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  • Articles  (327)
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  • Springer  (327)
  • American Geophysical Union
  • American Physical Society
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bromierte Diphenylether — eine entscheidende Zwischenstufe auf dem Weg zu synthetischen Schmierstoffen (1992)
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Chemie 123 (1992), S. 1153-1161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Polyphenyl ethers ; Lubricants, synthetic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The described synthesis of synthetic lubricants based on polyphenyl ethers requires an analytical characterization of the isomerization step, which is important to the process optimization. The separation of the intermediates succeeds with gas chromatography; the isomers are determined using a retention index system. The obtained results are compared with the composition of the final product, which was investigated by HPLC analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00808278
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Encoding of plant odours by receptor neurons in the pine weevil (Hylobius abietis) studied by linked gas chromatography-electrophysiology (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 179 (1996), S. 331-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Hylobius abietis ; Olfaction ; Plant odours ; Receptor neuron responses ; Gas chromatography ; Electrophysiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Receptor neuron responses to plant volatiles, trapped by head-space procedures, were examined in the pine weevil Hylobius abietis, using gas chromatography linked with electrophysiological recordings from single neurons. Seventy-two receptor neurons were tested 173 times for various plant volatile mixtures, either via a polar or a non-polar column. 1) All responses appeared as increased firing rates which followed the concentration profiles of the GC-eluted compounds. 2) The neurons were classified separately for the two column types in 17 and 19 groups respectively, according to the compounds they responded to. It suggests that the plant odour information is encoded by a large, but limited number of receptor neuron types. 3) Most neurons responded to a limited number of compounds (1–5) and showed a marked best response to one of them, whereas additional responses to several other components which seems to be structurally similar, was recorded for some neurons. It suggests that the plant odour receptor neurons are rather narrowly than broadly tuned, and that each neuron is specialized for receiving information about one or a few related compounds. 4) Most neurons responded to monoterpenes, whereas the other neurons responded to compounds of other categories. 5) Both major and minor plant volatile components activated specifically receptor neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194987
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The isoprostanes: Unique bioactive products of lipid peroxidation (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of biomedical science 5 (1998), S. 415-420 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0127
    Keywords: Isoprostanes ; Oxidative stress ; Lipid peroxidation ; Gas chromatography ; Mass spectrometry ; Human disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The development of a specific, reliable and noninvasive method for measuring oxidative stress in humans is essential for establishing the role of free radicals in human diseases. Currently, accurate techniques to assess oxidant injury in vivo are extremely limited although a number of approaches are being investigated. Of these, the measurement of specific products of nonenzymatic lipid peroxidation, the F2-isoprostanes (F2-IsoPs), appears to be a more accurate marker of oxidative stress in vivo in humans than other available methods. The purpose of this brief review is to acquaint the reader with the IsoPs from a biochemical perspective and to provide information regarding the utility of quantifying these compounds as indicators of oxidant stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02255929
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adrenal tissue in the male African catfish, Clarias gariepinus: localization and steroid hormone secretion (1995)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 280 (1995), S. 653-657 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenals ; Morphology ; Steroids ; Gas chromatography ; Mass spectrometry ; Clarias gariepinus (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Interrenal-like tissue in male African catfish is localized in paired organs, situated retroperitoneally anterior of the kidney. Histological and enzyme-histochemical (3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) reactions were carried out on sections of these organs in order to localize steroid-producing cells. In vitro incubations were carried out to determine the steroidogenic capacity of the interrenal-like tissue. Twenty-one steroids could be identified and quantified in the incubation medium, by means of gas chromatography followed by mass spectrometry. Cortisol, 5α-and 5β-androstanedione and androstenedione together comprised about 80% of the total steroid content. In a previous study, twenty testicular steroids were detected in plasma after castration. In the present investigation we have shown that most of these steroids can be produced by the interrenal-like tissue, which thus can be considered as an extra-testicular source of gonadal steroids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318367
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adrenal tissue in the male African catfish, Clarias gariepinus: localization and steroid hormone secretion (1995)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 280 (1995), S. 653-657 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Adrenals ; Morphology ; Steroids ; Gas chromatography ; Mass spectrometry ; Clarias gariepinus (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Interrenal-like tissue in male African catfish is localized in paired organs, situated retroperitoneally anterior of the kidney. Histological and enzyme-histochemical (3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) reactions were carried out on sections of these organs in order to localize steroid-producing cells. In vitro incubations were carried out to determine the steroidogenic capacity of the interrenal-like tissue. Twenty-one steroids could be identified and quantified in the incubation medium, by means of gas chromatography followed by mass spectrometry. Cortisol, 5α- and 5β-androstanedione and androstenedione together comprised about 80% of the total steroid content. In a previous study, twenty testicular steroids were detected in plasma after castration. In the present investigation we have shown that most of these steroids can be produced by the interrenal-like tissue, which thus can be considered as an extra-testicular source of gonadal steroids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318367
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Capillary gas chromatography of some triglycerides in cheese using programmed-temperature injection (1993)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 35 (1993), S. 649-652 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Triglycerides in cheese ; Programme temperature (PTV) injection ; Silica capillary columns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A rapid gas chromatographic method for the analysis of triglycerides in cheese on a capillary column with a programmed temperature vaporizer has been developed. Fat were extracted with hexane to dryness. The reproducibility of the method was assessed and the coefficient of variation for the total triglycerides was 2.50%. Recovery of individual triglycerides ranged between 87 to 105%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02267931
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate using several internal standards by multivariate analysis of curiepoint, pyrolysis gas chromatography (1993)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 35 (1993), S. 643-648 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Curie-point pyrolysis ; Multivariate analysis ; Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Multivariate analysis can be applied to quantitative analysis of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (DBS) by pyrolysis gas chromatography. The pyrograms obtained from mixtures of DBS and polyoxyethylene lauryl ether (PEG) were normalized for the peak heights and areas of several internal standards which appeared in every pyrogram, against the characteristics peaks for DBS and PEG. This normalization method gave smaller experimental errors than when using one internal standard. The normalization values were used for cluster analysis unchanged. The values were calculated correlation coefficients and principal component analysis was performed using 11 data base and a set of sample data simultaneously. One calibration curve was calculated from the principal component scores. The DBS content of a sample was obtained from the calibration curve. Calculated values were in fair agreement with theoretical values.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02267930
