C and 20% r.h.. No whiteflies survived more than 2 h exposure at these latter extremes of temperature and humidity. Survival rates decreased slightly after experimental whiteflies were kept in a cage with food a further 20 h at 25±2°C, 55±5% r.h. Investigations of the effects of hunger and virus infection, showed that both increased mortality.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 83 (1997), S. 171-180 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): within-plant heterogeneity ; tent caterpillars ; temperature ; circular statistics ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The caterpillars of Yponomeuta mahalebella Latr. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) are monophagous on Prunus mahaleb (Rosaceae) leaves. Adult females deposit eggs in batches, which determines larval gregarious behaviour. Coupled with gregarious behaviour, caterpillars spin silk tents within they will feed until pupation. Distribution of tents in the field, their effect in microenvironmental larval growth conditions and the consequences for adult body mass and survival of larvae were studied. There was a significant trend for tents to be placed with a southward orientation. Within-plant tent orientation was related to the sun-shade pattern experienced, which was the main effect determining thermal differences between the inside and the outside of the tent. These differences appeared to affect larval growth and survival, with higher survival of larvae and heavier adults emerging from tents oriented to the south-east and east, respectively.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 76 (1995), S. 121-131 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Aphis gossypii ; life history ; cucumber ; temperature ; partial resistance ; biological control ; Aphidius colemani
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Life table data forAphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae), an important pest in glasshouse cucumber crops, were studied at 20, 25 and 30°C on two cucumber cultivars (Cucumis sativus L.) in controlled climate cabinets. The development time on the cucumber cv. ‘Sporu’ ranged from 4.8 days at 20°C to 3.2 days at 30°C. Immature mortality was approximately 20% and did not differ between temperatures. Most mortality occurred during the first instar. Reproduction periods did not differ among temperatures, but at 25 and 30°C more nymphs were produced (65.9 and 69.8 nymphs/♀, respectively) than at 20°C (59,9 nymphs/♀) because of a higher daily reproduction. Intrinsic rate of increase was greatest at 25°C (r m =0.556 day−1). At 20 and 30°C the intrinsic rate of increase was 0.426 and 0.510, respectively. On cv. ‘Aramon’, the development time ofA. gossypii was approximately 20% longer at all temperatures. Immature mortality did not differ between the two cultivars. The intrinsic rate of increase on cv. ‘Aramon’ was 15% smaller than on cv. ‘Sporu’. The use of cucumber cultivars partially resistant to aphids is discussed in relation to biological control of cotton aphid in glasshouses. Development time and immature mortality on leaves of the middle and upper leaf layer of glasshouse grown cucumber plants (cv. ‘Aramon’) were comparable to development in the controlled climate cabinets. On the lower leaves immature mortality was much higher (approximately 82%) than on leaves of the middle (24.0%) and upper leaf layer (24.5%). Reproduction was less on the lower leaf layer (45.9, 70.5 and 70.1 nymphs/♀ on leaves of the lower, middle and upper leaf layer, respectively). Aphids, successfully parasitized byAphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) only reproduced when they were parasitized after the third instar. Fecundity was 0.1 to 0.9 and 10.5 to 13.3 nymphs/♀ for aphids parasitized in the fourth instar or as adults, respectively. Reproduction of aphids that were stung but survived the attack was lower than for aphids not stung. Average longevity of these aphids was equal to the longevity of aphids not stung byA. colemani.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 88 (1998), S. 97-99 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Anthonomus pomorum ; temperature ; diapause ; flight behavior
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fire technology 33 (1997), S. 195-213 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Schlagwort(e): point of fire origin ; fire ; temperature ; plaster ; concrete ; thermal ; damage ; biotite ; magnetization ; susceptibility ; N-rays ; P-rays ; X-rays
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung
    Notizen: Abstract Magnetic susceptibility (MS) measurements were taken to determine fire exposure patterns on noncombustible structural members and compartment boundaries. These measurements led on-site fire investigators to the cause of combustion and the point of fire origin. Thermal damage to walls and to ceilings was estimated quantitatively by measuring MS and two-valent Fe ion concentration in building materials such as concrete and plaster. It was shown that these effects are preconditioned by thermochemical transformations in the mineral biotite, which is present as a component of common building materials. For the first time, the effect of a substantial and irreversible increase in biotite magnetization exposed to powerful flows of N- and P-rays was found. It is hoped that the presence of this “magnetic trace” of radiation in building materials will allow investigators to use the magnetometric method at nuclear power plant catastrophes such as that in Chernobyl. It was also shown that the influence of N- and P-rays on biotite's magnetic properties greatly differs from the thermal influence on biotite.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 93 (1999), S. 149-155 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Megalurothrips sjostedti ; temperature ; photoperiod ; development ; pre-oviposition ; oviposition ; diapause
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Megalurothrips sjostedti is an economic pest of cowpea in tropical Africa. There are no reports of the effect of temperature on the development of the pest and no diapause has been detected. The developmental rate and reproduction of M. sjostedti was studied under six constant temperatures (14, 17, 20, 23, 26 and 29 °C ) and a photoperiod of L12:D12 in the laboratory. Total developmental time ranged from 33.1 days at 14 °C to 19.2 days at 26 °C. At 29 °C, all larvae died during hatching. Egg, larval and pupal stages required 94.3, 97.1 and 105.3 deg-days (DD) above a threshold of 8.2, 9.1 and 10.4 °C, respectively, to complete development. Total developmental cycle was completed at 163.9 DD above a threshold of 12.6 °C. Adult longevity was lowest (11.1 days) at 29 °C and highest (28.7 days) at 14 °C. At constant temperatures, the highest pre-oviposition period was observed at 29 °C under a photoperiod of L16:D8. Egg production also ceased at this temperature/photoperiod combination. Total fecundity was highest at 26 °C under L10:D14. At cyclical temperatures, pre-oviposition period was longest (12.4 days) at 20/29 °C under L16:D8. Total fecundity was highest (168.4 eggs) at 14/26 °C under L10:D14, and lowest (8.2 eggs) at 20/29 °C under L16:D8. The significance of these findings in the management of M. sjostedti is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Amblyseius cucumeris ; Frankliniella occidentalis ; rate of predation ; temperature ; vapor pressure deficit
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The influence of temperature and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) on the rate of predation by the predatory mite, Amblyseius cucumeris (Oudemans) on Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) was determined under controlled laboratory conditions. The survival of first instars of F. occidentalis was initially determined by themselves. Then the number of first instars that were killed by a single female adult of A. cucumeris was determined for the same density of thrips. The differences in the mortality between the two experiments were used to calculate the rate of predation by A. cucumeris under a range of temperature and VPD regimes. Rate of predation was expressed as the number of thrips killed per h to account for the different time periods that the trials lasted. A quadratic model was fitted to the data. At a constant temperature, the rate of predation decreased with increasing VPD for VPDs 〈-1.24 to 1.44 kPa. Above these VPDs, the rate of predation started to increase again. At a constant VPD, the rate of predation decreased slightly at the lower temperatures and increased at the higher temperatures. The rate of change was dependent upon the VPD. By using the quadratic model, the rate of predation can be predicted for the range of hygrothermal conditions that would be encountered in the greenhouse. The optimal condition for maximum rate of predation by A. cucumeris on first instars of F. occidentalis in the greenhouse is a VPD 〈- 0.75 kPa at the recommended production temperatures and VPDs (17 to 25°C and 〈- 1.5 kPa).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 89 (1998), S. 207-214 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Bombus terrestris ; bumblebees ; diapause ; survival ; preoviposition period ; weight ; temperature ; diapause duration
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Diapause survival and post-diapause performance (i.e., if a queen starts to lay eggs) of in total 2210 bumblebee queens (Bombus terrestris) were measured under different diapause regimes: 5 temperatures (−5, 0, 5, 10 and 15 °C) in combination with 5 durations of exposure (1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 months). The results show that weight at the start of diapause determines to a large extent whether a queen will be able to survive diapause. Queens with a wet weight below 0.6 g prior to diapause did not survive, but for those queens exceeding this threshold a higher pre- diapause weight did not increase their post-diapause performance. There was no effect of temperature on diapause survival; 76% of the variance in survival could be explained by the duration of the treatment. Neither temperature nor duration of exposure had an effect on post-diapause performance. The preoviposition period of the queens that laid eggs was also determined. The preoviposition period was affected by both temperature and duration of exposure: the preoviposition period decreased with decreasing temperature but also with increasing duration of the treatment.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 78 (1996), S. 201-213 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): cowpea ; Vigna unguiculata ; pod sucking bugs ; age-specific life tables ; temperature ; insect development ; cohort statistics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Age-specific life tables of two important pests of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., the pod sucking bugs Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stål and C. shadabi Dolling (Heteroptera: Coreidae), were obtained from observations carried out at different temperatures. A biophysical model was found satisfactory to describe the temperature-response of developmental and mortality rates of egg and nymphal stages, with a peak developmental rate around 34°C in both species. The variability in development times was small and the experimental data did not permit any conclusion with regard to the Erlang probability density function. Survival of eggs and nymphs remained high between 20° and 30°C for both species. At temperatures above 34°C, C. tomentosicollis survivorship and fecundity was higher than that of C. shadabi, which in turn laid more eggs at temperatures between 20° and 30°C. Maximum fecundity is estimated to be at 29°C for C. tomentosicollis (99 eggs/female) and 26°C for C. shadabi (261 eggs/female). At 30°C, the intrinsic rate of increase reached a maximum in both species, 0.152 per day for C. tomentosicollis and 0.145 per day for C. shadabi, and remained high for C. tomentosicollis until 36°C. C. tomentosicollis performed significantly better on pigeonpea, Cajanus cajan Millsp., than on cowpea at higher temperatures.
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 90 (1999), S. 25-35 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Aphis gossypii ; development ; survival ; fecundity ; intrinsic rate of increase ; life table ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Life table parameters of Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Gossypium hirsutum L. were determined at six temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 ± 0.5 °C) in the laboratory. Relationships of life table parameters with temperature were described with mathematical equations. Development was fastest at 30 °C, with a pre-larviposition period of 4.6 d. Survival to adult was greatest at 25 °C (81%). Fecundity was highest at 25 °C, with a total fecundity of 28.3 nymphs per female and a mean reproductive rate of 3.1 nymphs per female per day. Threshold temperatures for development in the first through fourth instar and the adult were 8.2, 8.0, 7.2, 6.2 and 7.9 °C, respectively. The durations of these stages, expressed as temperature sums above these thresholds, were 24.2, 23.7, 23.0, 25.5 and 168.8 degree-days (D°), respectively. A. gossypii achieved its maximum net reproductive number (24.4 nymphs per female) and greatest intrinsic rate of increase (0.386 d−1) at 25 °C. The high relative rate of population increase at 25 °C results in a daily population increase of 47% and a doubling time of only 1.8 d, illustrating the tremendous growth capacity of A. gossypii populations under favourable conditions. Compared to literature sources, our source of A. gossypii, fed on cotton, showed a comparatively great heat tolerance.
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 82 (1997), S. 159-166 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Diaeretiella rapae ; reproduction ; life-tables ; temperature ; Diuraphis noxia ; biological control
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh), a polyphagous and cosmopolitan parasite of aphids, was imported from China to the USA for biological control of Diuraphis noxia (Mordwilko), a pest of small grains. We studied several aspects of its biology on D. noxia hosts in the laboratory at 3 constant temperatures, 10.0, 21.1, and 26.7 °C. Females lived significantly longer than males at all 3 temperatures, and longevity was greatest at 10 °C, followed by 21.1 and 26.7 °C. Fecundity (= number of mummies) did not differ significantly among the 3 temperatures studied. The ovarian egg-load was 129.1 ± 9.3, and was significantly affected by the size of adult females. A pre-oviposition period ± 0.26 days) was detected at 10 °C, but not at the other temperatures. Pre-imaginal survivorship was similar among temperatures, while R o and T c decreased with temperature, and r m increased with temperature. The offspring sex ratio (proportion females) was lowest at 26.7 °C, and similar between 10.0 and 21.1 °C. In addition, the offspring sex ratio significantly declined with the age of the female parent. The suitability of D. rapae for colonization against D. noxia in North America is discussed in relation to its responses to temperature and the climate of its home range.
