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  • Articles  (825)
  • Immunocytochemistry  (428)
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  • Springer  (825)
  • 1995-1999  (407)
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  • Articles  (825)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Langfristige Zunahme früher Bruten beim Teichrohrsänger (Acrocephalus scirpaceus) in einem südwestdeutschen Untersuchungsgebiet (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 140 (1999), S. 81-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Keywords: Reed Warbler ; timing of breeding ; spring arrival ; global climate change ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einem Untersuchungsgebiet am westlichen Bodensee (Halbinsel Mettnau) zeichnet sich zwischen 1976 und 1997 eine deutliche Zunahme früh ausgeflogener Teichrohrsänger ab, was auf ein früheres Brüten schließen läßt. Weiterhin hat sich die Erstankunft des Teichrohrsängers am Bodensee in den letzten 16 Jahren (1982–1997) im Vergleich zum Zeitraum 1961 bis 1980 um genau eine Woche verfrüht (im Mittel vom 26.4. auf den 19.4.). Während sich zwischen der jährlichen Erstankunft des Teichrohrsängers am Bodensee und der Zahl früh ausgeflogener Jungvögel kein statistisch gesicherter Zusammenhang finden läßt, ist die Temperatur in der ersten Maihälfte ein guter (statistisch signifikanter) Indikator für die Zahl früh ausgeflogener Teichrohrsänger. Die vorliegende Untersuchung zeigt, daß sich offenbar auch Langstreckenzieher an die sich abzeichnende Klimaveränderung anzupassen beginnen.
    Notes: Summary Data from a standardized mist-netting programme (the so-called "MRI-Programm") were used to assess the timing of breeding in Reed Warblers (Acrocephalus scirpaceus) at Lake Constance (South Germany). The number of Reed Warblers fledged early in the season increased significantly between 1976 and 1997 (rs=0.614; p〈0.01). This is most probably due to a long-term increase in spring temperature as suggested by the high correlation between the number of early-fledged Reed Warblers and mean temperature in the first half of May (rs=0.416; p〈0.01). While in the period from 1961 to 1980 the mean date of spring arrival was on the 26th of April, it shifted towards the 19th April from 1981 to 1997. However, the number of early-fledged Reed Warblers and the date of spring arrival are not significantly correlated. The lack of a significant correlation may be due to a number of reasons, for instance early arriving birds do not belong to the local population or there could be an observational bias among years. Yet, the most likely explanation is that the timing of breeding in Reed Warblers is triggered by vegetation growth and food supply rather than by the timing of spring arrival. There is growing body of evidence from this and other studies that the recent climate change is responsible for the shift in both the timing of migration and breeding in birds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02462091
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of temperature and photoperiod on development and oviposition of the legume flower thrips, Megalurothrips sjostedti (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 93 (1999), S. 149-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Megalurothrips sjostedti ; temperature ; photoperiod ; development ; pre-oviposition ; oviposition ; diapause
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Megalurothrips sjostedti is an economic pest of cowpea in tropical Africa. There are no reports of the effect of temperature on the development of the pest and no diapause has been detected. The developmental rate and reproduction of M. sjostedti was studied under six constant temperatures (14, 17, 20, 23, 26 and 29 °C ) and a photoperiod of L12:D12 in the laboratory. Total developmental time ranged from 33.1 days at 14 °C to 19.2 days at 26 °C. At 29 °C, all larvae died during hatching. Egg, larval and pupal stages required 94.3, 97.1 and 105.3 deg-days (DD) above a threshold of 8.2, 9.1 and 10.4 °C, respectively, to complete development. Total developmental cycle was completed at 163.9 DD above a threshold of 12.6 °C. Adult longevity was lowest (11.1 days) at 29 °C and highest (28.7 days) at 14 °C. At constant temperatures, the highest pre-oviposition period was observed at 29 °C under a photoperiod of L16:D8. Egg production also ceased at this temperature/photoperiod combination. Total fecundity was highest at 26 °C under L10:D14. At cyclical temperatures, pre-oviposition period was longest (12.4 days) at 20/29 °C under L16:D8. Total fecundity was highest (168.4 eggs) at 14/26 °C under L10:D14, and lowest (8.2 eggs) at 20/29 °C under L16:D8. The significance of these findings in the management of M. sjostedti is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003896919284
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of temperature on bionomics of cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, on cotton (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 90 (1999), S. 25-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Aphis gossypii ; development ; survival ; fecundity ; intrinsic rate of increase ; life table ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Life table parameters of Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Gossypium hirsutum L. were determined at six temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 ± 0.5 °C) in the laboratory. Relationships of life table parameters with temperature were described with mathematical equations. Development was fastest at 30 °C, with a pre-larviposition period of 4.6 d. Survival to adult was greatest at 25 °C (81%). Fecundity was highest at 25 °C, with a total fecundity of 28.3 nymphs per female and a mean reproductive rate of 3.1 nymphs per female per day. Threshold temperatures for development in the first through fourth instar and the adult were 8.2, 8.0, 7.2, 6.2 and 7.9 °C, respectively. The durations of these stages, expressed as temperature sums above these thresholds, were 24.2, 23.7, 23.0, 25.5 and 168.8 degree-days (D°), respectively. A. gossypii achieved its maximum net reproductive number (24.4 nymphs per female) and greatest intrinsic rate of increase (0.386 d−1) at 25 °C. The high relative rate of population increase at 25 °C results in a daily population increase of 47% and a doubling time of only 1.8 d, illustrating the tremendous growth capacity of A. gossypii populations under favourable conditions. Compared to literature sources, our source of A. gossypii, fed on cotton, showed a comparatively great heat tolerance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003580413487
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The smaller fruit tortrix, Grapholita lobarzewskii: predicting the phenology of adult emergence (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 93 (1999), S. 297-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: smaller fruit tortrix ; Grapholita lobarzewskii ; phenology ; post-diapause development ; temperature ; thermal threshold ; thermal constant ; forecasting ; modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The smaller fruit tortrix, Grapholita lobarzewskii Nowicki, has become a major pest in the recent past in apple orchards north of the Alps. Nevertheless little is known about the biology and the behaviour of this species. The effect of temperature on post-diapause development and survival was studied under controlled conditions in order to establish a basis for the forecasting of adult emergence. Survival was found to be highest at 17 °C and lowest at 11.8 °C. The sex ratio did not differ significantly from 1:1. Based on a linear relationship between temperature and developmental rates, thermal thresholds of 9.6 °C and 9.8 °C were determined for females and males respectively. The thermal constants, i.e., the mean developmental times in physiological time units, were found to be 342 day-degrees for females and 317 day-degrees for males, suggesting a slight protandry. Based on the mean and the variance of the developmental times, a simple temperature-driven phenology model was built using a time-varying distributed delay. The model was validated by visually comparing the predictions with independent observations on adult emergence, and by calculating the temporal deviations of the predictions. In 4 out of 5 years the mean error was less than 3 days. The model was therefore found to give reliable forecasts of the emergence of G. lobarzewskii and can be used to determine the optimal time for the exposure of pheromone traps, the application of pheromone dispensers for mating disruption, and for the timing of insecticide applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003905026249
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature Effects on Soil Mineralization of Polylactic Acid Plastic in Laboratory Respirometers (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 7 (1999), S. 101-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Polylactic acid ; temperature ; respirometers ; soil degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A respirometric system was used to analyze the biodegradation of high molecular weight (120,000 to 200,000 g mol−1) polylactic acid (PLA) plastic films in soil under laboratory conditions. The respirometric system consisted of air-conditioning pretraps, a soil reactor, and a carbon dioxide (CO2) posttrap. A 200-g homogeneous soil mixture of all-purpose potting soil : manure soil : sand [1 : 1 : 1 (w/w)] and 1.5 g of PLA plastic films in 1 × 1-cm2 squares was added to each bottle. The respirometers were placed in a 28, 40, or 55°C water bath for 182 days. Treatments (three replicates) included native corn starch (positive control), polyethylene (Glad Cling Wrap; negative control), and three PLA films: Ca-I (Cargill Dow Polymers LLC, monolayer), GII (Cargill Dow Polymers LLC, Generation II), and Ch-I (Chronopol; monolayer). The degree of polymer mineralization was indicated by the cumulative CO2 liberated from each respirometer. The initial average mineralization rate and total percentage mineralized of the PLA plastic films at 28, 40, and 55°C was 24.3, 41.5, and 76.9 mg/day with a 27, 45, and 70% carbon loss, respectively. No decrease in soil pH was observed after 182 days of mineralization. Hence, increase in soil temperature drastically enhanced the biodegradation of PLA plastic films in soil under laboratory conditions (P 〈 0.0001).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021812418325
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Temperature and Relative Humidity on Polylactic Acid Plastic Degradation (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 7 (1999), S. 83-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Polylactic acid ; temperature ; relative humidity ; degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Three high molecular weight (120,000 to 200,000 g mol−1) polylactic acid (PLA) plastic films from Chronopol (Ch-I) and Cargill Dow Polymers (GII and Ca-I) were analyzed for their degradation under various temperature and relative humidity (RH) conditions. Two sets of plastic films, each containing 11 samples, were randomly hung in a temperature/humidity-controlled chamber by means of plastic-coated paper clips. The tested conditions were 28, 40, and 55°C at 50 and 100% RH, respectively, and 55°C at 10% RH. The three tested PLA films started to lose their tensile properties when their weight-average molecular weight (M w) was in the range of 50,000 to 75,000 g mol−1. The average degradation rate of Ch-I, GII, and Ca-I was 28,931, 27,361, and 63,025 M w/week, respectively. Hence, GII had a faster degradation rate than Ch-I and Ca-I under all tested conditions. The degradation rate of PLA plastics was enhanced by the increase in temperature and relative humidity. This trend was observed in all three PLA plastics (Ca-I, GII, and Ch-I). Of the three tested films, Ch-I was the first to lose its mechanical properties, whereas Ca-I demonstrated the slowest loss, with mechanical properties under all tested conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021808317416
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrochemical synthesis of cupric oxide powder Part II: Process conditions (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 81-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: cupric oxide ; powder ; current density ; temperature ; sodium sulfate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Electrosynthesis of cupric oxide powder was carried out on a laboratory scale in an electrochemical cell under various experimental conditions. The electrolysis was appraised in terms of the particle size of the cupric oxide product and the anodic dissolution of the copper electrode. Using a previously determined pH value of 7.50, the other optimum electrolysis operating conditions established were a current density of 4000Am−2, temperature of 353K, and Na2SO4 concentration of 0.5m. The optimum values of current efficiency, cell voltage and specific energy consumption for the electrochemical synthesis of cupric oxide powder were determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003464914657
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sulfate solubility algorithms for CaSO4–NaCl–H2O and Na2SO4–NaCl–H2O in chlor alkali brine at 25, 65, 75 and 85 ∘C (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 525-528 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: brine ; chlor-alkali cells ; solubility ; sulfate ions ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026405806916
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sedimentation patterns of diatoms in Lake Holzmaar, Germany - (on the transfer of climate signals to biogenic silica oxygen isotope proxies) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 21 (1999), S. 437-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: diatoms ; temperature ; sediment traps ; seasonal succession ; resuspension ; Lake Holzmaar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The seasonal sedimentation pattern of diatom valves in Lake Holzmaar was investigated during 1995 by deploying sediment traps at three different lake depths. According to the sedimentation pattern, the major reproduction zone of diatoms was restricted to the upper 6 m of the water body. The population growth started late in April and blooms of Cyclotella cf. comensis Grun., which dominates the plankton diatoms, and Fragilaria crotonensis Kitton were collected in traps during June and September, and July, respectively. During summer, the seasonal sedimentation pattern of each taxon, as collected in the upper traps, was reflected in the concentrations in the lowest trap. However, in May and from September onwards, the community composition in the lowest trap and augmented trapping rates suggest both sediment focusing and resuspension of bottom sediments. The temperature signals as recorded by δ18O values of diatom valves should, therefore, reflect integrated temperatures between 0 and 6 m depth. However, temperatures during summer and autumn are expected to be accentuated in the sedimentary record since the isotopic signal is weighted by both the number and the weight-mass of the valves. During summer, the transfer of these signals by the sedimenting diatoms retains the information pattern recorded, while in spring and autumn/winter additional influxes caused by resuspension may somewhat alter those temperature informations. The proxy signals finally stored in the sediments, may, therefore, not precisely represent the successive temperatures currently recorded during 1995 within mid-lake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008022532458
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environment factors influence in vitro interspecific interactions between A. ochraceus and other maize spoilage fungi, growth and ochratoxin production (1999)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 146 (1999), S. 43-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: interspecific interactions ; ochratoxin ; Aspergillus ochraceus ; spoilage fungi ; water relations ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of water availability (water activity,aw; 0.995–0.90) and temperature (18–30 °) on in vitro interactions between an ochratoxin producing strain of Aspergillus ochraceus and six other spoilage fungi was assessed in dual culture experiments on a maize meal-based agar medium. Inprimary resource capture of nutrient substrate, A. ochraceus was dominant against many of the interacting species, being able to overgrow and replace A. candidus, and sometimes A. flavus and the Eurotium spp. regardless of aw or temperature. However, with freely available water (0.995 aw) A. alternata and A. niger were dominant, with mutual antagonism between A. ochraceus and A. flavus at 25–30 °C. In the driest conditions tested (0.90 aw) there was also mutual antagonism between A. ochraceus and the two Eurotium spp. Overall, under allconditions tested the Index of Dominance for A. ochraceus was much higher than for other competing species combined suggesting that A. ochraceus wasa good competitive colonist able to replace a numberof other species. However, the growth rate ofA. ochraceus was modified and decreased by the interaction with competitors. Interaction between A. ochraceus and species such as A. alternata (18°C/0.995) and Eurotium spp. (0.995–0.95 and 25–30 °C) resulted in a significant stimulation of ochratoxin production. Theresults are discussed in relation to the effect that environmental factors have on the possible competitiveness of A. ochraceus in the maizegrain ecosystem and the role of ochratoxin in nicheexclusion of competitors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007003316562
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diapause Induction and Termination in Eggs of the Fruit Tree Red Spider Mite Panonychus Ulmi in Northern Greece (1999)
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 23 (1999), S. 669-679 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Keywords: Panonychus ulmi ; dipause eggs ; overwintering ; dipause termination ; temperature ; photoperiod
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In apple orchards in northern Greece, females of Panonychus ulmi Koch were found to lay diapause eggs from late August to the beginning of October. The course of diapause termination in the field was determined by transferring diapause eggs during winter and early spring from apple orchards with the varieties ‘Starkinson’ and ‘Firiki’ to short days (LD 8:16) (1992–1996), and long days (LD 16:8) (1994–1995), both at 20 °C. Percentages of diapause termination were very low to zero from October to the beginning of January, then progressively increased throughout January and February. Diapause termination in 50% of the eggs occurred in the first half of February in lowland mite populations irrespective of the year and location from which the eggs originated, and about one month earlier in a population originating from an altitude of 300 m. For each sampling date throughout the winter, the mean number of days required for 50% egg hatch at 20 °C (T50%) was similar under either a long (LD 16:8) or a short (LD 8:16) photoperiod. Diapause eggs collected in October 1995 from two orchards and maintained at 0, 5, 10 and 15 °C for various periods were subsequently transferred to 20 °C and LD 8:16, where TP50% was determined. It was shown that temperature, duration of maintenance at the different temperatures and the orchard from which the eggs originated had a significant effect on T50% and therefore on diapause development. Additionally, in our strains diapause intensity was much weaker than in strains from more northern latitudes and was terminated even without any cold exposure. The variation in diapause intensity in different strains of P. ulmi may have an adaptive significance for this widespread species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006232821653
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cambium: old challenges – new opportunities (1999)
    Springer
    Trees 13 (1999), S. 138-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Cytoskeleton ; Immunocytochemistry ; Model systems ; Populus ; Secondary vascular system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Trees represent a, probably the, major component of the biosphere and have a unique place in the history of Mankind. One of their most fascinating features is the process of secondary growth which is effected principally by the secondary vascular system, the developmental continuum of secondary phloem, vascular cambium, and secondary xylem. However, for too long assumptions about the developmental biology of trees have had to be based upon studies of primary growth systems within annual, herbaceous species because study of the secondary vascular system had been largely ignored. Even when attempts are made to understand some of the most fundamental features of the secondary vascular system, such as xylogenesis, the current model system, isolated Zinnia mesophyll cells, is not entirely appropriate to the situation in the intact tree. Some deficiencies of the Zinnia system are discussed, and the advantages of the genus Populus as a model for study of the hardwood secondary vascular system are considered. Some of the new approaches which are poised to lead to significant advances in our knowledge of the cell bio-logy of the secondary vascular system of trees – spe-cifically of the cell wall, the plasmalemma, and the cytoskeleton – are discussed. The value of one of these new techniques – immunocytochemistry – is demonstrated by a consideration of recent work on the role of the cytoskeleton in the hardwood secondary vascular system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009745
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continuous measurements of stress and temperature during testing of a fibre shotcrete pressure plug (1999)
    Springer
    Geotechnical and geological engineering 17 (1999), S. 335-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1529