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of pesticides in soil samples by solid phase extraction disks (1993)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 36 (1993), S. 187-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Solid-phase extraction disks ; Pesticides ; Soil analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A systematic study comparing the methodology and analytical results obtained in an investigation of seven pesticide residues (Molinate, Atrazine, Carbofuran, Pirimicarb, Prometryn, Malathion and Tetrachlorvinphos) in soil samples is reported. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) using glass columns and 47 mm disks of octyl and octadecyl-bonded silica was used in the pesticide analysis. The best extraction efficiency and clearest extracts are obtained with C8 disks. The analyses were carried out by capillary gas chromatography with nitrogen and phosphorus detection. Recovery experiments were performed at ppb levels in spiked soil samples. The average recoveries of the compounds were 53–77%. Detection limits are between 5 and 30 ng g−1 based on 5 g moist soil sample. The method was validated by comparing it with conventional liquid-liquid extraction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02263860
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermodynamic properties at infinite dilution of several solutes in ethers by gas-liquid chromatography (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 33 (1992), S. 41-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Activity coefficients ; 18-Crown-6-ether and tetraethyleneglycol dimethyl ether ; Thermodynamic properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The thermodynamic properties of different solutes at infinite dilution have been determined at 323.15 K. Deviations from ideality are discussed in terms of different contributions. The activity coefficients are compared with the calculated values by the one group contribution method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02276849
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diesel fuel derived from vegetable oils, V [1]: Gas chromatographic determination of free glycerol in transesterified vegetable oils (1993)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 37 (1993), S. 623-626 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Fatty acid methyl esters ; Diesel fuel substitute ; Glycerol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A GC method for the determination of free glycerol in vegetable oil methyl esters used as diesel fuel is described. The sample preparation includes dissolving in dimethylformamide, silylation with bistrimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) and separation on a methyl silicone capillary column using either FID or MS detection. The recovery was tested using standard samples containing known amounts of glycerol. The results of the analysis of different samples were compared with those obtained by enzymatic determination. The method described offers a far more sensitive and quick determination of free glycerol compared to other methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02274113
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of trace levels of trichothecene mycotoxins in Austrian cereals by gas chromatography with electron capture detection (1993)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 37 (1993), S. 191-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Electron capture detection ; Trichothecenes ; Cereal grain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Various analytical methods developed for trichothecene determination, including TLC, HPLC, GC, supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) and enzyme immuno assay (EIA) are reviewed. In addition a new method is described for the simultaneous determination of the trichothecene mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), T-2 toxin (T-2), HT-2 toxin (HT-2) and T-2 triol (TRIOL), in Austrian wheat and corn samples by GC-ECD. A clean-up procedure has been developed using a combination of liquid-liquid and liquid-solid extraction. Trichothecenes were detected as their heptafluorobuturyl esters or alternatively as trimethylsilyl ethers (only sensitive for deoxynivalenol and nivalenol) using nandrolone or chloramphenicol as internal standard. Four derivatization techniques using HFBI, HFBA+DMAP on polystyrene, TMSI and TMSI+BSA+TMCS have been studied and the advantages and disadvantages of each are discussed. Quantification of trichothecenes from 10 to 1000 ppb in cereals could be accomplished routinely.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02275860
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unified retention indices of alkylbenzenes on OV-101 and SE-30 (1993)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 37 (1993), S. 215-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Unified retention indices ; Dimethylsiloxane stationary phases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Gas chromatographic, unified retention-indices of 56 alkylbenzenes up to C15 on dimethylsiloxane OV-101 and SE-30 stationary phases are given. These values agree well with the corresponding experimental values used in the statistical treatment of the experimental data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02275863
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of reaction by-products in ethylene oligomers by capillary gas chromatography (1993)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 37 (1993), S. 259-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Quantitative analysis ; Ethylene oligomer by-products ; n-Alkanes, n-alkenes and 2-alkyl-1-alkenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A gas chromatographic method using temperature-programmed poly-dimethylsiloxane OV-101 and poly(pheny ether) (5 rings) capillary columns was developed to separate and quantify the reaction by-products in ethylene oligomers. It was found that the content of 2-alkyl-1-alkenes, 2-alkenes and n-alkanes in the C8−C18 α-olefin fractions amounts to 29, 10 and 2.6% respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02278630
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas chromatographic analysis of organic solvent mixtures on capillary columns of different polarity (1993)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 37 (1993), S. 211-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Organic solvents ; Routine analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A gas chromatographic method for the analysis of organic solvents in chemical products is described. The analysis is performed by the use of a polar column, Supelcowax 10, and a non-polar column CP-Sil-5CB. Samples containing a non-volatile matrix or water were analysed by headspace analysis. The identification of the solvents in a sample, based on GC retention times on one column, is confirmed by GC of the sample on the second column. The method has been found to be suitable for the routine analysis of solvent mixtures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02275862
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calculation of retention indices and peak widths in temperature programmed gas-liquid chromatography (1993)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 37 (1993), S. 264-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Temperature programmed ; Peak widths ; Polynomial interpolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Isothermal chromatographic measurements lead directly to ΔH v o and A (entropy term) of solutes, and three constants of an empirical relationship between peak width and column temperature. From the thermodynamic parameters ΔH v o and A retention temperatures have been computed by means of a theoretical model including temperature dependence of carrier gas viscosity, and subsequently retention times; programmed retention indices have been determined by linear and polynomial interpolations. By substituting the value of the calculated retention temperature in the above-mentioned relationship, peak width at half-height for a linear temperature may be estimated. Predicted retentions correlate with observed data, with a P-value ≤0.01; simulation accuracy is generally 6–10% for peak widths. Retention indices of some organochlorine species, separated on an OV-101 capillary column, may differ by as much as 26 units depending on the method of calculation. Polynomial-calculated indices are more consistent with the retention index scheme, and have smaller standard deviations and better constancy at different heating rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02278631
