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  • Articles  (533)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (533)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • 1995-1999  (316)
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  • Physics  (533)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Raman spectroscopic evidence for structural changes in poly-L-lysine induced by an approximately 50 mT static magnetic field (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 33-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: static magnetic field ; poly-L-lysine ; Raman spectroscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: We have explored the mechanism of coupling of an approximately 50 mT static magnetic field with the α helices of poly-L-lysine. Structural changes in poly-L-lysine were determined by Raman spectroscopy. Our testable hypothesis is that static magnetic fields of this magnitude can couple with the α-helical segments of the polypeptide, and, as a result, the structure of the polypeptide is significantly altered. Our model further suggests that a static magnetic field can promote protein unfolding and can prevent refolding. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic fields at resonant conditions for the hydrogen ion affect neurite outgrowth in PC-12 cells: A test of the ion parametric resonance model (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 10-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: AC/DC magnetic fields ; IPR ; proton ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: PC-12 cells primed with nerve growth factor (NGF) were exposed to sinusoidal extremely-low-frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (MFs) selected to test the predictions of the ion parametric resonance (IPR) model under resonance conditions for a single ion (hydrogen). We examined the field effects on the neurite outgrowth (NO) induced by NGF using three different combinations of flux densities of the parallel components of the AC MF (Bac) and the static MF (Bdc). The first test examined the NO response in cells exposed to 45 Hz at a Bdc of 2.96 μT with resonant conditions for H+ according to the model. The Bac values ranged from 0.29 to 4.11 μT root-mean-square (rms). In the second test, the MF effects at off-resonance conditions (i.e., no biologically significant ion at resonance) were examined using the frequency of 45 Hz with a Bdc of 1.97 μT and covering a Bac range between 0.79 and 2.05 μT rms. In the third test, the AC frequency was changed to 30 Hz with the subsequent change in Bdc to 1.97 μT to tune for H+ as in the first test. The Bac values ranged from 0.79 to 2.05 μT rms. After a 23 h incubation and exposure to the MF in the presence of NGF (5 ng/ml), the NO was analyzed using a stereoscopic microscope. The results showed that the NGF stimulation of neurite outgrowth (NSNO) was affected by MF combinations over most of the Bac exposure range generally consistent with the predictions of the IPR model. However, for a distinct range of Bac where the IPR model predicted maximal ionic influence, the observed pattern of NSNO contrasted sharply with those predictions. The symmetry of this response suggests that values of Bac within this distinct range may trigger alternate or additional cellular mechanisms that lead to an apparent lack of response to the MF stimulus. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Absence of relation between sick leave caused by musculoskeletal disorders and exposure to magnetic fields in an aluminum plant (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 37-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: cohort ; electrolysis ; pot room ; sick leave ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: This is a study of the relationship between occupational exposure to magnetic fields in pot rooms and occurrence of sick leave caused by musculoskeletal disorders. The average exposure to static magnetic fields was 8 mT in the pot rooms. Ripple fields were recorded as well. A cohort of 342 exposed workers and 222 unexposed workers from the same electrolysis plant was retrospectively followed for 5 years. The reference group had a type of work similar to the exposed group except for the exposure to magnetic fields. The occurrence of sick leave and the diagnoses causing the sick leave were obtained from the Occupational Health Care Unit: these data were stored in their computer files. The data were complete. No relationship between the occurrence of sick leave caused by musculoskeletal disorders and exposure to magnetic fields was found. This was the case for both the annual number of periods of sick leave and the total number of days with sick leave. The results must be interpreted with caution due to limitations in the design and available data. Also, static magnetic fields constituted the major exposure, and the results may be different when related to work in other types of magnetic-field exposure. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    Theoretical analysis of magnetic field interactions with aortic blood flow (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 21-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: blood flow ; static magnetic field ; magnetohydrodynamic interactions ; finite element analysis ; sinuatrial node ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The flow of blood in the presence of a magnetic field gives rise to induced voltages in the major arteries of the central circulatory system. Under certain simplifying conditions, such as the assumption that the length of major arteries (e.g., the aorta) is infinite and that the vessel walls are not electrically conductive, the distribution of induced voltages and currents within these blood vessels can be calculated with reasonable precision. However, the propagation of magnetically induced voltages and currents from the aorta into neighboring tissue structures such as the sinuatrial node of the heart has not been previously determined by any experimental or theoretical technique. In the analysis presented in this paper, a solution of the complete Navier-Stokes equation was obtained by the finite element technique for blood flow through the ascending and descending aortic vessels in the presence of a uniform static magnetic field. Spatial distributions of the magnetically induced voltage and current were obtained for the aortic vessel and surrounding tissues under the assumption that the wall of the aorta is electrically conductive. Results are presented for the calculated values of magnetically induced voltages and current densities in the aorta and surrounding tissue structures, including the sinuatrial node, and for their field-strength dependence. In addition, an analysis is presented of magnetohydrodynamic interactions that lead to a small reduction of blood volume flow at high field levels above approximately 10 tesla (T). Quantitative results are presented on the offsetting effects of oppositely directed blood flows in the ascending and descending aortic segments, and a quantitative estimate is made of the effects of assuming an infinite vs. a finite length of the aortic vessel in calculating the magnetically induced voltage and current density distribution in tissue. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of low-intensity millimeter wave electromagnetic radiation on regeneration of the sciatic nerve in rats (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 44-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: regeneration ; rat sciatic nerve ; microsurgical suture ; millimeter wave radiation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of low-intensity millimeter wave electromagnetic radiation (MWR) on regeneration of the rat sciatic nerve after transection and microsurgical reapproximation was examined. Rats were exposed to 54 GHz MWR at a power density of 4 mW/cm2. It was found that MWR treatment of the femoral skin in the area of suture accelerated the regeneration of nerve fibers. At the twentieth postoperative day, the MWR-treated animals had a 32% increase in the regeneration distance compared to the control animals. The conduction velocity showed a 26% increase in the MWR-treated animals. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Masthead (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.1996.2250170101
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Cell culture dosimetry for low-frequency magnetic fields (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 48-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ELF fields ; modeling ; induced current ; induced electric field ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Calculations of the current density and electric field distributions induced in cell cultures by an applied low-frequency magnetic field have assumed that the medium is uniform. This paper calculates these distributions for a more realistic, inhomogeneous, anisotropic model in which the cells are regarded as conducting squares surrounded by insulating membranes. Separate parameters are used to specify the resistivities of the cell interior, the cell membrane parallel to its surface, the cell membrane perpendicular to its surface, and the intercellular junction parallel to the membrane. The presence of gap junctions connecting the interiors of adjacent cells is also considered. For vertical applied magnetic fields, the induced currents and field distributions may deviate considerably from the homogeneous medium model if there is sufficiently tight binding of the cells to each other. The presence of gap junctions can produce relatively large transmembrane electric fields or intracellular current densities. These considerations are generally less important for horizontal applied fields. A simple microscopic model of the cell surface is also discussed. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 8
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    d' arsonval medal: Introduction Om P. Gandhi: 1995 receipient of the d' arsonval medal (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 1-2 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.1996.2250170102
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Dynamic properties of Lednev's parametric resonance mechanism (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 58-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ion parametric resonance ; AC/DC magnetic fields ; excitation and deexcitation mechanisms ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: This paper presents a further development of the mechanism for the detection of weak magnetic fields proposed by [Lednev (1991): Bioelectromagnetics 12:71-75]. The fraction of excited oscillator states of an unhydrated ion is studied in a dynamic model driven by the predicted (time-varying) transition probability in the presence of thermal noise and an unspecified excitation mechanism. The main results of Lednev are confirmed. In addition, I conclude that ultraharmonic and ultrasubharmonic resonances may also be observed, provided that the response time of the dynamic system is similar to the period of the oscillating magnetic field. I discuss the time scales involved in the mechanism and present theoretical constraints on these parameters. The crucial requirement for the theory's applicability is that the lifetime of the excited states of the affected ion oscillator exceeds the period of the applied magnetic field. Numerical solutions of the dynamic system are given and are shown to correspond well to theoretical expectations. The main discrepancy between the theories of Lednev and of Blanchard and Blackman [Blanchard and Blackman (1994): Bioelectromagnetics 15:217-238] appears to be due to an inconsistency in the latter paper. The general problem of robust analysis of experimental data is discussed, and I suggest a test of compliance with the Lednev model that is independent of all parameters except for the ratio of oscillating and static field strength (B1/B0) for many resonance conditions and experimental models. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Resection of meningiomas with implantable microwave coagulation (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 85-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: brain tumor ; coagulation ; bleeding ; hemostasis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Implantable microwave coagulation was used to perform resection on 62 patients that had intracranial meningiomas. When 20-60 W microwave power was applied for 15 s, the temperature at the center of the tumor tissue was 43-63°C; 30 mm from the center, the temperature was under 40°C. Histological changes in the center of the tumor showed coagulative necrosis, diminished nuclei, and obliterated blood vessels. The changes at 10-20 mm from the center of the tumor showed coagulative necrosis and degeneration and, 30-50 mm from the center of the tumor, showed normal cell morphology after microwave coagulation. The thermal field in brain tumor has an effective diameter of about 40 mm. No side effects on the normal brain tissues were observed. The amount of blood loss during the operation was minimal while the meningioma was coagulated, especially when the meningioma was located at the skull base or in the parasagittal or cerebral convexity region. After microwave coagulation, the entire tumor could easily be removed. Among the 62 surgically treated cases, gross total tumor excision was 85%. No postoperative complications occurred after microwave coagulation, and there was no operative mortality in the series. We believe that this new technique has the advantage of simplicity, less blood loss, and smooth postoperative procedures. Hemostatic effects during the operation are satisfactory, and blood transfusion can be reduced by 50-60%. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 11
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    Managing electromagnetic fields from residential electrode grounding systems: A predecision analysis (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 71-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: decision analysis ; grounding systems ; residential EMFs ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Several epidemiological studies have linked exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) with health effects, including leukemia and brain cancer, but the research is still inconclusive. In particular, no clear causal mechanism has been identified by which EMFs may promote cancers. Nevertheless, the concerns raised by the positive epidemiological studies have led to increasing efforts to reduce EMFs from a number of sources. One source of EMFs are home grounding systems that are connected through water pipes in homes to water mains. This paper analyzes whether home owners who are concerned about electromagnetic fields exposure from home grounding systems should take any action to reduce fields. Assuming that the grounding system produces elevated magnetic fields (e.g., 2-3 mG or higher), this study investigates several readily available alternatives and evaluates them with respect to five criteria: risk reduction, cost, fire risk increase, worker risk, and electrical shock risk. Because of the lack of conclusive evidence about an EMF-cancer relationship, this study uses a parameterized approach that makes conditional estimates of health risk depending on future research outcomes and on the nature of the EMF/health effects relationship. This type of analysis, which is called predecision analysis because of its preliminary nature, is therefore highly dependent on a set of assumptions. Nevertheless, this predecision analysis had some fairly clear results. First, waiting for more research or taking a fairly inexpensive corrective action (insulating the water pipe to reduce ground current flow) seem to be the main contenders for the best decision for many different assumptions and parameters. Second, the choice between these two actions is very sensitive to variations in assumptions and parameters. Homeowners who accept the base-case assumptions and parameters of this study should prefer to wait. If any of the base-case parameters are changed to more pessimistic estimates or if psychological concerns (like worry and regret) are considered, then the best action is to insulate the pipe to reduce the current flow through the water pipes. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 12
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    Circadian locomotor activity of Musca flies: Recording method and effects of 10 Hz square-wave electric fields (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 100-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: extremely low frequency ; electric fields ; rhythm ; synchronization ; period changes ; Musca domestica ; Calliphora ; Diptera ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Musca domestica flies that were exposed to a uniform vertical 10 Hz electric square-wave field of 1 kVm-1 changed the period length of their circadian locomotor activity rhythm. Under constant conditions, the clock of short-period flies was slowed down by the field, whereas the clock of long-period flies either was affected only scarcely (experiments at about 19°C) or ran faster (experiments at 25°C). If the field was applied for only 12 h daily, then 30-40% of the flies were synchronized. Thus, the field could function as a weak “Zeitgeber” (synchronizer). If the field was increased to 10 kVm-1, then 50-70% of the flies were synchronized. Flies avoided becoming active around the onset of the 12 h period of exposure to a 10 Hz field. The results of these experiments are discussed with respect to similar experiments by Wever on the effects of exposure to a 10 Hz field on the circadian system of man. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 13