    Keywords: underground gas storage ; pressure barrier ; fibre shotcrete ; stress ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The paper describes an investigation of pressure barriers (plugs) for an underground gas storage facility which were to be constructed from fibre shotcrete. An extensive measurement program on a test plug was carried out to verify the suitability of fibre shotcrete for this purpose. The results of stress and temperature measurements carried out during the construction of the test plug and during cyclic loading of the plug to a water pressure up to 13 MPa are presented. The measurement program provided information on the stress and temperature development inside the plug body during hydration and hardening and also on the residual tensile stresses at the interface between the plug and the rock mass after the end of hydration. Another important output was information on the quality of the plug-rock mass interface, which was critical for a possible leakage. The results obtained during the cyclic loading of the plug revealed uneven stress distribution at the contact and in the adjacent rock mass. It also provided information on the rate of stress redistribution at the contact and inside the rock mass. The results were used to modify the technology of the shotcrete technique to be applied in the final plugs. The gas storage facility using the modified design has been in trial operation since the end of 1998.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008929726458
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adsorption of Reactive Dye on Chitin (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 59 (1999), S. 111-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: adsorbent concentration ; adsorbent size ; adsorption ; chitin ; pH ; reactive dye ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The adsorption of reactive dye on chitin has been investigated with a view to obtain the design data for batch processing of effluents for dye adsorption. The effect of several factors governing the dye adsorption such as the adsorbent concentration, adsorbent size, temperature and pH have been elicited. Desorption of the dye at different temperatures and pH have also been investigated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006072119624
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology and synaptic connectivity of nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive neurons in the guinea pig retina (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 297 (1999), S. 397-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Retina ; NOS ; Immunocytochemistry ; Synaptic connectivity ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Immunocytochemical methods with an antiserum against neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) were applied to identify the morphology and synaptic connectivity of NOS-like immunoreactive neurons in the guinea pig retina. In the present study, two types of amacrine cells were labeled with anti-NOS antisera. Type 1 cells had large somata located in the inner nuclear layer (INL) with long, sparsely branched processes ramifying mainly in stratum 3 of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). The somata of type 2 cells (smaller diameters) were located in the INL. Some displaced amacrine cells in the ganglion cell layer were labeled. The soma size of the displaced amacrine cells was similar to that of the type 2 amacrine cells. However, processes originating from type 2 amacrine cells and displaced amacrine cells stratified mainly in strata 1 and 5, respectively. Some cone bipolar cells were weakly NOS-immunoreactive. The synaptic connectivity of NOS-like immunoreactive amacrine cells was identified in the IPL by electron microscopy. NOS-labeled amacrine cell processes received synaptic input from other amacrine cell processes and bipolar cell axon terminals in all strata of the IPL. The most frequent postsynaptic targets of NOS-immunoreactive amacrine cells were other amacrine cell processes. Cone bipolar cells were postsynaptic to NOS-labeled amacrine cells in all strata of the IPL. Labeled amacrine cells synapsing onto ganglion cells were found only in sublamina b. A few synaptic contacts were observed between labeled cell processes. In the outer plexiform layer, dendrites of labeled bipolar cells made basal contact with cone pedicles or formed a synaptic triad opposed to a synaptic ribbon of cone pedicles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051367
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simultaneous apocrine and merocrine secretion in the rat coagulating gland (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 295 (1999), S. 495-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Coagulating gland ; Apocrine secretion ; Merocrine secretion ; Immunocytochemistry ; Immunoelectron microscopy ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The coagulating gland of the rat synthesizes two prevalent secretory proteins (transglutaminase and 115 K) that are discharched in a different manner, one being secreted in an apocrine fashion (transglutaminase) and the other one in a merocrine way (115 K). Differences in the intra- cellular pathway and the release of either protein were studied using immunofluorescence on semithin sections, immunoelectron microscopy of preembedding-processed chopper sections and postembedding-processed ultrathin sections of rat coagulating gland. Immunohistochemical staining using an anti-transglutaminase antibody resulted in dense labeling of the cytoplasm of secretory cells and their apical blebs, whereas the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus were completely unlabeled. When, on the contrary, the anti-115 K antiserum was used, dense labeling of the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, and the secretory granules was seen. Intraluminal secretion was also labeled, but the secretory blebs remained unlabeled. Our findings show that, in the coagulating gland of the male rat, the two secretory proteins studied are processed in parallel, but at completely different intracellular pathways. They are released via different extrusion mechanisms. Transglutaminase is synthesized outside the endoplasmic reticulum, reaches the apical cell pole by free flow in the cytoplasm, and is released via apocrine blebs, the membranes of which appear to be derived from the apical plasma membrane. The protein 115 K, on the other hand, follows the classic route, being synthesized within the cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, subsequently glycosylated in the Golgi apparatus, and released in a merocrine fashion. The mutual exclusion of the two secretory pathways and the regulation of the alternative release mechanism are still unresolved issues.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051255
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    Immunoultrastructural expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in endothelial cell vesiculotubular structures and vesiculovacuolar organelles in blood-brain barrier development and injury (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 295 (1999), S. 77-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Cerebrovascular development and injury ; Hemangioma ; Angiogenesis ; Immunocytochemistry ; Adhesion molecules ; Conventional transmission and high-voltage electron microscopy ; Mouse (C57BL ; SJL/J) ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Blood vessels from the vasculature of mouse brains during postnatal development and from human brain tumors (hemangiomas) removed at biopsy were examined immunocytochemically by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) or high-voltage transmission electron microscopy (HVEM) to determine the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). In the mouse brains, ICAM-1 was shown to be initially expressed on the luminal and abluminal endothelial cell (EC) surfaces on day 3 after birth. ICAM-1 intensity increased on the luminal EC surfaces and labeled vesiculotubular profiles (VTS, defined in the present report) between days 5 and 7. After 2 weeks and at 6 months after birth, ICAM-1 labeling was weak or absent on the luminal EC surfaces. The hemangiomas presented a strong ICAM-1 reaction product on the luminal EC surfaces of small and large blood vessels associated with the VTS, with a weaker labeling of the abluminal or adventitial aspects of larger blood vessels. TEM of vesiculovacuolar structures (VVOs) within ECs from arteries and veins also demonstrated reaction product for ICAM-1 labeling. Three-dimensional stereo-pair images in the HVEM enhanced the visualization of gold particles that were attached to the inner-delimiting membrane surfaces of EC VTS, and VVOs, respectively. These observations raise the possibility that the neonatal leukocytes and tumor cells may utilize these endothelial structures as a route across the developing and injured blood-brain barrier (BBB).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051214
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    Periviscerokinin-like immunoreactivity in the nervous system of the American cockroach (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 295 (1999), S. 159-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Neuropeptides ; Perisympathetic organ ; Myotropin ; Visceral muscles ; Immunocytochemistry ; Insect nervous system ; Periplaneta americana (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A highly specific polyclonal antiserum has been raised against periviscerokinin, the first neuropeptide isolated from the perisympathetic organs of insects (Predel et al. 1995). In this study, two different neuronal systems with periviscerokinin-like immunoreactivity were distinguished in the central nervous system of the American cockroach: (1) An intrinsic neuronal network, restricted to the head-thoracic region, was formed by intersegmental projecting neurons of the brain, suboesophageal ganglion and metathoracic ganglion. In addition, groups of local interneurons occurred in the proto- and tritocerebrum. (2) A typical neurohormonal system was stained exclusively in the abdomen; it was represented by abdominal perisympathetic organs which were supplied by three cell clusters located in each unfused abdominal ganglion. As revealed by nickel backfills, most neurons with axons entering the perisympathetic organs contained a periviscerokinin-like peptide. Immunoreactive fibres left the perisympathetic organs peripherally, innervated the hyperneural muscle and ran via the link nerves/segmental nerves to the heart and segmental vessels. All visceral muscles innervated by periviscerokinin-immunoreactive fibres were shown to be sensitive to periviscerokinin, whereas the hindgut gave no specific response to this peptide.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051222
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    Pigment-dispersing hormone-like immunoreactive neurons in the central nervous system of the gastropods, Helix pomatia and Lymnaea stagnalis (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 295 (1999), S. 339-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Pigment-dispersing hormone ; Immunocytochemistry ; Central nervous system ; Gastropoda ; Helix pomatia ; Lymnaea stagnalis (Mollusca)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract By using an antiserum raised against a crustacean β-pigment-dispersing hormone (PDH), the distribution and chemical neuroanatomy of PDH-like immunoreactive neurons was investigated in the central nervous system of the gastropod snails, Helix pomatia and Lymnaea stagnalis. The number of immunoreactive cells in the Helix central nervous system was found to be large (700–900), whereas in Lymnaea, only a limited number (50–60) of neurons showed immunoreactivity. The immunostained neurons in Helix were characterized by rich arborizations in all central ganglia and revealed massive innervation of all peripheral nerves and the neural (connective tissue) sheath around the ganglia and peripheral nerve trunks. A small number of Helix nerve cell bodies in the viscero-parietal ganglion complex were also found to be innervated by PDH-like immunoreactive processes. Hence, a complex central and peripheral regulatory role, including neurohormonal actions, is suggested for a PDH-like substance in Helix, whereas the sites of action may be more limited in Lymnaea.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051240
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    Immunohistochemical evidence of the presence of aromatase P450 in the rat hypophysis (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 295 (1999), S. 419-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Hypophysis ; Aromatase ; Immunocytochemistry ; Morphometry ; Gender differences ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In order to analyze whether aromatase is present in the hypophysis of adult rats, we have performed an immunohistochemical study in young adult male and female rats. Our study has revealed that the hypophysis of adult rats contains aromatase, although marked differences are found between the sexes. The hypophyses of male rats have cells immunoreactive for the enzyme, 34.40% of these hypophyseal cells showing reaction. By contrast, cells from female rats show very little reaction, only 0.84% of them being reactive. No significant differences in the percentage of immunoreactive cells between one phase and another are observed during the estrous cycle. Our results point to the immunohistochemical expression of aromatase in the hypophysis of adult rats and at the same time suggest that its expression is sex-dependent. The enzyme may therefore be involved in the regulation of adenohypophyseal cytology by androgens.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051248
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    Survival of rat MCH (melanin-concentrating hormone) neurons in hypothalamus slice culture: histological, pharmacological and molecular studies (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 297 (1999), S. 23-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Melanin-concentrating hormone neurons ; Lateral hypothalamic slice culture ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; In situ hybridization ; Competitive RT-PCR ; Leptin assay ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Hypothalamic slices containing the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) were prepared from 6- to 8-day-old rats and maintained in stationary culture for up to 35 days in order to analyse how well the melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons survived. As previously reported for other brain areas, this method yielded a long-term well-preserved organotypic organization. Light- and electron-microscopic investigations showed that differentiation continued and that synaptic contacts developed in vitro. After a period of elimination of damaged cells and fibres, most of the remaining neurons and glial cells retained a normal morphology throughout the culture period. MCH neurons, in particular, survived well as attested by the strong immunocytochemical and in situ hybridization signals still observed after several weeks. In a comparison with the day of explantation, competitive reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction demonstrated the remarkable stability of the level of MCH mRNA at least until the 20th day in culture; after 30 days, the clear decrease in this level seemed to be correlated with a loss of MCH neurons, rather than with a decrease in MCH expression. After 10 days of culture, the incubation of slices in the presence of the hormone leptin (50 ng/ml) resulted in a strong decrease of MCH gene expression, suggesting that MCH neurons retained their physiological properties. Thus, the LHA slice stationary culture, especially between one and three weeks (i.e. after tissue stabilization and before extensive cell loss), appears to be a suitable method for physiological and pharmacological studies of these neurons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051330
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    Caveolin and its cellular and subcellular immunolocalisation in lung alveolar epithelium: implications for alveolar epithelial type I cell function (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 295 (1999), S. 111-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Caveolin ; Caveolae ; Lung ; Alveolar epithelial type I cell ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Confocal laser scanning microscopy ; Rat (CD)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Caveolae are flask-shaped invaginations of the plasmalemma which pinch off to form discrete vesicles within the cell cytoplasm. Biochemically, caveolae may be distinguished by the presence of a protein, caveolin, that is the principal component of filaments constituting their striated cytoplasmic coat. Squamous alveolar epithelial type I (ATI) cells, comprising approximately 95% of the surface area of lung alveolar epithelium, possess numerous plasmalemmal invaginations and cytoplasmic vesicles ultrastructurally indicative of caveolae. However, an ultrastructural appearance does not universally imply the biochemical presence of caveolin. This immunocytochemical study has utilised a novel application of confocal laser scanning and electron microscopy unequivocally to localise caveolin-1 to ATI cells. Further, cytoplasmic vesicles and flask-shaped membrane invaginations in the ATI cell were morphologically identified whose membranes were decorated with anti-caveolin-1 immunogold label. Coexistent with this, however, in both ATI and capillary endothelial cells could be seen membrane invaginations morphologically characteristic of caveolae, but which lacked associated caveolin immunogold label. This could reflect a true biochemical heterogeneity in populations of morphologically similar plasmalemmal invaginations or an antigen threshold requirement for labelling. The cuboidal alveolar epithelial type II cell (ATII) also displayed specific label for caveolin-1 but with no ultrastructural evidence for the formation of caveolae. The biochemical association of caveolin with ATI cell vesicles has broad implications for the assignment and further study of ATI cell function.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051217
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    Structure and function of the human oocyte-cumulus-corona cell complex before and after ovulation (1999)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 206 (1999), S. 270-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cumulus oophorus ; Ovarian follicle ; Fertilization ; Ultrastructure ; Immunocytochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the human cumulus oophorus has been reviewed on the basis of scanning and transmission electron microscopic observations as well as of immunofluorescence data. Tissues sampled from preovulatory ovarian follicles and cumulus-enclosed oocytes and fertilized eggs (collected from the oviduct or obtained during in vitro fertilization procedures) have been evaluated from a microtopographic and morphodynamic point of view in order to better clarify the possible role of this population of cells. In particular, the following aspects have been studied and discussed: the presence of multiple close contacts (modulated by the interposition of the zona pellucida) between the oocyte surface and the long microvillous evaginations projecting from the inner aspect of corona cells surface (through these structures the intraovarian cumulus oophorus may control oocyte growth and metabolism up until the time of ovulation); the occurrence of different subpopulations of cells (steroid-synthetic cells, cells producing adhesive proteins, leukocytes, macrophages) in the postovulatory, extraovarian cumulus oophorus surrounding oocytes, zygotes and early developing embryos. All these elements found in the cumulus mass may positively act, through their paracrine activities, on the chemical composition of the microenvironment in which fertilization occurs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01288215
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    Interface between haustoria of parasitic members of the Scrophulariaceae and their hosts: A histochemical and immunocytochemical approach (1999)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 207 (1999), S. 84-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Haustorium ; Immunocytochemistry ; Interface ; Parasitism ; Defense mechanisms ; Scrophulariaceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The haustorial structure of three African parasitic members of the family Scrophulariaceae (Buchnera hispida, Rhamphicarpa fistulosa, andStriga hermonthica) has been studied with regard to the interface between haustoria and the invaded host roots. Immunocytochemical observations at the light and electron microscopical level were carried out with monoclonal antibodies against pectin. JIM5, JIM7, and hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP), LM1. Lignins have been visualized by phloroglucinolhydrochloric acid staining. At the margin of the lateral interface (contact area of host root cortex and parasite cells), JIM5- and JIM7-labelled substances accumulate between parasite papillae and the host root surface indicating that pectins are implicated in sealing the parasite to the attacked host organ. The lateral interface is characterized by the presence of compressed, necrotic host cells, whereas the central interface (contact area between host stele and parasite cells) is generally devoid of host cell remnants. Phenolic substances and/or lignins can be found at the site of penetration of the haustorium into the host root. These observations and the fact that HRGPs accumulate at the host side of the interface support the view of, at least, a partial defense reaction in the invaded host root tissues. Within haustoria, HRGPs were restricted to differentiating xylem elements, implying a spatio-temporal regulation of HRGPs in developmental processes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01294716
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    Interactions of light, temperature and inorganic nitrogen in controlling planktonic nitrogen utilisation in the Tagus estuary (1999)
    Springer