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The structure and chromatographic properties of poly(ethylene glycol) 20M layer on the surface of a diatomaceous earth type support (1993)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 37 (1993), S. 444-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Inverse gas chromatography ; Poly(ethylene glycol) 20M ; Retention mechanisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The properties of poly(ethylene glycol) 20M (PEG 20M) coated on the hydroxylated surface of Chromaton N AW were investigated by inverse gas chromatography. It was found that the solid form of PEG 20M exhibits partition as the retention mechanism even below its melting range. The contribution of adsorption to the specific retention volume was also determined. It was demonstrated that inverse gas chromatography establishes the existence of a polymer surface layer but precise determination of its thickness is difficult. The limitation of the applicability of inverse gas chromatography results from the structure of the investigated surface layer which is thin and not coherent so that solute molecules can penetrate it.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02272262
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diastereoselective and enantioselective chromatography of the pyrethroid insecticides allethrin and cypermethrin (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 33 (1992), S. 103-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Gas chromatography ; Chiral separations ; Allethrin ; Cypermethrin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Liquid and gas chromatographic separations of the pyrethroid insecticides allethrin and cypermethrin have been investigated with various achiral and chiral stationary phases. Diastercomeric and enantiomeric selectivity was observed for cypermethrin on a Pirkle-type chiral LC stationary phase, but very strong interactions and therefore long retention times prevented the separation of allethrin on this phase. Trans-allethrin isomers were separated on a chiral β-cyclodextrin RP-HPLC column while cypermethrin showed some difficulties on this phase due to isomerization. Diastereomeric but no enantiomeric selectivity by GC was achieved for cypermethrin with an apolar DB 5 capillary. GC separation of the diastereomers was used to study the selective photodegradation of cypermethrin isomers after forestry applications. Chiral β-cyclodextrin-based GC phases showed some enantioselectivity for cis- and trans-allethrin isomers. A separation of the eight isomers into six partially resolved peaks was achieved by GC with a coupled column consisting of chiral permethylated β-cyclodextrin and DB 1701 as stationary phases. This combination was used to characterize allethrin formulations intended for indoor use and to investigate allethrin products formed by ozonolysis of thin films of the insecticide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02275888
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    2,6-Di-O-pentyl-3-O-propionyl-γ-cyclodextrin as an enantiomeric stationary phase for capillary gas chromatography (1994)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 38 (1994), S. 22-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Chiral separation ; Capillary column ; 2,6-Di-O-pentyl-3-O-propionyl-γ-cyclodextrin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary 2,6-Di-O-pentyl-3-O-propionyl-γ-cyclodextrin has been synthesized and used for enantiomer separation in capillary gas chromatography. Experimental results showed that the stationary phase has good enantiomer selectivity toward amino acids, amines, alcohols, diols, epoxides, and lactones,etc. 2,6-Di-O-pentyl-3-O-propionyl-γ-cyclodextrin has good thermal stability: the highest recommended temperature isca 170°C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02275722
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of pentachlorophenol residues in wine and corks by solvent extraction methodology and specific gas chromatography detection (1994)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 38 (1994), S. 147-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Pentachlorophenol residues ; Off-flavours ; Wines and corks ; Electrolytic conductivity detector/mass spectrometry ; detectors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A gas chromatographic methodology with selective detection is presented for the analysis in wines and corks of pentachlorophenol residues, which are suspected to be the most likely precursors of some off-flavours described in several wine samples. After derivatisation, pentachlorophenol acetate residues were monitored by electrolytic conductivity detection and/or mass spectrometric detection in the selective ion mode at m/z 264 and 266. Recoveries varied from 80 to 96% for wine samples fortified with 5 to 100 μg l−1 and from 83 to 91% for corks (fortified at 25 to 100 μg kg−1). The proposed methodology allowed for a determination limit of μg l−1 for wine and 10 μg kg−1 for corks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02290327
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Capillary gas chromatography of plant tissues and soil phenolic acids (1994)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 38 (1994), S. 475-478 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Phenolic acids ; Olive and elm tree tissues ; Soil phenolics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A method for the separation of phenolic acids along with shikimic and quinic acids by means of capillary gas chromatography is described and discussed. The method involves the previous derivatization of the acids to trimethylsilyl derivatives and it has been applied to the separation of acids extracted from olive leaves and roots, elm leaves and a soil A horizon. Quite good results were achieved both from qualitative and quantitative points of view. Qualitative differences have been pointed out in the phenolic acid composition of two olive cultivars and between leaves and roots of the same cultivar; also two elm species can be discriminated on the basis of the phenolic acid content.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02269839
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of methacrylic ester of p, p′-dihydroxydiphenylpropane diglicydyl ether-divinylbenzene porous copolymers for GC (1994)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 38 (1994), S. 643-648 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Porous polymer stationary phase ; Selectivity studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The behaviour of GC columns packed with the copolymer of methacrylic ester of p,p'-dihydroxydiphenylpropane diglicydyl ether and divinylbenzene was studied. Selectivity studies were made for three polymer samples of different molar ratio of monomers. To determine the selectivities of these copolymers retention indices for seven test compounds in comparison to those obtained on Porapak Q are calculated. Additionally, the efficiency of porous polymer purification was studied by a SFE-GC-MS technique.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277169
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enantiomeric separation of amphetamine and methamphetamine by capillary gas chromatography (1994)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 38 (1994), S. 595-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Chiral / enantiomeric separation ; Amphetamine ; Methamphetamine ; Cyclodextrin-derivatized phases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Enantiomeric separation of amphetamine and methamphetamine as achiral derivatives on 2,6-di-O-pentyl-3-O-trifluoroacetyl-β-cyclodextrin, 2,6-di-O-pentyl-3-O-trifluoroacetyl-γ-cyclodextrin and 2,6-di-O-pentyl-3-O-propionyl-γ-cyclodextrin stationary phase in capillary gas chromatography is described. Trifluoroacetic anhydride and acetic anhydride were used as derivatizing reagents. Excellent precision was obtained for concentrations down to 0.1% / e.e. On 2,6-di-O-pentyl-3-O-propionyl-γ-cyclodextrin the elution order of R,S-amphetamine was reversed when the derivatizing reagent was changed but could not be reversed on any of the other phase types.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277160
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid magnetic particle-based ELISA assay compared with gas chromatography-nitrogen phosphorus detection for determining atrazine in freeze-dried water samples (1994)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 38 (1994), S. 633-636 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Nitrogen phosphorus detection ; Atrazine and simazine ; Freeze-dried water analysis ; ELISA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The determination of atrazine in freeze-dried water samples containing simazine, 0.6% glycine as stabilizer and other pesticides has been compared using three different techniques: (i) direct rapid-magnetic particlebased ELISA, (ii) dichloromethane liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and Florisil column clean-up prior to ELISA determination and (iii) LLE, Florisil column clean-up and gas chroamtography with nitrogen phosphorus detection (GC-NPD). The methodology developed in this paper has shown the advantages of the introduction of a clean-up step prior to ELISA determination and its correlation with GC-NPD determinations. Atrazine could be determined at levels between 0.1 to 5 μg l−1 in water smaples using the different methods described in this paper. The crossreactivity problems found in the ELISA test associated with the presence of simazine are also discussed.
