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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modeling Leaf Wetness in Relation to Plant Disease Epidemiology (1992)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 30 (1992), S. 553-577 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.30.090192.003005
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uniconazole-induced thermotolerance in wheat seedlings is mediated by transpirational cooling (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 81 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Seed treatment of thermotolerant and sensitive cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Frederick and Glenlea, respectively) with uniconazole reduced shoot and increased root fresh and dry weights. When subjected to 48°C for 6 h, treated seedlings had lower leaf-temperatures and overall higher rates of evapotranspiration. Percent survival 11 days after high temperature incubation in untreated seedlings was 53% in Frederick and 30% in Glenlea, whereas in uniconazole-treated seedlings it was 94% and 80%, respectively. Transpiration resistance markedly increased in the control cultivars after 4 h of high-temperature incubation, but remained relatively unchanged in the treated cultivars. The increased root to shoot ratio exhibited in treated plants may have alleviated guard cell stress, even under high evaporative demand. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements on leaves of heat-stressed seedlings indicated that increased photosynthetic metabolism in treated seedlings was correlated with lower leaf temperatures. High-temperature stress resulted in a dramatic decline in pigments and proteins in thylakoid extracts of control seedlings but not in extracts from treated seedlings. Integrity of thylakoid pigment protein complexes, as illustrated by reduced relative amounts of free pigment, was maintained after exposure to high temperatures in treated seedlings. Furthermore, the treated Glenlea seedlings displayed a reduction in the monomeric form of Sight-harvesting chlorophyll protein II (LHCP II) compared to control and Frederick seedlings. The heat-tolerant Frederick cultivar showed a greater protective effect from uniconazole treatment than the sensitive Glenlea cultivar. Uniconazole treatment did not affect heat-shock protein (HSP) synthesis in mesocotyl tissue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1991.tb08741.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental factors affecting the herbicidal activity of DPX-A7881 (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 30 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: DPX-A7881, methyl 2-[(4-ethoxy-6-methyl-amino-1, 3, 5-triazin-2-yl)carbamoylsulphanoyl] benzoate, is a sulfonylurea herbicide being developed in Canada and Europe for post-emergence broadleaf weed control in spring and winter rapeseed. Growth room studies were conducted to determine the environmental factors affecting the herbicidal activity of DPX-A7881 applied post-emergence on winter rapeseed (Brassica napusu L. ‘Tandem’) and on a closely related weed species, Sinapis arvensis L. (wild mustard).Laboratory tests were carried out at tempera tures ranging from 2–26°C, at relative humidities from near 40% to 〉95%, with rain-free periods from 0.25–8 h after herbicide application, at soil moisture contents from 50–200% of field capacity, and with irradiances from 23–450 μEm−2s−1 Significant control of S. arvensis was demonstrated for all treatments except under poor growing conditions at the lowest temperatures and irradiances tested. After two weeks' exposure to each of the tem perature treatments, the herbicide maintained control of S. arvensis during a subsequent week of favourable growing conditions. Relative humidity, soil moisture or simulated rainfall did not significantly alter the herbicidal activity of DPX-A7881 on S. arvensis. DPX-A7881 showed a high degree of crop safety on B. napus. The herbicide did not significantly reduce the dry weights of B. napus grown under any of the environmental conditions tested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1990.tb01713.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimating outdoor thermal comfort using a cylindrical radiation thermometer and an energy budget model (1986)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 30 (1986), S. 43-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A mathematical model to estimate outdoor thermal comfort for humans from micrometeorological data has been formulated using the energy balance concept and the simultaneous satisfaction of four criteria for comfort from the literature: (a) a comfortable perspiration rate, (b) a comfortable core body temperature, (c) a comfortable skin temperature, and (d) a near-zero energy budget. A cylindrical modification of the globe thermometer is proposed as a simple monitor of outdoor radiation absorption for a person, and the effect of windspeed on the thermal resistance of clothing is considered. Results show a correlation coefficient of 0.91 between model output and subjective comfort ratings of 59 different situations with a variety of temperatures, insolations and windspeeds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02192058