    Aquatic ecology 33 (1999), S. 251-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: irradiance ; nitrogen uptake ; phytoplankton ; Tagus estuary ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of light, temperature and ammonium on inorganic nitrogen uptake by phytoplankton was investigated from June 1994 through December 1995 at three sites in the Tagus estuary (Portugal), during high tide of neap tides. Ammonium concentrations higher than 10 μM reduced nitrate uptake down to 24% but never prevented it. Below this threshold concentration, nitrate uptake was neither inhibited nor changed. Uptake of both nitrate and ammonium as a function of light intensity exhibited a saturation response. Uptake reduction occurred in the near bottom phytoplankton populations, particularly for nitrate. The ammonium uptake system was less limited by light than the nitrate uptake system, indicating the importance of ammonium as a nitrogen source for the phytoplankton which is likely to experience high changes in light in the well-mixed water column of this estuarine environment. Ammonium uptake was exponentially related to temperature in the upper estuary whereas in the mid and lower estuary this relationship was linear. The effect of temperature on nitrate uptake was linear but far less marked than for ammonium uptake.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009993300873
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    Effects of Temperature on Growth and Efficiency of Yolk Utilisation in Eggs and Pre-feeding Larval Stages of Atlantic Salmon (1999)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 81-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: alevin ; Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) ; development ; egg ; temperature ; thermal tolerance ; yolk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Three embryonic stages of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) were subjected to eight constant incubation temperatures (4, 7, 10, 12, 14, 16, 19 and 22 °C) exceeding the range usually experienced in natural conditions. A change in thermal tolerance during the embryonic and larval development was registered: pre-hatching stages showed an upper thermal limit at about 16 °C, while hatched larvae survived until 22 °C. Temperature significantly affects developmental rate, resulting in a faster development and, consequently, lower yolk weight percentage at higher temperatures. We found positive relationships between incubation temperature and body size (length and weight) in the less developed stages, in which some yolk remained, but size decreased at increasing temperatures when yolk was completely exhausted.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009214804949
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    Growth and Chemical Composition of Spirulina Maxima and Spirulina Platensis Biomass at Different Temperatures (1999)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 261-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: cyanobacteria ; microalgae ; Spirulina ; Spirulina composition ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of temperature on growth and biomass composition of two species of Spirulina, S. maxima and S. platensis used for food was studied. A 4L fermenter with temperature and agitation control was used to cultivate both species. Under continuous light, maximum cell production of 2.4 g l−1 was verified for both cultures studied at temperatures above 25 °C: S. maxima (30 °C and 35 °C) and S. platensis (25 °C and 30 °C). An accentuated lag phase was observed for all cultures at lower temperatures (15–20 °C), and a maximum biomass production of 1.5 g l−1 was achieved. It was also observed that an increase of temperature caused a marked decrease in protein content, while carbohydrate synthesis was stimulated. The concentration of γ-linolenic acid varied from 11–16% for S. maxima and from 12–14% for S. platensis, at the optimum growth temperatures. Greater culture volumes were also studied in order to compare the performance of glass and plastic containers. At optimum growth temperature, S. maxima produced the same cell growth and similar final biomass composition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009233230706
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    Effects of Temperature on Infection in Capsicum sp. and Nicotiana benthamiana by Impatiens Necrotic Spot Tospovirus (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 509-512 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: tospovirus ; resistance ; Capsicum sp. ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Infection by two isolates of impatiens necrotic spot tospovirus (INSV) under temperature regimes of 25/18°C (day/night) or 33°C (continuous) was studied in Capsicum annuum (systemically susceptible to tomato spotted wilt tospovirus, TSWV), C. chinense PI 152225 and PI 159236 (reacting hypersensitively to TSWV) and Nicotiana benthamiana (systemically susceptible to both tospoviruses). At 25/18°C infection was systemic in all hosts tested. At 33°C infection in N. benthamiana was systemic whereas in C. annuum and C. chinense it was restricted to the inoculated leaves. The result differed from that reported for TSWV, where high temperature made plants more susceptible, or caused no difference. Exchanging temperature regimes 6 h to 4 days after inoculation did not affect the final results one month later, with plants being only locally infected at 33°C continuous regime, or systemically infected at 25/18°C alternate regime. The two INSV isolates were biologically and serologically stable for 5 passages in N. benthamiana held continuously at 33°C.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008742516820
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    Immunolocalization of the cell wall components inPinus densiflora pollen (1999)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 206 (1999), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Arabinogalactan protein ; Cell wall component ; Immunocytochemistry ; Pectin ; Pinus densiflora ; Pollen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In order to compare cell wall formation in gymnosperm pollen with that in angiosperm pollen, the distribution of cell wall constituents in the pollen grain and pollen tube ofPinus densiflora was studied immunocytochemically with monoclonal antibodies JIM 5 (against non- or poorly esterified pectin), JIM 7 (against highly esterified pectin), JIM 13 (against arabinogalactan proteins, AGPs), and LM 2 (against AGPs containing glucuronic acid). In the pollen grain wall, only the outer layer of the intine was labeled with JIM 5 and weakly with JIM 7. The tube wall was scarcely labeled with JIM 5 and very weakly labeled with JIM 7. In contrast, the whole of both the intine and the tube wall was strongly labeled with JIM 13 and LM 2, and the generative-cell wall was also labeled only with LM 2. The hemicellulose B fraction, which is the main polysaccharide fraction from the pollen tube wall, reacted strongly with JIM 13 and especially LM 2, but not with antipectin antibodies. These results demonstrate that the wall constituents and their localization inP. densiflora pollen are considerably different from those reported in angiosperm pollen and suggest that the main components of the cell wall ofP. densiflora pollen are arabinogalactan and AGPs containing glucuronic acid.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01279247
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    Immunolocalization of the petunia floral binding proteins 7 and 11 during seed development in wild-type and expression mutants ofPetunia hybrida (1999)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 208 (1999), S. 224-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Floral binding protein ; Flower development ; Immunocytochemistry ; MADS-box genes ; Ovule ; Transcription factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary DuringPetunia hybrida seed development, the MADS-box genes encoding the floral binding proteins (FBP) 7 and 11 are expressed in the seed coat and not in the endosperm or embryo. These proteins are thought to function as transcription factors and are essential for ovule formation inPetunia spp. Immunocytochemical methods were used to analyze the distribution of FBP7 and FBP11 after fertilization in wild type and ectopic and cosuppression mutants. During the first nine days of seed development the protein was found in the nuclei of seed coat cells, of both wild-type plants and plants which ectopically expressedFBP11. The signal for FBP7 and -11 proteins diminished during seed development, was first lost in the outer epidermis of the seed coat, then in the endothelium, and finally, at 9 days after pollination (DAP), the protein could not be detected anymore in the parenchyma cells of the seed coat. Although the distribution patterns in wild-type andFBP11 ectopically expressing plants are similar, the latter exhibited higher protein levels. A mild-cosuppression mutant ofFBP7 andFBP11, having only a total of 5%FBP7 and -11 mRNA, showed hardly any FBP7 and -11 proteins. The lack of FBP7 and -11 caused endosperm degeneration in the mutant at a moment when the protein had already decreased to an undetectable level in the wild type and ectopic expression mutant (i.e., at 13 DAP). It is suggested that till about 9 DAP a minimal amount of FBP7 and -11 is needed for the normal functioning of the seed coat during later stages, i.e., for transfer of nutrients to endosperm and embryo. Besides the immunocytochemical data on theFBP7 andFBP11 MADS-box gene products, the morphological analysis of wild type and mutants contributes details on early seed development inPetunia hybrida.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01279093
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    Transcript accumulation and utilization of alternate and non-consensus splice sites in rice granule-bound starch synthase are temperature-sensitive and controlled by a single-nucleotide polymorphism (1999)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 40 (1999), S. 719-727 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: amylose ; splicing ; starch synthase ; temperature ; waxy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS), a product of the waxy gene in rice (Oryza sativa L.), is necessary for the synthesis of amylose in the endosperm. In an extended pedigree of 89 rice cultivars, we have previously shown that all cultivars with more than 18% amylose had the sequence AGGTATA at the leader intron 5′ splice site, while all cultivars with a lower proportion of amylose had the sequence AGTTATA. This single-nucleotide polymorphism reduces the efficiency of GBSS pre-mRNA processing. It also results in alternate splicing at multiple sites, some of which have non-consensus sequences. Here we demonstrate that this same G-to-T polymorphism is also associated with differential sensitivity to temperature during the period of grain development. Cultivars with the sequence AGTTATA have a substantial increase in accumulation of mature GBSS transcripts at 18 °C compared to 25 or 32 °C. The selection of leader intron 5′ splice sites is also affected by temperature in these cultivars. A 5′ splice site −93 upstream from that used in high-amylose varieties predominates at 18 °C. At higher temperatures there is increased utilization of a 5′ splice site at −1 and a non-consensus site at +1. Potential implications of differential 5′ splice site selection and associated differences in 3′ splice site selection on transcript stability and translational efficiency are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006298608408
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    Floral initiation in field-grown forage peas is delayed to a greater extent by short photoperiods, than in other types of European varieties (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 109 (1999), S. 201-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Pisum sativum L. ; frost resistance ; floral initiation ; photoperiod ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Frost is one of the main climatic stresses which has to be overcome by a winter pea crop. Some forage lines show a delayed floral initiation, which helps them to escape the main winter freezing periods, as a higher susceptibility to frost is observed after floral initiation commences. Frost tolerant forage peas have been used in all winter pea breeding programs in France and our main purpose was to evaluate to what extent those lines and the current winter varieties are variable for the date of floral initiation in field conditions. A field experiment was carried out during two years at the INRA experimental station of Mons (northern France). Different genotypes (9 in 1995–1996 and 12 in 1996–1997) were sown at approximately monthly intervals between September and June to provide a range of photothermal conditions. The date of floral initiation was determined by destructive sampling. We observed variability for the date of floral initiation among the different genotypes and sowing dates. Our data particularly highlighted the different reactions to photoperiod. Three varieties had no detectable reaction. Six varieties exhibited a quantitative response, with varied intensities. Lastly, the three forage varieties showed a qualitative, high response to photoperiod, which indicated the presence of the Hr allele, already described in Pisum.
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    Ammonium and nitrate uptake by Eucalyptus nitens: effects of pH and temperature (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 214 (1999), S. 133-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; eucalyptus ; nitrate ; pH ; root uptake ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ammonium and nitrate uptake by roots of Eucalyptus nitens was characterised with respect to pH and temperature. Uptake of ammonium and nitrate was measured as depletion from solutions by roots of intact 11 week old solution-cultured seedlings. Uptake rates of ammonium were consistently higher than those of nitrate in all experiments. Uptake rates for ammonium were 200% higher at pH 4 than at pH 6, but for nitrate were unchanged. Uptake rates of ammonium and nitrate were both reduced to a similar extent (70%) with a decrease in temperature from 20 °C to 10 °C. For ammonium uptake, there was rapid (〈24 hr) adaptation to a reduction in root temperature. The apparent preference shown here for ammonium over nitrate could be indicative of E. nitens growing in cold, acidic forest soils where ammonium is commonly more available than nitrate. These results suggest that N uptake rates of E. nitens may be maximised under a wide variety of conditions if N is supplied predominantly in the ammonium form.
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    Optimum production conditions for different high-quality marine algae (1999)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 403 (1999), S. 97-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Algal growth rate ; salinity ; temperature ; pH ; Nannochloropsis ; Tetraselmis ; Isochrysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The possibility of improving the growth rate of different high-quality marine algae was studied. Optimum culture conditions relative to salinities, temperatures and pH levels were defined for three species of Nannochloropsis, Tetraselmis and Isochrysis. In Nannochloropsis, the optimum production ranges were as follows: 20–40‰, 19–21 °C, without using CO2. The optimum conditions for Tetraselmis were: 20–35‰, 19–21 °C, without using CO2. For Isochrysis, the optimum conditions were: 25–35‰, 24–26 °C, also without using CO2.
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    Comparison of phosphorus release from littoral and profundal sediments in a shallow, eutrophic lake (1999)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 408-409 (1999), S. 175-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: internal loading ; iron ; oxic ; anoxic ; temperature ; macrophyte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The release of phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe) was studied in undisturbed sediment cores from littoral and profundal sediments of shallow, eutrophic Lake Arreskov (Denmark). The cores were incubated for 100 days in darkness under oxic and anoxic conditions at 12 and 19 °C and cumulative fluxes of P and Fe were determined. The littoral sediment showed higher P release than the profundal sediment under both oxic and anoxic conditions, however, the difference was only significant during the first 35 days under anoxic conditions. The release rates of P and Fe were significantly higher under anoxic than under oxic conditions. Sequential extractions of P-fractions in sediment from different depths (0–15 cm) were conducted before and after the experiment. Under anoxic conditions, iron-bound P was the most important fraction for the loss of P from both sediments. The decrease in the iron-bound P pool contributed 54% and 86 % of the loss of total particulate P (TPsed) from littoral and profundal sediments under anoxic conditions, respectively, whereas it under oxic conditions only constituted 25% of the TPsedlost from the littoral sediment. Organic P accounted for 31 and 55% of the TPsedlost from the littoral sediment under anoxic and oxic conditions, respectively, while organic P was unimportant (〈 1%) for the loss of TPsedfrom the profundal sediment under anoxic conditions. This indicates that littoral sediments may contribute significantly to the internal P loading, especially if low O2concentrations occur at the sediment–water interface.
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    The nutritional status and digestibility of Oreochromis niloticus L. diet in Lake Langeno, Ethiopia (1999)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 416 (1999), S. 97-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Oreochromis niloticusL. ; Lake Langeno ; diet ; algal-detritus ; chemical nutrients ; assimilation efficiency ; condition factor ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The composition, nutrient content and digestibility of the diet of Oreochromis niloticus were studied based on stomach and rectal samples collected monthly between December, 1995, and December, 1996, from Lake Langeno. The diet of O. niloticus was composed of a mixture of algal-based detritus, macrophyte scraps, phytoplankton and silt. Inorganic silt, macrophytes and detritus were more dominant in the diet during the wet than in the dry season. Total organic matter (TOM) in the diet was generally low (413 mg g-1 d.w.) reflecting the high proportion of inorganic silt in all seasons. Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids were important nutrients and constituted on average about 139, 185 and 57 mg g-1 d.w., respectively. The levels of all these nutrients varied significantly (ANOVA, P〈0.0001) between months and declined during the wet season. Variation was observed in the ability of the fish to digest and absorb the different components of the food. Protein (41%) was better assimilated than total organic matter (32.7%), carbohydrate (31.7) or lipids (29.8%). The quality of the food expressed as P:E ratio (18.6-28.8 mg KJ-1) ranged from inadequate to adequate. The condition factor (CF) of the fish varied significantly between months in males (ANOVA, F=12.99, p〈0.0001) and females (ANOVA, F=14.46, p〈0.0001). It is concluded that the relatively poor condition factor (CF= 1.67) of O. niloticus in Lake Langeno, compared with other Rift Valley Lakes, follows from the low organic matter content and high proportion of inorganic silt in the diet.
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    Effects of genotype and environment on phenotypic variability in Limnocythere inopinata (Crustacea: Ostracoda) (1999)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 400 (1999), S. 85-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: morphology ; clone ; temperature ; salinity ; parthenogenesis ; sexual reproduction ; cluster genotype ; general purpose genotype ; clonal taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Limnocythere inopinata (Baird) is a Holarctic species, widely distributed in non-marine waters, and mainly occurring in unisexual populations. It displays polymorphic traits which could be useful for taxonomical and (palaeo)ecological purposes, if the origin of these traits could be better understood. Three clones of L. inopinata were cultured in the laboratory under various temperature and salinity conditions (i.e. temperature 15, 20 and 25 °C, salinity expressed as electrical conductivity 400, 2000, 5000 and 8000 μS cm−1). Morphological traits for both the valves (shape and size) and soft parts (11 limb setae) were observed. Field populations from Chinese salt lakes and from Austrian lakes were also compared. The freshwater population from Mondsee and its derived clone M develop larger valves than those of the other two clones, clone N (from Neusiedlersee) and clone S (from Seewinkel, Oberer Stinkersee), which live exclusively in saline (alkaline) water. Parthenogenetic specimens from the freshwater lake Mondsee and sexually reproducing females from the Chinese salt lakes both have sub-rectangular valves with straight dorsal margin; the saline clones and populations have highly arched valves with rounded dorsal margin. No direct effects of temperature or salinity on valve ornamentation (reticulation, nodation) have been found. At least for nodation, a genetic factor seems apparent, as the saline clones N and S are never nodose, while the freshwater animals from Mondsee and the sexual animals from the Chinese salt lakes can be both with or without nodes. In the former case, number and position of nodes are variable. Both absolute and relative length of limb setae can be affected by environmental factors and by genotype, and this is the first time that this has been demonstrated in non-marine ostracods. Based on the present observations and experiments, it is concluded that L. inopinata is a variable, polymorphic species, consisting of a (semi-) continuous morphological cluster, in which both clonal genotypes and sexual haplotypes are nested. Therefore, Limnocythere sappaensis Staplin and L. binoda Huang are considered synonyms of L. inopinata; L. mongolica Daday is a possible synonym; L. sanctipatricii sensu Huang and L. dubiosa sensu Huang from Lake Qinghai are most likely erroneous identifications. Apparently recognisable clones with typical ecologies cannot be allocated a taxonomic rank, as this does not reflect a phylogenetic reality. Such links between recognisable morphologies and typical ecological ranges are useful for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions, but are applicable at a regional scale only.