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    An improved gas chromatographic assay for spectinomycin hydrochloride (1994)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 39 (1994), S. 71-73 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Spectinomycin ; Silylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A gas chromatographic assay for spectinomycin hydrochloride is described. The method is based on that prescribed by the United States Pharmacopeia (USP XXII). The method involves silylation of spectinomycin hydrochloride; phenazone is used as an internal standard. Spectinomycin and phenazone have adequate stability under the prescribed conditions. The stationary phase is 3% OV-17 on Gaschrom Q 100–120 mesh. The selectivity of the proposed method is better than that of the GLC method described in the USP XXII.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02320461
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    Improved gas chromatographic method for the determination of the individual free fatty acids in cheese using a capillary column and a PTV injector (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 33 (1992), S. 351-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Free fatty acids ; Cheese ; Programmed temperature vaporizer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A gas chromatographic method with a capillary column and a programmed temperature vaporizer injector has been used to analyze the individual free fatty acids in cheese. The lipids were extracted from an acidified cheese slurry with diethyl ether and treated with tetramethylamonium hydroxide (TMAH) to convert the free fatty acids to tetramethylammonium soaps (TMA-soaps), which were subsequently pyrolyzed to methyl esters in the injector. Carrying out injection at the initial column temperature resulted in lower dispersion of the results, but the solvent front prevented quantitative determination of butyric and caproic acids, and an injector temperature of 300°C was therefore employed. Under the conditions tested, trimethylamine (tma) flash-off did not affect the determinations. The accuracy of the method improved at higher free fatty acid contents (coefficient of variation of 0.53% for a total free fatty acid content of 9000 mg/kg as opposed to 7.0% for a total free fatty acid content of 1400 mg/kg). The recovery rate for individual free fatty acids ranged between 91 and 103%.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02275917
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    Enantiomer separation of side-chain fluorinated alkylbenzenes by capillary gas chromatography on cyclodextrin phases (1994)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 39 (1994), S. 192-199 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Enantiomer separation ; Permethylated cyclodextrin stationary phases ; Side-chain fluorinated alkylbenzenes ; Thermodynamic data
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The separation of racemic side-chain fluorinated alkylbenzenes and bromofluorinated analogues by capillary gas chromatography using permethylated α, β and γ-cyclodextrins dissolved in polysiloxanes of different polarity as stationary phases is described. The influence of the achiral polysiloxane matrices on the separation of enantiomers is discussed in the light of the results obtained with the different phases. For a part of the tested compounds thermodynamic data are determined which describe the interaction of enantiomers with the stationary phase. The mechanism of separation is discussed on this basis and by comparison with data for structurally similar compounds.
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    Ruggedness testing of gas chromatographic method for residual solvents in pharmaceutical substances (1994)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 39 (1994), S. 355-362 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Method validation ; Reggedness test ; Residual solvents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Ruggedness testing is performed on a gas chromatographic method for the quantitative determination of residual solvents in steroids. Eight experimental variables or factors which were expected to influence the quantitative results were selected. These factors were divided into two independent groups, i.e. four factors related to the injection process and four factors related to separation and detection. In order to determine interaction between factors and quadratic effects, a central composite design was selected for the set-up of the experiments. Because in the method an internal standard is used, relative peak area was used as response. A deviation of up to 2.5% per factor for the quantitative results was regarded as acceptable. Other responses studied are related to the system suitability. Observed main, quadratic and interaction effects were translated into rugged intervals of the experimental variables by graphical presentation. It was found that besides main effects significant interaction effects were present, for example between the temperature of the injector and the split-flow. Interaction effects can easily result in the reduction of the rugged intervals by a factor of 2. The calculated rugged intervals were compared with the precision of the instrument or factor settings in order to estimate the ruggedness of the factors. Eventually, the maximum effect of the variation in the instrument settings on the quantitative results regarding the precision of the factor settings was found to be only 2.2%. Overall, the method proved to be rugged for most factors, except for the split-flow of the injector for which the method was only rugged to a limited extent.
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    Effect of ester molecular structure and column temperature on the retention of eight esters in gas chromatography (1994)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 39 (1994), S. 438-442 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Retention/structure and retention/temperature ; relationships ; Experimental design ; Enthalpy-entropy compensation ; para-Hydroxy benzoic esters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary An experimental design has been used to study the effect of column temperature on the gas chromatographic retention of eightpara-hydroxy benzoic esters. A rapid procedure has been developed to reduce the number of experiments compared with traditional methods. Capacity factors were determined and the enthalpy and entropy of transfer from the mobile phase to the stationary phase, ΔHo and ΔSo, respectively, were calculated using the linear Van't Hoff equation (dependence of ln k′ on 1/T). A retention prediction system (RPS) for these compounds in GC was investigated. The molecular connectivity index was used to describe the quantitative structure relationships. Enthalpy — entropy compensation revealed that the mechanism was similar for all the compounds studied.
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    Optimization of selectivity by tuning column temperatures of identical capillary columns in series in a dual-oven GC system (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 33 (1992), S. 463-466 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; coupling capillary columns ; Selectivity optimization ; Dual oven tuning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A computer-assisted procedure is presented for optimization of selectivity of tandem capillary columns with the same apolar (SE-54) stationary phase by varying column temperatures. The procedure is based on a threshold criterion calculated from the required resolution factor in which the separating power of the columns as a function of temperature is incorporated. The validity of the procedure has been verified by the analysis of a sample containing 33 hydrocarbons on two 31 m×0.3 mm i.d. SE-54 capillary columns coupled in series and by varying the temperatures of both columns in the range 60–100°C. At the optimum temperatures (70°C for the first and 92°C for the second column) 26 compounds were resolved equal to or better than Rji=1.00 in 22.8 min.
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    Gas chromatographic study of the adsorption of methyl iodide on several types of carbons (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 568-572 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Carbon adsorbents ; Methyliodide ; Effect of KI on adsorption ; Thermodynamics of adsorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Gas chromatography has been used to measure the adsorption at zero surface coverage of methyl iodide on different types of carbon. The effect on the adsorption of methyl iodide of adding potassium iodide to the carbon samples was also studied. The differences observed in the behaviour of these samples for the adsorption of methyl iodide are explained on the basis of the textural characteristics of the samples. Thermodynamic functions of adsorption of methyl iodide at zero surface coverage are obtained.
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    Direct determination of partition coefficients of volatile liquids between oil and gas by gas chromatography and its use in QSAR analysis (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 601-606 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Partition coefficients ; Olive oil-nitrogen partition ; QSAR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A gas-liquid chromatographic method has been used for direct determination of the partition coefficients (KD) of alcohols, ethers and ketones between olive oil and nitrogen. Olive oil was characterised as a stationary phase for gas chromatography. The differential molar enthalpies of solution were also calculated from retention data. Correlations between log KD for olive oil — nitrogen and molecular connectivity indices, differential molar enthalpies of solution, biological activity and partition coefficients for blood-air were obtained.
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    Fast derivatization and GC analysis of phenolic acids (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 621-626 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Methyl and ethyl chloroformate ; Derivatization in the presence of water ; Alkyl and alkoxycarbonyl esters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Phenolic acids, i.e. benzoic, phenylacetic, phenylpropenoic (cinnamic), phenylglycolic (mandelic), phenylpropionic and their variously substituted forms can be converted almost instantly to derivatives amenable to GC by treatment with methyl or ethyl chloroformate. The reaction, catalyzed by pyridine, proceeds even in the presence of water. The carboxylic group is esterified to the corresponding alkyl ester but even the alkoxycarbonyl ester (mixed anhydride) can be produced by altering the reaction conditions. Hydroxyl groups on the benzene ring or adjacent to the carboxylic group are converted to the alkoxycarbonyl ethers. Benzoic acid and some of its substitutents, unlike the other aromatic acids, shows a tendency to mixed anhydride formation even under conditions used for alkyl esters. A well deactivated capillary column with a thin film of stationary phase of low polarity enables even the mixed anhydrides to be analyzed successfully.