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 82 (1997), S. 319-333 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): chlorogenic acid ; light availability ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Manduca sexta ; protein ; rutin ; temperature ; tomatine
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract We examined how light availability influenced the defensive chemistry of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum: Solanaceae). Tomato plants were grown either in full sunlight or under shade cloth rated at 73%. Leaves from plants grown in full sunlight were tougher, had higher concentrations of allelochemicals (chlorogenic acid, rutin and tomatine), and had less protein than leaves from plants grown in shade. We determined how these differences in host plant quality due to light availability affected the behavior and growth of a Solanaceae specialist, Manduca sexta. Both in the greenhouse and in the field, caterpillars on shade-grown plants grew heavier in a shorter amount of time than those on plants that had previously been grown in full sunlight. In contrast, the effects of previous light availability to plants on caterpillar behavior appeared to be minor. To further investigate how light availability to plants influenced herbivore growth, we examined the effects of leaf-powder diets made from tomato leaves of different ages (new, intermediate, or mature) grown in full sunlight or shade on caterpillar performance. Caterpillars fed diets made from plants grown in shade consumed less but grew faster than larvae fed diets made from tomato plants grown in full sunlight. Caterpillars fed diets made from new leaves grew larger in less time than caterpillars fed diets made from intermediate aged leaves. Caterpillars did not survive on the mature leaf powder diets. There were plant-light treatment by larval thermal regime interactions. For example, at 26:15 °C , plant-light treatment had no effect on stadium duration, but at 21:10 °C, stadium duration was prolonged with the full sunlight-new leaf diet compared with the shaded-new leaf diet. In a second diet experiment, we examined the interactive effects of protein and some tomato allelochemicals (rutin, chlorogenic acid and tomatine) on the performance of caterpillars. There were food quality by thermal regime interactions. For instance, at 26:15 °C , neither protein nor allelochemical concentration influenced stadium duration, whereas at 21:10 °C, stadium duration was prolonged with the low protein-high allelochemical diet, which simulated full sunlight leaves. In sum, light availability to plants affected defensive chemistry and protein concentration. The difference in food quality was great enough to influence the growth of a specialist insect herbivore, but the effects were temperature-dependent.
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 75 (1995), S. 127-134 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): bruchid ; diapause ; photoperiod ; temperature ; multivoltinism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A wild bean weevil,Kytorhinus sharpianus Bridwell (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), has a multivoltine life cycle and enters a hibernal larval diapause at the fourth instar under a short daylength (Shimada & Ishihara, 1991). Here, we investigated their diapause incidence under different photoperiods at 24°C and 27°C. The critical photoperiods for diapause induction were 14.5 h at 24°C and 14 h at 27°C. The stages susceptible to diapause-inducing stimuli were estimated by transferring larvae of various instars from long days to short days and vice versa. Then we investigated the incidence of larval diapause. The sensitive stage was estimated to be from the third to early fourth instar. Though larval diapause, which was induced under a short daylength, was terminated only by increasing the daylength, the termination was more synchronized by an exposure to a low temperature followed by increasing temperature, irrespective of photoperiod.
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 84 (1997), S. 255-265 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Delia radicum ; postdiapause development ; temperature ; Diptera ; Anthomyiidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Canadian populations of D. radicum differ in their response to temperature during postdiapause development. Populations that are primarily of the early-emerging type ( $$\left( { \leqslant 256DD_{04} } \right)$$ ) (St-Jean, Quebec; London, Ontario) have high values for the parameters describing this response: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOuamaaBa% aaleaacaWGTbaabeaakiabg2da9aaa!38F2!$$R_m = $$ 12.7–13.3; $$T_m = $$ 28.0–31.8 °C ; Tσ = 10.3–14.2 ( $$R_m $$ , the maximum developmental rate at the temperature, $$T_m $$ [ °C ] where the developmental rate is highest, and Tσ , the parameter which gives the shape of the truncated normal curve fitted to the data), a low degree-day requirement for emergence (160–232 $$DD_{04} $$ ), and may lack a developmental delay at temperatures above ca. 21 °C . Populations of the late-emerging type (Kildare, Prince Edward Island) have low parameter values ( $$ R_m = 2.5$$ , $$T_m = 19.3$$ °C ; Tσ = 6.4), high degree-day requirements (530 $$DD_{04} $$ ), and a developmental delay at high temperatures. The parameters for the early-emergers in the population from Winnipeg, Manitoba (74% early) were intermediate ( $$R_m = 9.1$$ , $$T_m = 27.1$$ °C , Tσ = 10.7, $$ DD_{04} = 246 $$ ), but resembled the early rather than the late type. This population varied from 31 to 90% early type over a 10-year period and the rate of postdiapause development at 20 °C was directly related to the percentage early. In the year with the most rapid development (90% early), development was significantly slower than in the populations from other locations with predominantly early populations, and the year with the slowest development (31% early) showed significantly faster development than that from Kildare, Prince Edward Island (100% late). Therefore the parameters for early and late types of development will not be accurate for use in mixed populations, and the parameters in mixed populations will change among years. Populations of D. radicum in North America and Europe (67 locations by years) varied from 0–100% early. At Winnipeg, the percentage early was directly related to the annual temperature accumulation ( $$DD_{05} $$ ) during the growing season. The calculation of developmental parameters for the early-emergers of mixed populations provides a more accurate basis for estimating the times of first emergence and the first peak of emergence than parameters based on the whole population. Since postdiapause developmental rates vary both among and annually within locations, developmental models should be designed to include such variations.
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 79 (1996), S. 9-17 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Anthonomus pomorum ; temperature ; diel cycle ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Individual pairs of overwintered adult apple blossom weevils, Anthonomus pomorum (L.), confined with apple twigs under different ambient temperatures in the laboratory and on apple trees in the field, were observed through day and night for their spring activities. Flight behavior in relation to ambient temperature was also investigated under laboratory conditions using flight stands. Both sexes displayed predominantly nocturnal behavior patterns in both the laboratory and the field. Feeding, crawling, and mating activities increased following sunset in the field or onset of scotophase in the laboratory while resting occurred most frequently during daylight hours. Results of the laboratory experiments showed that temperature affected significantly the activity patterns. The diel pattern of activities became less distinctive at higher temperatures (above 15°C), and total activities in crawling, feeding, and mating were suppressed significantly at lower temperatures (below 5°C). Over 97% of the test weevils initiated take-off response from flight stands at 20°C within the 30 min trial period; however, flight initiation rarely occurred at temperatures 12°C or below. Overall, results of the laboratory and field experiments indicate that A. pomorum is a remarkably cold-adapted insect with ability to crawl, feed, and mate at a few degrees above freezing, a physiological attribute necessary for the exploitation of early stages of apple bud development in the cold early spring.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): seasonal trapping ; light traps ; pheromone traps ; trapping periodicity ; temperature ; reproductive state ; eastern hemlock looper
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The seasonal flight activity of both sexes of the eastern hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria Guenée (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) was studied during two consecutive years in Quebec and Newfoundland, using light (L), pheromone (P) and combined light and pheromone (LP) traps. Moth density significantly affected the performance of the different traps, with P traps being more effective at low than high density. However, P trap catches decreased just prior to the onset of female captures, probably as a result of competition between traps and virgin calling females. Nearly all females caught in L and LP traps were already mated and even the first females caught had laid at least half of their egg complement. In Quebec under warm nights, the pattern of male activity occurred at different times, with peak P catches being later in the scotophase than those of L traps, but overall similar numbers of males were caught in both traps. In contrast, under cool nights, males were caught early in the night in both P and L traps, suggesting a strong competition effect between traps, although more males were caught in P than L traps overall. In Newfoundland, the pattern of male captures in L and P traps was similar at both high and low temperatures, so competition between trap types would always be high. Under these conditions P traps were more effective than L traps. Irrespective of the region, year or temperature, significantly more males were captured in LP, with the effect of L and P being additive. In both regions, females responded similarly to L and LP traps with peak activity occurring early in the night. Captures of females were lower than those of males under cool temperatures, suggesting that the temperature threshold for flight is higher for females. The use of L and P traps simultaneously and/or in combination is discussed in relation to integrated pest management programs and ecological considerations.
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 461-468 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Trichogramma minutum ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; Ephestia kuehniella ; biological control ; inundative release ; weather ; host acceptance ; realized fecundity ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The effects of weather conditions and two parasitoid quality attributes, realized fecundity and host acceptance, were assessed on the field efficacy of mass-released Trichogramma minutum. Temperature was the most important single variable, explaining up to 75% of the variation in field parasitism. There were significant positive relationships between both the sum of the maximum temperatures and the number of degree-hours above a 15 °C threshold, accumulated in the three days following the release, and parasitism in the field. There was a significant negative relationship between the mean relative humidity and the odds of parasitism in the field. Quality parameters based on parasitoid biology were not effective for predicting field efficacy if poor weather conditions persisted after a release. If weather conditions were ‘good’ (i.e. accumulated maximum temperatures above 62 °C, in the 3 days following the release), then parameters such as release rate and fecundity in the lab were useful predictors of field performance. There was no relationship between host acceptance measured in the lab and field parasitism. Given the importance of field temperatures for field performance, selection for cold tolerance of T. minutum would be desirable.
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 93 (1999), S. 297-302 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): smaller fruit tortrix ; Grapholita lobarzewskii ; phenology ; post-diapause development ; temperature ; thermal threshold ; thermal constant ; forecasting ; modelling
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The smaller fruit tortrix, Grapholita lobarzewskii Nowicki, has become a major pest in the recent past in apple orchards north of the Alps. Nevertheless little is known about the biology and the behaviour of this species. The effect of temperature on post-diapause development and survival was studied under controlled conditions in order to establish a basis for the forecasting of adult emergence. Survival was found to be highest at 17 °C and lowest at 11.8 °C. The sex ratio did not differ significantly from 1:1. Based on a linear relationship between temperature and developmental rates, thermal thresholds of 9.6 °C and 9.8 °C were determined for females and males respectively. The thermal constants, i.e., the mean developmental times in physiological time units, were found to be 342 day-degrees for females and 317 day-degrees for males, suggesting a slight protandry. Based on the mean and the variance of the developmental times, a simple temperature-driven phenology model was built using a time-varying distributed delay. The model was validated by visually comparing the predictions with independent observations on adult emergence, and by calculating the temporal deviations of the predictions. In 4 out of 5 years the mean error was less than 3 days. The model was therefore found to give reliable forecasts of the emergence of G. lobarzewskii and can be used to determine the optimal time for the exposure of pheromone traps, the application of pheromone dispensers for mating disruption, and for the timing of insecticide applications.
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 28 (1980), S. 204-212 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Laspeyresia pomonella (L.) ; Tortricidae ; diapause ; photoperiod ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Es wurde untersucht, welche abiotischen Faktoren die Beendigung der fakultativen Diapause ausgewachsener Apfelwicklerlarven (Laspeyresia pomonella) steuern. Die Beendigung der Diapause unter Langtagbedingungen (LT) wird beeinflusst durch: 1. die Zuchttemperatur der Larven während der Prädiapauseentwicklung; 2. die Dauer der Präinkubation, d.h. die Zeit, während der diapausierende Larven unter Prädiapause-Zuchtbedingungen bleiben; 3. die Reaktivierungs-inkubation, d.h. eine Periode von 70 d, während der die Larven auf 4° gekühlt werden und 4. die Komplementärinkubation (LT und, ausser in einem Experiment, 26°), d.h. die nach der Kühlung bzw. dem Wechsel in der Photoperiode benötigte Zeitdauer bis zur Verpuppung. Die Komplementärinkubation ist deutlich kürzer, wenn die Prädiapauseentwicklung der Larven bei Temperaturen unter 26° stattfindet. Bei 19° verpuppten sich 100% der Larven, wobei der Zeitpunkt der Verpuppung durch die Verlängerung der Präinkubationszeit beschleunigt wurde. Bei Larven, die bei 26° gezüchtet wurden, erreichte die Verpuppungsrate lediglich 56% bei einer relativ langen Präinkubationsdauer, wobei deren Verlängerung auch die Larvenmortalität erhöhte. Nach einer Zuchttemperatur von 19° und einer Präinkubationsdauer von 90 Tagen konnte die Diapause unter Kurztagbedingungen beendet werden, wenn die Temperatur auf 26° erhöht wurde.