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Performance of a model for egg hatching of the western corn rootworm,Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, using measured and modelled soil temperatures as input (1993)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 37 (1993), S. 11-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Insect development ; Soil temperature ; Modelling ; Egg hatch ; Corn rootworm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A model for egg hatching of the western corn rootworm,Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, was tested at several locations in Ontario, Canada, during the 1989 and 1990 seasons. The model required soil temperatures as input and was tested using measured and modelled data. Modelled soil temperatures at 5 and 10 cm depths were obtained from empirically and physically based models. The physically based model provided better estimates of soil temperatues, but both models slightly underestimated the temperatures. Predicted egg hatching, using measured and modelled soil temperature at 5 and 10 cm depths for all locations, compared reasonably well with the observations of egg hatching. When using modelled soil temperatures, the egg developmental model performed better using soil temperatures from the physically based model. However, both soil temperature models provided sufficiently accurate temperature values for use in the egg developmental model. Unlike the empirically based model, the physically based model was not site-specific and its application to larger areas appeared feasible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01212761
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of temperature and vapor pressure deficit on the rate of predation by the predatory mite, Amblyseius cucumeris, on Frankliniella occidentalis (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 78 (1996), S. 31-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Amblyseius cucumeris ; Frankliniella occidentalis ; rate of predation ; temperature ; vapor pressure deficit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of temperature and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) on the rate of predation by the predatory mite, Amblyseius cucumeris (Oudemans) on Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) was determined under controlled laboratory conditions. The survival of first instars of F. occidentalis was initially determined by themselves. Then the number of first instars that were killed by a single female adult of A. cucumeris was determined for the same density of thrips. The differences in the mortality between the two experiments were used to calculate the rate of predation by A. cucumeris under a range of temperature and VPD regimes. Rate of predation was expressed as the number of thrips killed per h to account for the different time periods that the trials lasted. A quadratic model was fitted to the data. At a constant temperature, the rate of predation decreased with increasing VPD for VPDs 〈-1.24 to 1.44 kPa. Above these VPDs, the rate of predation started to increase again. At a constant VPD, the rate of predation decreased slightly at the lower temperatures and increased at the higher temperatures. The rate of change was dependent upon the VPD. By using the quadratic model, the rate of predation can be predicted for the range of hygrothermal conditions that would be encountered in the greenhouse. The optimal condition for maximum rate of predation by A. cucumeris on first instars of F. occidentalis in the greenhouse is a VPD 〈- 0.75 kPa at the recommended production temperatures and VPDs (17 to 25°C and 〈- 1.5 kPa).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00304454
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical porosity and windspeed reduction by coniferous windbreaks in Southern Ontario (1992)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 17 (1992), S. 119-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: windbreaks ; optical porosities ; windspeed reduction ; Ontario/Canada
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Relative windspeed reduction was measured behind nine relatively narrow, homogeneous windbreaks in southern Ontario, Canada to assess whether any characteristics of the windspeed reduction curve could be predicted from optical porosity. The latter was determined for each windbreak using high contrast black and white photographic silhouettes on a computer digitizing system. Minimum windspeeds behind the windbreaks ranged from 29 to 71% of open windspeed; these minima were located 2 to 6 multiples of windbreak height away from the windbreak. Optical porosities of the bottom half of the windbreak ranged from 0 to 31%. Multiple regression of the shelter parameters (location and value of minimum relative windspeed) on the independent variables (optical porosity, open windspeed, surface roughness, approaching wind direction relative to the windbreak, average tree diameter and average tree spacing) showed that the minimum relative windspeed could be predicted from the optical porosity of the bottom half of the windbreak. The results suggest that optical porosity can be used to predict minimum relative windspeeds and may therefore be useful as a guide in the field evaluation of windbreaks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00053117