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    Factors affecting food consumption and growth of walleye, Stizostedion vitreum, larvae in culture ponds (1999)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 400 (1999), S. 129-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: fish ; energetics ; temperature ; feeding ; prey abundance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract I examined food consumption and growth of walleye larvae in extensive culture ponds using direct methods and a bioenergetics model, and compared my results with laboratory feeding and growth studies. Walleye showed a diel pattern of increasing gut fullness during daylight hours. Larvae exhibited lower maximum food consumption rates in the ponds than predicted from previous short-term laboratory feeding studies. Direct estimates and bioenergetics model estimates of daily food consumption in the culture ponds were in poor agreement and the discrepancy varied with respect to walleye size. Food consumption rates in the ponds were related to walleye size (direct estimates) or water temperature (bioenergetics model estimates) but not zooplankton abundance. Growth exceeded 0.10 g g−1 d−1 for all but one sampling interval and the maximum growth rate in the culture pond fish was double the maximum growth rate determined in the laboratory. Growth was positively related to pond temperature and negatively related to walleye mass, but was not significantly related to zooplankton abundance. Gross conversion efficiency was negatively related to walleye mass, positively related to zooplankton abundance and not related to temperature. Food consumption and growth of walleye larvae in the field may be food-limited at much lower prey abundances than previous laboratory research has suggested.
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    Influence of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation on Early Life-history Stages of the Bluegill Sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 55 (1999), S. 307-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: embryo survival ; dissolved organic carbon ; DOC ; nest depth distribution ; development times ; temperature ; underwater UVR environments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We examined the effect of UVR on the success of early life history stages of Lepomis macrochirus in two lakes with contrasting underwater UVR environments. We tested the prediction that when exposed to similar amounts of UVR, bluegill embryos from lakes with high UVR environments have lower mortality than those from lakes with low UVR. We measured embryo survival in the two lakes by performing three experiments in which ambient UVR was manipulated. Embryos responded similarly to UVR exposure regardless of the lake of origin. However, UV-B in UVR transparent lakes is a potentially important factor in the success of early life history stages of the bluegill. A survey of the natural nesting depths in the two lakes revealed that the median depth at which bluegills construct their nests was greater in Lake Giles (high underwater UVR environment) than in Lake Lacawac (low underwater UVR environment).
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    Respiration and feeding of the surf clam Paphies donacina from New Zealand (1999)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 405 (1999), S. 179-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: bivalve ; surf clam ; oxygen uptake ; clearance rate ; temperature ; body size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Oxygen uptake and feeding (clearance) rates were measured for the tuatua Pahpies donacina from an exposed sand beach characterised by variable levels of productivity (4–12 μg l−1chlorophyll a) and an annual temperature range between 8 and 19 °C. The aims of the study were to assess the ability of the surf clam to regulate feeding activity and oxygen uptake over a range of food concentrations and temperature conditions. Tuatuas, shell length 27–95 mm, were exposed to temperatures of 10, 15 and 20 °C in summer and 5, 10 and 15 °C in winter. Aquatic oxygen uptake depended on both body weight and exposure temperature with body weight explaining the majority of the variation in the multiple-regression equation. Weight specific oxygen uptake was similar at the two upper temperatures and significantly reduced at the lower temperature. For a standard length tuatua the oxygen uptake was similar at 10 °C in both summer and winter. Clearance rates of P. donacina feeding on laboratory cultures of Isochrysis galbana were low compared with other bivalves. They increased logarithmically with cell concentration up to a maximal rate, then declined at higher cell levels. The clearance rate depended upon shell length and dry tissue weight and was higher for tuatua acclimated at 10 °C than at 15 °C. It was concluded that P. donacina shows seasonal adjustment in oxygen uptake and filtration rate to compensate for seasonal temperature variation in the habitat. The 10 °C temperature optima for the clearance rate is consistent with the southern distribution of this species allowing it to feed effectively during periods of high food availability.
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  • 41
    Electronic Resource
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    Effects of genotype and environment on phenotypic variability in Limnocythere inopinata (Crustacea: Ostracoda) (1999)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 400 (1999), S. 85-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: morphology ; clone ; temperature ; salinity ; parthenogenesis ; sexual reproduction ; cluster genotype ; general purpose genotype ; clonal taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Limnocythere inopinata (Baird) is a Holarctic species, widely distributed in non-marine waters, and mainly occurring in unisexual populations. It displays polymorphic traits which could be useful for taxonomical and (palaeo)ecological purposes, if the origin of these traits could be better understood. Three clones of L. inopinata were cultured in the laboratory under various temperature and salinity conditions (i.e. temperature 15, 20 and 25 °C, salinity expressed as electrical conductivity 400, 2000, 5000 and 8000 μS cm−1). Morphological traits for both the valves (shape and size) and soft parts (11 limb setae) were observed. Field populations from Chinese salt lakes and from Austrian lakes were also compared. The freshwater population from Mondsee and its derived clone M develop larger valves than those of the other two clones, clone N (from Neusiedlersee) and clone S (from Seewinkel, Oberer Stinkersee), which live exclusively in saline (alkaline) water. Parthenogenetic specimens from the freshwater lake Mondsee and sexually reproducing females from the Chinese salt lakes both have sub-rectangular valves with straight dorsal margin; the saline clones and populations have highly arched valves with rounded dorsal margin. No direct effects of temperature or salinity on valve ornamentation (reticulation, nodation) have been found. At least for nodation, a genetic factor seems apparent, as the saline clones N and S are never nodose, while the freshwater animals from Mondsee and the sexual animals from the Chinese salt lakes can be both with or without nodes. In the former case, number and position of nodes are variable. Both absolute and relative length of limb setae can be affected by environmental factors and by genotype, and this is the first time that this has been demonstrated in non-marine ostracods. Based on the present observations and experiments, it is concluded that L. inopinata is a variable, polymorphic species, consisting of a (semi-) continuous morphological cluster, in which both clonal genotypes and sexual haplotypes are nested. Therefore, Limnocythere sappaensis Staplin and L. binoda Huang are considered synonyms of L. inopinata; L. mongolica Daday is a possible synonym; L. sanctipatricii sensu Huang and L. dubiosa sensu Huang from Lake Qinghai are most likely erroneous identifications. Apparently recognisable clones with typical ecologies cannot be allocated a taxonomic rank, as this does not reflect a phylogenetic reality. Such links between recognisable morphologies and typical ecological ranges are useful for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions, but are applicable at a regional scale only.
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  • 42
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    Identification of small-scale structure of plankton communities of the Black and Ionian Seas by their bioluminescence characteristics (1999)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 393 (1999), S. 163-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: plankton patches ; bioluminescence ; temperature ; Ionian and Black Seas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Small-scale heterogeneity of bioluminescence intensity was studied in offshore regions of the Black and Ionian Seas in September/October, 1989. Bathyphotometric casts were deployed every 3 min over a period of several hours from a drifting vessel. Casts were accompanied by temperature profiles and zooplankton sampling. Taking into account the vessel drift, the sampling interval was equal to a spatial resolution from 15 to 25 m. Measurements were carried out during the day and night periods. From adaptive spectral analysis it was shown that the horizontal dimensions of the bioluminescent heterogeneities were between 75 and 1500 m in the Black Sea and 89–800 m in the Ionian Sea. The horizontal dimensions of the heterogeneities were 85–818 m and 85–500 m for zooplankton biomass and 80–1800 m and 85–600 m for the temperature field in the Black and Ionian Seas, respectively. Therefore, it is assumed that physical and dynamical factors dominate in the formation of small-scale spatial heterogeneity of the studied fields. Biological factors, such as diel vertical migrations, trophic interactions etc. will also contribute to the formation of patches at night.
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    Experimental effects of temperature and prey assemblage on growth and lipid accumulation by Mysis relicta loven (1999)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 412 (1999), S. 155-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: zooplankton ; ecology ; lakes ; Mysis relicta ; food webs ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The opossum shrimp (Mysis relicta) is a holarctic planktivore that undergoes diel vertical migration (DVM), ascending at night from deeper water or the lake bottom into the upper water column to feed. In deep lakes that thermally stratify, M. relicta spends most of the time on or near the lake bottom in cold water where food resources are low; but, M. relicta migrates daily into warmer layers to feed where food resources are more abundant. Hence, in deep lakes M. relicta traverses steep temperature and prey density gradients while migrating through the water column to forage. We conducted a laboratory growth experiment of factorial design that simulated the range of temperatures and densities of natural zooplankton forage encountered by M. relicta during DVM. Somatic growth, measured as change in total length and lipid-free biomass, was not significantly different among experimental treatments. Analysis of variance showed that M. relicta stored energy in the form of lipid instead of using the energy mainly to drive increased somatic growth, but only at the colder temperatures. Lipid storage was 24% (± 4.3 sd) in 4 °C-high forage treatment compared to 6% (± 1.1) at 14 °C-high forage treatment. Energy conversion efficiency (ECE) of M. relicta was highest (21.3% ± 5.8) at 4 °C and lowest (3.3% ± 0.9) at 14 °C, regardless of prey density. The experiment showed that Mysis relicta feeds at high food densities where ECE is low, but spends most of the time in colder water where ECE is high. These results support McLaren's metabolic efficiency hypothesis, which predicts that feeding in the more productive surface waters and then migrating to colder waters is reproductively advantageous. Moreover, owing to high metabolic efficiency in the coldest waters and rapid DVM, M. relicta is able to sequester much of the epilimnetic zooplankton production near or on the lake bottom, thereby forcing the lake food web toward a configuration dominated by mysids, benthic or deepwater fishes and small, agile zooplankton.
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    Impact of ecological factors on the regeneration of mangroves in the Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, Colombia (1999)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 413 (1999), S. 35-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: mangrove ; regeneration ; reforestation ; salinity ; seedlings ; temperature ; water supply
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, a brackish lagoon system on the Caribbean coast of Colombia, human-induced changes in the hydrological system caused hypersalinisation of the soils. As a result, 30 000 ha of originally 51 000 ha of the mangrove forests growing in the lagoon's flood plain died. Presently, efforts are being made to reestablish the original hydrological system. Reforestation of the bare areas is planned with the three dominating mangrove species Avicennia germinans, Laguncularia racemosa and Rhizophora mangle. The objective of the project presented here is to identify the regeneration patterns in the study area. Experiments under controlled conditions and measurements at bare and forested sites carried out from 1994 to 1996 showed that regeneration is possible. However, as the bare areas are large and presently very few or no propagules arrive naturally, regeneration will be slow. Therefore, reforestation is recommended to accelerate the process. In the forests, the seedling growth is mainly controlled by changes in salinity and the mortality by seasonal flooding, while in the bare areas, regeneration is aggravated by extremely high salinities, high soil temperatures and dessication of the top soil layers. The establishment of the small A. germinans and L. racemosa propagules is especially difficult, because they cannot establish themselves in flooded soils and in direct sunlight they dry out rapidly. The seedlings of both species are also very sensitive to changes in water level, wind, waves, temperatures exceeding 45 °C and dry soils. In A. germinans, phytophagous insects affect the chances for survival also. Therefore, mortality in both species is extremely high. R. mangle is much more resistant to most detrimental factors observed with the exception of high salinities. However, there is one favourable factor at the open sites. When sufficient water is present and salinities as well as temperatures are low enough, the high light availability increases growth rates and survival.
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    A theoretical analysis and field evaluation of a light and temperature model of production by Ecklonia cava (1999)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 398-399 (1999), S. 361-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: production ; mathematical model ; Ecklonia cava ; light ; temperature ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The dependence of photosynthesis on light and temperature is modelled through analysis of transition probabilities of photosystems. In the model, two transition probabilities are functions of light, and one transition probability is a function of temperature. The estimated light-saturated photosynthesis of Ecklonia cava blades at 20 °C was 0.037 mg C cm−2 h−1. The value of the activation energy, the standard enthalpy and the standard entropy were estimated to be 56.5 kJ mol−1, 204 kJ mol−1 and 678 J mol−1 K−1, respectively. A production model (an integral photosynthesis model) for an E. cava stand was developed using the photosynthesis model. Production calculated by the model agreed well with observed data during the growing period of an E. cava stand at a field observation site on the west side of Miura Peninsula, Japan. Results of the analysis of the effects of irradiance and temperature on the production of the E. cava community by the model are: 1. Production decreased with irradiance decrease. The estimated compensation irradiance was 26.5 μmol photons m−2 s−1 when the biomass was 3 kg wet mass m−2 (blade:stipe ratio = 2 kg m−2:1 kg m−2) and the temperature was 20 °C. 2. The optimum temperature decreased when irradiance decreased and when biomass increased. The highest estimated value for the optimum temperature was 24.0 °C. The estimated optimum temperature was 18.2 °C when the biomass was 12 kg wet mass m−2 and the photon irradiance was 200 μmol photons m−2 s−1. 3. The amount of biomass that resulted in the maximum production was influenced by irradiance and temperature. At 400 μmol photons m−2 s−1 and 20 °C, the estimated value of the biomass (blade:stipe = 2:1) giving the maximum pr oduction was about 5.3 kg wet mass m−2. However, at 100 μmol photons m−2 s−1 and 24 °C, the estimated value was about 3.0 kg wet mass m−2. The estimated values of the maximum production under the two conditions were 1.05 and 0.30 g C m−2 h−1, respectively.
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    Effects of thermal regime on energy and nitrogen budgets of an early juvenile Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus, from Lake Inari (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 54 (1999), S. 219-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: temperature ; energy partitioning ; nitrogen balance ; salmonid ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The feed intake, growth, oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of juvenile Arctic charr were measured over period of four weeks at different temperatures which were either constant (11.0, 14.4, 17.7 °C) or fluctuated daily (14.3 ± 1 °C). Maximum feed intake was estimated to occur at 14.3 °C, while oxygen consumption and nitrogen excretion were highest at the highest temperature, and growth rate was estimated to be highest at 13.9 °C. Feed conversion efficiency was estimated to be highest at 13.2 °C, where over 62.7% of ingested energy was allocated to growth. Metabolic rate accounted for 16–30% of ingested energy and nitrogen excretion was under 3% of ingested energy. The nitrogen budget was under similar thermal influences to the energy budget. Thermal fluctuation increased metabolic rate, but not feed intake, leading to a reduction in feed conversion efficiency under fluctuating temperature conditions.