    Notizen: Abstract The abiotic factors regulating the termination of the facultative diapause of the mature larva of the codling moth, Laspeyresia pomonella (L.), are described. The termination of diapause under long-day conditions (LD) is influenced by: (i) the rearing temperature of the larvae during prediapause development, (ii) the duration of the preincubation period, i.e. the time for which the diapausing larvae remain under prediapause rearing conditions, (iii) the reactivating incubation, i.e. the period for which the larvae are chilled, and (iv) the complementary incubation (LD and, except in one experiment, 26°), i.e. the period after the chilling needed for the pupation of the insects. The complementary incubation is distinctly shorter if the prediapause development of the larvae takes place at rearing temperatures below 26°, i.e. 21° or 19°. The latter conditions led to 100% pupae and pupation could be accelerated by prolonging the preincubation period. In larvae reared at 26°, the prolongation of the preincubation period raised the rate of pupation to a maximum of only 56% and also caused higher mortality. On the other hand, diapause was terminated under short-day conditions if the temperature was raised to 26° after a rearing temperature of 19° and a preincubation period of 90 days.
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 11 (1982), S. 339-346 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Schlagwort(e): Carbon dioxide ; hydrolysis ; aqueous solution ; kinetics ; activation volume
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The pressure dependence of the dehydration reaction of H2CO3 was measured in acidic aqueous solution for pressures up to 1 kbar using a high-pressure stopped-flow instrument. The corresponding volume of activation was found to be 6.4±0.4 cm3-mol−1 at 25°C and 0.5 ionic strength. Volume equation calculations result in a value of −9.9±1.9cm3-mol−1 for the volume of activation for the hydrolysis of CO2 under the same conditions. For the first time, the reaction mechanism can be interpreted in terms of dissociative and associative modes, respectively. These data are used to construct an overall reaction volume profile.
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 7 (1999), S. 101-108 
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Schlagwort(e): Polylactic acid ; temperature ; respirometers ; soil degradation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Energietechnik , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract A respirometric system was used to analyze the biodegradation of high molecular weight (120,000 to 200,000 g mol−1) polylactic acid (PLA) plastic films in soil under laboratory conditions. The respirometric system consisted of air-conditioning pretraps, a soil reactor, and a carbon dioxide (CO2) posttrap. A 200-g homogeneous soil mixture of all-purpose potting soil : manure soil : sand [1 : 1 : 1 (w/w)] and 1.5 g of PLA plastic films in 1 × 1-cm2 squares was added to each bottle. The respirometers were placed in a 28, 40, or 55°C water bath for 182 days. Treatments (three replicates) included native corn starch (positive control), polyethylene (Glad Cling Wrap; negative control), and three PLA films: Ca-I (Cargill Dow Polymers LLC, monolayer), GII (Cargill Dow Polymers LLC, Generation II), and Ch-I (Chronopol; monolayer). The degree of polymer mineralization was indicated by the cumulative CO2 liberated from each respirometer. The initial average mineralization rate and total percentage mineralized of the PLA plastic films at 28, 40, and 55°C was 24.3, 41.5, and 76.9 mg/day with a 27, 45, and 70% carbon loss, respectively. No decrease in soil pH was observed after 182 days of mineralization. Hence, increase in soil temperature drastically enhanced the biodegradation of PLA plastic films in soil under laboratory conditions (P 〈 0.0001).
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 27 (1997), S. 1328-1332 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Schlagwort(e): metal hydride ; capacity ; temperature ; performance ; enthalpy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik
    Notizen: Abstract The effect of temperature on the performance of a LaNi4.76Sn0.24 metal hydride electrode was investigated in the temperature range of 0 to 50°C. The electrode showed a maximum discharge capacity at 25°C. The total resistance increases with a decrease of temperature from 50°C to 0°C. The apparent activation enthalpies at different states of charge were determined by evaluating the polarization resistance at different temperatures. It was found that the apparent activation enthalpy is an indicator of the relative reaction rate of the charge-transfer reaction and hydrogen absorption.
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 7 (1999), S. 83-92 
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Schlagwort(e): Polylactic acid ; temperature ; relative humidity ; degradation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Energietechnik , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract Three high molecular weight (120,000 to 200,000 g mol−1) polylactic acid (PLA) plastic films from Chronopol (Ch-I) and Cargill Dow Polymers (GII and Ca-I) were analyzed for their degradation under various temperature and relative humidity (RH) conditions. Two sets of plastic films, each containing 11 samples, were randomly hung in a temperature/humidity-controlled chamber by means of plastic-coated paper clips. The tested conditions were 28, 40, and 55°C at 50 and 100% RH, respectively, and 55°C at 10% RH. The three tested PLA films started to lose their tensile properties when their weight-average molecular weight (M w) was in the range of 50,000 to 75,000 g mol−1. The average degradation rate of Ch-I, GII, and Ca-I was 28,931, 27,361, and 63,025 M w/week, respectively. Hence, GII had a faster degradation rate than Ch-I and Ca-I under all tested conditions. The degradation rate of PLA plastics was enhanced by the increase in temperature and relative humidity. This trend was observed in all three PLA plastics (Ca-I, GII, and Ch-I). Of the three tested films, Ch-I was the first to lose its mechanical properties, whereas Ca-I demonstrated the slowest loss, with mechanical properties under all tested conditions.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Schlagwort(e): Temperature jump ; kinetics ; thermodynamics ; TRIS ; iminodiacetic acid ; magnesium ion ; phenol red
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Equations describing the temperature jump amplitudes associated with a system of two coupled reactions (TRIS-phenol red) as well as the ternary system (Mg2+-iminodiacetic acid-phenol red) are presented. The termodynamic parameters calculated from experimentally measured temperature perturbation amplitudes using a multiparametric curve fitting procedure are found to be in good agreement with those determined from pH- and costant rate thermometric titrations. For phenol red, pK I =7.55, ΔH I =3.45 kcal, and for Mg2+ iminodiacetic acid, log K M =2.84, ΔH M =3.25 kcal, were obtained. It is shown that this method can be used to determine accurate thermodynamic enthalpy changes over a narrow temperature interval of less than 1.0°C from a single experiment requiring about 50 μl of sample solution.
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 12 (1983), S. 771-781 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Schlagwort(e): Ultrasonics ; kinetics ; aqueous solution ; iso-butyl cellosolve
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Ultrasonic absorption and velocity measurements in aqueous solution of iso-butyl cellosolve (ethylene glycol iso-butyl ether) as a function of the concentration are reported. The two relaxational absorptions have been attributed to the perturbation of the equilibria expressed by AB⇌A+B and Aα(1/n)An where A is the solute, B is the solvent, AB is the complex and A n is the solute aggregate. The rate constants for each step have been determined. From the concentration dependence of the maximum excess absorption per wave length, the enthalpy change and the volume change for the reaction between the solute and the solvent have been determined for aqueous solutions of butyl cellosolve (ethylene glycol n-butyl ether), iso-butyl cellosolve and propyl cellosolve (ethylene glycol n-propyl ether). The results are consistent with a hydrogen bonding reaction. The effect of the ethers on water structure are considered and it is clear that the fraction of water molecules which can hydrogen bond to the solute decreases with the increasing hydrophobicity of the solute.
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 81-85 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Schlagwort(e): cupric oxide ; powder ; current density ; temperature ; sodium sulfate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik
    Notizen: Abstract Electrosynthesis of cupric oxide powder was carried out on a laboratory scale in an electrochemical cell under various experimental conditions. The electrolysis was appraised in terms of the particle size of the cupric oxide product and the anodic dissolution of the copper electrode. Using a previously determined pH value of 7.50, the other optimum electrolysis operating conditions established were a current density of 4000Am−2, temperature of 353K, and Na2SO4 concentration of 0.5m. The optimum values of current efficiency, cell voltage and specific energy consumption for the electrochemical synthesis of cupric oxide powder were determined.
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 191-200 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Schlagwort(e): cyclic redox reaction ; dissolution ; kinetics ; manganese dioxide ; mechanism ; pyrite
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik
    Notizen: Abstract This paper describes a study of the kinetics and mechanism of MnO2 dissolution in H2SO4 in the presence of pyrite through leaching and electrochemical parameters. Manganese(iv) was found to dissolve mainly through reduction by the ferrous ion generated during oxidation of pyrite by the ferric ion. The oxidation which is slower and rate controlling may proceed through two different reactions, one producing S0 and the other SO42−. Manganese dissolution runs at the same rate as that of pyrite oxidation by maintaining ferrous ion concentration at a much lower level than that of ferric. Kinetic equations based on corrosion coupling principles are developed to explain the observed leaching behaviour.
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 525-528 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Schlagwort(e): brine ; chlor-alkali cells ; solubility ; sulfate ions ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 69-72 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Schlagwort(e): Co(III) complex ; crystal structure ; kinetics ; steric effects
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The title compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma, with a = 7.9209(5), b = 9.818(1), c = 16.867(2) Å, and Z = 4. The structure was solved employing 1864 independent x-ray reflections with I〉2σ(I) by Patterson and difference Fourier techniques and refined by full-matrix least-squares to R = 0.036. The trans-[CO(NH3)4(NH2CH3)Cl](ClO4)2 molecule is on a crystallographic mirror plane. The cobalt ion is in an elongated octahedral coordination with four equatorial ammonia ligands [average Co–N distance equal to 1.966(2) Å], an axial methylamine [Co–N=1.965(3)Å], and an axial chlorine ion [Co–Cl=2.2771(9)Å]. Kinetic steric effects of the complex are interpreted in terms of structural results.
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 24 (1995), S. 153-170 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Schlagwort(e): Densities ; excess volume ; pressure ; temperature ; ethylbenzene ; octanol ; nonanol ; dodecanol ; order creation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The excess volume V E of binary mixtures of octanol, nonanol and dodecanol in ethylbenzene have been calculated from the densities measured with a vibrating tube densimeter at temperatures from 50 to 100 °C and at pressures from 0.1 to 7.5 MPa. The values of V E are positive for all the three mixtures in the complete temperature, pressure and mole fraction ranges studied. The maxima in V E is observed at 0.4 mole fraction of alkanol. The results are discussed in terms of specific interactions present in the binary mixtures. The second order thermodynamic quantities (∂V E /∂T)p,(∂V E /∂P)T and (∂V E /∂P)T which have been derived from the effect of temperature and pressure on V E , indicate an overall net creation of order in the binary mixtures of ethylbenzene with higher homologues of alkanols.
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 24 (1995), S. 753-769 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Schlagwort(e): Conductivity ; sodium trifluoromethanesulfonate ; ion association ; temperature ; pressure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The electrical conductances of dilute (0.001 to 0.1 mol-kg−1) aqueous sodium trifluoromethanesulfonate (NaCF3SO3) solutions have been measured from 0 to 450°C and pressures to 250 MPa. The limiting molar conductance $$\Lambda _0 $$ increases with increasing temperature from 0 to 300°C and decreasing density from 0.8 to 0.3 g-cm−3. Above 300°C, $$\Lambda _0 $$ is nearly temperature independent, but increases linearly with decreasing density. The logarithm of the molal association constant of NaCF3SO3 calculated at temperatures from 372 to 450°C is represented as a function of temperature (Kelvin) and density of water (g-cm−3) by $$\log K_m = 0.888 - 330.4/T - (12.83 - 5349/T)\log \rho _w $$ The relative strengths of NaCF3SO3 and NaCl are similar within the accuracy of the current measurements over the limited range of temperature and pressure that could be investigated here.