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    Lorentz approach to static magnetic field effects on bound-ion dynamics and binding kinetics: Thermal noise considerations (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 89-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: EMF ; linear oscillator ; ion binding ; thermal noise ; spectral density ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The present study characterizes an ion-binding site, a molecular cleft in a signalling molecule such as calmodulin or troponin C, as a damped linear isotropic oscillator potential for small displacements about the origin. Quantitative assessments of the effects of thermal noise and exogenous static magnetic fields are made through a statistical mechanical treatment of the Lorentz-Langevin equation for an ion bound in a molecular cleft. Thermal noise causes a bound ion to be ejected from the site after a bound lifetime dependent upon the thermal noise spectral density. It is shown that the Lorentz-Langevin model requires values of the viscous damping parameter many orders of magnitude below those for bulk water in order to characterize the binding site and to obtain realistic lifetimes for a bound ion. The model predicts that milliTesla-range magnetic fields are required for static field effects on dissociation kinetics. The Lorentz equation also yields a classic coherent solution describing precession of the boundion oscillator orientation at the Larmor frequency. The bound-ion dynamics described by this coherent solution are sensitive to micro Tesla-range static magnetic fields in the presence of thermal noise. Numerical integration of the contribution of thermal noise forces to these dynamics is in good agreement with the results of statistical mechanical analysis, also producing realistic bound lifetimes for only very low viscous damping values. The mechanisms by which modulation of precessional motion might enable a signalling molecule such as calmodulin to detect an exogenous magnetic field are presently unclear. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 14
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    Evaluation of potential health effects of 10 kHz magnetic fields: A short-term mouse toxicology study (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 111-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: high-frequency inductive power distribution ; mice ; acute ; subchronic ; toxicity ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A high-frequency inductive power distribution (HID) technology has been developed that generates sinusoidal magnetic fields at a frequency of 10 kHz. In typical industrial applications, field intensities in the order of 0.2 mT can be expected between the current-carrying coils. Because the possible health effects of 10 kHz sinusoidal magnetic fields of this type had never been investigated, a broad evaluation of possible effects on animal health was made in a preliminary 14 day acute study and in a 90 day subchronic study using male and female B6C3F1 mice. Exposures were at 0.08, 0.28, and 1.0 mT vs. a background exposure of 3.7 μT and were essentially continuous.These studies failed to demonstrate any health effects that can be clearly related to the magnetic field exposure. No changes in animal behaviour or indications of morbidity were detected during the initial exposure to the fields. There were no significant differences in body weight between exposed and unexposed (control) mice at any time in the study, and the clinical chemistry and hematology parameters were essentially unchanged. Although minor differences in some clinical chemistry and hematology parameters were seen between control and exposure groups, the lack of exposure dependence, the lack of consistency between sexes, and the lack of correspondence with the results of the two studies all suggest that these were chance associations. Even if the changes were real, the magnitude of the changes was very small and does not indicate serious biological effects. Finally, all organs were macroscopically and microscopically normal except for isolated, generally mild, histological lesions and lesions that were ascribed to fighting among males. There was no obvious association with field intensity. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 15
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    Acute effects of 50 Hz magnetic field exposure on human visual task and cardiovascular performance (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 131-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: statistical power ; duration discrimination ; blood pressure ; heart rate ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: One hundred subjects, males and females with ages ranging between 18 and 48 years, were studied under both field-exposed and sham-exposed conditions. A 50 Hz, 100 μT magnetic field (MF) was used. To examine the effect of field exposure on performance, a two-alternative, forced-choice, duration-discrimination task with three levels of difficulty was used. The subject's task was to decide which of two sequentially presented light flashes had the longer duration. The standard duration was 50 ms, and the alternative durations were 65, 100, or 125 ms. Both reaction time and percentage of correct responses were recorded for each subject. MF and sham exposure were for 9 min each. Blood pressure and heart rate were also measured before and following MF exposure and sham-exposure trials. The study was performed double blind, with the exposure order counterbalanced. Compared to sham exposure, MF exposure significantly decreased reaction time on the hardest level of the performance task. MF exposure did not reliably affect percentage correct or cardiovascular performance. It was demonstrated that a relatively high level of statistical power was the basis for the observed MF effect, and the need to pay closer attention to power levels in future research is discussed. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 16
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    Behavioural evidence that magnetic field effects in the land snail, Cepaea nemoralis, might not depend on magnetite or induced electric currents (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 123-130 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ELF bioeffects ; attenuation of opioid-induced analgaesia ; biophysical mechanisms ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Although extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (〈300 Hz) appear to exert a variety of biological effects, the magnetic field sensing/transduction mechanism(s) remains to be established. Here, using the inhibitory effects of magnetic fields on endogenous opioid peptide-mediated “analgaesic” response of the land snail. Cepaea nemoralis, we addressed the mechanism(s) of action of ELF magnetic fields. Indirect mechanisms involving both induced electric fields and direct magnetic field detection mechanisms (e.g., magnetite, parametric resonance) were evaluated. Snails were exposed to a static magnetic field (BDC=78±1 μT) and to a 60 Hz magnetic field (BAC=299±1 μT peak) with the angle between the static and 60 Hz magnetic fields varied in eight steps between 0° and 90°. At 0° and 90°, the magnetic field reduced opioid-induced analgaesia by approximately 20%, and this inhibition was increased to a maximum of 50% when the angle was between 50° and 70°. Because BAC was fixed in amplitude, direction, and frequency, any induced electric currents would be constant independent of the BAC/BDC angle. Also, an energy transduction mechanism involving magnetite should show greatest sensitivity at 90°. Therefore, the energy transduction mechanism probably does not involve induced electric currents or magnetite. Rather, our results suggest a direct magnetic field detection mechanism consistent with the parametric resonance model proposed by Lednev. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 17
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    Evaluating alternative exposure indices in epidemiologic studies on extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 138-143 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: epidemiology ; pregnancy ; exposure assessment ; generalized additive modelling ; exposure-response relationship ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Choosing the right exposure index for epidemiological studies on 50-60 Hz magnetic fields is difficult due to the lack of knowledge about critical exposure parameters for the biological effects of magnetic fields. This paper uses data from a previously published epidemiological investigation on early pregnancy loss (EPL) to study the methods of evaluating the exposure-response relationship of 50 Hz magnetic fields. Two approaches were used. The first approach was to apply generalized additive modeling to suggest the functional form of the relationship between EPL and magnetic field strength. The second approach evaluated the goodness of fit of the EPL data with eight alternative exposure indices: the 24 h average of magnetic field strength, three indices measuring the proportion of time above specified thresholds, and four indices measuring the proportion of time within specified intensity windows. Because the original exposure data included only spot measurements, estimates for the selected exposure indices were calculated indirectly from the spot measurements using empirical nonlinear equations derived from 24 h recordings in 60 residences. The results did not support intensity windows, and a threshold-type dependence on field strength appeared to be more plausible than a linear relationship. In addition, the study produced data suggesting that spot measurements may be used as surrogates for other exposure indices besides the time average field strength. No final conclusions should be drawn from this study alone, but we hope that this exercise stimulates evaluation of alternative exposure indices in other planned and ongoing epidemiological studies. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 18
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    Comment on “Acute low-intensity microwave exposure increases DNA single-strand breaks in rat brain cells” by Henry Lai and Narenda P. Singh (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 165-165 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: No abstract.
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  • 19
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    Coaxial lines for multiphase power distribution (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 162-164 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: coaxial cable ; power distribution ; magnetic field ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A coaxial cable can be used to reduce the magnetic and electric fields that extend into environments in the vicinity of transmission lines and distribution lines and in-house or building wiring for power distribution systems. The use of the coaxial geometry may prove useful in cases where there are environmental concerns with respect to health effects and in cases where there is a need to run high-speed data communications in close proximity to power distribution systems. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Masthead (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 16 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250160101
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    An exercise in open peer review (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 16 (1995), S. 1-1 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Trivial influences: A doubly stochastic poisson process model permits the detection of arbitrarily small electromagnetic signals (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 16 (1995), S. 2-8 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ELF fields ; biological effects ; Poisson processes ; threshold detection ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: If a weak, exogenous, extremely low-frequency (ELF) electric or magnetic field is to produce biological sequelae, then there must exist averaging sufficient to lift some primary effect of that field above the endogenous stochastic variations of the biological system. One way in which a field could accomplish this is by changing the intensity of some stochastic operation that controls an important and not trivially reversible biological transformation. In this paper, this operation is modeled as a doubly stochastic Poisson process. It is then shown, first, that (in theory) even a minuscule exogenous influence might appreciably shift the incidence of a sufficiently rare transformation and, second, that this shift might be observable if a trial were allowed to run long enough over a sufficiently large population of exposed entities. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Comments on “trivial influences: A doubly stochastic poisson process model permits the detection of arbitrarily small electromagnetic signals” (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 16 (1995), S. 11-11 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Comments on “trivial influences: A doubly stochastic poisson process model permits the detection of arbitrarily small electromagnetic signals” (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 16 (1995), S. 12-16 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Reply to comments on the paper “trivial influences: A doubly stochastic poisson process model permits the detection of arbitrarily small electromagnetic signals” (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 16 (1995), S. 17-19 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Microwave ablation of the atrioventricular junction in open-chest dogs (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 16 (1995), S. 97-105 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: atrioventricular block ; heat coagulation ; reversible and irreversible block ; catheter antenna ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The use of microwave energy for ablation of the atrioventricular (AV) junction was examined in open-chest dogs. Using a specially designed microwave catheter and a 2450 MHz generator, microwave energy was delivered to the AV junction according to one of two protocols. In protocol 1, increasing amounts of energy were delivered until irreversible AV block occurred. In protocol 2, only two applications of energy were used, one at low energy and the other at an energy found to be high enough to cause irreversible AV block. Each dog received between one and six applications of microwave energy. The amount of energy delivered per application ranged from 25.6 to 311.4 J. No AV block was seen at 59.4 ± 28.3 J. Reversible AV block was seen with an energy of 120.6 ± 58 J. Irreversible AV block was seen at 188.1 ± 75.9 J. Irreversible AV block could be achieved in each animal. There was no difference in the energy required to cause irreversible AV block between the two protocols. The tissue temperature measured near the tip of the microwave catheter was correlated with both the amount of energy delivered and the extent of AV block caused. Histologic examination demonstrated coagulation necrosis of the conduction system. Microwave energy is a feasible alternative energy source for myocardial ablation. Since tissue damage is due exclusively to heating and the resulting rise in temperature can be measured, microwave energy may have advantages over currently existing energy sources in terms of both titrating delivered energy and monitoring the extent of tissue destruction. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Absorbed energy distribution from radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation in a mammalian cell model: Effect of membrane-bound water (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 16 (1995), S. 160-171 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: RF radiation ; E-field ; SAR ; cell model ; membrane free water ; bound water ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The spatial distributions of induced 27 or 2450 MHz radiofrequency (RF) electric fields (E-fields) and specific absorption rates (SARs) in a three-component spherical cell model (cytoplasm, membrane, extracellular space) were determined by Mie scattering theory. The results were compared to results for the same cell model but with 0.5 nm thick of bound water on the inner (cytoplasmic) and outer (extracellular) membrane surfaces (i.e., five-component cell model). The results provide insight regarding direct frequency-dependent RF radiation effects at the cellular level. Induced E-fields and SARs were calculated for two bound-water characteristic frequencies (400 or 1000 MHz) and ionic conductivities (1-1000 mS/m). In order to estimate the dependence of the results on bound water within the membrane per se, the model was revised to include bound water within the inner and outer membrane surfaces. The results were as follows: (1) On the x-axis, the y- and z-components of the induced E-field were of insignificant magnitude compared to the x-component for an incident E-field parallel to the x-axis; (2) the ratio of transmembrane E-fields induced by 2450 MHz vs. 27 MHz RF [i.e., Ex (2450 MHz)/Ex (27 MHz)] was 0.1; (3) for the three-component cell model, the corresponding SAR ratios [SAR (2450 MHz)/SAR (27 MHz)] in the cytoplasm and extracellular space were 1.66 and 5.0, respectively; (4) the SAR ratios [SAR (2450 MHz)/SAR (27 MHz)] for the cytoplasm and extracellular space for the five-component cell model were 1.66 and 5.0, respectively; (5) the ratio of the E-fields induced in the cytoplasmic and extracellular layers of bound water in the five-component cell model [E (2450 MHz)/E (27 MHz)] were 0.62 and 0.63, respectively; (6) the SAR ratios [SAR (2450 MHz)/SAR (27 MHz)] for the cytoplasmic and extracellular bound-water layers were 66 and 65.3, respectively; and (7) variation of bound-water characteristic frequency, ionic conductivity, or bound-water incorporation inside the membrane surfaces, per se, did not significantly affect the E-field or SAR ratios. These results indicate that frequency-dependent nonuniformities may occur in the distribution of induced RF E-fields and SARs at the cellular level. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Comment on „designing EMF experiments: What is required to characterize ‘exposure’?“ (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 16 (1995), S. 402-404 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Dr. Peter Valberg has written an excellent and clear paper describing our current understanding of the many facets of characterizing exposure to extremely-low-frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields. Dr. Valberg has directed his paper to the characterization of exposures used in laboratory experimentation. In this context, it seems to me that Valberg's program of exposure characterization can be accomplished with currently available instrumentation and with relatively modest effort. Thus, I have no fundamental problems with his recommendations and, really, have only a few minor comments to make. However, if one argues that Valberg's recommendations should be extended to the characterization of exposure in epidemio-logical research, I have serious reservations, which I will mention briefly at the end of this commentary. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Millimeter microwave effect on ion transport across lipid bilayer membranes (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 16 (1995), S. 124-131 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: millimeter microwaves ; ionic channels ; lipid-soluble ions ; bilayer membranes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The effects of millimeter microwaves in the frequency range of 54-76 GHz on capacitance and conductance of lipid bilayer membranes (BLM) were studied. Some of the membranes were modified by gramicidin A and amphotericin B or by tetraphenylboron anions (TPhB-). The millimeter microwaves were pulse-modulated (PW) at repetition rates ranging from 1 to 100 pps, PW at 1000 pps, or unmodulated continuous waves (CW). The maximum output power at the waveguide outlet was 20 mW. It was found that CW irradiation decreased the unmodified BLM capacitance by 1.2% ± 0.5%. At the same time, membrane current induced by TPhB transport increased by 5% ± 1%. The changes in conductance of ionic channels formed by gramicidin A and amphotericin B were small (0.6% ± 0.4%). No “resonance-like” effects of mm-wave irradiation on membrane capacitance, ionic channel currents, or TPhB transport were detected. All changes in membrane capacitance and currents were independent of the modulation employed and were equivalent to heating by approximately 1.1 °C. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Weak extremely-low-frequency magnetic fields and regeneration in the planarian Dugesia tigrina (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 16 (1995), S. 106-112 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: extremely low frequency (ELF) ; magnetic field ; ion cyclotron resonance ; planarian regeneration ; orientation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Extremely-low-frequency (ELF), low-intensity magnetic fields have been shown to influence cell signaling processes in a variety of systems, both in vivo and in vitro. Similar effects have been demonstrated for nervous system development and neurite outgrowth. We report that regeneration in planaria, which incorporates many of these processes, is also affected by ELF magnetic fields. The rate of cephalic regeneration, reflected by the mean regeneration time (MRT), for planaria populations regenerating under continuous exposure to combined DC (78.4 μT) and AC (60.0 Hz at 10.0 μT peak) magnetic fields applied in parallel was found to be significantly delayed (P ≪ 0.001) by 48 ± 1 h relative to two different types of control populations (MRT ˜ 140 ± 12 h). One control population was exposed to only the AC component of this field combination, while the other experienced only the ambient geomagnetic field. All measurements were conducted in a low-gradient, low-noise magnetics laboratory under well-maintained temperature conditions. This delay in regeneration was shown to be dependent on the planaria having a fixed orientation with respect to the magnetic field vectors. Results also indicate that this orientation-dependent transduction process does not result from Faraday induction but is consistent with a Ca2+ cyclotron resonance mechanism. Data interpretation also permits the tentative conclusion that the effect results from an inhibition of events at an early stage in the regeneration process before the onset of proliferation and differentiation. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Reply to comment on “effects of 60 Hz electric and magnetic fields on the development of the rat cerebellum” (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 16 (1995), S. 144-144 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    Errata (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 16 (1995), S. 145-145 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Comments on “effects of 60 Hz electric and magnetic fields on the development of the rat cerebellum,” by Gona et al. (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 16 (1995), S. 143-143 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Imprecise exposure assessment and the sample size requirements of case-control studies of residential magnetic field exposure and cancer in adults (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 16 (1995), S. 132-142 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ELF ; epidemiology ; exposure assessment ; misclassification ; statistical power ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A computer program simulating case-control studies is described. It is used to estimate the minimum sample size required and to assess how this is affected by imprecise exposure assessment. In particular, the consequences of neglecting measurements of nonresidential exposure in case-control studies of residentially exposed adults are investigated. According to this model, while the consequent loss of power is not as large as was predicted by algebraic methods, it would be unwise to neglect it when planning a study. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Masthead (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 16 (1995) 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    Suspension osteopenia in mice: Whole body electromagnetic field effects (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 16 (1995), S. 152-159 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: EMFs ; biomechanics ; bone ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Whole-body fields were tested for their efficacy in preventing the osteopenia caused by tail suspension in mice. The fields had fundamental frequencies corresponding to the upper range of predicted endogenous impact-generated frequencies (0.25-2.0 kHz) in the long bones. Three distinct whole-body EMFs were applied for 2 weeks on growing mice. Structural, geometric, and material properties of the femora, tibiae, and humeri of suspended mice were altered compared to controls. Comparison of suspended mice and mice subjected to caloric restriction indicates that the changes in caloric intake do not explain either the suspension or the field-induced effects. In agreement with past studies, rather, unloading appears to cause the suspension effects and to be addressed by the EMFs. The EMF effects on bone properties were apparently frequency dependent, with the lower two fundamental frequencies (260 and 910 Hz) altering, albeit slightly, the suspension-induced bone effects. The fields are not apparently optimized for frequency, etc., with respect to therapeutic potential; however, suspension provides a model system for further study of the in vivo effects of EMFs. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Effects of static magnetic field on specific adenosine-5′-triphosphatase activities and bioelectrical and biomechanical properties in the rat diaphragm muscle (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 16 (1995), S. 147-151 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: magnetic field ; ATPase ; resting membrane potential ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: In this study, we aimed to clarify the effects of chronically applied static magnetic field (200 Gauss) on specific ATPase activities and bioelectrical and biomechanical responses in the isolated rat diaphragm muscle. The mean activities of Na+-K+ ATPase and Ca2+ ATPase determined from the diaphragm homogenates were significantly higher in the magnetic field exposed group (n = 20), but that of Mg2+ ATPase was nonsignificantly lower compared to the control group (n = 13). Resting membrane potential, amplitude of muscle action potential, and overshoot values (mean ± SE) in the control group were found to be -76.5 ± 0.6, 100 ± 0.8, and 23.5 ± 0.6 mV, respectively; these values were determined to be -72.8 ± 0.4, 90.3 ± 0.5, and 17.2 ± 0.4 mV in the magnetic field-exposed group, respectively. The latency was determined to increase in the experimental group, and all the above-mentioned bioelectrical differences between the groups were significant statistically. Force of muscle twitch was found to decrease significantly in the magnetic field-exposed group, and this finding was attributed to the augmenting effect of magnetic field on Ca2+ ATPase activity. These results suggest that magnetic field exposure changes specific ATPase activities and, thence, bioelectrical and biomechanical properties in the rat diaphragm muscle. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    A method for assessing alternative effects functions that uses simulation with EMDEX data (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 16 (1995), S. 172-177 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: effects function ; EMDEX ; simulation ; dose ; dose response ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A method for evaluating a variety of alternative biologically plausible effects functions through the use of simulation studies conducted on personal-monitor exposure data is described. Using magnetic field time series collected with EMDEX instruments, we demonstrate how the method can be used to explore (1) how the outputs from various effects functions simulations compare to the results obtained by assuming that effects are proportional to time average field strength; (2) how the results of epidemiological studies might be used to assess the relative likelihood that each of the alternative effects functions describes biological reality; and (3) how the results might be used to assess possible health risks. Although the available data are sufficient to demonstrate the general method, they are not yet sufficient to support actual discrimination among possible alternatives. The arguments on the use of the method are for illustrative purposes only. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Effect of millimeter waves on survival of UVC-exposed Escherichia coli (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 16 (1995), S. 188-196 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electromagnetic fields ; microwaves ; ultraviolet ; bacteria ; biological effect ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Bacterial cells of the strain Escherichia coli K12 were exposed to millimeter electromagnetic waves (mm waves) with and without additional exposure to ultraviolet light λ = 254 nm (UVC). The mm waves were produced by a medical microwave generator emitting a 4-GHz-wide band around a 61 GHz center frequency and delivering an irradiation of 1 mW/cm2 and a standard absorption rate (SAR) of 84 W/kg to the bacteria. Exposure to the mm waves alone for up to 30 minutes did not change the survival rate of bacteria. Exposure to mm waves followed by UVC irradiation also did not alter the number of surviving E. coli cells in comparison to UVC-treated controls. When mm waves were applied after the UVC exposure, a dose-dependent increase of up to 30% in the survival of E. coli was observed compared to UVC + sham-irradiated bacteria. Because sham controls and experimental samples were maintained under the same thermal conditions, the effect is not likely to be due to heating, although the possibility of nonuniform distribution of microwave heating in different layers of irradiated bacterial suspension cannot be ruled out. The mechanism for this effect appears to involve certain DNA repair systems that act as cellular targets for mm waves. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Effects of concurrent exposure to 60 Hz electric and magnetic fields on the social behavior of baboons (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 16 (1995), S. 71-92 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Papio cynocephalus anubis ; biological effects ; central nervous system ; nonhuman primates ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Our previous research has demonstrated that 30 or 60 kV/m electric fields (EF) reliably produce temporary increases in the performance of three categories of baboon social behavior: Passive Affinity, Tension, and Stereotypy. The experimental design included 6 week preexposure, exposure, and postexposure periods with experimental and control groups, each with eight subjects. Here, we report two experiments that evaluated the effects of combined EF and magnetic fields (MF) on baboon social behavior. One experiment demonstrated that exposure to 6 kV/m EF and 50 μT (0.5 G) MF produced Period × Group interactions for Stereotypy and Attack, but the previously observed increases in Passive Affinity, Tension, and Stereotypy did not occur. A second experiment demonstrated that exposure to 30 kV/m EF and 100 μT 1.0 G MF did not produce the same magnitude of increases in Passive Affinity, Tension, and Stereotypy observed previously with 30 kV/m EF alone. The exposed group exhibited decreased performance rates for several behavior categories during exposure with further declines during postexposure. The control group showed fewer downward trends across periods. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Effect of extremely-low-frequency pulsed magnetic fields on the mitogenic response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 7 (1986), S. 387-394 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: mitogenic response ; peripheral blood mononuclear cells ; extremely-low-frequency magnetic fields ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of extremely-low-frequency pulsed magnetic fields (PMF) on the response of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to mitogenic stimulation is reported. We investigated 25 healthy control subjects. Mitogen-stimulated mononuclear cells were exposed to PMF for 72 h and an inhibition of 3H-thymidine uptake was observed in all but one subject. The degree of inhibition of 3H-thymidine uptake was as much as 60%. There was no significant difference between the blastogenic responses of mononuclear cells exposed to PMF for 12 h and control cultures. This study establishes an inhibitory effect of PMF on an in vitro measure of immune function.
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    Effects of extremely-low-frequency electric fields on neuronal activity in rat brain (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 7 (1986), S. 425-434 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: extremely low frequency electric field ; central nervous system ; electrophysiology ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The effects of 50-, 30-, and 15-Hz electric field exposure on the activity of spontaneously firing neurons in the brain of anaesthetized rats were studied. Exposure to fields of 100 V/m (peak-to-peak, in air) produced no effect on the overall rate of neuronal firing, but some synchronicity with the period of the exposure waveform was seen with 15- and 30-Hz electric fields.