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    Methane emissions from wet grasslands on peat soil in a nature preserve (1999)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 44 (1999), S. 205-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: grassland ; ground water level ; methane ; peat ; temperature ; wetland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The area of wet grasslands on peat soil in the Netherlands is slowly increasing at the expense of drained, agriculturally used grasslands. This study aimed (i) to assess the contribution of wet grasslands on peat soil to methane (CH4) emissions, and (ii) to explain differences among sites and between years in order to improve our understanding of controlling factors. For these purposes, a field study was conducted in the period 1994–1996 in the nature preserve “Nieuwkoopse Plassen”, which is a former peat mining and agricultural area. Net CH4 emissions were measured weekly to monthly with vented closed flux chambers at three representative sites, and at ditches near these sites. Three-years average of CH4 emissions was 7.9 g CH4 m- 2 yr-1 for Drie Berken Zudde, 13.3 for Koole, and 20.4 for Brampjesgat. Ditches near the sites emitted 4.2–22.5 g CH4 m-2 yr-1. The time-course of CH4 emissions for all experimental sites and years was fit with a multiple linear regression model with ground water level and soil temperature as independent variables. Lowering or raising the ground water level by 5 cm could decrease or increase CH4 emissions by 30–50%. Therefore, ground water level management of these grasslands should be done with care.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006061814731
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    Effects of acclimation temperatures of 7 and 14 °C on the contractility of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) intestinal smooth muscle in vitro (1999)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 21 (1999), S. 277-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: temperature ; intestine ; nerve stimulation ; serotonin ; substance P ; acetylcholine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The contractility of intestinal smooth muscle of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) acclimatized to temperatures of 7 and 14 °C was compared over a prolonged period of time (9 months) in freshwater. Initial studies were carried out on intestine isolated from Atlantic salmon to estimate optimal conditions for contractility. Subsequent studies were carried out with the neurotransmitter/agonist 5-HT and TS, which activates neuronal elements in the intestine, in a Krebs-Henseleit solution containing HEPES buffer maintained at pH 7.85 and at the temperature of the experimental group (i.e., 7 or 14 °C). There was a significant interaction with time and temperature for the maximal response of 5-HT (p=0.005), effective concentration producing 50% of the maximal response (EC50) to 5-HT (p=0.026) and maximal response to TS (p=0.002), demonstrating that gastrointestinal contractility of Atlantic salmon is altered by both time (month) and temperature. No significant changes were found with the effective frequency producing 50% of the maximal response (EF50) to TS. The potency (EC50 of 5-HT) increase between 7 and 14 °C was statistically significant (p=0.026) but the small differences found with potency were most likely not physiologically significant. A time shift was recognized in the maximal responses to 5-HT, by applying a time variable to equations for the curves of the responses. This demonstrated that the curves are similar for both temperatures but alterations in the time of the maximal response changes was different. Thus, there is a delay in the time (month) changes of gastrointestinal contractility related to acclimation temperature and would be an area for future study.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007803721945
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    Fatty acid composition of the ingested food only slightly affects physicochemical properties of liver total phospholipids and plasma membranes in cold-adapted freshwater fish (1999)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 20 (1999), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: phospholipids ; plasma membranes ; fatty acids ; molecular species ; temperature ; membrane fluidity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The fatty acid content, fatty acid molecular species composition, and fluidity of phospholipid vesicles and plasma membranes of livers of fish feeding on phytoplankton (silver carp, Hypophthalmichtys molitrix), zooplankton, (big head carp, Hypophtalmitrix nobilis), higher plants, (grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella), and omnivorous fish, (common carp, Cyprinus carpio), adapted to reduced temperatures, was determined. Levels of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were highest in silver and big head carp and lowest in common carp. Differences in long chain PUFAs were poorly reflected in fluidity, determined either by fluorescence anizotropy of 1,6-diphenyl 1,3,5-hexatriene or rotational correlation time of 16-doxyl- stearic acid, of phospholipid vesicles. Phospholipid vesicles of C. caripo and C. idella proved to be slightly more rigid than of H. molitrix and H. nobilis below ca. 15 °C. These differences were not seen with isolated plasma membranes assessed with 1,6-diphenyl 1,3,5-hexatriene. Using electron spin resonance spectroscopy plasma membranes from H. molitrix proved to be more fluid than those from C. carpio below ca. 15 °C. Phosphatidylethanolamines were abundant in 1-monounsaturated, 2-polyunsaturated (18:1/22:6, 18:1/20:4) species with H. molitrix and H. nobilis more rich in these species than C. carpio and C. idella. It is suggested that differences in fluidities of phospholipid vesicles below 15 °C is due to differences in levels of the above molecular species. In native membranes these differences may be masked by proteins and other membrane components. It is also suggested that it is not the fatty acid composition of the ingested food but the specific response of the fish to temperature that is the most important factor controlling the physicochemical properties of membranes during thermal adaptation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007755520027
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    Feed Intake and Growth of Juvenile Silver Trevally at the Southern Limit of Their Distribution (1999)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 357-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: feed intake ; growth ; silver trevally (Pseudocaranx dentex) ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009296531292
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    Fate of bacterial pathogens in cattle dung slurry subjected to anaerobic digestion (1999)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1999), S. 335-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Anaerobic digestion ; biogas ; pathogens ; survival ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The survival of certain pathogenic bacteria was studied in anaerobic batch digesters at room temperature (18–25 °C) as well as at 35 °C under laboratory conditions. The survival of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi at room temperature was upto 20 days whereas at 35 °C it was only upto 10 days. Shigella dysenteriae was found to be the most sensitive organism which could survive upto 10 days at room temperature and upto 5 days at 35 °C. The longest survival was observed in case of Streptococcus faecalis which could survive upto 35 days at room temperature and 15 days at 35 °C. The survival time of Salmonella typhi increased when the solid contents of the digester were elevated from 9% to 15%.
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    Effect of source and nest size of N fertilizers and temperature on nitrification in a coarse textured, alkaline soil (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 54 (1999), S. 199-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: ammonium chloride ; ammonium sulphate ; nest placement ; nitrification ; temperature ; urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrification occurring in an alkaline sandy loam soil fertilized with urea, ammonium sulphate (AS) and ammonium chloride (AC) was studied in the laboratory at 20°C and 40°C for 30 days. Nitrogen fertilizers were applied as nest of sizes 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g. Unfertilized control and soil mixed with 50 mg N kg-1 were also included as treatments. Nitrification in all the fertilizer treatments decreased markedly with increasing nest size. At 20°C, differences among the three N sources were not significant at 5 days after incubation but marked differences appeared thereafter. All the N was nitrified by 30 days in case of fertilizers mixed into the soil. In nest placement, nitrification ranged from 30.1 to 75.5%, 28.3 to 74.6% and 35.3 to 88.7% for urea, AC and AS, respectively. When equal amounts of fertilizers were placed in a nest, nitrification occurred at a slower rate with urea than with AC and AS. Rates of nitrification were significantly higher at 40°C than at 20°C. At 20 days, nitrification from different nest sizes ranged from 8.4 to 64.9% and from 24.9 to 87.0% at 20°C and 40°C, respectively. The difference in nitrification at two temperatures were more pronounced at higher nest sizes than at smaller nest sizes. While nitrification with the three N sources decreased linearly with increase in N concentration (nest size) in soil at 40°C, it showed a quadratic relationship at 20°C. At equal N concentration, the highest rate of nitrification occurred with urea and the lowest with AC. At the same rate of applied N (50–2000 mg kg-1), AC and AS increased electrical conductivity of soil by 1.3–9 times that of urea. Apparent mineral N recovery of applied N decreased with the increase in nest size.
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    Dependence of the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana, on high humidity for infection of Rhodnius prolixus (1999)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 146 (1999), S. 33-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: entomopathogenic hyphomycete ; vector control ; Chagas disease ; Beauveria bassiana ; Rhodnius prolixus ; humidity ; temperature ; incubation time ; mortality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The impact of relative humidity (RH) on the infective potential of the isolate Bb INRA 297 of Beauveriabassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) against first in star nymphs of Rhodnius prolixus Stål. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) was determined. Fungus-treated insects were exposed to RHs ranged from 75 to 100% at 25 °C. Results clearly showed a threshold of humidity at ca. 96% for high and rapid mortality. After initial exposure to increasing periods of 97% (4, 8, 16, 24, 36 and 48 h) and subsequent transfer to constant lower RHs (43, 53,75 and 86%) at a constant 25 °C, an incubation of at least 48 h at 97% RH was necessary to kill all insects. On changing RHs of 97/75% and different regimes of temperature (15/28 °C,20/25 °C, 25/28 °C,and 25/35 °C), at least 72 h of initial exposure at 97% RH for the 15/28 °C regime, 48 h for the 20°/25°C and25/28 °C regimes and 36 h for25/35 °C were needed to kill all insects over a 6-day incubation time. Delayed exposure to favorable moisture condition (97% RH), significantly affected infection for up to a 3-day delay within the various temperature-humidity regimes tested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007019402490
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    Comparing Quiet Sun and Coronal Hole Regions with CDS/SOHO (1999)
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    Space science reviews 87 (1999), S. 345-348 
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    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Keywords: coronal hole ; quiet Sun ; density ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Spectra from the Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer on board SOHO are used to compare density and temperature in coronal hole and quiet Sun regions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005166417805
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    Technique for Measuring Thermophysical Properties of Refractory Metals at Supercritical Temperatures (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 20 (1999), S. 1257-1266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: critical point ; exploding wire technique ; high-pressure cell ; numerical modeling ; specific heat ; tantalum ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A foil confined in a sapphire cell is heated by an electrical current pulse at rates from 1010 to 1011 K·s−1. Temporal evolutions of the temperature and pressure distributions in the foil is investigated by means of numerical modeling. It is demonstrated that such a technique allows reaching temperatures far above 10,000 K and pressures up to 50 kbar and provides a uniform temperature and pressure in the foil. The technique has been applied for investigation of liquid tantalum. Experimental results on temperature measurement are discussed. Data on specific heat of liquid tantalum at temperatures up to 11,000 K are reported.
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    Factors affecting food consumption and growth of walleye, Stizostedion vitreum, larvae in culture ponds (1999)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 400 (1999), S. 129-140 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: fish ; energetics ; temperature ; feeding ; prey abundance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract I examined food consumption and growth of walleye larvae in extensive culture ponds using direct methods and a bioenergetics model, and compared my results with laboratory feeding and growth studies. Walleye showed a diel pattern of increasing gut fullness during daylight hours. Larvae exhibited lower maximum food consumption rates in the ponds than predicted from previous short-term laboratory feeding studies. Direct estimates and bioenergetics model estimates of daily food consumption in the culture ponds were in poor agreement and the discrepancy varied with respect to walleye size. Food consumption rates in the ponds were related to walleye size (direct estimates) or water temperature (bioenergetics model estimates) but not zooplankton abundance. Growth exceeded 0.10 g g−1 d−1 for all but one sampling interval and the maximum growth rate in the culture pond fish was double the maximum growth rate determined in the laboratory. Growth was positively related to pond temperature and negatively related to walleye mass, but was not significantly related to zooplankton abundance. Gross conversion efficiency was negatively related to walleye mass, positively related to zooplankton abundance and not related to temperature. Food consumption and growth of walleye larvae in the field may be food-limited at much lower prey abundances than previous laboratory research has suggested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003755115000
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    Effects of environmental factors and plant growth regulators on growth of the red alga Gracilaria vermiculophylla from Shikoku Island, Japan (1999)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 398-399 (1999), S. 339-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Gracilaria ; growth ; irradiance ; plant growth regulators ; salinity ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Growth and tolerance of Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Ohmi) Papenfuss from Shikoku Island were investigated under a variation of temperature (5–30 °C), salinity (5–60‰), and photon irradiance (20–100 μmol photons m−2 s−1) in unialgal culture. G. vermiculophylla showed wide tolerances for all factors tested, characterizing a euryhaline and eurythermal species. Two clones, one of a tetrasporophyte and the other of a female gametophyte, showed different growth rates, attributable to the difference either in phase or in genotype. The optimum temperature for the growth of the tetrasporophyte clone was 15–25 °C while that of the gametophyte clone was 20–30 °C. Maximum growth of both phases was observed at 80–100 μmol m−2 s−1. G. vermiculophylla presented higher growth rates in low salinities (15–30‰). Tissue cultures were established in solid ASP 12-NTA medi um supplemented with plant growth regulators (PGR), 0.5% agar, 1.0% sucrose and 0.5% inositol. Effects of two auxins (indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)), and one cytokinin (6-benzylaminopurine (BA)) were tested in concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10.0 mg l−1. Growth of apical segments was significantly stimulated by the majority of treatments supplemented with PGR, while maximum growth of calluses was observed in treatments with low concentration of auxins or BA (1.0 mg l−1). All treatments supplemented with PGR significantly promoted the growth of intercalary segments, except for IAA (1.0 mg l−1) in combination with BA (1.0 mg l−1). Growth of calluses originating from intercalary segments was observed in treatments with IAA (0.1 mg l−1), 2,4-D (10.0 mg l−1) or IAA (1.0 mg l−1) in combination with BA (0.1 mg l−1). Tr eatments with high concentration of IAA and BA (10.0 mg l−1) were lethal for apical and intercalary segments. These results show that auxin and cytokinin play a regulatory role on the growth of G. vermiculophylla in tissue culture. Furthermore, results on the effects of temperature, salinity and irradiance indicate that G. vermiculophylla could be cultivated in brackish temperate environments with potential for economic purposes and for pollution management.
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    Photosynthetic and respiratory responses of the agarophyte Gelidiella acerosa collected from tidepool, intertidal and subtidal habitats (1999)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 398-399 (1999), S. 321-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; respiration ; Gelidiella acerosa ; culture ; tidal habitat ; salinity ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Several samples of the red seaweed, Gelidiella acerosa (Forssk.) Feldmann & Hamel occurring in tidepools, high intertidal rocks, and shallow subtidal areas on a reef flat in Ilocos Norte, northern Philippines were studied in terms of their photosynthetic and respiratory responses (μl O2 gDW−1 h−1) to four salinity (22, 28, 34, 40‰) and three temperature (22, 28, 34 °C) combinations. The upper intertidal plants tolerated low salinities (22–28‰) better than high salinities (34–40‰), while tidepool and subtidal plants were not affected. Temperatures of 22 through 34 °C resulted in a one-fold increase in their photosynthetic rates and insignificant differences in their respiratory rates while tidepool and subtidal plants almost doubled their photosynthetic rates and their respiration rates increased by about 5–50 times. There were no interaction effects. Therefore, intertidal plants appe ared to be more tolerant to wide temperature fluctuations and low salinity levels; while tidepool and subtidal plants were least affected by salinity variations but were quite sensitive to temperature fluctuations. Vegetative and tetrasporic plants had similar photosynthetic and respiratory responses to salinity and temperature variations, although vegetative plants had significantly higher net photosynthesis under the minimum and maximum temperatures tested (22 and 34 °C). Reproductive G. acerosa showed greater tolerance to temperature fluctuations. These responses indicated that physiological changes may have occurred when the species became reproductive. Tolerance of G. acerosa to low salinities suggests that lowering the salinities in culture tanks could be used to eradicate contaminants, i.e., dinoflagellates and filamentous green algae. Temperature of 28 °C appeared to be optimum for all plant types as reflected by their high photosynthetic and low respiratory rates .
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    Methane emissions from wet grasslands on peat soil in a nature preserve (1999)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 44 (1999), S. 205-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: grassland ; ground water level ; methane ; peat ; temperature ; wetland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The area of wet grasslands on peat soil in the Netherlands is slowly increasing at the expense of drained, agriculturally used grasslands. This study aimed (i) to assess the contribution of wet grasslands on peat soil to methane (CH4) emissions, and (ii) to explain differences among sites and between years in order to improve our understanding of controlling factors. For these purposes, a field study was conducted in the period 1994–1996 in the nature preserve “Nieuwkoopse Plassen”, which is a former peat mining and agricultural area. Net CH4 emissions were measured weekly to monthly with vented closed flux chambers at three representative sites, and at ditches near these sites. Three-years average of CH4 emissions was 7.9 g CH4 m−2 yr−1 for Drie Berken Zudde, 13.3 for Koole, and 20.4 for Brampjesgat. Ditches near the sites emitted 4.2–22.5 g CH4 m−2 yr−1. The time-course of CH4 emissions for all experimental sites and years was fit with a multiple linear regression model with ground water level and soil temperature as independent variables. Lowering or raising the ground water level by 5 cm could decrease or increase CH4 emissions by 30–50%. Therefore, ground water level management of these grasslands should be done with care.
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    Calculation of equilibrium composition and establishing time in a mixture of three hydrogen isotopes (1999)
    Springer
    Hyperfine interactions 119 (1999), S. 357-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9540
    Keywords: muon ; fusion ; isotope exchange ; temperature ; target
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A mathematical model describing the kinetics of establishing equilibrium is developed. Equilibrium concentrations of isotopic molecules for gas mixtures used in muon catalyzed fusion research are calculated.
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    Technique of the Modulated Chlorophyll Fluorescence: Basic Concepts, Useful Parameters, and Some Applications (1999)
    Springer
    Photosynthetica 37 (1999), S. 339-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Keywords: chemicals ; circadien cycle ; dark-adapted state ; fast kinetics ; fluoranthene ; light-adapted state ; photosystem 2 ; slow kinetics ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The review summarizes basic information about slow and fast chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence induction kinetics (FIK) recorded using fluorimeters working on a principle of the pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) of a Chl fluorescence signal. It explains fundamental principles of the measuring technique, evaluates the terminology, symbols, and parameters used. Analysis of Chl FIK resulting in a set of Chl fluorescence parameters (FPs) provides qualitative and quantitative information about photosynthetic processes in chloroplasts. Using FPs, one can describe the functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus under different internal and external conditions. Brief comments on proper application of the fluorimetric method in photosynthesis research and some actual examples are also given.