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    The GC separation of C2-naphthalene isomers using cyclodextrins and crown ethers (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 163-165 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Cyclodextrins ; Crown ethers ; Dimethylnaphthalene isomer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The twelve structural C2 isomers of naphthalene are resolved on a single capillary column using α, β, or γ cyclodextrin as the stationary phase. A change in elution order is seen upon going from α to β and then γ cyclodextrin which can be related to the size of the cyclodextrin cavity and the stereochemical fit of the isomer. A crown-ether column and a liquid-crystal column were found to be unable to separate all of the isomers.
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    Determination of partition coefficients by automatic equilibrium headspace gas chromatography by vapor phase calibration (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 235-240 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Headspace sampling ; Partition coefficients ; Multiple headspace extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Equilibrium headspace gas chromatography has been applied to the determination of the partition coefficients of volatile compounds in water-air systems. Only techniques that are suited to a fully automatic headspace procedure using the pneumatic headspace sampling-technique have been considered. Particularly simple is the technique of “vapor phase calibration —VPC” where an external vapor standard is used to calibrate the concentration of the volatile analyte in the headspace, while the concentration in the sample is found from the difference in the total amount in the vial. This technique is described in detail for 2-butanone in water. Finally, the water-air partition coefficients of several selected volatile compounds at different temperatures are listed together with their temperature functions.
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    Correlations between gas chromatographic retention data of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and several molecular descriptors (1995)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 40 (1995), S. 532-538 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Retention-structure correlation ; Molecular descriptors ; Polycyclic aromatics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Statistical and factor analysis have been used to test the ability of several molecular descriptors to predict the retention indexes (I) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons determined on SPB-5 and SPB-20 stationary phases. Regression analysis with both columns showed that linear regression with connectivity index and bending energy of the molecules as independent variables gave the best correlation coefficients. ΔI 20–5, considered to be a measure of the polar forces in retention, gave a good correlation with the van der Waals radii of the molecules, or strain, and bending energy.
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    Isolation of volatiles with insecticidal properties from the genusTagetes (Marigold) (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 241-248 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Natural insecticides ; Marigolds ; Isolation of volatiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The results of optimizing Soxhlet and Simultaneous Distillation-Extraction (SSDE) procedures for the isolation of natural insecticides fromTagetes erecta, Tagetes patula, andTagetes minuta, members of theCompositae family, are presented. Extraction procedures were developed and validated that produced the extract with the highest degree of biocidal activity. The highest activity was obtained with extracts isolated by SSDE using methylene chloride. Initial work was carried out on a micro-SSDE. Preparative SSDE was used to provide large quantities of extracts for bioassays. Bioassays were used to govern optimization procedures usingAedes aegypti andAnopheles stephensi adults and larvae as target organisms.Tagetes minuta was determined to be the most active of the three species studied. Evaluation of activity and recovery versus extraction time was investigated. It was determined that an extraction time of ten hours resulted in the highest activity and over 90% recovery of the oils. Finally, supercritical fluid extraction of the flowers with CO2 was compared to SSDE.
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    Pair-wise interactions by gas chromatography. Part II: Sociation free enthalpies of some hydrogen bonding solutes with non-associated primary alcohol groups (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 249-252 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Sociation constants ; Hydrogen bonding solutes ; Nearly ideal binary solvent theory ; Isosteric solvents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Gas chromatographic data measured on mixtures of 19,24-dioctadecyldotetracontane, A≡C78, and 18,23-dioctadecyl-1-hentetracontanol, POH, allow the determination of the standard chemical potential of a solute on an ideal stationary phase with primary alcohol groups at ideal dilution. The Nearly Ideal Binary Solvent Theory provides the link between these data and the sociation constant of the solute with the primary alcohol. The method was applied to calculate sociation constants of a series of hydrogen bonding solutes. Results are compared with those determined by spectroscopy and calorimetry.
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    Relations between pneumatic parameters of ideal gas in a column with uniform permeability (1995)
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    Chromatographia 41 (1995), S. 15-22 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Average velocity of carrier gas ; Compressibility of carrier gas ; Pneumatic parameters of carrier gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary This report was conceived as a source for the relations between five pneumatic parameters of carrier gas-inlet and outlet pressure, inlet and outlet velocity, and average velocity. Any pair of these parameters can be independent while the remaining three can be expressed as functions of the independent pair. As the total number of the independent pairs is ten, thirty different functions describing relations between arbitrary independent pairs and dependent parameters can be identified. All thirty were derived below together with the complete set of bounds for variations of independent parameters. To derive some relations, a third order rational equation had to be solved. Some properties of that solution are discussed. A simple case of vacuum operations with zero outlet pressure has also been considered.
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    Simulation of column efficiency in temperature programmed gas-liquid chromatography (1995)
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    Chromatographia 41 (1995), S. 37-42 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Temperature programming ; Isothermal measurements ; Column efficiency ; Dead time
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary If the dependence of HETP on temperature is specified under isothermal conditions, it is possible to predict the HETP for programmed temperature elution and subsequently peak width at half-height. This requires knowledge of isothermal retention time at retention temperature, which is computed by means of a model including the variation with temperature of dead time estimated from 3 homologs with carbon number: n, (n+j), (n+jk), where n, j and k are any integers. Predicted and measured peak widths corresponded within 4–9%.
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    Solid phase microextraction using fused silica fibers coated with graphitized carbon black (1995)
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    Chromatographia 41 (1995), S. 678-684 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Solid phase micro extraction ; Graphitized carbon black ; Volatile organic compounds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary This paper presents the results obtained using fused-silica fibers coated with graphitized carbon black (Carbograph-Alltech) for solid-phase microextraction (SPME). The extraction and calibration curves relative to organic micro-pollutants present in gaseous and aqueous samples are reported. Examples of applications of this extraction procedure to GC and GC-MS analysis of organic micro-pollutants in actual samples are also reported.
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    Preparation and gas chromatographic characterisation of 3-bromo-4-(4-methylbenzyloxy)azobenzene stationary phase (1995)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 41 (1995), S. 697-701 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; New stationary phase ; Packed columns ; Specific retention volumes ; Activity coefficients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The synthesis of 3-bromo-4-(4-methylbenzyloxy)azobenzene (BMBOA) and its use as a stationary phase in packed columns are described. Chromatographic characteristics such as column efficiency, polarity (McReynolds constants) and operating temperature range were studied. Retention factors, specific retention volumes and activity coefficients for alcohols, esters, ketones, aromatic hydrocarbons andn-alkanes were determined. Phenols and 2,3, and 4-chlorobenzyl chlorides were separated on the new phase. Based on experimental data some assumptions were made on the possible types of intermolecular forces between solute and solvent.