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    Power lines and the geomagnetic field (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 16 (1995), S. 227-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: geomagnetic metric ; ion cyclotron resonance ; epidemiological design ; power line orientation ; childhood leukemia ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The metric of prime interest in power line epidemiological studies has been AC magnetic intensity. To consider also possible geomagnetic involvement, the orientation of a long straight power line is examined relative to a uniform geomagnetic field (GMF) with dip angle α. An expression is derived for the component of the total GMF that is parallel, at an elevation β, to the circuital magnetic field that surrounds the line. This component is a function of the angles α and β, the total geomagnetic intensity BT, and the angle θ between the axis of the power line and magnetic north. Plotting these geomagnetic parameters for known leukemia residences allows one to test for possible ion cyclotron resonance or other GMF interactions. This approach, in principle, is an easy addition to existing or planned studies, because residential access is not required to obtain local values for α, β, θ, and BT. We recommend including these parameters in the design of epidemiological studies examining power line fields and childhood leukemia. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Magnetic field exposure among utility workers (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 16 (1995), S. 216-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: job classification ; occupational exposure ; personal-exposure monitoring ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The Electric and Magnetic Field Measurement Project for Utilities - the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Electric and Magnetic Field Digital Exposure (EMDEX) Project (the EPRI EMDEX Project) - was a multifaceted project that entailed technology transfer, measurement protocol design, data management, and exposure assessment analyses. This paper addresses one specific objective of the project: the collection, analysis, and documentation of power-frequency magnetic field exposures for a diverse population of utility workers. Field exposure data measured by an EMDEX system were collected by volunteer utility employees at 59 sites in four countries between September, 1988, and September, 1989. Specially designed sampling procedures and data collection protocols were used to ensure uniform implementation across sites. Volunteers within 13 job classifications recorded which of eight work or three nonwork environments they occupied while wearing an EMDEX meter. Approximately 50,000 hours of magnetic field exposure records taken at 10 s intervals were obtained, about 70% of which were from work environments. Exposures and time spent in environments were analyzed by primary work environment, by occupied environment, and by job classification. Generally, for utility-specific job classifications related to the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity, the field and exposure measurements in terms of workday mean field were higher than in more general occupations. The job classifications with the highest (median workday mean) exposure were substation operators (0.7 μT) and electricians (0.5μT). Total variance also tended to be largest for utility-specific job classifications. For these workers, the contributions of between-worker and within-worker variances to total variance were about the same. Measurements in utility-specific environments were higher than in more general environments. Estimates of time-integrated exposure indicated that utility-specific job classifications received about one-half or more of their total exposure on the job. The nonwork field and exposure distributions for workers in all job categories were comparable with median nonworkday means of about 0.09 μT. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Microwave influence on the isolated heart function: II. Combined effect of radiation and some drugs (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 16 (1995), S. 250-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electromagnetic field ; frog auricle ; caffeine ; propranolol ; atropine ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The combined effects of microwave radiation and some drugs were studied in an isolated frog auricle preparation. The experiments established that exposure to pulse-modulated 915 MHz microwaves for up to 40 min had no effect on either the rate or the amplitude of spontaneous auricle twitches, unless the average absorbed power was high enough to produce preparation heating. Treatment of the preparation with saline containing (0.6-3.0) 10-5 M of propranolol or (0.5-1.5) 10-7 M of atropine altered neither its pacemaker nor its contractile functions; these drugs also had no effect when they were combined with nonthermal microwave irradiation. Caffeine (1 mM) strongly increased the average heart power, which was calculated as the product of twitch rate and amplitude. The caffeine effect appeared to be significantly augmented (by about 15%, P〈0.02) under exposure to burst-type pulsed microwaves (pulse width, 1.5 msec; pause, 2.5 msec; 8 pulses/burst, 16 bursts/s; average SAR, 8-10 W/kg). By itself, this modulation was not effective; the heating of the preparation and saline during exposure was approximately 0.1°C, which could not account for the detected changes. The experimental results demonstrate that caffeine treatment increases the microwave sensitivity of the frog auricle preparation and reveals primarily subthreshold, nonthermal microwave effect. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Comments on “clarification and application of ion parametric resonance model for magnetic field interactions with biological systems” by Blanchard and Blackman (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 16 (1995), S. 268-269 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    Membrane potential perturbations induced in tissue cells by pulsed electric fields (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 16 (1995), S. 255-262 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electrical stimulation ; electrotonic ; hyperpolarization ; depolarization ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Pulsed electric fields directly influence the electrophysiology of tissue cells by transiently perturbing their transmembrane potential. To determine the magnitude and time course of this interaction, electrotonic cable theory was used to calculate the membrane potential perturbations induced in tissue cells by a spatially uniform, pulsed electric field. Analytic solutions were obtained that predict shifts in membrane potential along the length of cells as a function of time in response to an electrical pulse. For elongated tissue cells, or groups of tissue cells that are coupled electrotonically by gap junctions, significant hyperpolarizations and depolarizations can result from millisecond applications of electric fields with strengths on the order of 10-100 mV/cm. The results illustrate the importance of considering cellular cable parameters in assessing the effects of transient electric fields on biological systems, as well as in predicting the efficacy of pulsed electric fields in medical treatments. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Comments on “clarification and application of an ion parametric resonance model for magnetic field interactions with biological systems,” by Blanchard and Blackman (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 16 (1995), S. 272-273 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    Reply to comments on “clarification and application of an ion parametric resonance model for magnetic field interactions with biological systems” (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 16 (1995), S. 274-275 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Specific absorption rate in models of man and monkey at 225 and 2,000 MHz (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 8 (1987), S. 377-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: EM dosimetry ; man model ; rhesus model ; microwave absorption ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Full-size models of a man and a rhesus monkey were exposed to radiofrequency (RF) radiation at 225 MHz. The model of man was also exposed to 2,000 MHz. Specific absorption rates (SARs) were measured in partial-body sections, such as the arms, legs, etc., using gradient-layer calorimeters. Also, front-surface thermographic images were obtained to qualitatively show the heating patterns. For all of the configurations used, the SAR in the limbs was much higher than in the torso. Agreement (whole-body SARs) with spheroidal models was better for both models at 225 MHz than at 2,000 MHz. These results indicate that in the frequency range two orders of magnitude above whole-body resonance, SAR in the limbs significantly contributes to the whole-body average SAR.
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    Referees for Bioelectromagnetics, 1987 (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 8 (1987), S. 415-419 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    Effects of pulsed extremely-low-frequency magnetic fields on skin wounds in the rat (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 9 (1988), S. 53-62 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: 50-Hz magnetic fields ; pulsed magnetic fields ; wound healing ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Rats with skin-wounds surgically created on their backs were exposed immediately after surgery and every 12 h thereafter to pulsed, extremely-low-frequency magnetic fields. The shape of the pulse was a positive triangle (50 Hz, 8 mT peak). The rate of healing of skin wounds was evaluated macroscopically and by light and electron microscopy at 6, 12, 21, and 42 days after the operation. A significant increase in the rate of wound contraction was found in rats treated with magnetic fields. Forty-two days after surgery all treated animals show fully closed wounds, while control rats at the same time intervals still lacked a final 6% of the wound surface to be covered. Treated rats showed earlier cellular organization, collagen formation and maturation, and a very early appearance of newly formed vascular network.
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    A strong static-magnetic field alters operant responding by rats (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 9 (1988), S. 25-37 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: avoidance responding ; carryover effect ; general adaptation syndrome ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Forty male rats of the Wistar ST strain were trained and observed for Sidman avoidance (SA) for 7 weeks or for discriminative avoidance (DA) for 14 weeks to determine the effects of exposure to a strong static-magnetic field. Before avoidance conditioning was completed, rats in the SA group were exposed to the static field at 0.6 T, 16 h/day for 4 days during the fifth week, and those in the DA group were exposed for 6 h/day for 4 days during the seventh week. In the SA conditioning, frequency of lever-pressing by exposed rats gradually decreased during 1 week of exposure and stayed low for at least 2 weeks after exposure. Frequencies of electric shocks received by the rats increased dramatically during the second day of exposure and consistently stayed higher than those of control rats. In the DA condition, exposed rats responded at lower rates than did control rats throughout the observation period. They received more shocks during the 2 weeks following exposure. The data indicate that performance of avoidance responses was inhibited by a comparatively long exposure to a strong magnetic field.
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    Microwave attenuation of ethanol-induced hypothermia: Ethanol tolerance, time course, exposure duration, and dose response studies (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 9 (1988), S. 63-78 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: CW irradiation ; colonic temperature ; electromagnetic fields ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Four experiments were conducted to quantify the reported attenuation by microwave (MW) irradiation of ethanol-induced hypothermia. In one experiment rats were irradiated (continuous wave 2.45 GHz, specific absorption rate = 0.3 W/kg) or sham irradiated for 45 min, injected with 3.6 g/kg, 20% (v/v) ethanol (EtOH) or saline (NaCl) i.p. Colonic temperature was monitored at 20-min intervals for 2 h. This procedure was repeated for 8 days to determine the rate of tolerance development to the hypothermic effect of ethanol. While MW irradiation did significantly attenuate EtOH-induced hypothermia, it did not enhance or retard the rate of tolerance development. To determine the duration of irradiation necessary to attenuate EtOH-induced hypothermia, groups of rats were irradiated or sham irradiated for 5, 15, 30, or 60 min prior to EtOH injection and subsequent temperature measurements. The attenuation was apparent only after 60 min of irradiation. To determine the duration of the attenuation effect after irradiation, rats were injected with EtOH or NaCl at 0, 30, 60, 120, or 480 min after 45 min of irradiation or sham irradiation. The attenuation effect was apparent among rats injected 0 to 30 min after irradiation and for the first 40 min for groups injected at 120 min. Additional rats were injected with NaCl or 0.9, 1.8, or 2.7 g/kg of EtOH i.p. following 45 min of irradiation or sham irradiation to determine if the attenuation effect depends on the dose of EtOH administered. Attenuation of EtOH-induced hypothermia was more apparent at lower doses of EtOH than at higher doses. These results indicate that the effect is an acute response to irradiation, and rule out several other potential explanations.