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    Net photosynthetic rate in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.): Influence of leaf position, time of day, and reproductive-sink (1999)
    Springer
    Photosynthetica 36 (1999), S. 129-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Keywords: chlorophyll ; dry mass ; leaf number and area ; peg ; pod ; saccharides ; stomatal conductance ; temperature ; transpiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Net photosynthetic rate (PN) was studied in field-grown peanut cv. GG 2 in relation to leaf position, time of day, reproductive-sink, and phenophase. In general, PN remained higher in the upper leaves (first from top to the fourth) than in the lower leaves (fifth to eighth). The mean PN of the leaves situated upper and the leaves lower in the canopy increased from the morning, reached a maximum during noon hours, and decreased thereafter. Between 09:00 to 10:00 h, PN, stomatal conductance (gs), and transpiration rate (E) in the upper leaves were higher than in the lower leaves, but between 12:00 and 13:00 h, these activities increased significantly in the lower leaves. Highest PN was found during pod-development phase. Removal of flowers, and hence of active reproductive-sink, decreased plant height and number of leaves, and initiated accumulation of photosynthates in the leaves. The PN per unit leaf area in plants with reproductive-sink (WRS) was similar to those without reproductive-sink (WORS). However, leaf area of WORS plants decreased significantly, mainly due to the reduction in number of leaves. No feed-back inhibition of PN (per unit leaf area) was found despite accumulation of photosynthates in the leaves as a result of removal of the active reproductive-sink.
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    Perpetual Adaptation in a Perpetually Changing Environment as a Survival Strategy of Plants: A Case Study in Foraminifers Concerning Coral Reef Bleaching (1999)
    Springer
    Photosynthetica 37 (1999), S. 71-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Keywords: Amphisorus ; Amphistegina ; chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics ; electron transport ; irradiance ; photosynthesis ; photosystem 2 ; quantum yield ; Sorites ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Coral reef bleaching is a global phenomenon poorly understood today. We investigated during 7 d the photosynthetic behaviour of symbionts of coral reef and temperate foraminifers in hospite, by means of the JIP-test. By this screening test the fast fluorescence rise O-J-I-P, measured by a Plant Efficiency Analyser (PEA) with 10 µs time resolution and 12 bit signal resolution, was analysed. It informs about the structure and function of photosystem 2 being at different physiological states established by adaptation to different irradiance and temperature. The test needs a measuring time in vivo of only 1 to 5 s, and thus many samples can be analysed. The measurements can be done continuously even on a single cell in a test tube or on the reef. The reef foraminifers tested here were Amphistegina and Amphisorus, freshly collected in Mauritius. As a temperate foraminifer, Sorites from the Mediterranean Sea was tested. The cells are very sensitive to slight temperature changes (25 to 32 °C). The comparison showed that the more the foraminifers live in an environment with constant temperature the less they are able to respond to temperature changes and, thus, the less they can adapt. Rising the temperature increases in general the sensitivity to different stress factors, such as high irradiance, pH, CO2, etc. After the test series, the cells recovered fully and were kept in an aquarium for long time observation.
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    Relation Between the Heat-Induced Increase of F0 Fluorescence and a Shift in the Electronic Equilibrium at the Acceptor Side of Photosystem 2 (1999)
    Springer
    Photosynthetica 37 (1999), S. 335-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Keywords: QA and QB sites ; temperature ; thermoluminescence ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract F0 fluorescence and thermoluminescence (TL) were recorded simultaneously on various dark-adapted leaf samples. Above 40 °C, a sharp peak of TL coincided with the onset of the heat-induced F0 rise. It results from a back-transfer of an electron from the secondary QB -to the primary acceptor QA of photosystem 2, followed by a luminescence-emitting recombination with Tyr-D1. This demonstrates that the critical temperature at which the F0 starts rising also corresponds to a shift towards the left of the QA↔QB - equilibrium.
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    Applicability of Fatigue Life Prediction Method to Polymer Composites (1999)
    Springer
    Mechanics of time-dependent materials 3 (1999), S. 141-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2738
    Keywords: CFRP ; fatigue ; frequency ; stress ratio ; temperature ; viscoelasticity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A prediction method of fatigue strength under an arbitraryfrequency, temperature, and stress ratio is proposed for polymercomposites and its validity is confirmed for the flexural fatiguestrength of satin-woven CFRP laminates. This method is based upon fourhypotheses: (a) same failure process under constant strain-rate (CSR),creep, and fatigue loadings, (b) same time-temperature superpositionprinciple for all failure strengths, (c) linear cumulative damage lawfor nondecreasing stress process, and (d) linear dependence of fatiguestrength upon stress ratio. This method was applied to the flexuralfatigue strength of various unidirectional CFRPs, and the verificationand limitations of this method were discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009873124095
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    Different growth responses to temperature and resource limitation in three fly species with similar life histories (1999)
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 13 (1999), S. 395-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: body size ; development ; Drosophila melanogaster ; dung flies ; growth ; life history ; resource limitation ; Scathophaga stercoraria ; seasonality ; Sepsis cynipsea ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Growth responses to temperature and resource limitation in three dipteran species with similar life histories were compared. With respect to current life history theory, two points are raised. First, growth rate in real time increased steeply with temperature in all species, following the standard pattern. However, when expressed in physiological time growth rate increased as temperature decreased in the yellow dung fly Scathophaga stercoraria, remained approximately constant in Sepsis cynipsea, and increased in Drosophila melanogaster. These responses can be understood as adaptations to climate and seasonality. It is concluded that some patterns of adaptation may be more easily interpreted if, and some may even go undetected unless, they are analysed in physiological time. Second, a decrease in body size, development rate and growth rate when resources are limited is believed to be nearly universal and generally predicted by life history models. Despite their similar life histories, the three species investigated showed qualitatively different growth responses to larval food shortage. At unlimited resources, yellow dung flies showed the fastest initial larval body mass gain per unit time, while those of S. cynipsea and D. melanogaster were lower and about equal. The period of no body mass gain at the end of larval development was longest in S. stercoraria and shortest in S. cynipsea. When facing resource limitation, S. stercoraria emerged smaller but earlier (thus nearly maintaining their growth rate), S. cynipsea smaller after the same development period, and D. melanogaster smaller and later (showing reduced and much reduced growth, respectively). It is concluded that whether growth really slows when resources are limited depends on the precise ecological circumstances of the species in question. More refined models, particularly those where mortality costs are independent of time, and more experiments are necessary to account for the variation in growth and size and age at maturity present in nature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006741222586
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    The influence of temperature, photoperiod and plant type on the predation rate of Macrolophus pygmaeus on Myzus persicae (1999)
    Springer
    BioControl 44 (1999), S. 281-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Macrolophus pygmaeus ; photoperiod ; predation rate ; temperature ; predator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of temperature and photoperiod on the rate of predation of nymphs and adults of the predator Macrolophus pygmaeus was studied using Myzus persicae prey feeding on egg-plant and pepper plants. The experiments were conducted at three photoperiods (16L:8D, 12L:12D and 8L:16D), three temperatures (20, 25 and 30 °C), and at 65% r.h. The rate of predation increased with temperature. Predation rate was affected by photoperiod on pepper but not on egg-plant. Females and fifth instar nymphs were the most voracious stages followed by third and fourth instar nymphs and males. First and second instar nymphs consumed far fewer aphids. Predation rate was higher on leaves of pepper than egg-plant, especially at 30 °C. Variation in the efficacy of this predator is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009959325331
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    Competitive ability of the antagonists Ulocladium atrum and Gliocladium roseum at temperatures favourable for Botrytis spp. development (1999)
    Springer
    BioControl 44 (1999), S. 329-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; Botrytis aclada ; Botrytis cinerea ; cyclamen ; ecological adaptation ; hydrangea ; lily ; onion ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ulocladium atrum and Gliocladium roseum are fungal antagonists capable of suppressing sporulation of Botrytis spp. on dead plant parts. The effect of temperature (3 to 36 °C) on antagonist conidial germination and mycelial growth was assessed on agar. In addition conidial germination of U. atrum was measured on dead lily leaves. The optimum temperature of both antagonists for both conidial germination and mycelial growth was between 27 and 30 °C. U. atrum was less affected by lower temperatures than G. roseum. At optimum temperature, 50% of conidia of U. atrum and G. roseum germinated within 2.6 and 10.0 hrs, respectively. At low sub-optimal temperatures (6 °C), 50% of conidia germinated within 18 and 96 hours, respectively. In bioassays on dead onion leaves, U. atrum suppressed sporulation of B. cinerea and B. aclada at all temperatures tested (6 to 24 °C) by more than 85%. On dead cyclamen leaves, G. roseum was more efficient than U. atrum at 21 and 24 °C but, in contrast to U. atrum, showed no antagonistic activity at temperatures below 21 °C. On dead hydrangea leaves, U. atrum significantly reduced sporulation of B. cinerea at temperatures as low as 3 and 1 °C. Under Dutch growing conditions, the mean air temperature during leaf wetness periods in onion and lily fields was 15 °C with temperatures only occasionally above 20 °C. In greenhouse crops of cyclamen, the mean temperature during high humidity periods was 17 °C. It is therefore concluded that U. atrum is better adapted than G. roseum to temperatures which occur in the field, in greenhouse crops such as cyclamen, or during cold storage of plant stocks.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009907311624
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    Methodology for minimizing effects of temperature in monitoring with the acousto-ultrasonic technique (1999)
    Springer
    Experimental mechanics 39 (1999), S. 86-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1741-2765
    Keywords: Acousto-ultrasonic ; damage monitoring ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The acousto-ultrasonic (AU) technique can be a useful methodology for monitoring structures or mechanical components during endurance tests, fatigue tests or, in general, during the life of the components. To obtain reliable information about the failure and fatigue cracks at their earliest initiation stages and to follow their evolution regardless of any disturbance effects, refined experimental procedures and signal processing are needed. In particular, the effects of temperature variation cannot be entirely suppressed and are difficult to evaluate. This means that the results of the AU technique are not immediately interpretable and usable for monitoring structures. This paper describes some procedures aimed at minimizing the effects of disturbance on AU signals caused by temperature variation, allowing use of AU for monitoring over extensive periods of time or when the component is subjected to heating.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02331110
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    Response of five insect herbivores to multiple allelochemicals under fluctuating temperatures (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 88 (1998), S. 81-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: chlorogenic acid ; Heliothis virescens ; Manduca sexta ; Pseudoplusia includens ; rutin ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; temperature ; tomatine ; Trichoplusia ni
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of the combined effects of allelochemicals on insect herbivores is useful because there may be adverse additive or even synergistic effects. Analysis of the simultaneous effects of temperature and alleochemicals is also necessary because these factors may interact. We examined the effects of three allelochemicals found in tomato (chlorogenic acid, rutin and tomatine) and thermal regime (21:10 °C and 26:15 °C, representing spring and summer respectively) on five insect herbivores (a Solanaceae specialist, Manduca sexta, and the polyphagous Heliothis virescens, Pseudoplusia includens, Spodoptera frugiperda and Trichoplusia ni). There were allelochemical interactions and thermal regime-allelochemical interactions for all species, and so the patterns were complex. In some cases, paired allelochemicals or the combination of three allelochemicals showed adverse additive effects on insect performance. But that was not always the case, and there were only a few examples of synergism. Negative effects of the allelochemicals were sometimes, but not always, damped by the cooler thermal regime. Comparing the growth rates of the five species in this study with those of a previous study (a total of seven species) revealed five patterns. For two of three pairs of closely-related species, the paired species had distinctly different patterns. For example, for H. virescens, tomatine prevented development and chlorogenic acid slowed growth, whereas for Helicoverpa zea, tomatine just slowed growth and the phenolics had little effect. The specialist Manduca sexta had a pattern that was midway between patterns of the generalists; it was not the most tolerant of the allelochemicals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003290510565
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    Environmental effects on cytoplasmic incompatibility and bacterial load in Wolbachia-infected Drosophila simulans (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 86 (1998), S. 13-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Drosophila ; cytoplasmic incompatibility ; Wolbachia ; temperature ; antibiotics ; density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of high temperatures, antibiotics, nutrition and larval density on cytoplasmic incompatibility caused by a Wolbachia infection were investigated in Drosophila simulans. Exposure of larvae from an infected stock to moderate doses of tetracycline led to complete incompatibility when treated females were crossed to infected males; the same doses only caused a partial restoration of compatibility when treated males were crossed to uninfected females. In crosses with treated females, there was a strong correlation between dose effects on hatch rates and infection levels in embryos produced by these females. Ageing and rearing males at a high temperature led to increased compatibility. However, exposing infected females to a high temperature did not influence their compatibility with infected males. Male temperature effects depended on conditions experienced at the larval stage but not the pupal stage. Exposure to 25 °C reduced the density of Wolbachia in embryos compared with a 19 °C treatment. Low levels of nutrition led to increased compatibility, but no effect of larval crowding was detected. These findings show the ways environmental factors can influence the expression of cytoplasmic incompatibility and suggest that environmental effects may be mediated by bacterial density.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003043814761
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    Different responses to temperature in three closely-related sympatric cereal aphids (1998)
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 86 (1998), S. 49-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: aphids ; Sitobion ; population ; chromosomal race ; mean relative growth rate ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chromosomal races of the aphid Sitobion miscanthi (Takahashi), and a closely-related species S. near fragariae (Aphididae: Macrosiphini) show seasonal differences in abundance in eastern Australia. We tested whether this was related to differences in temperature response, using controlled laboratory conditions. Intrinsic rate of increase, rm, mean relative growth rate (MRGR), and longevity were compared at different temperatures, and rates of increase were compared outdoors under ambient conditions. Using laboratory data, we simulated population growth, for comparison with outdoor populations. There were significant differences in responses to temperature regimes both in the laboratory and outdoors. Outdoor populations fell well short of predicted sizes. S. miscanthi (2n=18) showed evidence of adaptation to warmer conditions. In contrast, S. nr fragariae showed consistent evidence for adaptation to cooler conditions, and S. miscanthi 2n=17 was approximately intermediate. These data indicate that temperature responses are important in the ecology, evolution and pest status of S. miscanthi clones and S. nr fragariae in Australia.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003102927699
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    Flight behavior of pre- and postdiapause apple blossom weevils in relation to ambient temperature (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 88 (1998), S. 97-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Anthonomus pomorum ; temperature ; diapause ; flight behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003269621622
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    Diapause survival and post-diapause performance in bumblebee queens (Bombus terrestris) (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 89 (1998), S. 207-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Bombus terrestris ; bumblebees ; diapause ; survival ; preoviposition period ; weight ; temperature ; diapause duration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diapause survival and post-diapause performance (i.e., if a queen starts to lay eggs) of in total 2210 bumblebee queens (Bombus terrestris) were measured under different diapause regimes: 5 temperatures (−5, 0, 5, 10 and 15 °C) in combination with 5 durations of exposure (1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 months). The results show that weight at the start of diapause determines to a large extent whether a queen will be able to survive diapause. Queens with a wet weight below 0.6 g prior to diapause did not survive, but for those queens exceeding this threshold a higher pre- diapause weight did not increase their post-diapause performance. There was no effect of temperature on diapause survival; 76% of the variance in survival could be explained by the duration of the treatment. Neither temperature nor duration of exposure had an effect on post-diapause performance. The preoviposition period of the queens that laid eggs was also determined. The preoviposition period was affected by both temperature and duration of exposure: the preoviposition period decreased with decreasing temperature but also with increasing duration of the treatment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003595306816
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    The relative performance of pheromone and light traps in monitoring the seasonal activity of both sexes of the eastern hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 89 (1998), S. 87-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: seasonal trapping ; light traps ; pheromone traps ; trapping periodicity ; temperature ; reproductive state ; eastern hemlock looper
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The seasonal flight activity of both sexes of the eastern hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria Guenée (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) was studied during two consecutive years in Quebec and Newfoundland, using light (L), pheromone (P) and combined light and pheromone (LP) traps. Moth density significantly affected the performance of the different traps, with P traps being more effective at low than high density. However, P trap catches decreased just prior to the onset of female captures, probably as a result of competition between traps and virgin calling females. Nearly all females caught in L and LP traps were already mated and even the first females caught had laid at least half of their egg complement. In Quebec under warm nights, the pattern of male activity occurred at different times, with peak P catches being later in the scotophase than those of L traps, but overall similar numbers of males were caught in both traps. In contrast, under cool nights, males were caught early in the night in both P and L traps, suggesting a strong competition effect between traps, although more males were caught in P than L traps overall. In Newfoundland, the pattern of male captures in L and P traps was similar at both high and low temperatures, so competition between trap types would always be high. Under these conditions P traps were more effective than L traps. Irrespective of the region, year or temperature, significantly more males were captured in LP, with the effect of L and P being additive. In both regions, females responded similarly to L and LP traps with peak activity occurring early in the night. Captures of females were lower than those of males under cool temperatures, suggesting that the temperature threshold for flight is higher for females. The use of L and P traps simultaneously and/or in combination is discussed in relation to integrated pest management programs and ecological considerations.