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    Hhdrodenitrogenation catalysis studied by reversed-flow gas chromatography (1992)
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    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 398-410 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Reversed-flow technique ; Catalysis ; Hydrodenitrogenation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Many important parameters of surface catalysed reactions can be determined simultaneously, under nonsteady state conditions using Reversed-Flow Gas Chromatography. A simple, slightly modified gas chromatograph is required. The distorted diffusion bands, obtained experimentally for reactant and product(s), can be analysed mathematically, using simple PC programs, to give the pre-exponential factors and the exponential coefficients of a function consisting of the sum of two-four exponential functions of time. From these, and some geometrical and diffusional characteristics of the reaction cell, the values of adsorption, desorption and reaction rate constants, the overall mass transfer coefficients in the gas and in the solid catalyst, and the adsorption equilibrium constant, for both reactant and product(s) can be calculated. The above parameters were determined at various temperatures and over three catalysts for the hydrodenitrogenation of piperidine ton-pentane, an industrially important hydrotreating process. The results obtained can help to understand the mechanism of reactions on solid surfaces and to confirm experimentally theoretical calculations on adsorption and surface reactions.
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    Use of a high-pressure Soxhlet extractor for the determination of organochlorine residues by gas chromatography (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 468-474 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; High-pressure Soxhlet extraction ; Organochlorine residue analysis ; Supercritical fluid extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The operational conditions of a high-pressure Soxhlet extractor (pressure, temperature, time and amount of sample) have been optimized, using carbon dioxide as extractant for the determination of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in certified potato, carrot, olive oil and lyophilized fish tissue samples. Good recoveries were obtained.
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    Capillary gas chromatography of some telomeric fluoroalkanols (1992)
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    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 475-478 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Telomeric fluoroalkanols ; Retention index ; Regression equation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The separation of fluoroalkanols with the general formula H(CF2CF2)nCH2OH (n=1–8) on fused-silica capillary columns coated with dimethylsilicone and cyanopropylmethylsilicone stationary phases was investigated. Retention indices were determined at three temperatures. A correlation between the retention index values, the molecular weights and the number of C and F atoms in the solute molecules was found.
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    Allyl thiocyanate — Natural product or artifact in Crucifer extracts? (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 461-467 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Allyl thiocyanate and isothiocyanate ; Plant extract ; Analytical artifacts ; Isomerization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Allyl thiocyanate and isothiocyanate were synthesized and could be analysed by gas chromatography without isomerization by keeping the injector at, or below, 50°C. Synthetic allyl isothiocyanate contained none of the isomeric thiocyanate but allyl thiocyanate contained 0.5% of isothiocyanate. The NMR spectra indicated both compounds to be free of the corresponding isomer. Analysis of extracts of stinkweed, mustard and horseradish by GC using non-isomerizing conditions showed that only the stinkweed extract contained allyl thiocyanate. Mustard and horseradish extracts contained allyl, and other, isothiocyanates but no allyl thiocyanate. Allyl thiocyanate previously reported in extracts of mustard and horseradish was most likely an artifact caused by partial isomerization of allyl isothiocyanate under the conditions of isolation and/or analysis.
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    Open-tubular columns: Past, present and future (1992)
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    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 513-528 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Open-tubular (capillary) columns ; History of chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    The selectivity of crown ether polysiloxane stationary phases (1993)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 35 (1993), S. 33-37 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Crown ether polysiloxane phases ; Selectivity mechanisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The phase recognition mechanism of nine groups of position isomers on four crown ether polysiloxanes, OV-1701 and PEG 20M has been investigsated by measuring various thermodynamic parameters. The high selectivity of crown ether polysiloxane phases is due to hydrogen bonding and the extent of fitting between the analytes and the crown ethe cavity. The effects on selectivity of cavity size, heteroatoms and substituent groups on the crown ether are discussed.
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    Determination of gas-liquid partition coefficients by automatic equilibrium headspace-gas chromatography utilizing the phase ratio variation method (1993)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 35 (1993), S. 73-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Equilibrium headspace sampling ; Partition coefficient determination ; Theory of chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The new phase ratio variation method is described which represents a convenient way for the determination of gas-liquid partition coefficients for practical purposes, utilizing equilibrium headspace-gas chromatography (EHS-GC). This method is based on the relationship between reciprocal peak area and the phase ratio in the vial containing the sample solution; it involves regression analysis of the EHS-GC measurements of a number of sample vials containing the same sample solution but with a wide variation of phase ratios. Examples are given for both aqueous systems and systems consisting of a stationary (liquid) phase used as the solvent; comparison of the measured values with results obtained by other methods shows satisfactory agreement. A critical discussion of the conditions influencing the accuracy of the analytical results is given.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02278560
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    Correlation of unified retention indices for OV-101 and squalane (1993)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 35 (1993), S. 109-110 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Unified retention index ; Correlation of data ; Hydrocarbons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Gas chromatographic unified retention indices for 43 hydrocarbons (alkanes and cycloalkanes) are given for squalane and OV-101. Comparison of these values and unified retention index increments are presented as linear regression equations with high correlation coefficients and acceptable standard deviations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02278566
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    Use of artificial neural networks for the classification of vegetable oils after GC analysis (1993)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 35 (1993), S. 160-166 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Neural networks ; Classification ; Pattern recognition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Artificial Neural Networks are proposed for the classification of vegetable oils submitted to gas chromatography analysis through their FAME profiles. Three important neural networks are evaluated here: the Hopfield model as a content-addressable memory (CAM), the Hamming model and the multi-layer perceptron. A brief description of these nets is first presented and further implemented for the classification of known vegetable oils. After the learning step, unknown samples are presented to the nets and the identification step performed. The performances of these nets are compared for the recognition of popular vegetable oils, including several edible oils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02269696
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    Identification of chlorinated sulfur compounds in pulp mill effluents by GC-MS and GC-AED (1993)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 35 (1993), S. 193-198 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Mass spectrometry ; Atomic emission spectroscopy ; Pulp mill effluents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Three chlorinated dimethyl sulfones and five chlorinated thiophenes have been identified in the alkaline extraction liquor from a bleach plant by gas chromatography with atomic emission detection (GC-AED) and with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The information on elemental content obtained by GC-AED enabled a rapid screening of the sulfur compounds and provided important structural information complementary to the mass spectral data. Quantitation was accomplished by GC-AED based on universal calibration.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02269702