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Adsorption 1 (1995), S. 133-151 
    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Schlagwort(e): PSA process ; sensitivity ; equilibria ; kinetics ; heats
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract Mathematical models for pressure swing adsorption (PSA) processes essentially require the simultaneous solutions of mass, heat and momentum balance equations for each step of the process using appropriate boundary conditions for the steps. The key model input variables needed for estimating the separation performance of the process are the multicomponent adsorption equilibria, kinetics and heats of adsorption for the system of interest. A very detailed model of an adiabatic Skarstrom PSA cycle for production of high purity methane from a ethylene-methane bulk mixture is developed to study the sensitivity of the process performance to the input variables. The adsorption equilibria are described by the heterogeneous Toth model which accounts for variations of isosteric heats of adsorption of the components with adsorbate loading. A linear driving force model is used to describe the kinetics. The study shows that small errors in the heats of adsorption of the components can severely alter the overall performance of the process (methane recovery and productivity). The adsorptive mass transfer coefficients of the components also must be known fairly accurately in order to obtain precise separation performance.
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Adsorption 2 (1996), S. 265-277 
    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Schlagwort(e): frequency response ; diffusion cell ; kinetics ; diffusion ; heat effects
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract This paper deals with frequency response (FR) analysis of a closed diffusion cell system with two resonators, that is both the LHS and RHS volumes are modulated. The analysis is made for a homogeneous particle described by a single effective diffusivity as well as a biporous pellet described by macropore and micropore diffusions. It is shown that if the perturbation of the volume of the reservoir #2 is lagged behind that of the reservoir #1 by 3π/2, the pressure response in reservoir #1 is significantly enhanced with larger amplitude as well as phase angle. When the perturbations of the two reservoirs are out of phase, the heat effect is reduced and can become insignificant when the two perturbations are completely out of phase (ψ = π). Under such a condition, the pressure difference between the two reservoirs could be doubled. In the case of biporous pellets, it is shown that the FR behaviours obtained for micropore diffusion control and macropore diffusion control are well distinguished. In the former case, the FR system reduces to a traditional batch adsorber one while in the latter case, the FR behaviour is the same as for a two resonator system with homogeneous particles. This difference can be used for the discrimination of micropore and macropore diffusion processes.
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Adsorption 3 (1997), S. 267-275 
    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Schlagwort(e): characterisation ; equilibria ; kinetics ; micropore size distribution ; n-butane ; nutshell
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract Adsorption equilibria and dynamics ofn-butane on two activated carbon samples prepared from the physical activation of nutshell are studied in this paper. The micropore size distribution (MPSD) is considered as the main source of solid heterogeneity. Lennard-Jones' potential theory and Dubinin's theory (TVFM) are used in the equilibria data to derive the MPSD, which is well fitted by a Gamma distribution function. The adsorption energy distribution derived from the MPSD is very asymmetric for both the samples studied, and this energy distribution used in the HMSD/HMSMD kinetics models for the study of adsorption dynamics ofn-butane.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Schlagwort(e): cadmium ; copper ; iron ; photoperiod ; temperature ; zinc
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The importance of photoperiod and ambient temperature on the accumulation of cadmium in the liver and kidneys of bank voles was determined in the present study. Males and females, aged 1 month, were given 3.0 μg Cd ml−1 drinking water and divided into four groups according to photoperiod (16 h light/8 h dark and 8 h light/16 h dark) and ambient temperature (20 or 5°C); liver and kidneys were removed for cadmium as well as copper, iron and zinc analyses at the end of 6 weeks. Bank voles exposed to 5°C in both photoperiods consumed approximately 30% less water containing cadmium than those kept at 20°C. However, the total accumulation of cadmium in the liver and kidneys of males and females exposed to the low temperatures was 4.3–4.8 and 2.2–3.3 times less than that in animals maintained at room temperature in the long and short photoperiod, respectively. Simultaneously, the low temperature brought about an increase in the copper concentrations in the liver (12–43%) and kidneys (47–78%), giving rise to an inverse correlation between the cadmium accumulation and the tissue copper concentration. In contrast to cadmium and copper, the concentrations of iron and zinc were affected primarily by photoperiod. These findings indicate that ambient temperature is an important determinant of cadmium retention in the bank vole. It appears that low temperature decreases tissue cadmium accumulation not only by reducing cadmium intake but also through changes in copper metabolism.
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    BioMetals 12 (1999), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Schlagwort(e): acidophilic ; strain ; oxidation ; kinetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Recovery of metal values from sulfide ores by use of acidophilic microorganisms is gaining importance. A number of commercial/pilot plants are setup to find out the techno-economic feasibility of the overall process. The main drawback in the process is the slow kinetics of dissolution of metal values from the sulfide ores. To make the technology e attractive the kinetics should be improved considerably. There are various factors which determine the overall kinetics such as bacterial activity and concentration, iron and sulfur oxidation, oxygen consumption, reactor design and nature of ore. A brief review has been made dealing with the above parameters
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 37 (1996), S. 167-172 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): dissociation ; kinetics ; Co-Mo sulphide ; H2S
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract In this study, a high surface area 4Co∶6Mo∶100γ-Al2O3 sulphide prepared using precipitation from homogeneous solution (PFHS) has been used for the catalytic splitting of hydrogen sulphide into H2 and elemental sulphur. The activity of this new formulation was significantly better than previously reported recipes. Kinetic data collected over a wide range of H2S partial pressures between 883 and 983 K revealed that, although the decomposition followed a first-order law, a mechanism involving H2S adsorption on co-ordinative unsaturation sites of the Co-Mo sulphide catalyst gave a Langmuir-Hinshelwood rate expression that yielded satisfactory model parameters. In particular, the scission of the surface H-S bond appeared to be the rate determining step.
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 37 (1996), S. 173-179 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): ammonia synthesis ; iron catalysts ; potassium promotion ; kinetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Measurements were performed of reaction rate in the process of ammonia synthesis (T=370–470°C) on doubly promoted (DP) (Al2O3, CaO) and triply promoted (TP) (K2O, Al2O3, CaO) iron catalysts. The latter were obtained by impregnation of the reduced and subsequently passivated DP precursors with alcoholic solution of KOH. The studies were carried out under high total pressure (10 MPa) in a wide range of ammonia partial pressure in the gas phase: from 0.25 to about 7 bar. The results are shown to be authoritative for the so-called kinetic regime. The effect of the presence of K+ cations in the catalyst was the stronger, as the temperature of the reaction was the lower and, in particular, the ammonia pressure in the gas phase the higher. The obtained results are in good accordance with the results of Somorjai's studies on activity of iron single crystal surfaces both clean and covered with (K+O) adlayer.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1572-882X
    Schlagwort(e): accelerated tests ; aging tests ; cellulose degradation ; durability ; kinetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract Accelerated aging tests are credible and useful to predict paper permanence only if such tests can be shown to correlate with natural aging. In the first part of this study, a kinetic model was developed based on the accelerated aging results. In this report, we have shown that this kinetic model can indeed predict the natural aging results of lignin-free sheets with a statistical confidence. This is the first quantitative comparison of accelerated aging with natural aging.
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 27 (1998), S. 1123-1138 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Schlagwort(e): Sol–gel processing ; hydrolysis ; condensation ; kinetics ; methoxydimethyloctylsilane ; copper nitrate hydrate ; phase diagram
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The reaction rate was determined for copper nitrate hydrate with methoxydimethyloctylsilane (MDOS) in methanol. The rate constants of hydrolysis and condensation were established by quantitative measurement of the product and Karl Fischer water determination. The reaction with the hydrated copper salt resulted in the phase separation of an insoluble product from the reaction mixture. The structure of the product was determined, by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) to be a dimer of the MDOS. The results showed the alcohol, producing condensation reaction was negligible in the formation of the dimer. contrary to the case for the well-known reaction by trialkoxysilanes and tetraalkoxysilanes.
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 27 (1998), S. 373-393 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Schlagwort(e): Iodide ; voltammetry ; diffusion coefficients ; temperature ; Stokes–Einstein equation ; solvation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The oxidation wave of iodide in 0.075 mol-L−1 H2SO4 was analyzed at 25, 40, 55, 70, and 85°C. The reversibility of the I2/I− system was checked using logarithmic transforms, half-wave potentials, and by studying I −1 = f(ω−1/2). The limiting currents obtained enabled us to determine the diffusion coefficient of I− using Newman's equation. These experimental results were compared with Nernst's limiting values. The Stokes–Einstein equation is not verified. Hydration numbers for I− at different temperatures were established. An empirical equation is proposed to predict the evolution of diffusion coefficients in a sulfuric acid medium with temperature.
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 9 (1980), S. 19-35 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Schlagwort(e): Viscosity ; automatic viscometer ; aqueous solution ; univalent electrolyte ; Jones-DoleB andD coefficient ; temperature ; coefficient ; water structure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Viscosity measurements of a series of univalent electrolytes in water have been performed with an automatic dual viscometer system, covering the temperature range of 5 to 95°C. Results are discussed in terms of Jones-DoleB andD coefficients. TheB coefficients of the salts are divided into their ionic contributions according toB(K+)=B(Cl−) at all temperatures. On a simple model intrinsic and structural contributions inB are calculated for the different ions. The structural term depends exponentially on the temperature in a unique manner, independent of the ion (except for Li+).
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Schlagwort(e): Enthalpies of reaction ; heats of reaction ; kinetics ; ester hydrolysis ; microcalorimetry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The conditions under which the Picker flow microcalorimeter can be used to measure enthalpies and rates of reactions were investigated. For this purpose, systematic studies were made of the enthalpies of neutralization of HCl, HBr, HNO 3 , acetic, proprionic, and butyric acids with NaOH, enthalpies of hydrolysis of methyl and ethyl acetate with NaOH, and the reaction rates of the ester hydrolysis with NaOH. The general procedure and various sources of error are discussed and it is concluded that enthalpies of slow reactions can be measured to about 1% when the calorimeter is operated in the quasi-isothermal mode and the reaction rates to about 3% when operated in the quasi-adiabatic mode.
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cellulose 4 (1997), S. 1-5 
    ISSN: 1572-882X
    Schlagwort(e): paper ; degradation ; ageing ; kinetics ; modelling
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cellulose 3 (1996), S. 243-267 
    ISSN: 1572-882X
    Schlagwort(e): aging tests ; cellulose degradation ; durability ; kinetics ; paper properties
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract The validity of accelerated aging tests to predict and rank papers on their permanence has been under question, preventing the development of performance-based standards for permanent paper. We conducted a general kinetic analysis to investigate the aging process of paper. A general kinetic model is proposed to describe the depolymerization of cellulose. Experimentally it was shown that in the case of aging, cellulose degradation follows classic first-order kinetics as a special case of our general kinetic model. The Arrhenius equation was critically re-examined for the case of a multiple reaction system. It was shown analytically that the Arrhenius equation is still applicable when certain conditions are met. This was convincingly supported by experimental results. We also analysed the dependence of the degradation rate on the moisture content and hydrogen ion concentration. By conducting systematic experiments on these two factors, a general and quantitative relationship was established to explain the contribution of each factor and their interactions. Finally, based on this kinetic analysis, the effects of storage conditions on the life expectancy of paper were estimated.
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of inorganic and organometallic polymers and materials 8 (1998), S. 111-117 
    ISSN: 1572-8870
    Schlagwort(e): Organosiloxane ; kinetics ; poly(phenylmethylsiloxane) ; catalyst ; anionic ; ring-opening
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract It is well known that the rate of polymerization for an anionic mechanism is dependent on the ability of the bulk material or solvent system to disassociate the ion pair at the propagating chain end. In the anionic ring-opening polymerization of cyclic organosiloxanes in particular, the larger and softer the counter ion, the more rapidly the reaction proceeds. A recently developed phosphazene initiator system provides a large, soft counter ion relative to other traditional initiators used for the polymerization of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). This novel initiator system was used in this investigation for the ring-opening polymerization of tetraphenyltetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane (P4) and the reaction kinetics under bulk and solution conditions were investigated. The new initiator system showed a dramatic increase in the rate of polymerization over the conventional potassium hydroxide-catalyzed system. Furthermore, this initiator was sufficiently reactive to be useful for the ring-opening polymerization of P4 at 293 K.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Schlagwort(e): Cellulose ; alkaline degradation ; peeling off ; degree of polymerization ; kinetics ; (gluco)isosaccharinic acid
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Energietechnik , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract The degradation of cellulosic materials, differing mainly in the degree of polymerization and the number of reducing end groups, was studied under the alkaline conditions similar to those existing in a cementitious repository for low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste (pH 13.3, T = 25°C). The kinetics of alkaline degradation (peeling-off reaction) were studied and the data analyzed by the model of Haas et al. [13]. The observed kinetic parameters for the propagation reaction and overall stopping reaction were compared with literature data. Although measured under different experimental conditions, literature data and data from this study show a consistent picture. Differences in the extent of degradation observed for the different cellulosic materials could be satisfactorily explained by differences in reducing end group content and, consequently, by differences in the degrees of polymerization. Besides the number of reducing end groups, the degree of amorphousness also plays an important role. The main degradation products formed under the experimental conditions used are α- and β-(gluco)isosaccharinic acid. This is in agreement with many other studies on alkaline degradation of cellulose. The two isomers are formed in roughly equal amounts.