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    Do rats show a behavioral sensitivity to low-level magnetic fields? (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 16 (1995), S. 335-336 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250160511
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    Comments on “sleep-inducing effect of low energy emission therapy” by reite et al (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 16 (1995), S. 339-340 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    Residential exposure to magnetic fields generated by 110-400 kV power lines in Finland (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 16 (1995), S. 365-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: nationwide EMF exposure ; transmission grid ; geographical information system ; cancer risk ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: In a specific case, the magnetic field generated in a building by a nearby power line is usually easy to calculate, although the accuracy of these calculations is sensitive to the quality of source information. To be able to study public health dimensions of magnetic field exposure (e.g., risk of cancer), it is necessary to evaluate the size and exposure of the population at risk. Relatively little quantitative information on public exposure to power-frequency magnetic fields of high-voltage power lines is available. This report describes residential exposure to magnetic fields from 110 kV, 220 kV, and 400 kV power lines in Finland at the national level, including 90% of the total line length in 1989. A geographical information system (GIS) was used to identify the buildings located near the power lines. After determining the distances between the lines and the buildings, historical data on load currents of these lines were used to calculate the magnetic fields. The residential magnetic field histories were then linked to the residents by means of a computerized central population register. The data obtained on personal exposure have also been utilized in a nationwide epidemiological study on magnetic field exposure of power lines and risk of cancer. The methods of exposure assessment and results of the number of buildings near 110 kV, 220 kV, and 400 kV power lines, their average annual magnetic fields, and personal exposure to magnetic fields from these lines are described. We found that 15,600 residents lived in an average residential magnetic field ≥0.1 μT caused by power lines in 1989. The number of these residents increased fivefold during 1970-1989. We estimated that 0.3% of the population was exposed in their residences to an annual average magnetic flux density from 110 kV, 220 kV, and 400 kV power lines higher than 0.1 μT, the level that the background magnetic flux density in general does not exceed in Finnish homes. Thus, the problem of magnetic field exposure generated by high-voltage lines concerns only a relatively small fraction of the total population in Finland. However, the size and exposure of the population at risk remain somewhat arbitrary in practical multisource situations, as the biological interaction mechanism, the concept of harmful dose, and, in particular, the significance of the duration of exposure are unknown. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Action of 50 Hz magnetic fields on cyclic AMP and intercellular communication in monolayers and spheroids of mammalian cells (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 16 (1995), S. 381-386 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ELF magnetic fields ; cAMP ; cell communication ; multicellular spheroids ; threedimensional cell contact ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: To investigate the influence of physiological parameters such as cell density and three-dimensional cell contact on the biological action of a 2 mT/50 Hz magnetic field, mouse fibroblasts were exposed as monolayers and as multicellular spheroids. Changes in cyclic AMP content of cells and alterations in gap junction-mediated intercellular communication were measured immediately after 5 min of exposure to the field. In monolayers of intermediate cell density (1 × 105 cells/cm2), the field treatment caused an increase in cAMP to 121% of the control level, whereas, at 3 × 105 cells/cm2 (near confluence), a decrease to 88% of the unexposed cells was observed. Furthermore, field exposure stimulated gap-junction communication to 160% of the control level as determined by Lucifer yellow dye exchange. In spheroids, alterations in the radial profile of cellular cAMP were observed that were due both to field-induced local cAMP changes and to increased gap-junction permeability for this second messenger, the latter causing radial cAMP gradients to be flattened. The results indicate a strong dependence of field action on physiological parameters of the system exposed. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Frequency-dependent interference by magnetic fields of nerve growth factor-induced neurite outgrowth in PC-12 cells (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 16 (1995), S. 387-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ELF ; in vitro ; dose response ; orthogonal AC/DC magnetic fields ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: We have shown that 50 Hz sinusoidal magnetic fields within the 5-10 micro Tesla (μT) rms range cause an intensity-dependent reduction in nerve growth factor (NGF) stimulation of neurite outgrowth (NO) in PC-12 cells. Here we report on the frequency dependence of this response over the 15-70 Hz range at 5 Hz intervals. Primed PC-12 cells were plated in collagen-coated, 60 mm plastic petri dishes with or without 5 ng/ml NGF and were exposed to sinusoidal magnetic fields for 22 h in a CO2 incubator at 37 °C. One 1,000-turn coil, 20 cm in diameter, generated vertically oriented magnetic fields. The dishes were stacked on the center axis of the coil to provide a range of intensities between 3.5 and 9.0 μT rms. The flux density of the ambient DC magnetic field was 37 μT vertical and 19 μT horizontal. The assay consisted of counting over 100 cells in the central portion (radius ≤0.3 cm) of each dish and scoring cells positive for NO. Sham exposure of cells treated identically with NGF demonstrated no difference in the percentage of cells with NO between exposed and magnetically shielded locations within the incubator. Analysis of variance demonstrated flux density-dependent reductions in NGF-stimulated NO over the 35-70 Hz frequency range, whereas frequencies between 15 Hz and 30 Hz produced no obvious reduction. The results also demonstrated a relative maximal sensitivity of cells at 40 Hz with a possible additional sensitivity region at or above 70 Hz. These findings suggest a biological influence of perpendicular AC/DC magnetic fields different from those identified by the ion parametric resonance model, which uses strictly parallel AC/DC fields. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Effects of a low-voltage static electric field on energy metabolism in astrocytes (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 77-80 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: astrocytes ; astrocytoma ; electromagnetic field ; energy metabolism ; glycolysis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Mouse astrocytes (glial cells) in primary cultures were exposed to a low-voltage static DC electric field with no current flow and thus with no generation of magnetic fields. The electric field altered the rate of glycolysis, measured by 2-deoxyglucose accumulation. The magnitude and direction of this effect depended on the polarization of the field and the applied voltage. The maximum effect was an increase of ∼30%, which occurred with field across the cells at an intensity that can be calculated to be 0.3 mV/cm or less. Reversal of the polarization converted the stimulation to a small but statistically significant inhibition. Bioelectromagnetics 18:77-80, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Comparison of coupling of humans to electric and magnetic fields with frequencies between 100 Hz and 100 kHz (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 67-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: dosimetry ; transients ; electric fields ; magnetic fields, nonionizing ; ellipsoidal models ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Recent laboratory and epidemiological results have stimulated interest in the hypothesis that human beings may exhibit biological responses to magnetic and/or electric field transients with frequencies in the range between 100 Hz and 100 kHz. Much can be learned about the response of a system to a transient stimulation by understanding its response to sinusoidal disturbances over the entire frequency range of interest. Thus, the main effort of this paper was to compare the strengths of the electric fields induced in homogeneous ellipsoidal models by uniform 100 Hz through 100 kHz electric and magnetic fields. Over this frequency range, external electric fields of about 25-2000 V/m (depending primarily on the orientation of the body relative to the field) are required to induce electric fields inside models of adults and children that are similar in strength to those induced by an external 1 μT magnetic field. Additional analysis indicates that electric fields induced by uniform external electric and magnetic fields and by the nonuniform electric and magnetic fields produced by idealized point sources will not differ by more than a factor of two until the sources are brought close to the body. Published data on electric and magnetic field transients in residential environments indicate that, for most field orientations, the magnetic component will induce stronger electric fields inside adults and children than the electric component. This conclusion is also true for the currents induced in humans by typical levels of 60 Hz electric and magnetic fields in U.S. residences. Bioelectromagnetics 18:67-76, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Cell-cycle kinetics of friend erythroleukemia cells in a magnetically shielded room and in a low-frequency/low-intensity magnetic field (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 58-66 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: culture growth cycle ; cellular volume ; survival ; differentiation ; adaptation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: This work was undertaken to compare the behavior of Friend erythroleukemia cells in a solenoid, where the magnetic field was 70 μT at 50 Hz (plus 45 μT DC of Earth) with that of the same cells in a magnetically shielded room, where the magnetic field was attenuated to 20 nT DC and 2.5 pT AC. The control laboratory magnetic field corresponded to 45 μT DC and a stray 50 Hz field below 0.2 μT. The culture growth cycle of cells maintained inside the solenoid was slightly accelerated compared with that of cells maintained outside the solenoid (P 〈 .05). This stimulation probably depended on sensitivity of cell cycle to a magnetic field, because, inside the solenoid, the percentage of G1 cells slightly increased during the culture growth cycle, whereas that of S cells slightly decreased. Acceleration of growth was detected soon after exposure of the cultures to the solenoid field, and growth did not change further if the action of this field continued for a long time, accounting for adaptation. The solenoid field also caused a small increase of cell survival without influencing cell volume. By contrast, the culture growth cycle of cells maintained inside the magnetically shielded room was slightly decelerated compared with that of cells maintained outside the room (P 〈 .05). The essential absence of any field inside the magnetically shielded room also caused a small increase of cell volume, whereas, during the culture growth cycle, the percentage of G1 cells decreased, and that of S cells increased. The majority of these events did not change in cells induced to differentiate hemoglobin through dimethylsulfoxide. Bioelectromagnetics 18:58-66, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Electric-field ion cyclotron resonance (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 85-87 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: geomagnetic field ; endogenous electric fields ; ELF magnetic fields ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: We consider the possibility that DC magnetic fields can interact in a resonant manner with endogenous AC electric fields in biological systems. Intrinsic electric-field ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) interactions would be more physically credible than models based on external AC magnetic fields and might be expected as an evolutionary response to the long-term constancy of the geomagnetic field. Bioelectromagnetics 17:85-87, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Whittington CJ, Podd JV, Rapley BR (1996): Acute effects of 50 Hz magnetic field exposure on human visual task and cardiovascular performance. Biolectromagnetics 17:131-137 (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 88-88 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    Wire codes, magnetic fields, and childhood cancer (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 99-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: epidemiology ; misclassification ; residential exposure ; review ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Childhood cancer has been modestly associated with wire codes, an exposure surrogate for power frequency magnetic fields, but less consistently with measured fields. We analyzed data on the population distribution of wire codes and their relationship with several measured magnetic field metrics. In a given geographic area, there is a marked trend for decreased prevalence from low to high wire code categories, but there are differences between areas. For average measured fields, there is a positive relationship between the mean of the distributions and wire codes but a large overlap among the categories. Better discrimination is obtained for the extremes of the measurement values when comparing the highest and the lowest wire code categories. Instability of measurements, intermittent fields, or other exposure conditions do not appear to provide a viable explanation for the difference between wire codes and magnetic fields with respect to the strength and consistency of their respective association with childhood cancer. Bioelectromagnetics 18:99-110, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Millimeter waves thermally alter the firing rate of the Lymnaea pacemaker neuron (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 89-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: millimeter waves ; mollusc neuron ; pacemaker activity ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The effects of millimeter waves (mm-waves, 75 GHz) and temperature elevation on the firing rate of the BP-4 pacemaker neuron of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis were studied by using microelectrode techniques. The open end of a rectangular waveguide covered with a thin Teflon film served as a radiator. Specific absorption rates (SARs), measured in physiological solution at the radiator outlet, ranged from 600 to 4200 W/kg, causing temperature rises from 0.3 to 2.2 °C, respectively. Irradiation at an SAR of 4200 W/kg caused a biphasic change in the firing rate, i.e., a transient decrease in the firing rate (69 ± 22% below control) followed by a gradual increase to a new level that was 68 ± 21% above control. The biphasic changes in the firing rate were reproduced by heating under the condition that the magnitude (2 °C) and the rate of temperature rise (0.96 °C/s) were equal to those produced by the irradiation (for an SAR of 4030 W/kg). The addition of 0.05 mM of ouabain caused the disappearance of transient responses of the neuron to the irradiation. It was shown that the rate of temperature rise played an important role in the development of a transient neuronal response. The threshold stimulus for a transient response of the BP-4 neuron found in warming experiments was a temperature rise of 0.0025 °C/s. Bioelectromagnetics 18:89-98, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Do electromagnetic fields interact directly with DNA? (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 111-115 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: signal transduction ; transcription ; biosynthesis ; Na,K-ATPase ; mobile charges ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The mechanisms whereby electromagnetic (EM) fields stimulate changes in biosynthesis in cells are not known. It has generally been assumed that EM fields first interact with cell membranes, but this pathway may not be the only one. Interactions with membranes are well documented, but recent studies of EM signal transduction in the membrane Na,K-ATPase are best explained by direct interaction of electric and magnetic fields with mobile charges within the enzyme. Interaction with moving charges may be a mechanism that is operative in other biopolymers. Recent studies on DNA have shown that large electron flows are possible within the stacked base pairs of the double helix. Therefore, gene activation by magnetic fields could be due to direct interaction with moving electrons within DNA. Electric fields as well as magnetic fields stimulate transcription, and both fields could interact with DNA directly. The mechanism of EM field-stimulated transcription may be related to the process in striated muscles, where endogenous electrical activity induces the synthesis of new proteins. Bioelectromagnetics 18:111-115, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Effects