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    Insecticidal volatiles from the marigold plant (genustagetes). Effect of species and sample manipulation (1993)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 35 (1993), S. 209-215 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ; Tagetes ; Plant volatiles ; Extractions ; Natural insecticides ; Mosquitos
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Volatiles from three species of the genustagetes, commonly called marigold have been isolated and characterized. Simultaneous steam distillation extractions (SSDE) produced consistently extracts of higher insecticidal activity than Soxhlet extractions. Methylene chloride was the best solvent. Volatiles isolated from theminutae species showed higher activity than those frompatula anderecta. Comparison of extracts from the flower, foliage and roots of the plant showed that most of the activity is located in the flower. The volatiles are highly effective toward both larvae and adult mosquitoes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02269705
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    Enantiomer separation on amylose tris(n-butylcarbamate) by gas chromatography (1993)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 35 (1993), S. 237-240 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Enantioselectivity ; Polysaccharide chiral stationary phase ; Amylose tris(n-butylcarbamate) ; Grob test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Seven aromatic and alkyl amylose and cellulose carbamates have been tested as chiral stationary phases in gas chromatography. One of them, amylose tris(n-butylcarbamate) can be used for enantiomer separation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02269709
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    Rapid determination of chlorinated pesticides using CN-bonded cartridges followed by GC-ECD (1993)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 35 (1993), S. 290-294 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Solid phase extraction ; Organochloride pesticides ; Water analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Gas chromatography of chlorinated pesticides in water is carried out after adsorption of a 50 mL sample using a cartridge containing 100 mg CN-bonded porous silica and extraction with 500 μL pentane. The average recovery for eight organochloride pesticides at 1 ppb was 〉95%. The procedure described is simple, selective and reproducible.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277512
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    Improvements in preconcentration methods for determining trace impurities in ultra-pure gases by gas chromatography (1993)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 35 (1993), S. 339-343 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Preconcentration techniques ; Trace gas analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The blanks in preconcentration methods for determining trace amounts of impurities in ultra-pure gases, which include the preconcentration volume of sample gases, carrier gas impurities and atmospheric contamination are discussed and three concentration methods for eliminating blank errors are proposed. These are, the differential volume method by concentrating at the same flow-rate but different times (DVMSF), the differential time method by concentrating the same volumes at different flow-rates (DTMSV) and the differential volume method by concentrating for the same times but different flow-rates (DVMST). DVMST is proposed as the best method for its ability to eliminate all blank errors described. The methods are used to determine trace amounts of Ar+O2 and N2 in ultra-pure hydrogen. Calculations demonstrate that the methods can effectively improve analytical accuracy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277521
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    Estimation of silanol groups in silica-based packings for liquid chromatography from gas chromatographic retention of cyclohexane and benzene (1993)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 35 (1993), S. 375-380 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Micropacked columns ; Retention behavior ; LC silica packing materials ; Silanol groups
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Gas chromatographic retention of cyclohexane and benzene on microcolumns packed with silica-based materials for liquid chromatography has been investigated to elucidate the relationship with the surface properties of the packing materials. Differences in capacity factors (Δk′) for these two hydrocarbons were related to the surface area of the packing materials. For untreated silica gels, the Δk′ value increased with increasing total surface area of the column employed and measurement of Δk′ for chemically-bonded stationary phases allowed estimation of accessible residual silanol groups.
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    Multi-residue procedure for the analysis of pesticides in groundwater: Application to samples from the comunidad Valenciana, Spain (1993)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 37 (1993), S. 303-312 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Pesticides in groundwater ; Solvent extraction ; Multiresidue analysis ; Selective detection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A simple multi-residue procedure has been developed and applied to the analysis of pesticides in groundwater samples from the Comunidad Valenciana, a predominantly agricultural area on the Mediterranean coast of Spain. The procedure includes a liquid-liquid extraction, after addition of NaCl on the samples, and a subsequent analysis by capillary gas chromatography using a dual detection system with electron capture and nitrogen-phosphorous detectors. This allows the determination of more than 30 compounds (organophosphorous, organochlorine and pyrethroid pesticides) at the low ppb (μg l−1) levels. Detection limits obtained varied between 0.01 μg l−1 (lindane, fonofos) and 0.5 μg l−1 (cypermethrin). An additional injection of the sample extracts into a gas chromatograph equipped with a column of different polarity and electron capture detector is used for the confirmation of chromatographic peaks. The recommended procedure has been applied to 66 ground water samples. Pesticides, including organophosphorus and organochlorine compounds were detected in 31 of them, in levels ranging from 0.02 to 0.7 μg l−1.
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    Indirect GC determination of ethephon in drinking water by a combination of reactive headspace sampling with adsorptive enrichment/thermal desorption (1993)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 37 (1993), S. 361-364 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Headspace sampling ; PTV-System ; Ethephon in drinking water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary An indirect GC method is described for the determination of Ethephon in drinking water on the basis of the headspace analysis of the ethylene formed from Ethephon. In order to reach the necessary detection limit, the entire volume of the static headspace distribution is transferred into a cold injection system (CIS). There, the ethylene is adsorbed on Carbosieve SIII at 10°C and, subsequently, desorbed at 300 °C. The water vapour included in the headspace is completely eliminated through the splitting system. By means of this technique, a detection limit of 0.05 μg/l water was reached.
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    Viscosities of carrier gases at gas chromatograph temperatures and pressures (1993)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 37 (1993), S. 399-401 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Viscosity ; Carrier gases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Equations are derived for viscosities of H2, He, N2 and Ar for use at chromatographic temperatures which are accurate to within 0.3% for H2, and 0.1% for the other gases. The effect of pressure is usually negligible but may increase the viscosity of N2 or Ar by as much as 0.5% at 25°C or lower and 5 atm or higher.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02272255
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    A very efficent column for the separation of 60 volatile organochlorine priority pollutants and for other environmental problems (1994)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 38 (1994), S. 114-117 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Priority pollutants ; EPA methods ; Unleaded gasoline ; Volatile organochlorine compounds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The complete separation of the sixty volatile organochlorine (VOC) priority pollutants has been achieved by coupling two different liquid-modified adsorption chromatography columns. Two temperature programs were used to obtain the complete separation in a relatively short analysis time. Detection was by FID alone
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    Influence of adsorption effects on retention indices of selected C10-hydroxy compounds at various temperatures (1994)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 38 (1994), S. 93-97 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Retention index ; Adsorption effects ; Terpene alcohols ; Fused-silica capillary columns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Retention indices of 6 selected hydroxy compounds (aliphatic and bicyclic alcohols, phenols) were determined on 2 HP-5 fused-silica, capillary columns with different film thicknesses (0.11 μm and 0.33 μm) at 8 different oven temperatures between 80 and 150°C. For some substances the I-T plot was found to show a minimum which cannot be explained by the common retention-index temperature-dependence in gas-liquid chromatography. This result is discussed in terms of adsorption at the liquid-solid interface of the capillary column.