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    Voltammetric Analysis of Iodide and Diffusion Coefficients Between 25 and 85°C (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 27 (1998), S. 373-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Iodide ; voltammetry ; diffusion coefficients ; temperature ; Stokes–Einstein equation ; solvation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation wave of iodide in 0.075 mol-L−1 H2SO4 was analyzed at 25, 40, 55, 70, and 85°C. The reversibility of the I2/I− system was checked using logarithmic transforms, half-wave potentials, and by studying I −1 = f(ω−1/2). The limiting currents obtained enabled us to determine the diffusion coefficient of I− using Newman's equation. These experimental results were compared with Nernst's limiting values. The Stokes–Einstein equation is not verified. Hydration numbers for I− at different temperatures were established. An empirical equation is proposed to predict the evolution of diffusion coefficients in a sulfuric acid medium with temperature.
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    Thermoelastic contact problem of two rotating bodies with frictional heat generation in annular region (1998)
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 68 (1998), S. 128-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Keywords: Key words frictional heating ; temperature ; contact pressure ; punch indentation ; thermoelasticity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary An axisymmetric contact problem with frictional heating is considered in which a parabolic annular punch is pressed into a plane surface and rotates about its axis of symmetry at constant speed. The problem is formulated in terms of one governing equation with unknown pressure. This equation is solved numerically. The change of the geometry of the contact region and pressure has been investigated.
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    Thermodynamics of Polyvinylacetate from 0 to 350 K (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 54 (1998), S. 731-740 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: enthalpy ; entropy ; Gibbs energy ; heat capacity ; limiting polymerization temperature ; polyvinylacetate ; temperature ; thermodynamics of polymerization ; vinyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The temperature dependence of the heat capacity of vinyl acetate in the range 13 to 330 K and of polyvinylacetate between 4.9 and 330 K was determined by adiabatic vacuum calorimetry with an error of about 0.2%. Temperatures and enthalpies of physical transitions were measured. From the data obtained, the thermodynamic characteristics of melting of vinyl acetate and parameters of glass transition and glassy state of the monomer and polymer were calculated. The thermodynamic functions Ho(T)-Ho(0), So(T), Go(T)-Ho(0) were estimated for both materials from 0 to 350 K. The results of calculation and the literature value of enthalpy of bulk polymerization of vinyl acetate at T=350 K were used for the estimation of the thermodynamic parameters of its polymerization process ΔHpol o, ΔSpol o, ΔGpol oin the interval 0 to 350 K. A ceiling limiting temperature of polymerization Tceil owas evaluated.
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    Towards a Predictive Design Methodology Based on the Physical Modelling of the Fracture of Fiber Composites (1998)
    Springer
    Applied composite materials 5 (1998), S. 69-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4897
    Keywords: modelling ; notch strength ; damage ; fatigue ; environment ; temperature ; prediction ; design
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A predictive design methodology based on modelling the fracture stress (notched tensile strength) and post-fatigue residual strength of laminated fiber composites is presented. The approach is based explicitly on the development of models of the physical processes by which damage accumulates at a notch-tip and the application of these models to cross-ply laminates for a variety of material systems, including thermosetting and thermoplastic matrices containing carbon, glass and Kevlar fiber reinforcements. The effects of temperature and humidity on composite fracture can also be examined in the context of this modelling strategy. A pre-requisite of the model is that it has to be calibrated for each material system by performing tensile tests on notched and unnotched cross-ply laminate. From this initial calibration, which takes relatively little time, it is possible to apply the model to a prediction of the dependence of fracture stress on notch size; to an understanding of the effects of laminate stacking sequence (within the same cross-ply family) on fracture stress; and to provide insight into the effects of thermal or load cycling history on fatigue damage-growth and residual or fatigue strength. The advantages and deficiencies of this modelling strategy are assessed, as well as the applicability of such a physical modelling approach to the predictive design and failure of composite materials in general.
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    Hierarchical Bayesian space-time models (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental and ecological statistics 5 (1998), S. 117-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3009
    Keywords: atmospheric science ; dynamical systems ; environmental studies ; Gibbs sampling ; Markov random field ; MCMC ; non-stationarity ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Space-time data are ubiquitous in the environmental sciences. Often, as is the case with atmo- spheric and oceanographic processes, these data contain many different scales of spatial and temporal variability. Such data are often non-stationary in space and time and may involve many observation/prediction locations. These factors can limit the effectiveness of traditional space- time statistical models and methods. In this article, we propose the use of hierarchical space-time models to achieve more flexible models and methods for the analysis of environmental data distributed in space and time. The first stage of the hierarchical model specifies a measurement- error process for the observational data in terms of some 'state' process. The second stage allows for site-specific time series models for this state variable. This stage includes large-scale (e.g. seasonal) variability plus a space-time dynamic process for the ’anomalies'. Much of our interest is with this anomaly proc ess. In the third stage, the parameters of these time series models, which are distributed in space, are themselves given a joint distribution with spatial dependence (Markov random fields). The Bayesian formulation is completed in the last two stages by speci- fying priors on parameters. We implement the model in a Markov chain Monte Carlo framework and apply it to an atmospheric data set of monthly maximum temperature.
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    Subcellular localization of β-1,3-glucanase in Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici-infected wheat leaves (1998)
    Springer
    Planta 204 (1998), S. 324-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Key words:β-1 ; 3-Glucanase ; Immunocytochemistry ; Leaf rust pathogen ; Resistance ; Triticum (pathogen resistance)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. An antiserum raised against the purified 33-kDa β-1,3-glucanase of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was employed to investigate the ultrastructural localization of the enzyme in wheat leaves infected with Puccinia recondita Rob. ex Desm. f.sp. tritici Eriks. and Henn. using a post-embedding immunogold labelling technique. In both compatible and incompatible interactions, β-1,3-glucanase was detected in the host plasmalemma and in the domain of the host cell wall near the plasmalemma of the mesophyll cells, but higher concentrations of the enzyme were detected in infected resistant wheat leaves than in infected susceptible ones. β-1,3-Glucanase was also found in the secondary thickening of xylem vessels and in the walls of guard cells, epidermal cells and phloem elements, while no labelling was observed in host organelles, viz. vacuoles, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, nuclei and chloroplasts. A low concentration of the enzyme was detected on the intercellular hyphal wall and in the hyphal cytoplasm. In the compatible interaction, β-1,3-glucanase was demonstrated to accumulate predominantly in the haustorial wall and extrahaustorial matrix. In the incompatible interaction, strong labelling for β-1,3-glucanase was found in host cell wall appositions, in the extracellular matrix in the intercellular space, and in electron-dense structures of host origin which occurred in the incompatible interaction only.
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    Monoclonal antibodies SMI 311 and SMI 312 as tools to investigate the maturation of nerve cells and axonal patterns in human fetal brain (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 291 (1998), S. 433-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Neurofilaments ; Phosphorylation ; Differentiation ; Immunocytochemistry ; Brain storage ; Fixation ; Microwave ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Neurofilaments, which are exclusively found in nerve cells, are one of the earliest recognizable features of the maturing nervous system. The differential distribution of neurofilament proteins in varying degrees of phosphorylation within a neuron provides the possibility of selectively demonstrating either somata and dendrites or axons. Non-phosphorylated neurofilaments typical of somata and dendrites can be visualized with the aid of monoclonal antibody SMI 311, whereas antibody SMI 312 is directed against highly phosphorylated axonal epitopes of neurofilaments. The maturation of neuronal types, the development of area-specific axonal networks, and the gradients of maturation can thus be demonstrated. Optimal immunostaining with SMI 311 and SMI 312 is achieved when specimens are fixed in a mixture of paraformaldehyde and picric acid for up to 3 days and sections are incubated free-floating. Neurons, with their dendritic domains immunostained by SMI 311 in a Golgi-like manner, can be completely visualized in relatively thick sections. The limitations of Golgi-preparations, such as glia-labeling, artifacts, and the staining of only a small non-representative percentage of existing neurons, are not apparent in SMI preparations, which additionally provide the possibility of selectively staining axonal networks. The results achieved in normal fetal brain provide the basis for studies of developmental disturbances.
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    Immunocytochemical localization of annexin 5, a calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding protein, in rat endocrine organs (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 292 (1998), S. 85-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Annexin 5 ; Immunocytochemistry ; Pituitary ; Ovary ; Testis ; Adrenal gland ; Thyroid gland ; Rat (wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Annexin 5, a unique calcium- and phospholipid-binding protein, has been investigated for its specific distribution in rat endocrine organs by immunocytochemistry with a specific antiserum to recombinant rat annexin 5. Follicular epithelial cells and parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland, adrenocortical cells of the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis, luteal cells, testicular interstitial cells, and Sertoli cells were shown to contain annexin 5. To examine whether the synthesis of annexin 5 would be affected by a change in humoral signal, the distribution of annexin 5 in the anterior pituitary was examined three weeks after ovariectomy. The withdrawal of ovarian hormones induced huge castration cells in the anterior pituitary gland, which contained abundant annexin 5. Annexin 5 was not detected in the pineal gland, the parathyroid gland, the islet of Langerhans, the adrenal medulla, zona glomerulosa cells, and granulosa cells. Since annexin 5 was shown to exist in many of the endocrine tissues examined, to be localized in specific cell types, and to be abundant in castration cells, it is suggested that annexin 5 contributes to secretory cell functions, which may be common to endocrine cells secreting chemically different hormones.
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    Two differing salmon GnRH precursor mRNAs are co-expressed in the brain of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 292 (1998), S. 267-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Co-expression of mRNAs ; Gonadotropin-releasing hormone ; Immunocytochemistry ; In situ hybridization ; Oncorhynchus nerka (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The localization of two salmon-type gonadotropin-releasing hormone (sGnRH) precursors, pro-sGnRH-I (short type) and pro-sGnRH-II (long type), was investigated by using in situ hybridization techniques in the brain of the landlocked sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka. We used 30-mer oligonucleotide probes complementary to pro-sGnRH-I and pro-sGnRH-II cDNA. No significant differences were observed in the localization of sGnRH neurons expressing pro-sGnRH-I and pro-sGnRH-II mRNAs; both were expressed in the olfactory nerve, the olfactory bulbs, the regions between the olfactory bulb and telencephalon, the ventral telencephalon, the preoptic area, and the hypothalamus. Almost all sGnRH neurons examined co-expressed both precursors. The expression of two sGnRH precursors in the same neuron and the wide distribution of such neurons in the brain suggest that there are no functional differences between the two precursors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051057
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    Ultrastructural, morphometrical and immunocytochemical analyses of the exocrine pancreas in a hibernating dormouse (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 292 (1998), S. 531-541 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Pancreas ; exocrine ; Hibernation ; Amylase ; Immunocytochemistry ; Muscardinus avellanarius (Rodentia)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Pancreatic acinar cells of euthermic, hibernating and arousing individuals of the hazel dormouse Muscardinus avellanarius (Gliridae) have been observed at the electron-microscopic level and analysed by means of ultrastructural morphometry and immunocytochemistry in order to investigate possible fine structural changes of cellular components during periods of strikingly different degrees of metabolic activity. During hibernation, the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) flatten assuming a parallel pattern, the Golgi apparatus is extremely reduced and the mitochondria contain many electron-dense particles. The cell nuclei appear irregularly shaped, with deep indentations containing small zymogen granules. They also contain abundant coiled bodies and unusual constituents, such as amorphous bodies and dense granular bodies. Large numbers of zymogen granules occur in all animals. However, the acinar lumina are open and filled with zymogen only in euthermic animals, whereas, in hibernating and arousing individuals, they appear to be closed. Morphometrical analyses indicate that, in pancreatic acinar cells, nuclei and zymogen granules significantly decrease in size from euthermia to hibernation, probably reflecting a drastic decrease of metabolic activities, mainly protein synthesis and processing. In all the studied animals, immunocytochemistry with specific antibodies has revealed an increasing gradient in α-amylase content along the RER-Golgi-zymogen granule pathway, reflecting the protein concentration along the secretory pathway. Moreover, during deep hibernation, significantly larger amounts of α-amylase accumulate in RER and zymogen granules in comparison to the other seasonal phases analysed. Upon arousal, all cytoplasmic and nuclear constituents restore their euthermic aspect and all morphometrical and immunocytochemical parameters exhibit the euthermic values, thereby indicating a rapid resumption of metabolic activities.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051082
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    Expression pattern for adrenomedullin during pancreatic development in the rat reveals a common precursor with other endocrine cell types (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 293 (1998), S. 95-100 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Adrenomedullin ; Pancreas ; Development ; Immunocytochemistry ; Colocalizations ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Adrenomedullin is an α-amidated 52-amino acid peptide involved in many physiological actions, among others the regulation of insulin secretion. Using immunohistochemical methods, we found that adrenomedullin immunoreactivity first appears at day 11.5 of embryonic development in the rat, coinciding with the appearance of pancreatic glucagon. The early appearance of adrenomedullin in the developing pancreas may indicate an active involvement in either the morphogenesis of the organ or its endocrine/paracrine/autocrine hormone regulation during intrauterine life. We also investigated the pattern of colocalizations of adrenomedullin with the other pancreatic hormones. At some point during development all the cell types express adrenomedullin, progressively evolving towards the adult pattern where only the pancreatic polypeptide cells contain a strong immunoreactivity for adrenomedullin. At this point the remaining cells of the islet are, in general, weakly stained. This sequential and time-dependent expression of adrenomedullin suggests a tight regulation similar to that observed for other modulatory substances responsible for embryonic morphogenesis.
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    Biochemical identification and tissue-specific expression patterns of keratins in the zebrafish Danio rerio (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 293 (1998), S. 195-205 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Fish ; Zebrafish ; Immunocytochemistry ; Keratin ; Cytoskeleton ; Danio rerio (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We have identified a number of type I and type II keratins in the zebrafish Danio rerio by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, complementary keratin blot-binding assay and immunoblotting. These keratins range from 56 kDa to 46 kDa in molecular mass and from pH 6.6 to pH 5.2 in isoelectric point. Type II zebrafish keratins exhibit significantly higher molecular masses (56–52 kDa) compared with the type I keratins (50–48 kDa), but the isoelectric points show no significant difference between the two keratin subclasses (type II: pH 6.0–5.5; type I: pH 6.1–5.2). According to their occurrence in various zebrafish tissues, the identified keratins can be classified into “E” (epidermal) and “S” (simple epithelial) proteins. A panel of monoclonal anti-keratin antibodies has been used for immunoblotting of zebrafish cytoskeletal preparations and immunofluorescence microscopy of frozen tissue sections. These antibodies have revealed differential cytoplasmic expression of keratins; this not only includes epithelia, but also a variety of mesenchymally derived cells and tissues. Thus, previously detected fundamental differences in keratin expression patterns between higher vertebrates and a salmonid, the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, also apply between vertebrates and the zebrafish, a cyprinid. However, in spite of notable similarities, trout and zebrafish keratins differ from each other in many details. The present data provide a firm basis from which the application of keratins as cell differentiation markers in the well-established genetic model organism, the zebrafish, can be developed.
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    In situ characterization of mast cells in the frog Rana esculenta (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 292 (1998), S. 151-162 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Histamine ; Immunocytochemistry ; Mast cells ; Melanocytes ; Nerves ; Rana esculenta (Anura)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The number, distribution, and ultrastructural characteristics of mast cells were assessed in the tongue, heart, and kidney of the frog Rana esculenta. The density of tongue mast cells (253±45 mast cells/mm2) was significantly higher than that of the heart (5.3±0.4/mm2) and kidney (15.3±1.4 /mm2). A striking feature of this study was the remarkable association of frog mast cells to nerves. The ultrastructural study of the mast cell/nerve association demonstrated that mast cells were closely apposed to or even embedded in nerves. Mast cells were also physically associated with melanocytes even in the heart. Mast cells were Alcian blue+/safranin+ in the tongue and in the peritoneum, whereas in the heart and in the kidney they were Alcian blue–/safranin+. The mast cells in the lamina propria of the gastrointestinal tract were Alcian blue+/safranin–. The cytoplasm of frog mast cells was packed with numerous heterogeneous, membrane-bound granules. The ultrastructure of these cytoplasmic granules was unique, being totally unlike any other previously described granules in other animal species as well as in man. The histamine content/frog mast cell (≈0.1 pg/cell) was approximately 30 times lower than that of human mast cells isolated from different tissues (≈3 pg/cell). A monoclonal anti-histamine antibody was used to confirm the ultrastructural localization of histamine in secretory granules in frog mast cells.