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Journal of solution chemistry 25 (1996), S. 711-729 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Schlagwort(e): Conductivity ; aqueous ; sodium hydroxide ; ion association ; temperature ; pressure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The limiting molar conductances Λ0 and ion association constants of dilute aqueous NaOH solutions (〈0.01 mol-kg−1) were determined by electrical conductance measurements at temperatures from 100 to 600°C and pressures up to 300 MPa. The limiting molar conductances of NaOH(aq) were found to increase with increasing temperature up to 300°C and with decreasing water density ρw. At temperatures ≥400°C, and densities between 0.6 to 0.8 g-cm−3, Λ0 is nearly temperature-independent but increases linearly with decreasing density, and then decreases at densities 〈0.6 g-cm−3. This phenomenon is largely due to the breakdown of the hydrogen-bonded, structure of water. The molal association constants K Am for NaOH( aq ) increase with increasing temperature and decreasing density. The logarithm of the molal association constant can be represented as a function of temperature (Kelvin) and the logarithm of the density of water by $$\begin{gathered} log K_{Am} = 2.477 - 951.53/T - (9.307 \hfill \\ - 3482.8/T)log \rho _{w } (25 - 600^\circ C) \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ which includes selected data taken from the literature, or by $$\begin{gathered} log K_{Am} = 1.648 - 370.31/T - (13.215 \hfill \\ - 6300.5/T)log \rho _{w } (400 - 600^\circ C) \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ which is based solely on results from the present study over this temperature range (and to 300 MPa) where the measurements are most precise.
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Topics in catalysis 5 (1998), S. 133-147 
    ISSN: 1572-9028
    Schlagwort(e): NMR ; catalysis ; high pressure ; dynamic equilibria ; magnetization transfer ; sapphire tube ; gas phase ; kinetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract High resolution NMR techniques are applicable to a variety of aspects of catalysis. Methods for studying homogeneously-catalyzed systems under high gas pressure are described along with approaches for obtaining mechanistic and dynamic information. Many of the same techniques may be applied to heterogeneous catalysis by following the reaction chemistry by gas phase NMR.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1572-9028
    Schlagwort(e): nonlinear temperature behavior ; Eyring plot ; modified Eyring plot ; selectivity ; selection process ; enantioselectivity ; selection level ; isoinversion principle ; isoinversion temperature ; inversion temperature ; kinetics ; catalysis ; asymmetric hydrogenation ; dihydroxylation ; cocyclization
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The influence of the temperature on selectivity is described under special consideration of nonlinearities in the corresponding modified Eyring plots. Reasons for the experimentally well-known behavior are discussed. Furthermore, the conditions for nonlinear temperature behavior are quantified and a concept is described which allows the determination of the temperature dependence of a single reaction pathway in a selection process.
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 1441-1443 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Schlagwort(e): Conidia ; Neurospora crassa ; temperature ; respiration ; germination
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Incubation of conidia of wild typeNeurospora crassa at temperatures ranging from 25 to 46°C modulates their respiratory type. Between 37 and 41°C, the transient activity of the cyanide-insensitive respiratory pathway parallels, with a maximal extrusion of protons into the medium, the optimal rate of germ tube outgrowth.
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 28 (1980), S. 29-37 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): diapause ; induction ; termination ; temperature ; crowding ; inheritance ; Ephestia cautella ; almond moth ; stored products insect ; citrus pulp
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Resume L'induction de la diapause larvaire d'Ephestia cautella (Walker) dépend du génotype et de la densité larvaire. Des croisements à l'intérieur de la souche diapausante donnent 79% de diapause aux fortes densités larvaires et 40% aux faibles densités. Les croisements des adultes de cette souche avec ceux de la souche non-diapausante donnent 36% de diapause aux fortes densités et 6% aux faibles densités. La fréquence de fin de diapause est héréditaire et dépend de la température. Ces résultats peuvent expliquer les variations saisonnières du taux de diapause E. cautella dans la pulpe de citron stockée. La diapause larvaire a été induite chez des groupes de chenilles par surpeuplement dans des élevages standards, et chez des chenilles isolées par élevage sur une quantité limitée d'aliments frais ou sur une quantité abondante d'aliments frais contenant des résidus alimentaires provenent d'élevages surpeuplés. Les effets inducteurs de ces résidus alimentaires disparaissent après extraction avec les solvants de lipides. Une certaine action est observée par de l'extraint sec sur de l'aliment frais.
    Notizen: Abstract Larval diapause induction in Ephestia cautella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is a function of the interaction between genotype and larval crowding. A diapause stock in which 79% of the larvae diapaused under crowded conditions and 40% diapaused under uncrowded conditions was maintained by selection. Outbreeding of adults from this diapause stock to those from a non-diapause stock resulted in 36% diapause under crowded conditions and 6% diapause under uncrowded conditions. The rate of termination of larval diapause is inheritable and temperature dependent. These data seem to explain the seasonal trends in percentage larval diapause among E. cautella infesting citrus pulp during storage. Larval diapause was induced in groups of larvae by crowding in mass cultures and in single larvae by rearing on a small amount of fresh diet or on a larger amount of fresh diet containing residual diet from crowded cultures. The diapause-inducing effects of this residual diet could be removed by extraction with lipid solvents. Some activity was demonstrated when the extract was dried onto fresh diet.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Schlagwort(e): micropore size distribution ; activated carbon ; adsorption ; desorption ; equilibrium ; kinetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract This paper deals with the prediction of adsorption equilibrium and kinetics of hydrocarbons onto activated carbon samples having different micropore size distribution (MPSD). The microporous structure of activated carbon is characterised by the distribution of slit-shaped micropores, which is assumed to be the sole source of surface heterogeneity. The interaction between adsorbate molecule and pore walls is described by the Lennard-Jones potential theory. Different adsorbates have access to different pore size range of activated carbon due to the size exclusion, a phenomenon could have a significant influence on both multicomponent equilibria and kinetics. Activated carbons with three different MPSDs are studied with ethane and propane as the two model adsorbates. The Heterogeneous Macropore Surface Diffusion model (HMSD) is employed to simulate adsorption kinetics. The simulation results show that the MPSD is an important factor affecting both the multicomponent equilibria and kinetics.
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 60 (1999), S. 51-57 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): furfural hydrogenation ; Cu/carbon catalysts ; kinetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Furfural hydrogenation over copper dispersed on three forms of carbon – activated carbon, diamond and graphitized fibers – were studied. Only hydrogenation of the C=O bond to form either furfuryl alcohol or 2‐methyl furan occurred at temperatures from 473 to 573 K. Reduction at 573 K gave the most active catalysts, all three catalysts had activation energies of 16 kcal/mol, and turnover frequencies were 0.018–0.032 s-1 based on the number of Cu0 + Cu+ sites, which were counted by N2O adsorption at 363 K and CO adsorption at 300 K, respectively. The Cu/activated carbon catalyst showed no deactivation during 10 h on stream, in contrast to the other two catalysts. A simple Langmuir–Hinshelwood model invoking two types of sites was able to fit all kinetic data quite satisfactorily, thus it was consistent with the presence of both Cu0 and Cu+ sites.
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 60 (1999), S. 167-171 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): ammonia decomposition ; iron catalyst ; kinetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The decomposition of ammonia is a reaction associated with the process of the nitriding of metals. The kinetics of the ammonia decomposition on iron catalysts has been studied using a differential reactor with internal mixing. The balance between the inlet and outlet ammonia quantity has been used to determine the degree of conversion. The rate of ammonia decomposition could be described by the following expression: r = k0 exp (Ea/RT)pNH3. The activation energy of the ammonia decomposition process has been found for samples with potassium as E a= 96 kJ/mol, for samples without potassium as E a= 87 kJ/mol.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Schlagwort(e): kinetics ; isotope-exchange ; nitrogen ; adsorption ; methane ; zeolite ; equilibria
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract The Isotope Exchange Technique (IET) was used to simultaneously measure pure and binary gas adsorption equilibria and kinetics (self-diffusivities) of CH4 and N2 on pelletized 4A zeolite. The experiment was carried out isothermally without disturbing the adsorbed phase. CH4 was selectively adsorbed over N2 by the zeolite because of its higher polarizability. The multi-site Langmuir model described the pure gas and binary adsorption equilibria fairly well at three different temperatures. The selectivity of adsorption of CH4 over N2 increased with increasing pressure at constant gas phase composition and temperature. This curious behavior was caused by the differences in the sizes of the adsorbates. The diffusion of CH4 and N2 into the zeolite was an activated process and the Fickian diffusion model described the uptake of both pure gases and their mixtures. The self-diffusivity of N2 was an order of magnitude larger than that for CH4. The pure gas self-diffusivities for both components were constants over a large range of surface coverages (0 〈 θ 〈 0.5). The self-diffusivities of CH4 and N2 from their binary mixtures were not affected by the presence of each other, compared to their pure gas self-diffusivities at identical surface coverages.
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    BioMetals 10 (1997), S. 23-26 
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Schlagwort(e): aromatic donor molecules ; horseradish peroxidase ; kinetics ; lactoperoxidase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Based on kinetic evidence, it has been shown for the first time that the mode of binding of aromatic donor molecules is similar in horseradish peroxidase and lactoperoxidase; also that the nature of the heme plays an important role in the reaction with hydrogen peroxide, and has no effect on the reaction of the intermediate compound II with aromatic substrates.
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 31 (1995), S. 431-438 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): partial hydrogenation of benzene ; production of cyclohexene ; kinetics ; reaction mechanism ; ruthenium catalyst
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A method has been developed for direct measurement of reaction rates in a continuously operated slurry (CST-) reactor. In contrast to the usual procedure in a two-liquid-phase system the reactor contains only one liquid phase, an aqueous zinc chloride solution in which a ruthenium lanthanoxide catalyst is suspended. The selectivity of benzene hydrogenation with respect to cyclohexene is higher when the new one-liquid-phase procedure is applied. With decreasing degree of benzene conversion the selectivity with respect to cyclohexene approaches 100%. The conclusion is that cyclohexane is formed only by consecutive hydrogenation of cyclohexene.
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 39 (1996), S. 67-71 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): non-uniform surface ; kinetics ; ethanol ; oxidation ; molybdenum oxide
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Temkin's theory of rates of catalytic reactions on non-uniform surfaces is extended to the MoO3-catalyzed oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde. Two types of sites are assumed to be present, an oxygen atom site that can be modeled with uniform properties and a metal atom site characterized by non-uniform properties both for ethanol chemisorption to an ethoxide intermediate and the conversion of this intermediate to acetaldehyde. The rate-limiting step is the cleavage of a C-H bond in the absorbed ethoxide intermediate. Non-uniform surface kinetics leads to a kinetic rate expression of the form $$v = kP_{C_2 H_5 OH}^{1 - m} P_{O_2 }^{(1 - m)/4} P_{H_2 O}^{ - (1 - m)/2} $$ . Such a rate expression, withm=0.14, is shown to provide a good fit to kinetic data for the selective oxidation of ethanol on a silica supported molybdenum oxide catalyst.