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of bowen ratio and eddy correlation sensible and latent heat flux measurements above deciduous forest (1994)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 71 (1994), S. 21-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Sensible and latent heat flux densities (H and ΛE) were measured above a mature, 18 m deciduous forest during July and August, 1988, using the Bowen ratio-energy balance (BREB) and eddy correlation (EC) methods. EC estimates ofH and ΛE underestimated day-time surface available energy by 11%. EC also partitioned available energy differently than BREB. forź/L〈0.0, EC favouredH and BREB favoured ΛE. Practical and theoretical limitations of the BREB and EC methods above forests are discussed. The most plausible causes for the failure of EC to close the surface energy balance are a low frequency loss of flux and the failure of a single point measurement to account for the spatial dispersive flux. The most plausible causes of the EC-BREB energy partitioning anomaly are the invalidity of the BREB similarity assumption and the violation of flux-gradient diffusion assumptions in the near-field diffusion region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00709218
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of foliage wetness on the dry deposition of ozone onto red maple and poplar leaves (1994)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 74 (1994), S. 189-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The deposition of ozone onto hypostomatous red maple and amphistomatous hybrid poplar leaves was studied under controlled environments. Under similar environmental conditions, the ozone deposition was substantially greater onto poplar than onto maple leaves. Two kinds of surface wetness (simulating dew and raindrops) were artificially created on leaves to determine how deposition was affected. The ozone deposition onto wet maple leaves markedly increased almost immediately after water spraying. The increases were measured during both daytime and nighttime conditions. Nighttime measurements revealed that the enhanced ozone deposition onto wet maple leaves was largely controlled by the chemistry of the solution which eventually developed while leaves remained wet. Unlike maple leaves, small ozone deposition reductions were measured after poplar leaves became wet during daytime conditions. In addition, little ozone deposition was detected onto wet poplar leaves during the night, indicating that leaf water chemistry was less important for poplar than for maple leaves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01257155
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ambient biogenic hydrocarbons and isoprene emissions from a mixed deciduous forest (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 25 (1996), S. 67-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: biogenic hydrocarbons ; isoprene ; terpenes ; biogenic emissions ; emission inventories ; fluxes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were conducted during the growing season of 1993 at a mixed deciduous forest in southern Ontario, Canada to investigate the atmospheric abundance of hydrocarbons from phytogenic origins, and to measure emission rates from foliage of deciduous trees. The most abundant phytogenic chemical species found in the ambient air were isoprene and the monoterpenes α-pinene and β-pinene. Prior to leaf-bud break during spring, ambient hydrocarbon mixing ratios above the forest remained barely above instrument detection limit (∼20 parts per trillion), but they became abundant during the latter part of the growing season. Peak isoprene mixing ratios reached nearly 10 parts per billion (ppbv) during mid-growing season while maximum monoterpene mixing ratios were close to 2 ppbv. Both isoprene and monoterpene mixing ratios exhibited marked diurnal variations. Typical isoprene mixing ratios were highest during mid-afternoon and were lowest during nighttime. Peak isoprene mixing ratios coincided with maximum canopy temperature. The diurnal pattern of ambient isoprene mixing ratio was closely linked to the local emissions from foliage. Isoprene emission rates from foliage were measured by enclosing branches of trees inside environment-controlled cuvette systems and measuring the gas mixing ratio difference between cuvette inlet and outlet airstream. Isoprene emissions depended on tree species, foliage ontogeny, and environmental factors such as foliage temperature and intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). For instance, young (〈1 month old) aspen leaves released approximately 80 times less isoprene than mature (〉3 months old) leaves. During the latter part of the growing season the amount of carbon released back to the atmosphere as isoprene by big-tooth and trembling aspen leaves accounted for approximately 2% of the photosynthetically fixed carbon. Significant isoprene mixing ratio gradients existed between the forest crown and at twice canopy height above the ground. The gradient diffusion approach coupled with similarity theory was used to estimate canopy isoprene flux densities. These canopy fluxes compared favorably with values obtained from a multilayered canopy model that utilized locally measured plant microclimate, biomass distribution and leaf isoprene emission rate data. Modeled isoprene fluxes were approximately 30% higher compared to measured fluxes. Further comparisons between measured and modeled canopy biogenic hydrocarbon flux densities are required to assess uncertainties in modeling systems that provide inventories of biogenic hydrocarbons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00053286
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