function simulation of residential appliance field exposures (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 116-124 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: magnetic fields ; appliances ; exposure ; effects functions ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: This paper demonstrates the application of effects function analysis to residential magnetic field exposure, focusing on appliance sources and mitigation choices. Residential field exposure time series were synthesized by using a sample of background household field measurements, a model of average daily appliance use, and a small sample of EMDEX data of field exposure from 12 household appliances. Four alternative effects functions (average field strength with or without a threshold, field strength window, sudden field changes) were simulated by using the synthesized time series data for different exposure situations, such as high and low levels of appliance use, simple avoidance, and use of a set of hypothetical “low field” appliances (50% lower fields). In particular, field exposure from the use of bedside clocks and electric blankets was examined. Results demonstrate that the choice of effects function is critical for the ranks of field sources and exposure reduction choices. For the effects function of average field strength with or without a threshold, exposure from background fields dominated exposure from all appliances except for bedside clocks and electric blankets. In the case of the field strength window effects function, the dominant field sources changed with the width of the window. For the effects function based on rapid field changes, appliance use was the major source of exposure. Because of the small sample size of our data set and other simplifications, specific results should be viewed as illustrative. Bioelectromagnetics 18:116-124, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    In vitro effects of 50 Hz magnetic fields on oxidatively damaged rabbit red blood cells (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 125-131 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: hexokinase ; free radicals ; oxidative damage ; magnetic fields ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 50 Hz magnetic fields (0.2-0.5 mT) on rabbit red blood cells (RBCs) that were exposed simultaneously to the action of an oxygen radical-generating system, Fe(II)/ascorbate. Previous data obtained in our laboratory showed that the exposure of rabbit erythrocytes or reticulocytes to Fe(II)/ascorbate induces hexokinase inactivation, whereas the other glycolytic enzymes do not show any decay. We also observed depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH) content with a concomitant intracellular and extracellular increase in oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and a decrease in energy charge. In this work we investigated whether 50 Hz magnetic fields could influence the intracellular impairments that occur when erythrocytes or reticulocytes are exposed to this oxidant system, namely, inactivation of hexokinase activity, GSH depletion, a change in energy charge, and hemoglobin oxidation. The results obtained indicate that a 0.5 mT magnetic field had no effect on intact RBCs, whereas it increased the damage in an oxidatively stressed erythrocyte system. In fact, exposure of intact erythrocytes incubated with Fe(II)/ascorbate to a 0.5 mT magnetic field induced a significant further decay in hexokinase activity (about 20%) as well as a twofold increase in methemoglobin production compared with RBCs that were exposed to the oxidant system alone. Although further studies will be needed to determine the physiological implications of these data, the results reported in this study demonstrate that the effects of the magnetic fields investigated are able to potentiate the cellular damage induced in vitro by oxidizing agents. Bioelectromagnetics 18:125-131, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Role of modulation on the effect of microwaves on ornithine decarboxylase activity in L929 cells (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 132-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: cellular phones ; EMFs ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of 835 MHz microwaves on the activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) in L929 murine cells was investigated at an SAR of ∼2.5 W/kg. The results depended upon the type of modulation employed. AM frequencies of 16 Hz and 60 Hz produced a transient increase in ODC activity that reached a peak at 8 h of exposure and returned to control levels after 24 h of exposure. In this case, ODC was increased by a maximum of 90% relative to control levels. A 40% increase in ODC activity was also observed after 8 h of exposure with a typical signal from a TDMA digital cellular telephone operating in the middle of its transmission frequency range (∼840 MHz). This signal was burst modulated at 50 Hz, with approximately 30% duty cycle. By contrast, 8 h exposure with 835 MHz microwaves amplitude modulated with speech produced no significant change in ODC activity. Further investigations, with 8 h of exposure to AM microwaves, as a function of modulation frequency, revealed that the response is frequency dependent, decreasing sharply at 6 Hz and 600 Hz. Exposure with 835 MHz microwaves, frequency modulated with a 60 Hz sinusoid, yielded no significant enhancement in ODC activity for exposure times ranging between 2 and 24 h. Similarly, exposure with a typical signal from an AMPS analog cellular telephone, which uses a form of frequency modulation, produced no significant enhancement in ODC activity. Exposure with 835 MHz continuous wave microwaves produced no effects for exposure times between 2 and 24 h, except for a small but statistically significant enhancement in ODC activity after 6 h of exposure. Comparison of these results suggests that effects are much more robust when the modulation causes low-frequency periodic changes in the amplitude of the microwave carrier. Bioelectromagnetics 18:132-141, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Extremely high frequency electromagnetic fields at low power density do not affect the division of exponential phase Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 142-155 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: cell cycle ; electromagnetic field ; nonthermal effects ; yeast ; extremely high frequency ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Exponentially growing cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were exposed to electromagnetic fields in the frequency range from 41.682 GHz to 41.710 GHz in 2 MHz increments at low power densities (0.5 μW/cm2 and 50 μW/cm2) to observe possible nonthermal effects on the division of this microorganism. The electronic setup was carefully designed and tested to allow precise determination and stability of the electromagnetic field parameters as well as to minimize possible effects of external sources. Two identical test chambers were constructed in one exposure system to perform concurrent control and test experiments at every frequency step under well-controlled exposure conditions. Division of cells was assessed via time-lapse photography. Control experiments showed that the cells were dividing at submaximal rates, ensuring the possibility of observing either an increase or a decrease of the division rate. The data from several independent series of exposure experiments and from control experiments show no consistently significant differences between exposed and unexposed cells. This is in contrast to previous studies claiming nonthermal effects of electromagnetic fields in this frequency range on the division of S. cerevisiae cells. Possible reasons for this difference are discussed. Bioelectromagnetics 18:142-155, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Acute exposure to a 60 Hz magnetic field increases DNA strand breaks in rat brain cells (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 156-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: 60 Hz magnetic fields ; DNA single-strand and double-strand breaks ; brain cells ; microgel electrophoresis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Acute (2 h) exposure of rats to a 60 Hz magnetic field (flux densities 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 mT) caused a dose-dependent increase in DNA strand breaks in brain cells of the animals (assayed by a microgel electrophoresis method at 4 h postexposure). An increase in single-strand DNA breaks was observed after exposure to magnetic fields of 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 mT, whereas an increase in double-strand DNA breaks was observed at 0.25 and 0.5 mT. Because DNA strand breaks may affect cellular functions, lead to carcinogenesis and cell death, and be related to onset of neurodegenerative diseases, our data may have important implications for the possible health effects of exposure to 60 Hz magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 18:156-165, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Measurement of low frequency magnetic fields from digital cellular telephones (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 184-186 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: power supply ; pulsed battery current ; GSM ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Digital cellular telephones using the GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) transmit information in bursts of microwaves. This pulsed transmitting mode causes the battery current and currents in the electronics of the apparatus to be pulsed. These pulsed currents produce corresponding pulsed magnetic fields near the phones. A study to determine the magnitude of these fields involved two models of digital telephones. The highest value of the magnetic flux density was 1.8 μT (rms). Bioelectromagnetics 18:184-186, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Human melatonin during continuous magnetic field exposure (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 166-171 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: extremely low frequency ; electromagnetic field ; human ; neuroendocrine ; cancer ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: This report describes the third in a series of double-blind, laboratory-based studies that were aimed at determining the effects of nocturnal exposure to power frequency magnetic fields on blood levels of melatonin in human volunteers. Our two earlier studies evaluated effects on melatonin of intermittent exposure to 60 Hz circularly polarized magnetic fields at 10 and 200 mG. No overall effects on melatonin levels were found. In the present study, men were exposed continuously rather than intermittently through the night to the same 200 mG magnetic field condition that was used previously; again, no overall effects on melatonin levels were found. We conclude that the intermittent and continuous exposure conditions used in our laboratory to date are not effective in altering nocturnal blood levels of melatonin in human volunteers. Bioelectromagnetics 18:166-171, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Action of a 50 Hz magnetic field on proliferation of cells in culture (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 177-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: cell growth ; cell cycle ; low-frequency electromagnetic field ; induced electric field ; chronobiological effects ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Proliferation of SV40-3T3 mouse fibroblasts and human HL-60 promyelocytes was studied after treatment with a sinusoidal 2 mTrms 50 Hz magnetic field. A single exposure of 60 minutes caused quasicyclic changes in the cell number of SV40-3T3 cultures as function of time after treatment, which was interpreted to be due to the induction of chronobiological mechanisms by the field. Moreover, small variations in cell cycle distribution were measured during postexposure incubation for both cell lines. To discriminate between the effect of the magnetic vector and the induced electric field, HL-60 cell exposure was also performed on organ culture dishes. These dishes consist of two coaxially centered, isolated compartments in which different electric field levels are induced in the medium during treatment. Cell growth was affected in the outer compartment only where the induced electric field ranged from 8 to 12 mVpeak/meter at 2 mT, but it was not affected in the inner compartment (field range 0-4 mVpeak/meter). This suggests that the effects on cell growth are due to the induced electric field and are expressed only above a threshold of between 4 and 8 mVpeak/meter. Bioelectromagnetics 18:177-183, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    No short-term effects of digital mobile radio telephone on the awake human electroencephalogram (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 172-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electroencephalogram ; electromagnetic field ; digital mobile phone ; radio telephone ; GSM system ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A recent study reported the results of an exploratory study of alterations of the quantitative sleep profile due to the effects of a digital mobile radio telephone. Rapid eye movement (REM) was suppressed, and the spectral power density in the 8-13 Hz frequency range during REM sleep was altered. The aim of the present study was to illuminate the influence of digital mobile radio telephone on the awake electroencephalogram (EEG) of healthy subjects. For this purpose, we investigated 34 male subjects in a single-blind cross-over design experiment by measuring spontaneous EEGs under closed-eyes condition from scalp positions C3 and C4 and comparing the effects of an active (0.05 mW/cm2) and an inactive digital mobile radio telephone (GSM) system. During exposure of nearly 3.5 min to the 900 MHz electromagnetic field pulsed at a frequency of 217 Hz and with a pulse width of 580 μs, we could not detect any difference in the awake EEGs in terms of spectral power density measures. Bioelectromagnetics 18:172-176, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Molecular wring resonances in chain molecules (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 187-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: DNA ; hydrolysis ; linking ; microwaves ; protein ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: It is shown that the eigenfrequency of collective twist excitations in chain molecules can be in the megahertz and gigahertz range. Accordingly, resonance states can be obtained at specific frequencies, and phenomena that involve structural properties can take place. Chain molecules can alter their conformation and their ability to function, and a breaking of the chain can result. It is suggested that this phenomenon forms the basis for effects caused by the interaction of microwaves and biomolecules, e.g., microwave assisted hydrolysis of chain molecules. Bioelectromagnetics 18:187-189, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin excretion is increased in rats after 24 hours of exposure to vertical 50 Hz, 100 μT magnetic field (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 190-192 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: melatonin ; pineal gland ; 6-sulphatoxymelatonin ; aMT6s ; ELF ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of exposure to a 50 Hz, vertical magnetic field on the excretion of urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) of rats was studied in a self-controlled experiment. Ten male Wistar rats were kept under 9:15 h light:dark conditions in metabolic cages. The rats were exposed to 1.0 or 100 μT flux density for 24 h. The excretion of aMT6s, which is the primary metabolite of melatonin in the urine, did not show a statistically significant decrease, as measured by 125I radioimmunoassay, during or after magnetic field exposure of rats to either flux density. At 100 μT flux density, the increase of aMT6s excretion on the day after exposure was statistically significant (P 〈 .02), compared with the value under exposure, but was not significant compared with the baseline values before exposure. Bioelectromagnetics 18:190-192, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Mechanical and electrical interactions in bone remodeling (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 193-202 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electromagnetic fields ; mechanical strain ; adaptation ; bone cells ; Wolff's law ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The natural remodeling and adaptation of skeletal tissues in response to mechanical loading is a classic example of physical regulation in biology. It is largely because it involves forces that do not seem to fit into the familiar schemes of biochemical controls that bone adaptation mechanisms have intrigued us for at least a century. The effect of electromagnetic fields on organisms is another example of this, and the two have become linked in an attempt to explain bone remodeling (“Yasuda's hypothesis”). This paper re-examines the roles of endogenous and exogenous electromagnetic fields in the response of bone to mechanical forces. A series of experiments is reviewed in which mechanical and electrical stimuli were applied to implants in the medullary canal of rabbit long bones. The results suggest that endogenously generated electrical currents are not required to initiate mechanically stimulated bone formation, but that direct mechanical effects on bone cells is the more likely scenario. Based on this and other evidence from the literature, it is suggested that when exogenous electromagnetic stimuli are applied, bone