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 36 (1996), S. 31-36 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): ethanol ; kinetics ; oxidation ; oxydehydrogenation ; platinum ; structure sensitivity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The effect of the platinum particle size was investigated for the catalytic oxidative dehydrogenation of aqueous ethanol to ethanal at a temperature of 303 K, an ethanol concentration of 260 mol m−3, a partial oxygen pressure 60 kPa, a pH of 9, and an ethanal and ethanoate concentration of 20 mol m−3. A particle size effect on the turnover frequency was observed but only for particle sizes smaller than 2 nm. Hence, the reaction shows a limited structure sensitivity.
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 55 (1998), S. 73-77 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): enantioselectivity ; hydrogenation of ethyl pyruvate ; Pt/alumina catalyst ; solvent effects ; kinetics ; solvent polarity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The influence of solvent on the kinetics of enantioselective hydrogenation of ethyl pyruvate by Pt/Al2O3/dihydrocinchonidine is reported. In a non‐polar solvent, toluene, the reaction is approximately zero order in substrate at constant hydrogen pressure, while under the same conditions and at the same substrate concentration, in the polar solvents ethanol and propylene carbonate the reaction shows a first‐order substrate concentration dependence. Fits to a Michaelis–Menten rate expression show that these differences are the expression of the relative magnitudes of the adsorption term in the rate expression, which in turn reflects the influence of the solvent on the adsorption–desorption processes which take place at the catalyst surface.
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 59 (1999), S. 143-149 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): hydrogen ; desorption ; copper ; activation energy ; kinetics ; order of desorption
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The kinetics of desorption of hydrogen from the copper component of an alumina-supported polycrystalline copper catalyst has been studied in detail by temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). Line-shape analysis of the hydrogen TPD spectra shows: (i) that the desorption is second order, (ii) that the desorption activation energy is in the range 64–68 kJ mol−1 in the coverage range 7–44% of a monolayer, and (iii) that the desorption pre-exponential term has a value ∼10−5 cm2 s−1 atom−1 consistent with the desorption being second order, involving mobile adsorbates and a mobile desorption transition state.
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 36 (1984), S. 77-83 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Glossina pallidipes ; tsetse fly ; laboratory rearing ; temperature ; productivity ; oocyte size ; spermatogenesis ; sperm motility ; incubation of pupae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Les productivités de G. pallidipes Austen élevés au laboratoire pendant tout leur cycle à 22, 25 et 28° C, ont été comparées. A 28° C, la vie intrapupale est réduite à environ 23 jours, contre 30 jours environ à 25° C; la survie des adultes est plus brève qu'à 25° C et les mouches ne s'accouplent pas. Les ovaires présentent une rétention d'oeufs et seulement 1/3 des mâles contient des spermatozoïdes mobiles. A 22° C, le cycle est considérablement prolongé, la vie intrapupale durant environ 40 jours. Les femelles s'accouplaient environ 14 jours après l'émergence. Les ovaires présentaient une rétention d'oeufs, bien que moins souvent qu'à 28° C. Les mâles contenaient des spermatozoïdes mobiles. Des expériences avec changements de température à différents moments du cycle ont montré que la stérilité des mâles et des femelles est provoquée par l'incubation de pupes de G. pallidipes à 28° C. La mensuration des ovocytes montre à 28° C un effet nocif sur leur maturation. Des observations sur les testicules dans les pupes révèlent, par comparaison avec 25° C, que l'enroulement des testicules et des spermatozoïdes est retardé à 28° C, tandis que la pigmentation des testicules est retardée à 22° C. Les pupes de G. m. morsitans sont moins affectées à 28° C que celles de G. pallidipes.
    Notizen: Abstract The reproductive biology of G. pallidipes Austen was studied at 28°, 25° and 22° C. Experiments showed that incubation of puparia at 28° C resulted in sterility of both males and females. Incubation at 22° C resulted in a reduced fecundity of the females due to egg retention; the fertility of the males was not affected. Comparative studies with G. m. morsitans Westw. showed that G. m. morsitans puparia are less affected by a temperature of 28° C than are G. pallidipes puparia.
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 36 (1984), S. 261-264 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Heteroptera ; Lygaeidae ; Lygaeus equestris ; reproductive diapause ; copulation ; photoperiod ; temperature ; diapause regulation ; oviposition ; batch size
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Resumé La photopériode, la température et la nourriture sont des facteurs habituellement utilisés comme stimuli induisant la diapause chez des insectes. Cette étude montre que la copulation peut aussi être importante dans la régulation de la diapause reproductive des femelles. Chez. L. equestris L., la fréquence des femelles pondeuses, c'est-à-dire non diapausantes, élevées en jours courts (18L/6D et 30°C), a été significativement plus élevée après isolement avec des mâles actifs au lieu de mâles diapausants. Des femelles, élevées en jours longs (22L/2D et 30°C), ont présenté un léger, mais non significatif, effet de la copulation; elles ont généralement pondu, qu'elles se soient accouplées ou non. Les résultats révèlent trois catégories de femelles: (1) des femelles avec diapause, qu'il y ait ou non copulation, (2) des femelles sans diapause, qu'il y ait ou non copulation, (3) des femelles sans diapause, à condition qu'il y ait copulation. En jours courts, les fréquences des trois catégories ont été respectivement à 0,46; 0,28 et 0,26. En jours longs, respectivement à 0; 0,92 et 0,08. II est possible que les femelles proches de leur seuil d'induction de la diapause-en fonction de la photopériode et de la température-sont les plus aptes à utiliser la copulation comme stimulus additionnel pour induire un développment direct. Cette hypothèse s'appuie sur les proportions de femelles affectées par la copulation en jours longs et courts.
    Notizen: Abstract Photoperiod, temperature, food and population density are all factors commonly used as cues for diapause regulation in insects. This study shows that also copulation can be of importance in the regulation of adult female reproductive diapause. In Lygaeus equestris L. the frequency of ovipositing, i.e. non-diapausing, females reared under short day conditions (18L:6D, and 30°C), was significantly higher when they had been isolated with mating than with non-mating (=diapausing) males. Females reared under long day conditions (22L:2D, and 30°C) showed a small but non-significant effect of copulation, and they generally laid eggs whether they were mated or not. The results indicate that, under the conditions in these experiments, three types of females can be distinguished: females (1) diapausing independently of copulation, (2) non-diapausing independently of copulation, and (3) non-diapausing provided copulation has taken place. The proportion of females for which copulation is a determinant of direct development, was estimated at 0.26 under short day conditions, and at 0.08 under long day conditions, respectively.
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Archive of applied mechanics 68 (1998), S. 128-136 
    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Schlagwort(e): Key words frictional heating ; temperature ; contact pressure ; punch indentation ; thermoelasticity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Summary An axisymmetric contact problem with frictional heating is considered in which a parabolic annular punch is pressed into a plane surface and rotates about its axis of symmetry at constant speed. The problem is formulated in terms of one governing equation with unknown pressure. This equation is solved numerically. The change of the geometry of the contact region and pressure has been investigated.
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 67 (1997), S. 331-338 
    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Schlagwort(e): Key words frictional heating ; wear ; contact pressure ; temperature ; brake system
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Summary A transient contact problem with frictional heating and wear for two nonuniform sliding half-spaces is considered. One of the two half-spaces is assumed to be slightly curved to give a Hertzian initial pressure distribution: the other is a rigid nonconductor. Under the assumption that the contact pressure distribution could be described by Hertz formulas during all the process of interaction, the problem is formulated in terms of one integral equation of Volterra type with unknown radius of contact area. A numerical solution of this equation is obtained using a piecewise-constant presentation of an unknown function. The influence of operating parameters on the contact temperature and the radius of the contact area is studied.
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Microchimica acta 124 (1996), S. 13-25 
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Schlagwort(e): kinetics ; rates ; integrating ratemeter ; optimization ; first-order
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The integrating ratemeter is used in concert with the two-rate parameter to form the integrating ratemeter two-rate parameter. Propagation of error theory is applied to the integrating ratemeter two-rate parameter to yield expressions for the precision of rates calculated from the integrating ratemeter two-rate parameter in terms of the precision of the rates measured with the integrating ratemeter. Simulations and experimental results show that in cases where the standard deviation of the rate is relatively constant, the optimum time to make a rate measurement using the integrating ratemeter is also the optimum time to measure either of the rates in the two-rate parameter. If either of the two rates comprising the two-rate parameter is measured at the optimum time, then the precision and accuracy of concentrations measured with this technique are optimized.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Schlagwort(e): diatoms ; temperature ; climatic change ; paleoclimate proxies ; canonical correspondence analysis ; weighted-averaging ; Yukon ; Northwest Territories
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract We identified, enumerated, and interpreted the diatom assemblages preserved in the surface sediments of 59 lakes located between Whitehorse in the Yukon and Tuktoyaktuk in the Northwest Territories (Canada). The lakes are distributed along a latitudinal gradient that includes several ecoclimatic zones. It also spans large gradients in limnological variables. Thus, the study lakes are ideal for environmental calibration of modern diatom assemblages. Canonical correspondence analysis, with forward selection and Monte Carlo permutation tests, showed that maximum lake depth and summer surface-water temperature were the two environmental variables that accounted for most of the variance in the diatom data. The concentrations of sodium and calcium were also important explanatory variables. Using weighted-averaging regression and calibration techniques, we developed a predictive statistical model to infer lake surface-water temperature, and we evaluated the feasibility of using diatoms as paleoclimate proxies. This model may be used to derive paleotemperature inferences from fossil diatom assemblages at appropriate sites in the western Canadian Arctic.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Schlagwort(e): diatoms ; temperature ; sediment traps ; seasonal succession ; resuspension ; Lake Holzmaar
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract The seasonal sedimentation pattern of diatom valves in Lake Holzmaar was investigated during 1995 by deploying sediment traps at three different lake depths. According to the sedimentation pattern, the major reproduction zone of diatoms was restricted to the upper 6 m of the water body. The population growth started late in April and blooms of Cyclotella cf. comensis Grun., which dominates the plankton diatoms, and Fragilaria crotonensis Kitton were collected in traps during June and September, and July, respectively. During summer, the seasonal sedimentation pattern of each taxon, as collected in the upper traps, was reflected in the concentrations in the lowest trap. However, in May and from September onwards, the community composition in the lowest trap and augmented trapping rates suggest both sediment focusing and resuspension of bottom sediments. The temperature signals as recorded by δ18O values of diatom valves should, therefore, reflect integrated temperatures between 0 and 6 m depth. However, temperatures during summer and autumn are expected to be accentuated in the sedimentary record since the isotopic signal is weighted by both the number and the weight-mass of the valves. During summer, the transfer of these signals by the sedimenting diatoms retains the information pattern recorded, while in spring and autumn/winter additional influxes caused by resuspension may somewhat alter those temperature informations. The proxy signals finally stored in the sediments, may, therefore, not precisely represent the successive temperatures currently recorded during 1995 within mid-lake.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Schlagwort(e): palaeolimnology ; acidification ; diatoms ; chrysophytes ; pigments ; chironomids ; temperature ; Alps ; Italy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract A palaeoecological study of an oligotrophic alpine lake, Paione Superiore (Italy), provided a record of historical changes in water quality. Historical trends in lake acidification were reconstructed by means of calibration and regression equations from diatoms, chrysophycean scales and pigment ratios. The historical pH was inferred by using two different diatom calibration data sets, one specific to the alpine region. These pH trends, together with the record of sedimentary carbonaceous particles and chironomid remains, indicate a recent acidification of this low alkalinity lake. Concentration of total organic matter, organic carbon, nitrogen, biogenic silica (BSiO2), chlorophyll derivatives (CD), fucoxanthin, diatom cell concentration and number of chironomid head capsules increased during the last 2–3 decades. When expressed as accumulation rates, most of these parameters tended to decrease from the past century to c. 1950, then all except P increased to the present day. A marked increase in sedimentary nitrogen may be related to atmospheric pollution and to the general increases in output of N in Europe. High C/N ratios indicate a prevailing allochthonous source of organic matter. Finally, the increase in measured air temperature from the mid-1800's appeared to be related to lake water pH before industrialization: cold periods generally led to lower pH and vice-versa. The more recent phenomenon of anthropogenic acidification has apparently decoupled this climatic-water chemistry relationship.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Schlagwort(e): Anthracnose ; guava ; Colletotrichum glososporioides ; temperature ; free moisture ; inoculum density
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The influence of environmental factors (temperature and humidity), inoculum density on infection by Colletotrichum glososporioides and development of anthracnose lesions were determined on uninjured, sand-injured and punctured fruits. The optical temperature for severe infection was 30 °C, whereas the disease incidence was less at 20 and 35 °C. Inoculated guavas that received 1–60 h of continuous free moisture developed lesions, but the disease was minimal (0–7%) after 1–6 h free moisture. Infection rates of uninjured, sand-injured and punctured fruits receiving 60 h of free moisture were 34, 70 and 100%, respectively. Disease incidence increased as inoculum density increased from 101 to 106 conidia/ml. In field conditions, the development of anthracnose lesions was greater on punctured guavas than on uninjured or sand-injured ones, in both rainy and winter seasons. In general, the number of lesions was highest in sand-injured fruits, followed by punctured and uninjured fruits. In rainy season the number of lesions on injured and uninjured fruits was greater than similarly treated guavas in winter.