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    Chymotrypsin gene expression in rat peripheral organs (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 292 (1998), S. 345-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Pancreas ; Stomach ; Duodenum ; Ribonuclease protection assay ; Immunocytochemistry ; Protease ; Rat ; (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Prior studies have revealed the presence of chymotrypsinlike protease in peripheral organs, although no definitive evidence for the synthesis of this enzyme in tissue other than the pancreas is available. In an attempt to detect chymotrypsinogen mRNA in peripheral organs, a fragment of the pancreatic chymotrypsin mRNA from rat was amplified using PCR. The sequence was identified as a portion of the rat chymotrypsin B gene overlapping exon 5 through exon 7. It was subcloned into the pGEM-4Z vector and used as a template for the vitro transcription of an antisense riboprobe. Using ribonuclease protection and Northern blot analyses, chymotrypsin mRNA was detected in the rat pancreas, stomach, duodenum, ovary, and spleen. Monoclonal and polyclonal antisera against chymotrypsin detected chymotrypsinlike immunoreactivity in rat and human pancreas, rat stomach, duodenum and jejunum. Electrophoresis and immunoblotting revealed chymotrypsin-chymotrypsinogen bands (25–29 kDa) in the stomach and duodenum. Synthesis of a potent protease such as chymotrypsin in tissue other than pancreas is significant, suggesting a potential physiological and/or pathological role in these tissues.
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    Immunocytochemical alterations in the intra-acrosomal antigen MN7 during epididymal maturation of guinea pig spermatozoa (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 292 (1998), S. 427-433 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Acrosome ; Epididymal maturation ; Monoclonal antibody ; Immunocytochemistry ; Spermatozoa ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We have previously shown that a 90-kDa intra-acrosomal antigen, MN7, is restricted to the anterior acrosomal region of mouse, rat, and hamster spermatozoa. The present study has examined the localization and the behavior of MN7 during sperm maturation in the epididymis of the guinea pig by immunoelectron microscopy. MN7 showed not only a specific localization in the apical segment of the guinea pig sperm acrosome, but also a distinct alteration during maturation, as follows. MN7 was exclusively found both at the dorsal matrix and on the outer acrosome membrane (OAM)/matrix-associated materials in the apical segment. MN7 was initially distributed throughout the electron-lucent dorsal matrix in immature sperm but, during maturation, became more restricted to the spherical bodies within the electron-lucent area. MN7 on OAM/matrix-associated materials was first distributed along the ventral margin and the small area posterior to the dorsal matrix but, during maturation, disappeared from the ventral margin and became restricted to the dorsal region. These results indicate that MN7 is a good tool for studying the stepwise maturation of epididymal spermatozoa.
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    Immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization studies of pepsinogen C-producing cells in developing rat fundic glands (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 293 (1998), S. 121-131 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Pepsinogen C ; Ontogeny ; Mucous neck cell ; Chief cell ; Intermediate mucopeptic cell ; Immunocytochemistry ; In situ hybridization ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The ontogeny of pepsinogen C-producing cells in rat fundic glands was studied by means of light and electron microscopy using an antiserum raised against a synthetic peptide based on rat pepsinogen C. To confirm the immunocytochemistry results, the expression of rat pepsinogen C messenger RNA (mRNA) in the fundic gland was also examined by in situ hybridization using a digoxigenin-labeled RNA probe. In adult rats, pepsinogen C was produced by chief cells, mucous neck cells, and intermediate mucopeptic cells. Pepsinogen C-producing cells appeared in embryos as early as 18.5 days’ gestation. The development of these cells could be classified into four stages: (1) 18.5 days’ gestation to 0.5 days after birth; (2) 0.5 days to 2 weeks after birth; (3) 3–4 weeks after birth; (4) 4–8 weeks after birth. In embryos and young animals, pepsinogen C-producing cells were mucopeptic cells. By 4 weeks after birth, mucous neck cells could be distinguished morphologically. The maturation stages of the chief cells could be traced by electron microscopy along the longitudinal axis of the rat fundic gland by double-staining with anti-pepsinogen C antibody and periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate. Positive reactions for pepsinogen C and pepsinogen C mRNA expression were detected in mucous neck cells. Therefore, we conclude that mucous neck cells are precursor cells of chief cells. Mucous neck cells, intermediate cells, and chief cells are in the same differentiating cell lineage.
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    Ontogenic development of salmon GnRH and chicken GnRH-II systems in the brain of masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 293 (1998), S. 427-434 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Salmon GnRH ; Chicken GnRH ; II ; Radioimmunoassay ; Immunocytochemistry ; In situ hybridization ; Oncorhynchus masou (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Ontogenic development of salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and chicken GnRH-II systems in masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) was examined. Salmon GnRH was first detected by radioimmunoassay in the embryo on day 36 after fertilization. Salmon GnRH-immunoreactive fibers were detected initially by immunocytochemistry in the vicinity of the olfactory placode of the embryo (day 36) and were distributed widely in the brain as well as in the pituitary gland of fish just after hatching (day 80). Salmon GnRH-immunoreactive neuronal somata were first detected about 6 months after fertilization in the rostroventral brain area, ranging from the olfactory nerve to the preoptic area. Salmon GnRH neuronal somata were detected earlier by in situ hybridization than by immunocytochemistry. Neuronal somata expressing salmon GnRH mRNA were first detected in the vicinity of the olfactory epithelium on day 40 and then were seen to be migrating from the olfactory epithelium, along the olfactory nerve, on day 60 and in the transitional area between olfactory nerve and olfactory bulb on day 80. In the brain, these neurons were first detected in the ventral olfactory bulb on day 80, and thereafter they were also detected in the caudal brain regions. The chicken GnRH-II system was detected later than the salmon GnRH system; chicken GnRH-II was first detected by radioimmunoassay on day 57, and chicken GnRH-II-immunoreactive fibers were first detected on day 67. Chicken GnRH-II-immunoreactive neuronal somata were not detected during the observation period. These results suggest that salmon GnRH neurons derive from the olfactory placode and then migrate into the brain and that salmon GnRH is synthesized before chicken GnRH-II.
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    Quantitative analysis of inputs to somatostatin-immunoreactive descending interneurons in the myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig small intestine (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 294 (1998), S. 219-226 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Enteric nervous system ; Somatostatin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Intestinal motility ; Synaptic connections ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Somatostatin immunoreactivity occurs in a specific subgroup of cholinergic descending interneurons in the myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig small intestine. In the present work, we made light- and electron-microscopic investigations of chemically defined inputs to these neurons, in order that the origins of the connections of other neurons with them could be deduced. Somatostatin-immunoreactive synapses and close contacts were found on the cell bodies and filamentous processes of somatostatin neurons; these were 84% of all inputs. It is thus confirmed that this class of interneuron forms chains that project anally. Descending interneurons with immunoreactivity for nitric oxide synthase provided 14% of inputs to somatostatin-immunoreactive descending interneurons. An antiserum against a calcium-binding protein, calbindin, was used as marker for the majority of intrinsic primary afferent neurons, AH/Dogiel type II neurons; this class of neurons provided only 2.5% of the inputs to somatostatin-immunoreactive descending interneurons. We conclude that somatostatin-immunoreactive descending interneurons are involved in the conduction of impulses distally along the full length of the small intestine, but receive only a minor input from calbindin-immunoreactive primary afferent neurons.
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    Distribution of tachykinin-related neuropeptide in the developing central nervous system of the moth Spodoptera litura (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 294 (1998), S. 351-365 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Insect nervous system ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neural development ; Neuropeptide ; Neurohormone ; Locustatachykinin ; Spodoptera litura (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Neuropeptides with similarities to vertebrate tachykinins, designated tachykinin-related peptides (TRPs), have been identified in several insect species. In this investigation we have utilized an antiserum raised to one of the locust TRPs, locustatachykinin-I (LomTK-I), to determine the distribution pattern of LomTK-like immunoreactive (LTKLI) neurons in the developing nervous system of the moth Spodoptera litura. A number of LTKLI neurons could be followed from the larval to the adult nervous system: a set of median neurosecretory cells (MNCs) in the brain, a pair of brain descending neurons and a few sets on neurons in the ventral nerve cord. The distribution of LTKLI neurons in the adult brain is very similar to that seen in other insect species with prominent arborizations in the central body, antennal lobes, mushroom body calyces, optic lobe neuropils and other distinct neuropil areas in the protocerebrum and tritocerebrum. A new finding is the presence of LTKLI neurosecretory cells with axon terminals in the anterior aorta and corpora cardiaca, suggesting for the first time a neurohormonal role of tachykinin-related peptide(s) in insects. During postembryonic development the number of LTKLI neurons in the ventral nerve cord decreases somewhat, whereas the number increases in the brain. Thus the functional roles of TRPs may change to some extent during development.
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    Munc-18–1 and cysteine string protein (csp) in pinealocytes of the gerbil pineal gland (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 293 (1998), S. 245-252 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Synaptic-like microvesicles ; Synaptophysin ; Synaptobrevin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Immunoelectron microscopy ; Meriones unguiculatus (Rodentia)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Mammalian pinealocytes contain several synaptic membrane proteins which probably play a role in the targeting and exocytosis of secretory vesicles, in particular of synaptic-like microvesicles (SLMVs). The latter are considered as the endocrine equivalent of neuronal synaptic vesicles. By means of immunocytochemical techniques and immunoblot analyses, we now show that two further key components of the molecular apparatus regulating neurotransmitter release are present in the gerbil pineal gland, i.e., munc-18–1 and cysteine string protein (csp). In addition to varicosities of nerve fibres, munc-18–1 and csp could be localized to pinealocytes where both proteins were markedly enriched in process swellings. When using antibodies against csp for an immunogold electron-microscopic study of pinealocytes, gold particles consistently decorated profiles of pleomorphic SLMVs. Interestingly, we found that also the cytosolic protein munc-18, which is partially recruited to the plasmalemma in neurons, was associated to a significant extent with SLMVs of pinealocytes and synaptic vesicles of neurons, respectively. This localization implies that munc-18 at least partially exerts its regulatory functions while being bound to secretory vesicle membranes. Our results indicate that in endocrine cells such as pinealocytes the synaptic proteins munc-18–1 and csp play essential roles during the life cycle of SLMVs.
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    Convoluted cords, a new nuclear body in spermatocytes and spermatids of the rabbit (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 293 (1998), S. 349-355 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Germ cells ; Nucleus ; Ribonucleoproteins ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The convoluted cords present in the nuclei of rabbit primary spermatocytes and spermatids differ from previously described nuclear bodies. They are composed of proteic strands decorated with granules and, in most cases, are embedded in clusters of interchromatin granules. They are partly sensitive to trypsin and can be visualised with protein-specific stains. The decorating granules are similar in size and aspect to interchromatin granules. However, only the latter are continuously immunolabelled with anti-snRNPs (small ribonucleoproteins) antibodies during spermatogenesis. The complexity and organisation of the convoluted cords are modified specifically during cell differentiation. They might be involved in the storage, transport and release of interchromatin granules in male germ cells.
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    Ultrastructural correlates of the antidiuretic hormone-dependent and antidiuretic hormone-independent increase of osmotic water permeability in the frog urinary bladder epithelium (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 293 (1998), S. 517-524 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Electron microscopy ; F-actin ; Freeze-fracture ; Immunocytochemistry ; Water permeability ; Antidiuretic hormone ; Urinary bladder ; Rana temporaria (Anura)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Electron and confocal microscopy, using immunocytochemical methods, was employed to assess osmotic water permeability of the frog (Rana temporaria) urinary bladder during transcellular water transport, induced by antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or by wash-out of autacoids from serosal, ADH-free Ringer solution. The increase of osmotic water permeability of the urinary bladder was accompanied by relevant ultrastructural changes, the most remarkable being: (1) the appearance of aggregates of intramembranous particles in the apical membrane of granular cells, and the extent of the membrane area covered by the aggregates proportional to that of the water flow; (2) redistribution of actin filaments in the cytoplasm of granular cells; judging from the anti-actin label density, the number of actin filaments in the apical region of cytoplasm was reduced by 2.5–4 times compared with normal; (3) a decrease in the total electron density of the cytoplasm due to the increased water content of granular cells.
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    Subcellular effects and localization of binding sites of phytohemagglutinin in the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Insecta: Homoptera: Cicadellidae) (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 294 (1998), S. 561-571 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Plant lectins ; Epithelial cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; Autoradiography ; Immunoelectron microscopy ; Potato leafhopper ; Empoasca fabae (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To identify the means by which phytohemagglutinin (PHA) exerts its toxicity on the potato leafhopper, four different methods (thick and semi-thin sectioning combined with immunofluorescent staining, in vitro receptor autoradiography, and immunoelectron microscopy) were used to elucidate the PHA target tissue, binding site, and its effects on this tissue. Sixteen 1- or 2-day-old female potato leafhoppers were fed for 36 h on each of three treatments: a control, diet or a diet containing either the PHA-E subunit or the PHA-L subunit. The PHA-E subunit, but not PHA-L, had previously been shown to be lethal. The insects were then prepared for both light and confocal microscopy. Analysis of images showed that PHA bound only to the surface of midgut epithelial cells of the potato leafhopper. PHA-E caused severe disruption, disorganization, and elongation of the brush border microvilli, and swelling of the epithelial cells into the lumen of the gut, leading to complete closure of the lumen. Furthermore, PHA-E stimulated the division of midgut epithelial cell nuclei, leading to two nuclei in each cell. Nuclei later elongated and degraded. In contrast, PHA-L had little effect on the epithelial cells of the midgut. It did not strongly bind to the surface of epithelial cells and caused much less disruption of brush-border microvilli, less disorganization of the cells and less elongation of nuclei. Strong binding of PHA occurred solely on the cell membrane of the brush border microvilli of epithelial cells. In contrast, the controls (i.e., midgut tissue, blocking agent, PHA, and antibodies) showed that midgut tissue was not autofluorescent and showed no fluorescent binding signal. Analysis of both bright- and dark-field images obtained by autoradiography and immunoelectron microscopy confirmed these findings.
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    Immunocytochemical and immunochemical study of enamelins, using antibodies against porcine 89-kDa enamelin and its N-terminal synthetic peptide, in porcine tooth germs (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 293 (1998), S. 313-325 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Enamelin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Amelogenesis ; Tooth development ; Enamel ; Pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Enamelins comprise an important family of the enamel matrix proteins. Porcine tooth germs were investigated immunochemically and immunocytochemically using two antibodies: a polyclonal antibody raised against the porcine 89-kDa enamelin (89 E) and an affinity purified anti-peptide antibody against the porcine enamelin amino-terminus (EN). Immunochemical analysis of layers of immature enamel from the matrix formation stage detected immunopositive protein bands ranging from 10 kDa to 155 kDa in the outer layer enamel sample irrespective of the antibodies used. In contrast, the middle and inner enamel layer mainly contained lower molecular weight enamelins. In immunocytochemical analyses of the differentiation stage, 89 E stained enamel matrix islands around mineralized collagen fibrils of dentin, while EN stained both enamel matrix islands and stippled material. At the matrix formation stage, both antibodies intensely stained enamel prisms located in the outer layer. In the inner layer, 89 E moderately stained enamel matrix homogeneously, while EN primarily stained the prism sheath. The intense immunoreaction over the surface layer of enamel matrix at the matrix formation stage, following staining with 89 E and EN, disappeared by the end of the transition stage and the early maturation stage, respectively. The Golgi apparatus and secretory granules in the ameloblasts from the late differentiation stage to the transition stage were immunostained by both antibodies. These results suggest that expression of enamelin continues from late differentiation to the transition stage and the cleavage of N-terminal region of enamelin occurs soon after secretion. Some enamelin degradation products, which apparently have no affinity for hydroxyapatite crystals, concentrate in the prism sheaths during enamel maturation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051123
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunocytochemical localization and characterization of mammalian thyrotropin-like material in the pituitary of the Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 294 (1998), S. 515-523 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Mammalian-type thyrotropin ; Pituitary ; Immunocytochemistry ; Australian lungfish ; Neoceratodus forsteri (Dipnoi)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The binding sites of polyclonal antisera raised against the β-subunit of human thyroid-stimulating hormone (hTSHβ), hTSH, and ovine TSH (oTSH) have been localized in the pituitary gland of the Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri, using light microscopy. Reactivity toward anti-TSH antiserum was demonstrated in a slightly elongated and irregularly-shaped distinct cell type forming clusters in the dorso-central and ventral regions of the distal lobe. Their granules react with alcian blue (AB), and with periodic acid–Schiff (PAS), and after AB-PAS-orange G they stain blue or purple. The specificity of the different antisera was established by liquid-phase absorptions and confirmed in positive and negative tissue control systems. Our observations confirm that dipnoan (Neoceratodus) TSH shares a number of antigenic determinants with those of mammalian TSHβ and support the concept that mammalian TSHβ, or part of it, was established early in evolution, and that dipnoans (Neoceratodus) as living sarcopterygians may have an ancestor in common with the early amphibians. The mapping and detailed description of TSH-like immunoreactive cells may furnish a background to facilitate current and future analysis of the ontogeny and time course of TSH production and release in Neoceratodus in relation to different physiological conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051202
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