cells respond by modulating the activity of more primary activators such as hormones, growth factors, cytokines, and mechanical forces. Bioelectromagnetics 18:193-202, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Effects of a homogeneous magnetic field on erythrocyte sedimentation and aggregation (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 215-222 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: diamagnetic erythrocyte ; Westergren method ; cell orientation ; blood rheology ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Effects of a homogeneous static magnetic field on erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) have been assessed by using the standard Westergren method. A magnetic field of 6.3 T in the vertical direction only slightly enhanced ESR in saline solution, which was consistent with an effect on cell orientation. On the other hand, the magnetic field greatly enhanced ESR in plasma. It took a long time (about 20 min) for an ESR change to occur in plasma in response to the magnetic field. The effects in plasma were too large to originate only from cell orientation and were clearly distinct from a magnetic field-induced Boycott effect under an inhomogeneous magnetic field. A morphological examination and the nonlinear time course of the sedimentation in plasma indicated that the magnetic field increased cell aggregation and thereby enhanced ESR in plasma. Bioelectromagnetics 18:215-222, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Serum plays a critical role in modulating [Ca2+]c of primary culture bone cells exposed to weak ion-resonance magnetic fields (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 203-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: tissue culture ; ion resonance ; IR magnetic field ; resonance frequency ; fura-2 ; single cell study ; serum ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Primary-culture bone cells were exposed to ion-resonance (IR) magnetic fields tuned to Ca2+. Cytosolic calcium concentration, [Ca2+]c, was measured by using fura-2 during field exposure. The fields investigated were 20 μT static + 40 μT p-p at either 15.3 or 76.6 Hz, and 0.13 mT static + either 0.5 or 1.0 mT p-p at 100 Hz. Other parameters included field orientation, culture age (2 or 5 days after plating), and the presence of serum (0 or 2%) during exposure. Total experiment time was 29.5 min: The field was applied after 2 min, and bradykinin was added as an agonist control after 22 min. The data were quantified on a single-cell basis during the 2-22 min exposure period in terms of the magnitude of the largest occurring [Ca2+]c spike normalized to local baseline. Field-exposed and control groups were characterized in terms of the percent of cells exhibiting spike magnitudes above thresholds of 100 or 66% over baseline and were compared by using Fisher's exact test. Without serum, there was little evidence that IR magnetic fields altered [Ca2+]c. However, in the presence of 2% serum, 3 of the 16 experiments exhibited significant effects at the 100% threshold. Reducing this threshold to 66% resulted in five experiments exhibiting significant effects. Most strikingly, in all of these cases, the field acted to enhance [Ca2+]c activity as opposed to suppressing [Ca2+]c activity. These findings suggest a role for serum or for constituents within serum in mediating the effects of IR magnetic fields on cells and may provide a resolution pathway to the dilemma imposed by theoretical arguments regarding the possibility of such phenomena. Possible roles of serum and future studies are discussed. Bioelectromagnetics 18:203-214, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Exposure of nerve growth factor-treated PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells to a modulated radiofrequency field at 836.55 MHz: Effects on c-jun and c-fos expression (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 223-229 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electromagnetic fields ; gene expression ; transcription factors ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Rat PC12 pheochromocytoma cells have been treated with nerve growth factor and then exposed to athermal levels of a packet-modulated radiofrequency field at 836.55 MHz. This signal was produced by a prototype time-domain multiple-access (TDMA) transmitter that conforms to the North American digital cellular telephone standard. Three slot average power densities were used: 0.09, 0.9, and 9 mW/cm2. Exposures were for 20, 40, and 60 min and included an intermittent exposure regimen (20 min on/20 min off), resulting in total incubation times of 20, 60, and 100 min, respectively. Concurrent controls were sham exposed. After extracting total cellular RNA, Northern blot analysis was used to assess the expression of the immediate early genes, c-fos and c-jun, in all cell populations. No change in c-fos transcript levels were detected after 20 min exposure at each field intensity (20 min was the only time period at which c-fos message could be detected consistently). Transcript levels for c-jun were altered only after 20 min exposure to 9 mW/cm2 (average 38% decrease). Bioelectromagnetics 18:223-229, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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    DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in C6 glioma and primary glial cells exposed to a 836.55 MHz modulated radiofrequency field (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 230-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electromagnetic fields ; tumor promotion ; brain tumor ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: We have tested the hypothesis that modulated radiofrequency (RF) fields may act as a tumor-promoting agent by altering DNA synthesis, leading to increased cell proliferation. In vitro tissue cultures of transformed and normal rat glial cells were exposed to an 836.55 MHz, packet-modulated RF field at three power densities: 0.09, 0.9, and 9 mW/cm2, resulting in specific absorption rates (SARs) ranging from 0.15 to 59 μW/g. TEM-mode transmission-line cells were powered by a prototype time-domain multiple-access (TDMA) transmitter that conforms to the North American digital cellular telephone standard. One sham and one energized TEM cell were placed in standard incubators maintained at 37 °C and 5% CO2. DNA synthesis experiments at 0.59-59 μW/g SAR were performed on log-phase and serum-starved semiquiescent cultures after 24 h exposure. Cell growth at 0.15-15 μW/g SAR was determined by cell counts of log-phase cultures on days 0, 1, 5, 7, 9, 12, and 14 of a 2 week protocol. Results from the DNA synthesis assays differed for the two cell types. Sham-exposed and RF-exposed cultures of primary rat glial cells showed no significant differences for either log-phase or serum-starved condition. C6 glioma cells exposed to RF at 5.9 μW/g SAR (0.9 mW/cm2) exhibited small (20-40%) significant increases in 38% of [3H]thymidine incorporation experiments. Growth curves of sham and RF-exposed cultures showed no differences in either normal or transformed glial cells at any of the power densities tested. Cell doubling times of C6 glioma cells [sham (21.9 ± 1.4 h) vs. field (22.7 ± 3.2 h)] also demonstrated no significant differences that could be attributed to altered DNA synthesis rates. Under these conditions, this modulated RF field did not increase cell proliferation of normal or transformed cultures of glial origin. Bioelectromagnetics 18:230-236, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Focus formation of C3H/10T1/2 cells and exposure to a 836.55 MHz modulated radiofrequency field (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 237-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: radiofrequency electromagnetic fields ; C3H/10T1/2 fibroblasts ; tumor promotion ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Disruption of communication between transformed cells and normal cells is involved in tumor promotion. We have tested the hypothesis that exposures to radiofrequency (RF) fields using a form of digital modulation (TDMA) and a chemical tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), are copromoters that enhance focus formation of transformed cells in coculture with parental C3H/10T1/2 murine fibroblasts. RF field exposures did not influence TPA's dose-dependent promotion of focus formation in coculture. Cell cultures were exposed to an 836.55 MHz TDMA-modulated field in TEM transmission line chambers, with incident energies that simulated field intensities at a user's head. Specific absorption rates (SARs) of 0.15, 1.5, and 15 μW/g were used during each digital packet, and the packet frequency was 50/s. The TEM chambers were placed in a commercial incubator at 37 °C and 95% humidity/5% CO2. The RF field exposures were in a repeating cycle, 20 min on, 20 min off, 24 h/day for 28 days. At 1.5 μW/g, TPA-induced focus formation (at 10, 30, and 50 ng/ml) was not significantly different in RF-exposed cultures compared to parallel sham-exposed cultures in ten independent experiments in terms of the number, density, and area of foci. Similarly, at 0.15 and 15.0 μW/g, in two and four experiments, respectively, RF exposure did not alter TPA-induced focus formation. The findings support a conclusion that repeated exposures to this RF field do not influence tumor promotion in vitro, based on the RF field's inability to enhance TPA-induced focus formation. Bioelectromagnetics 18:237-243, 1997 © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    What is the time scale of magnetic field interaction in biological systems? (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 244-249 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: extremely-low-frequency magnetic fields ; free-radical mechanism ; ion-oscillator models ; ion-resonance models ; magnetotransduction ; AC/DC combinations ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: An experimental test constraining the intrinsic time scale of a primary physical mechanism that detects extremely-low-frequency (ELF) magnetic fields in biological systems is proposed. The suggested test postulates that a transductive mechanism operating on time scales much shorter than the period of an applied magnetic field cannot obtain any information about the exposure conditions other than the absolute magnitude of the field. By generating field exposures that differ in their vector properties but are equivalent in their time-varying absolute amplitude, it is possible to differentiate between two broad classes of mechanisms: 1) those with intrinsic time scales comparable with or longer than those of the external influence, and 2) those that are much faster than the period of the applied field. The hypothesis assumes an experimental model proven to respond to magnetic fields and sensitive to a change of about a factor of two in one of the field parameters (AC, DC amplitude or frequency). The case of general linearly polarized fields is discussed, and an analytical solution for the case of perpendicular AC/DC fields is given. Bioelectromagnetics 18:244-249, 1997 © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Effects of low frequency pulsed electrical current on keratinocytes in vitro (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 250-254 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: pulsed current ; electrical stimulation ; wound healing ; epidermal repair ; keratinocytes ; cellular differentiation ; cellular proliferation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The effects of low frequency pulsed electrical current on epidermal repair in vitro were examined. Charge-balanced current stimuli proposed for chronic wound treatment were tested on skin keratinocytes cultured at an air-liquid interface on dead human dermis. Results imply that the balance between proliferation and differentiation in electrically treated samples is significantly modified in favor of differentiation. More advanced differentiation, shown through epidermal histology, was obtained in cultures exposed to electrical current, whereas the culture growth, the result of keratinocyte migration and proliferation, was greater in control samples. Bioelectromagnetics 18:250-254, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Applied DC magnetic fields cause alterations in the time of cell divisions and developmental abnormalities in early sea urchin embryos (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 255-263 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: sea urchin ; static magnetic field ; gastrulation ; development ; mitotic cycle ; teratogenic effects ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Most work on magnetic field effects focuses on AC fields. The present study demonstrates that exposure to medium-strength (10 mT-0.1 T) static magnetic fields can alter the early embryonic development of two species of sea urchin embryos. Batches of fertilized eggs from two species of urchin were exposed to fields produced by permanent magnets. Samples of the continuous cultures were scored for the timing of the first two cell divisions, time of hatching, and incidence of exogastrulation. It was found that static fields delay the onset of mitosis in both species by an amount dependent on the exposure timing relative to fertilization. The exposure time that caused the maximum effect differed between the two species. Thirty millitesla fields, but not 15 mT fields, caused an eightfold increase in the incidence of exogastrulation in Lytechinus pictus, whereas neither of these fields produced exogastrulation in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Bioelectromagnetics 18:255-263, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Distributions of measurement errors for single-axis magnetic field meters during measurements near appliances (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 273-276 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: coil probe ; dipole field ; magnetic field ; measurement uncertainty ; power frequency ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Comparisons are made between the average magnetic flux density as it would be measured with a single-axis coil probe and the flux density at the center of the probe, assuming that the probe is oriented to measure the maximum field at that point. Probability distributions of the differences between the two quantities are calculated assuming a dipole magnetic field and are found to be asymmetric. The distributions are used to estimate the uncertainty for maximum magnetic field measurements at distances that are large compared with the dimensions of the field source. Bioelectromagnetics 18:273-276, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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    Effects of low-intensity AC and/or DC electromagnetic fields on cell attachment and induction of apoptosis (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 264-272 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electromagnetic fields ; cell adhesion ; osteoprogenitor cells ; fibroblast cells ; in vitro experiments ; apoptosis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Rat tendon fibroblast (RTF) and rat bone marrow (RBM) osteoprogenitor cells were cultured and exposed to AC and/or DC magnetic fields in a triaxial Helmholtz coil in an incubator for up to 13 days. The AC fields were at 60 and 1000 Hz and up to 0.25 mT peak to peak, and the DC fields were up to 0.25 mT. At various combinations of field strengths and frequencies, AC and/or DC fields resulted in extensive detachment of preattached cells and prevented the normal attachment of cells not previously attached to substrates. In addition, the fields resulted in altered cell morphologies. When RTF and RBM cells were removed from the fields after several days of exposure, they partially reattached and assumed more normal morphologies. An additional set of experiments described in the Appendix corroborates these findings and also shows that low-frequency EMF also initiates apoptosis, i.e., programmed cell death, at the onset of cell detachment. Taken together, these results suggest that the electromagnetic fields result in significant alterations in cell metabolism and cytoskeleton structure. Further work is required to determine the relative effect of the electric and magnetic fields on these phenomena. The research has implications for understanding the role of fields in affecting bone healing in fracture nonunions, in cell detachment in cancer metastasis, and in the effect of EMF on organisms generally. Bioelectromagnetics 18:264-272, 1997. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    ELF magnetic field exposure system with feedback-controlled disturbance rejection (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 299-306 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ELF magnetic field exposure systems ; feedback control ; disturbance rejection ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Extremely low-frequency (ELF) magnetic field exposure systems are usually subject to field disturbances induced by external sources. Here, a method for designing a feedback control system for cancelling the effect of external ELF magnetic field disturbances on the magnetic field over the exposure area is presented. This method was used in the design of a feedback-controlled exposure system for an inverted microscope stage. The effectiveness of the proposed feedback control system for disturbance rejection was verified experimentally and by means of computer simulation. Bioelectromagnetics 18:299-306, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Amino acid concentrations in hypothalamic and caudate nuclei during microwave-induced thermal stress: Analysis by microdialysis (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 277-283 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: amino acids ; electromagnetic fields ; high-pressure liquid chromatography ; neurochemistry ; radiofrequency radiation ; thermoregulation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Exposure to radiofrequency radiation (RFR) may produce thermal responses. Extracellular amino acid concentrations in the hypothalamus (Hyp) and caudate nucleus (CN) were measured by using in vivo microdialysis before and during exposure to RFR. Under urethane anesthetic, each rat was implanted stereotaxically with a nonmetallic microdialysis probe and temperature probe guides and then placed in the exposure chamber. The rat laid on its right side with its head and neck placed directly under the wave guide. Temperature probes were placed in the left brain, right brain, face (subcutaneously), left tympanum, and rectum. Each microdialysis sample was collected over a 20 min period. The microdialysis probe was perfused for 2 h before the rat was exposed to 5.02 GHz radiation (10 μs pulse width, 1000 pulses/s). The right and left sides of the brain were maintained at approximately 41.2 and 41.7 °C, respectively, throughout a 40 min exposure period. Initially when the brain was being heated to these temperatures, the time-averaged specific absorption rates (SARs) for the right and left sides of the brain were 29 and 40 W/kg, respectively. Concentrations of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, glutamine, and glycine in dialysate were determined by using high-pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. In the Hyp and CN, the concentrations of aspartic acid, serine, and glycine increased significantly during RFR exposure (P 〈 .05). These results indicate that RFR-induced thermal stress produces a general change in the amino acid concentrations that is not restricted to thermoregulatory centers. Changes in the concentrations of glutamic acid (Hyp, P = .16; CN, P = .34) and glutamine (Hyp, P = .13; CN, P = .10) were not statistically significant. Altered amino acid concentrations may reveal which brain regions are susceptible to damage in response to RFR-induced thermal stress. Bioelectromagnetics 18:277-283, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Effects of weak microwave fields amplitude modulated at ELF on EEG of symmetric brain areas in rats (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 293-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: MW radiation ; computerized time-averaging ; brain hemispheric asymmetry ; EEG ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Averaged electroencephalogram (EEG) frequency spectra were studied in eight unanesthetized and unmyorelaxed adult male rats with chronically implanted carbon electrodes in symmetrical somesthetic areas when a weak (0.1-0.2 mW/cm) microwave (MW, 945 MHz) field, amplitude-modulated at extremely low frequency (ELF) (4 Hz), was applied. Intermittent (1 min “On,” 1 min “Off”) field exposure (10-min duration) was used. Hemispheric asymmetry in frequency spectra (averaged data for 10 or 1 min) of an ongoing EEG was characterized by a power decrease in the 1.5-3 Hz range on the left hemisphere and by a power decrease in the 10-14 and 20-30 Hz ranges on the right hemisphere. No differences between control and exposure experiments were shown under these routines of data averaging. Significant elevations of EEG asymmetry in 10-14 Hz range were observed during the first 20 s after four from five onsets of the MW field, when averaged spectra were obtained for every 10 s. Under neither control nor pre- and postexposure conditions was this effect observed. These results are discussed with respect to interaction of MW fields with the EEG generators. Bioelectromagnetics 18:293-298, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Light-dependent and -independent behavioral effects of extremely low frequency magnetic fields in a land snail are consistent with a parametric resonance mechanism (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 284-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: biological effects of ELF magnetic fields ; attenuation of opioid analgaesia ; light-dependent magnetic field effects ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Exposure to extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields has been shown to attenuate endogenous opioid peptide mediated antinociception or “analgaesia” in the terrestrial pulmonate snail, Cepaea nemoralis. Here we examine the roles of light in determining this effect and address the mechanisms associated with mediating the effects of the ELF magnetic fields in both the presence and absence of light. Specifically, we consider whether the magnetic field effects involve an indirect induced electric current mechanism or a direct effect such as a parametric resonance mechanism (PRM). We exposed snails in both the presence and absence of light at three different frequencies (30, 60, and 120 Hz) with static field values (BDC) and ELF magnetic field amplitude (peak) and direction (BAC) set according to the predictions of the PRM for Ca2+. Analgaesia was induced in snails by injecting them with an enkephalinase inhibitor, which augments endogenous opioid (enkephalin) activity. We found that the magnetic field exposure reduced this opioid-induced analgaesia significantly more if the exposure occurred in the presence rather than the absence of light. However, the percentage reduction in analgaesia in both the presence and absence of light was not dependent on the ELF frequency. This finding suggests that in both the presence and the absence of light the effect of the ELF magnetic field was mediated by a direct magnetic field detection mechanism such as the PRM rather than an induced current mechanism. Bioelectromagnetics 18:284-291, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Body heating induced by sub-resonant (350 MHz) microwave irradiation: Cardiovascular and respiratory responses in anesthetized rats (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 335-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: radiofrequency radiation ; heart rate ; blood pressure ; cardiovascular system ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: These experiments were designed to investigate the effects of sub-resonant microwave (MW) exposure (350 MHz, E orientation, average power density 38 mW/cm2, average whole-body specific absorption rate 13.2 W/kg) on selected physiological parameters. The increase in peripheral body temperature during 350 MHz exposure was greater than that in earlier experiments performed at 700 MHz (resonance). Heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure were significantly elevated during a 1 °C increase in colonic temperature due to 350 MHz exposure; respiratory rate showed no significant change. The results are consistent with other investigators' reports comparing sub-resonance exposures with those at resonance and above. Bioelectromagnetics 18:335-338, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Study of magnetic fields from power-frequency current on water lines (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 307-316 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: residential magnetic fields ; power net currents ; ground currents ; water lines ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The magnetic fields from power-frequency current flowing on water lines were investigated in a new approach that involved an area-wide survey in a small town. Magnetic fields were measured outside the residence under power cables and over water lines, and each residence was characterized as to whether it received water from a private well or the municipal water system. The magnetic field data revealed two statistical modes when they were related to water supply type. The data also showed that in the case of the high mode, the magnetic field remained constant along the line formed by power drop wires, at the back of the house, and the water hookup service, in front of the house, all the way to the street. The patterns are explained by the coincidence of measurement points and the presence of net current flowing on power mains, power drop conductors, residential plumbing, water service hookups, and water mains. These patterns, together with other characteristics of this magnetic field source, such as the gradual spatial fall-off of this field and the presence of a constant component in the time sequence, portray a magnetic field more uniform and constant in the residential environment than has been thought to exist. Such characteristics make up for the weakness of the source and make net current a significant source of exposure in the lives of individuals around the house, when human exposure to magnetic fields is assumed to be a cumulative effect over time. This, together with the bimodal statistical distribution of the residential magnetic field (related to water supply type), presents opportunities for retrospective epidemiological analysis. Water line type and its ability to conduct power-frequency current can be used as the historical marker for a bimodal exposure inference, as Wertheimer et al. have shown. Bioelectromagnetics 18:307-316, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    The role of temporal sensing in bioelectromagnetic effects (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 388-395 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ornithine decarboxylase ; cell culture ; 60 Hz fields ; “averaging” time ; “memory” time ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Experiments were conducted to see whether the cellular response to electromagnetic (EM) fields occurs through a detection process involving temporal sensing. L929 cells were exposed to 60 Hz magnetic fields and the enhancement of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity was measured to determine cellular response to the field. In one set of experiments, the field was turned alternately off and on at intervals of 0.1 to 50 s. For these experiments, field coherence was maintained by eliminating the insertion of random time intervals upon switching. Intervals ≥ 1 s produced no enhancement of ODC activity, but fields switched at intervals ≥ 10 s showed ODC activities that were enhanced by a factor of approximately 1.7. These data indicate that it is the interval over which field parameters (e.g., amplitude or frequency) remain constant, rather than the interval over which the field is coherent, that is critical to cellular response to an EMF. In a second set of experiments, designed to determine how long it would take for cells to detect a change in field parameters, the field was interrupted for brief intervals (25-200 ms) once each second throughout exposure. In this situation, the extent of EMF-induced ODC activity depended upon the duration of the interruption. Interruptions ≥ 100 ms were detected by the cell as shown by elimination of field-induced enhancement of ODC. That two time constants (0.1 and 10 s) are involved in cellular EMF detection is consistent with the temporal sensing process associated with bacterial chemotaxis. By analogy with bacterial temporal sensing, cells would continuously sample and average an EM field over intervals of about 0.1 s (the “averaging” time), storing the averaged value in memory. The cell would compare the stored value with the current average, and respond to the EM field only when field parameters remain constant over intervals of approximately 10 s (the “memory” time). Bioelectromagnetics 18:388-395, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Influence of human model resolution on computed currents induced in organs by 60-Hz magnetic fields (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 478-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: organ dosimetry ; low-frequency magnetic induction ; numerical modelling ; FDTD calculations ; impedance method ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The effects of human body model resolution on computed electric fields induced by 60 Hz uniform magnetic fields are investigated. A recently-developed scalar potential finite difference code for low-frequency electromagnetic computations is used to model induction in two anatomically realistic human body models. The first model consists of 204 290 cubic voxels with 7.2-mm edges, while the second comprises 1 639 146 cubic voxels with 3.6-mm edges. Calculations on the lower-resolution model using, for example, the finite difference time domain or impedance methods, push the capabilities of workstations. The scalar method, in contrast, can handle the higher-resolution model using comparable resources. The results are given in terms of average and maximum electric field intensities and current density magnitudes in selected tissues and organs. Although the lower-resolution model provides generally acceptable results, there are important differences that make the added computational burden of the higher-resolution calculations worthwhile. In particular, the higher-resolution modelling generally predicts peak electric fields intensities and current density magnitudes that are slightly higher than those computed using the lower-resolution modelling. The differences can be quite large for small organs such as glands. Bioelectromagnetics 18:478-490, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 98
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    Electronic Resource
    Clinical report on long-term bone density after short-term EMF application (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 19 (1998), S. 75-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electromagnetic fields ; pulsed magnetic fields (PEMFs) ; osteoporosis ; bone density ; microgravity ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A 1984 study determined the effect of a 72 Hz pulsating electromagnetic field (PEMF) on bone density of the radii of post-menopausal (osteoporosis-prone) women, during and after treatment of 10 h daily for 12 weeks. Bone mineral densities of the treated radii increased significantly in the immediate area of the field during the exposure period and decreased during the following 36 weeks. Bone density determination of the radii of these women, remeasured after eight years, suggests no long-term changes. The bone density-enhancing effect of PEMFs should be further studied, alone and in combination with exercise and pharmacologic agents such as the bisphosphonates and hormones, as prophylaxis in the osteoporosis-prone postmenopausal woman and as a possible block to the demineralization effect of microgravity. Bioelectromagnetics 19:75-78, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 99
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    Electronic Resource
    Deficits in spatial learning after exposure of mice to a 50 Hz magnetic field (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 19 (1998), S. 79-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: memory ; radial arm maze ; rodents ; ELF ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A series of four experiments was performed to determine the effect of exposure to a 50 Hz magnetic field on memory-related behaviour of adult, male C57BL/6J mice. Experimental subjects were exposed to a vertical, sinusoidal magnetic field at 0.75 mT (rms), for 45 min immediately before daily testing sessions on a spatial learning task in an eight-arm radial maze. Control subjects were only exposed to a background time-varying field of less than 50 nT and the ambient static field of about 40 μT. In each experiment, exposure significantly reduced the rate of acquisition of the task but did not affect overall accuracy. This finding is consistent with the results of another study that found that prior exposure to 60 Hz magnetic fields affected spatial learning in rats. Bioelectromagnetics 19:79-84, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 100
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    Electronic Resource
    Effects of 50 Hz EMF exposure on micronucleus formation and apoptosis in transformed and nontransformed human cell lines (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 19 (1998), S. 85-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) ; micronucleus formation ; apoptosis ; SCL II cells ; amniotic fluid cells (AFC cells) ; cytogenetic effects ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Effects of applying extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) for different durations (24, 48, and 72 h) and different field intensities (0.1-1.0 mT) on micronucleus (MN) formation and induction of apoptosis were examined in a human squamous cell carcinoma cell line (SCL II) and in a human amniotic fluid cell line (AFC). A statistically significant increase of MN frequency and of induction of apoptosis in SCL II cells after 48-h and 72-h continuous exposure to 50 Hz magnetic field (MF) (0.8 and 1.0 mT) was found. However, exposure of AFC cells to EMF of different intensities and for different exposure times showed no statistically significant differences when compared with controls. These results demonstrate that different human cell types respond differently to EMF. Dose-dependent induction of apoptosis and genotoxic effects, resulting in increased micronucleus formation, could be demonstrated in the transformed cell line, whereas the nontransformed cell line did not show statistically significant effects. These findings suggest that EMF could be a promotor but not an initiator of carcinogenic effects. Bioelectromagnetics 19:85-91, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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