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 139 (1997), S. 151-155 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Schlagwort(e): Antagonism ; biocontrol ; ginger ; postharvest rot ; Sclerotium rolfsii ; Trichoderma ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Sclerotium rolfsii is a destructive soil-borne and postharvest plant pathogen. Use of the antagonistic fungus Trichoderma sp. has been earlier reported by us to successfully control this pathogen under postharvest conditions. In the present paper we report on the effects of temperature on the growth and biocontrol potential of Trichoderma sp. on S. rolfsii. Experimental results indicated that S. rolfsii and Trichoderma sp. have different temperature optima for growth: 30–35 °C for the pathogen and 25–30 °C for the antagonist. In dual culture, Trichoderma overgrew S. rolfsii at 25 °C and 30 °C, but at 35 °C and 37 °C, S. rolfsii overgrew the colony of Trichoderma. Trichoderma produced higher concentration of fungitoxic metabolites in broth culture at higher temperatures. In bioassays using ginger slices and whole rhizomes, it has been demonstrated that Trichoderma is not very effective in suppressing S. rolfsii at temperatures above 30 °C. In light of these results, possible mechanisms of biocontrol of S. rolfsii as a postharvest pathogen has been discussed. Storage temperature has been suggested as a critical factor in biocontrol of S. rolfsii.
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 136 (1996), S. 109-114 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Schlagwort(e): Fungi ; post-harvest rot ; relative humidity ; temperature ; Vitex doniana
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The fungi associated with rot of Vitex doniana fruits (blackplum) were isolated and identified. Aspergillus niger, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Candida spp. Penicillium chrysogenum, Rhizopus stolonifer, Fusarium pallidoroseum F. oxysporum and Mucor mucedo were the primary rot causing fungi in contrast to Cladosporium herbarum and Mucor circinelloides which were just present as secondary colonizers. The rot fungi penetrated mainly through wounds and bruises on the surface of fruits. Mature green fruits were less susceptible to infection than half ripe and fully ripened red fruits. Optimum rot by pathogenic isolates occurred at 25–30 °C and relative humidity 72.5–100%. The results of investigation of influence of storage temperatures and relative humidity on the quality of uninoculated healthy fruits are presented and discussed.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Schlagwort(e): interspecific interactions ; ochratoxin ; Aspergillus ochraceus ; spoilage fungi ; water relations ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The effect of water availability (water activity,aw; 0.995–0.90) and temperature (18–30 °) on in vitro interactions between an ochratoxin producing strain of Aspergillus ochraceus and six other spoilage fungi was assessed in dual culture experiments on a maize meal-based agar medium. Inprimary resource capture of nutrient substrate, A. ochraceus was dominant against many of the interacting species, being able to overgrow and replace A. candidus, and sometimes A. flavus and the Eurotium spp. regardless of aw or temperature. However, with freely available water (0.995 aw) A. alternata and A. niger were dominant, with mutual antagonism between A. ochraceus and A. flavus at 25–30 °C. In the driest conditions tested (0.90 aw) there was also mutual antagonism between A. ochraceus and the two Eurotium spp. Overall, under allconditions tested the Index of Dominance for A. ochraceus was much higher than for other competing species combined suggesting that A. ochraceus wasa good competitive colonist able to replace a numberof other species. However, the growth rate ofA. ochraceus was modified and decreased by the interaction with competitors. Interaction between A. ochraceus and species such as A. alternata (18°C/0.995) and Eurotium spp. (0.995–0.95 and 25–30 °C) resulted in a significant stimulation of ochratoxin production. Theresults are discussed in relation to the effect that environmental factors have on the possible competitiveness of A. ochraceus in the maizegrain ecosystem and the role of ochratoxin in nicheexclusion of competitors.
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 47 (1996), S. 123-134 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Schlagwort(e): heavily fertilized soils ; P supplying capacity ; P uptake ; residual P ; soil test methods ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Nine heavily fertilized soils were collected from southern and central Norway. A greenhouse experiment in the phytotron was conducted to evaluate the P supplying capacities of these soils at different temperatures (9, 12 and 18 °C). The crops were grown in succession and the sequence was oat, rye grass (cut twice), oat, rape and oat. Effect of temperature on dry matter (DM) yield and P uptake was more marked up to the fourth crop but the effect varied among crops. The DM yields of oat and rape increased with increasing temperature but the opposite was the case with rye grass. The yield differences among soils at 12 °C were highly significant (p 〈 0.01) in contrast to 9 and 18 °C. The amount of P taken up by plants in these soils was highest at 18. °C. The P supplying capacity was highest in the soils with higher content of organic P. Generally, the soils of very fine and coarse texture classes failed to supply enough P to crops to avoid P deficiency in the successive crops. Soil P test (P-NH4-lactate) values in most of the soils increased with increasing temperatures. The highest temperature effect was seen in the Særheim sand soil. Soil P test extractants P-AL, Bray-1 and Colwell-P were used to determine P in the soil after each harvest and the soil P test values were compared with P uptake by crops. Only the P-AL extractant was significantly correlated to cumulative P removal (CPR) by plants in most of the soils. Regression equation was calculated for each soil. The value of removed P per harvest (RPH) varied from 10.33 to 20.87 mg P kg−1 soil. Phosphorus drawdown slope was determined for each soil and the number of consecutive harvests necessary to reduce the P-AL value to a normal level (110 mg P kg−1 soil) was calculated. The drawdown slope varied widely (1.257–2.801) and this reflected the P buffer capacity and the number of crops required to lower the soil test P value to a normal level. The highest drawdown slope was found in the soils with higher P supplying capacities. The Bray-1 extractant was significantly correlated in the soils with higher buffer capacity but the Colwell-P method did not show significant correlation in any of the soils.
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 46 (1996), S. 179-187 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Schlagwort(e): electrical conductivity ; leaching ; nitrogen ; pH ; phosphorus ; potassium ; release pattern ; slow-release fertilizers ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract We studied the effect of temperature on the release of N, P, and K from slow-release fertilizers (SRF). The study was conducted in micro-lysimeters filled with moist peat medium. Increasing the temperature from 4 to 12°C slightly increased N release from three different slow-release N (SRN) carriers with different particle sizes and coating thicknesses. At 21°C the rate of release was significantly different than the other two temperatures. Urea formaldehyde (UF), sulphur coated urea (SCU) and coated calcium nitrate (CCN), incubated in sphagnum moss peat, released between 3 and 20% of the applied N in six weeks. For eight synthetic and organic NPK carriers, the release pattern was similar to UF and SCU. However, the leaching losses of N from the NPK fertilizers were up to twenty times more than for the SRN products. Except for Osmocote® and Duna, which released 30–40% of the applied N as mineral-N within six weeks, all other slow-release and slowly mineralized NPK carriers acted like readily water-soluble compound NPK. Temperature did not affect the nutrient release from NPK fertilizers.
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 51 (1998), S. 209-215 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Schlagwort(e): Desorption ; kinetics ; microbial transformation ; phosphate ; soils
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The improvement of P management in agriculture and environment requires a good understanding of residual effect of applied P in soils. The specific adsorption of P on variable charge minerals has been considered as the major mechanism that leads to a very low utilization of P fertilizer by crops within a growing season in Chinese red soils. Soil incubation and isotope tracing analysis were carried out to examine the transformation kinetics and potential availability of added specifically sorbed 32P in two pH contrasting light textured soils. The 32P recovered by 0.5 M NaHCO3 extraction and microbial biomass-P measurement from the added specifically sorbed 32P in the soils was well described by a first-order reaction and a Langmuir-type kinetic model, with correlation coefficients (R) being, on average, 0.938 and 0.959, respectively. The half-life (t1/2, from the first-order model) of the four tested mineral-P complexes ranged from 29 to 47 d in the acid sandy soil and 33 to 105 d in the neutral silty soil. Goethite-P was the most stable among the four tested mineral-P complexes. The potential availability of the mineral complex P (q m , in percent of total 32P added) obtained from the Langmuir equation ranged from 43.7 to 90.9% for the four mineral-P complexes, and decreased in the order: Al oxide-P (90.9%) 〉 montmorillonite-P (86.2%) 〉 kaolinite-P (77.5%) 〉 goethite-P (60.2%) in the acid sandy soil, whereas the order was Al oxide-P (89.3%) 〉 kaolinite-P (86.2%) 〉 montmorillonite-P (82.6%) 〉 goethite-P (43.7%) in the neutral silty soil. Based on the release rate and potential availability, kaolinite-P and Al oxide-P could be important sources for residual effect of applied P in variable-charge soils. The goethite-P has the lowest release rate and potential availability among the mineral-P complexes, implying that iron oxides may be the most important variable-charge mineral responsible for P fixation in the Chinese red soils.
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 191-292 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Schlagwort(e): spinach ; NO3-content ; ionic balance ; plant age ; season of growth ; soil moisture ; soil pH ; Mo-spraying ; light intensity ; temperature ; K-dressing ; P-dressing ; varietal differences ; N-dressing ; plant-available N ; N-form ; NO3: NH4-ratio ; nitrification ; inhibitors ; type of N-carrier ; time of application of N
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Environmental factors and cultural measures affecting the NO3-content in spinach were studied indoors, in water-, sand- and soil-culture experiments. In the field, the influences of variations in N-fertilizing practices and in spinach varieties were also tested. High NO3-contents in spinach were found with low light intensities, with low soil-moisture contents, and with high temperatures. NO3-contents increased with increasing K-dressing (less so with KCl than with K2SO4), but decreased with increasing soil pH. In pot experiments, positive results were obtained with sulphur-coated urea, with farmyard manure and with pigmanure slurry. Application of Mo as a spray onto spinach leaves, and variations in P-dressings and in soil P-status were found not to affect the NO3-content in spinach. In pot experiments, NO3-contents decreased with progressing plant age (in autumn less so than in spring). Within spinach plants, NO3-contents were highest in petioles and older leaves. Varietal differences in NO3-contents were observed in a pot- and a field experiment. In pot- and field experiments, partial or complete replacement of NO3-N by NH4-N in general caused the NO3-content in spinach to decrease. However, such a replacement was shown not always to result in lower NO3-contents. Additional factors involved are e.g. the use and effectiveness of nitrification inhibitors, the soil type and the amount of available N. The amount of N added and, in the field, the amount of N available in the soil before sowing, strongly affected the NO3-content in spinach. Under field conditions, nitrogen appeared to be taken up from the top 60 cm of the soil profile. The effects of variations in timing of nitrogen applications were absent in a pot experiment and not consistent in field experiments.
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 42 (1995), S. 159-163 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Schlagwort(e): nitrous oxide ; tropical soils ; agriculture ; N availability ; temperature ; soil water content
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract N2O emission rates seem to be higher from soils in warm climates than from soils in temperate climates. Warm and moist conditions promote microbial processes that generate N2O. Clearance of tropical forests enhances N2O formation, but emission measurements from other agricultural operations in the tropics are few. Limiting fertilizer application to recommended rates applied at appropriate times and avoiding fallow land wherever practical serves to limit N2O emissions. More specific advice for agriculture in warm climates requires further studies.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Schlagwort(e): Entomopathogenic hyphomycete ; Paecilomyces fumosoroseus ; inoculum persistence ; solar radiation ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The detrimental effect of solar radiation on the survival of conidia of the entomopathogenic fungusPaecilomyces fumoroseus was studied by monitoring germinability and ability to form colonies (CFU) of conidia irradiated at two temperatures, 25 and 35 °C, harmless to shaded conidia. There was no apparent effect when spores were exposed to a high level of artificial radiation (0.66 W m−2 UVB). However, at a lower level of irradiance (0.33 W m−2), effects of radiation occurred more quickly at 35 °C than at 25 °C. Under natural solar radiation, the rate of decrease in germinability or viability was doubled at 35 °C as compared to 25 °C, indicating an interaction between temperature and radiation effects under natural conditions. This interaction was not detected in indoor experiments, indicating that the spectral distribution of UV radiation has to be taken in account as well as its irradiance when studying its effects.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Surveys in geophysics 17 (1996), S. 289-306 
    ISSN: 1573-0956
    Schlagwort(e): Effective properties ; pore fluids ; cracked rock ; permeability ; stress ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Fluids saturating cracked rocks within the crust can vary widely in composition and physical properties, which depend greatly on pressure and temperature. External non-hydrostatic stress applied to a cracked medium may result in a significant change of crack volume (and hence, for the undrained regime, pore-fluid pressure) due to the processes of crack closure (opening), and thus lead to a drastic change of the overall physical parameters of a rock. The purpose of the study is to estimate theoretically, using the effective-medium theory, the macroscopic seismic and transport parameters (such as permeability) of cracked rocks (granites) saturated with hydrocarbon gases, oils, brines and water. Variations of crack geometry and fluid parameters in the closed system (at constant fluid mass) under uniaxial compression are considered as well. The results show that composition of a saturating fluid as well as fluid temperature greatly influence the effective permeability and shear velocities of a rock mass, while thermal conductivity is not so sensitive to variations of fluid parameters.
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 47 (1996), S. 19-28 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Schlagwort(e): elemental sulphur ; model ; oxidation rate ; particle size distribution ; soil ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Finely-powdered elemental sulphur is a useful source of fertilizer S, being readily oxidizable in soil to plant-available sulphate yet possessing some slow release characteristics. Two mesh sizes were evaluated using four soils from northeast Scotland. Particle size analysis found that the 120 and 300 mesh S samples had specific surface areas of 1300 and 1940 cm2 g−1, respectively, with most of the surface area in particles of 10 – 20 µm diameter. The S oxidation rate was similar in all four soils but was greater for the 300 mesh than for the 120 mesh S: mean values of 51% and 18% were oxidized over 7 weeks at 14 °C, respectively. The time course of oxidation followed a sigmoidal pattern with a pronounced lag which was modelled using the logistic equation. Maximum specific oxidation rates were 11–28 µg S cm−2 day−2 for the 300 mesh S at 14 °C. These were significantly slower at 7 °C and the temperature response was calculated as a Q10 of 4.0. A model of seasonal S oxidation was developed using a cosine function for the annual temperature, the Arrhenius equation to relate S oxidation rate to temperature and a generalization of the logistic equation to describe the time course of S oxidation. Simulations showed that the 300 mesh S would be useful for spring S applications in east Scotland and if applied in autumn could supply S during the autumn and again in the spring. The 120 mesh S would be less effective in autumn but more resistant to winter leaching. The 120 mesh S applied to the warmer soils of southwest England would behave the same as 300 mesh S applied in east Scotland.
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 23 (1999), S. 669-679 
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Schlagwort(e): Panonychus ulmi ; dipause eggs ; overwintering ; dipause termination ; temperature ; photoperiod
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract In apple orchards in northern Greece, females of Panonychus ulmi Koch were found to lay diapause eggs from late August to the beginning of October. The course of diapause termination in the field was determined by transferring diapause eggs during winter and early spring from apple orchards with the varieties ‘Starkinson’ and ‘Firiki’ to short days (LD 8:16) (1992–1996), and long days (LD 16:8) (1994–1995), both at 20 °C. Percentages of diapause termination were very low to zero from October to the beginning of January, then progressively increased throughout January and February. Diapause termination in 50% of the eggs occurred in the first half of February in lowland mite populations irrespective of the year and location from which the eggs originated, and about one month earlier in a population originating from an altitude of 300 m. For each sampling date throughout the winter, the mean number of days required for 50% egg hatch at 20 °C (T50%) was similar under either a long (LD 16:8) or a short (LD 8:16) photoperiod. Diapause eggs collected in October 1995 from two orchards and maintained at 0, 5, 10 and 15 °C for various periods were subsequently transferred to 20 °C and LD 8:16, where TP50% was determined. It was shown that temperature, duration of maintenance at the different temperatures and the orchard from which the eggs originated had a significant effect on T50% and therefore on diapause development. Additionally, in our strains diapause intensity was much weaker than in strains from more northern latitudes and was terminated even without any cold exposure. The variation in diapause intensity in different strains of P. ulmi may have an adaptive significance for this widespread species.
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 95 (1999), S. 23-43 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Schlagwort(e): model alloy ; Monte Carlo ; elastic interactions ; phase separation ; kinetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract We study via Monte Carlo simulations the influence of elastic interactions on the ordering and decomposition of a two-dimensional model binary alloy with antiferromagnetic nearest and ferromagnetic next nearest neighbor type interactions following a quench into the coexistence region. The elastic interaction leads to the development of a platelet morphology for the segregated ordered and disordered regions. A length scale characterizing the coarsening process follows a law of the type R=a+bt 1/3 with the growth b decreasing with the amount of ordered phase; this appears to be due to the presence of anti-phase boundaries between neighboring domains ordered on different sublattices which are difficult to eliminate. The application of uniaxial external stress results in “rafting” of the domains. Many of the simulation results are in agreement with experimentally observed effects in nickel-base superalloys.
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 85 (1996), S. 471-488 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Schlagwort(e): Electron-phonon interaction ; temperature ; polaron ; Holstein model ; bifurcation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract It is proved that the polaronic and bipolaronic structures found in the adiabatic Holstein model at large electron-phonon coupling by Aubry, Abramovici, and Raimbault survive under connection of the electrons to a low-temperature heat bath, uniformly in the size of the system. Bounds are computed for one-dimensional nearest neighbor chains, and some sample solutions are continued numerically.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Schlagwort(e): bioavailability ; builders ; detergents ; kinetics ; mineralization ; sewage sludge ; soil
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Energietechnik , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Tetradecenyl succinic acid (TSA) is the major component of a detergent builder (C12-C14 alkenyl succinic acid), which is inherently biodegradable. 14C-TSA was dosed as a component of sewage sludge into a soil with a history of sludge amendment at final added concentrations of 1.5 and 30 mg (kg soil)-1. In addition, it was dosed to the soil in an aqueous solution to a final added concentration of 30 mg (kg soil)-1. Dose and form were found to have a pronouced effect on the mineralization kinetics. When dosed in a realistic form and concentration (i.e. 1.5 mg (kg soil)-1 as a component of sludge), TSA was mineralized at its highest rate and to its greatest extent, and the mineralization half-life was 2.4 days. When dosed at 30 mg (kg soil)-1 as a component of sludge, mineralization began immediately, and the half-life was 23 days. In contrast, when dosed at this concentration in aqueous solution, the onset of mineralization was preceded by a 13 day lag period and the mineralization half-life was 69 days. Primary biodegradation and mineralization rates of TSA were very similar. Approximately, half the radioactivity was evolved as 14CO2, while the remaining radioactivity became non-extractable, having presumably been incorporated into biomass or natural soil organic matter (humics). This study demonstrated that TSA is effectively removed from sludge-amended soils as a result of biodegradation. Furthermore, it showed the effect that dose form and concentration have on the biodegradation kinetics and the importance of dosing a chemical not only at a relevant concentration but also in the environmental form in which it enters the soil environment.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Schlagwort(e): bacteria ; degradation ; denitrification ; kinetics ; stoichiometry ; toluene
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Energietechnik , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Batch experiments were carried out to investigate the stoichiometry and kinetics of microbial degradation of toluene under denitrifying conditions. The inoculum originated from a mixture of sludges from sewage treatment plants with alternating nitrification and denitrification. The culture was able to degrade toluene under anaerobic conditions in the presence of nitrate, nitrite, nitric oxide, or nitrous oxide. No degradation occurred in the absence of Noxides. The culture was also able to use oxygen, but ferric iron could not be used as an electron acceptor. In experiments with14C-labeled toluene, 34%±8% of the carbon was incorporated into the biomass, while 53%±10% was recovered as14CO2, and 6%±2% remained in the medium as nonvolatile water soluble products. The average consumption of nitrate in experiments, where all the reduced nitrate was recovered as nitrite, was 1.3±0.2 mg of nitrate-N per mg of toluene. This nitrate reduction accounted for 70% of the electrons donated during the oxidation of toluene. When nitrate was reduced to nitrogen gas, the consumption was 0.7±0.2 mg per mg of toluene, accounting for 97% of the donated electrons. Since the ammonia concentration decreased during degradation, dissimilatory reduction of nitrate to ammonia was not the reductive process. The degradation of toluene was modelled by classical Monod kinetics. The maximum specific rate of degradation, k, was estimated to be 0.71 mg toluene per mg of protein per hour, and the Monod saturation constant, K s , to be 0.2 mg toluene/l. The maximum specific growth rate, μ max , was estimated to be 0.1 per hour, and the yield coefficient, Y, was 0.14 mg protein per mg toluene.
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biodegradation 7 (1996), S. 73-81 
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Schlagwort(e): diesel oil ; biodegradation ; CSTR ; kinetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Energietechnik , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract In batch culture diesel oil was degraded rapidly, with a maximum growth rate (for a consortium of microorganisms) of 0.55 h-1. The corresponding yield Y SX was 0.1 Cmol/Cmol. In a continuous stirred tank reactor the maximum dilution rate was about 0.25 h-1, with a yield of 0.3 Cmol/Cmol. With a residence time of 1 day 82% of the influent oil was degraded. In the batch reactor, of the mixture of linear and branched alkanes the linear alkanes were degraded fastest and with the highest yield. Only after most of the linear alkanes had disappeared were the branched alkanes consumed. In a CSTR a large part of the branched alkanes was not degraded.
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 260-266 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Schlagwort(e): Salmon ; satellite cells ; cell culture ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Temperature is known to affect fish growth, and in Atlantic salmon there is an influence on muscle cellularity. Primary muscle cell culture makes it possible to investigate direct effects of temperature on myogenic cells. Salmon myosatellite cells were cultured for the first time in this study. The cells were cultured at either 5°C or 11°C. Increased temperature led to an increase in differentiation rate and especially hypertrophic growth (Q10=4.0). No nuclear proliferation was evident in the satellite cell population isolated at either temperature. This may be due to the presence of different subpopulations of myogenic cells at different developmental ages or the presence of indirect factors in vivo.
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 57 (1995), S. 325-337 
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Schlagwort(e): Oxygen ; temperature ; patchiness ; microscale
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The presence and extent of small scale vertical structure in dissolved oxygen were investigated in a tropical Australian lake. At a 9 m deep site an extremely high oxygen patch appeared near the bottom boundary. Light levels reaching the bottom boundary during the life of the patch exceeded 10 µEinst m−2 s−1. The patch remained for 1.5 h before gradually reaching ambient oxygen levels. The patch's disappearance coincided with decreasing light levels during the late afternoon. Differences in the extent of oxygen vertical patchiness between deep (16 m) and shallow (9 m) sites were also observed. At the deep site, the distribution of oxygen steps over the water column coincided largely with the distribution of temperature steps. This indicates the dominance of physical processes at that site. At the shallow site, marked vertical patchiness in oxygen was observed with no similar patchiness in temperature. This indicates the prevalence of biological and chemical processes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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