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    Molecular structural coefficients of Takács. Their dependence on column temperature, stationary phase polarity and solute chemical nature (1994)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 38 (1994), S. 701-708 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Stationary Phase and solute polarity ; Molecular structural coefficients ; Retention index ; Takács equation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Molecular structural coefficients, Sc, for one hundred solutes have been calculated by means of the Takács equation using retention data obtained with over fifty stationary phases, SP. Employing data of seven SP's (characterized in our laboratories) it was found that the variation of Sc with column temperature was linear for most solutes. With data of n-decane and the ten McReynolds probes on up to fifty SP's of polarity less than RP=72, at 120°C, it was found that the Sc of n-decane and cis-hydrindane decreased slightly with increasing SP polarity, while the Sc of non-alkanes remained constant or increased very little as the SP polarity increased. The points for n-decane fit well to a second order polynomial. Again using a temperature of 120°C, the increments of Sc for solutes belonging to an homologous series were correlated with the polarity of SP's. Reasonably straight lines were obtained for all the chemical functions studied, Sc increasing with increasing SP polarity.
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    Characterization of some new polysiloxane stationary phases by principal component analysis (1994)
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    Chromatographia 38 (1994), S. 227-231 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Stationary phase characterization ; Principal component analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary In this study, several new stationary phases were characterized by principal component analysis. Fourteen new stationary phases, including substituted phenyl and oligoethyleneoxide functionalities on polysiloxane polymers, were tested and compared to three well known stationary phases. The main features of these phases were studied using a series of test solutes of varying chemical characteristics representing the data set for principal component analysis. Two principal compounds were found to account for 99.20% of the variance (the first accounted for 94.96% and the second for 4.24%). The data were represented as a two-dimensional map for visual representation of the characteristics of these stationary phases. The first principal component represented a selectivity based on polarity (r2=0.998), while the second showed Lewis acid-base characteristics of the phases. Polarizable and amphoteric characteristics of these phases also became evident using this evaluation method.
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    Comparison of supercritical fluid extraction and liquid-liquid extraction for isolation of selected pesticides stored in freeze-dried water samples (1994)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 38 (1994), S. 502-508 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Liquid-liquid extraction ; Supercritical fluid extraction ; Pesticides ; Freeze-dried water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The stability of freeze-dried water samples spiked with eight agrochemicals (atrazine, simazine, linuron, carbaryl, propanil, fenitrothion, parathion and fenamiphos) were examined to evaluate their suitability as candidate reference materials for their determination in water samples. In addition, two different extraction procedures, liquid-liquid and supercritical fluid extraction, were compared for the isolation and trace enrichment of target analytes from freeze-dried water samples. Final analytical determinations were by gas chromatography-nitrogen phosphorus detection and electronic impact mass spectrometry, and by liquid chromatography-diode array detection. The whole methodology developed in this paper permitted the determination of pesticides spiked in water at levels varying from 0.03 to 6.9 μg L−1.
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    Determination of bromoxynil and ioxynil residues in cereals and soil by GC-ITD (1994)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 38 (1994), S. 624-628 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Ion-trap detection ; Nitriles ; Cerelas ; Perfluoroacylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Bromoxynil and ioxynil have been determined inplants and soil by gas chromatography. These herbicides are extracted from soil samples with methylene chloride at acidic pH. Plant samples are extracted with a basic acqueous solution and extracts purified by solvent partitioning. Herbicide residues are submitted to perfluoroacylation prior to GC separation. These compoiunds are determined by ion-trap detection with single ion monitoring; N-(3-chloro-4 methyl-phenyl_ perfluoropropyl amide is used as internal standard. The detection limit of the method is near 0.001 μg g−1 for the samples studied. The proposed methods are sensitive and reproducible enough to allow determination of these herbicides at residue levels in plants and soil.
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    Supercritical fluid extraction of oxadixyl from food crops (1994)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 39 (1994), S. 11-14 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) ; Gas chromatography ; Pesticide residues ; Oxadixyl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary This work describes the study of a degradation curve of Oxadixyl in field-treated potato and tomato samples. The residues were extracted using classical and supercritical fluid (SFE) extraction methods and analyzed by HRGC/ECD. The extraction techniques were compared and the results indicate the advantages of using SFE as an alternative method for pesticide analyses in these samples.
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    Analysis of short chain fatty acids from different intestinal samples. I: By packed column gas chromatography (1994)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 39 (1994), S. 706-712 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Short chain fatty acids ; Intestinal fluids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The quantification of short chain fatty acids in their free form, by gas chromatography, is the method of choice provided that the underivatized acids elute with good peak shape and reproducibility. In biological samples not only the highly polar acids themselves but also deposits of nonvolatile sample components may interact with the column or the packing material. As a result, the peak symmetry of the fatty acids and their reproducibility can become increasingly poor. Reduction of the nonvolatile matrix components by filtration of the sample has been examined in order to achieve direct analysis of the short chain fatty acids in intestinal samples by packed column GC. Membrane filter units (0.8 μm) allow a quick and simple filtration of the samples. This pretreatment reduces the peak tailing and the broadening of the peaks. The method, when applied to different intestinal samples, allowed the quantification of short chain fatty acids in hundreds of samples without derivatization. Good results are obtained at sample concentrations higher than 0.2 mmol l−1 for each acid.
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    Capillary gas chromatography of C1−C4 alkyl tert-butyl ethers (1994)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 39 (1994), S. 224-227 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; C1−C4 alkyl tert-butyl ethers ; Retention index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The separation of C1−C4 alkyl tert-butyl ethers with the general formula (CH3)3C−O−R (R-alkyl substituent) on fused-silica capillary columns coated with dimethylsilicone and cyanopropylmethylsilicone stationary phases was investigated. Retention indices were determined at two temperatures in order to understand their chromatographic behaviour. The respective standard deviations were 0.3 and 0.5 i.u.
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    GC-NPD investigation of the recovery of organonitrogen and organophosphorus pesticides from apple samples: The effect of the extraction solvent (1994)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 39 (1994), S. 320-324 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Organonitrogen pesticides ; Organophosphorus pesticides ; Apples ; Solvent extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A gas chromatographic method employing a capillary column and a selective nitrogen/phosphorus detector (NPD) has been developed for the determination of organophosphorus (OP) and organonitrogen (NP) pesticides in horticultural samples (apples). The separation of sixteen pesticides and the internal standard was performed in thirteen minutes. The analytical characteristics of the method, including linear response ranges, detection limits, and reproducibility, have been studied using a 1∶1 mixture of ethyl acetate and xylene as extraction solvent. The possibility of mutual interference between pesticides has also been studied. A procedure for the quantitative extraction of the sixteen pesticides from apple samples has also been developed; for fifteen of the pesticides recoveries 〉85% were obtained after 90 minutes extraction. The effect of different solvents both on recovery and on the sensitivity of the subsequent chromatography were also investigated. It was found that the sensitivity required must be considered when the solvent for sample treatment is selected.
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    Chromatographic determination of D-amino acids as native constituents of vegetables and fruits (1994)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 39 (1994), S. 419-426 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Gas chromatography ; Chirasil-Val ; Amino acid enantiomers ; N-Isobutyryl-cysteine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Free D-amino acids (D-AA) were detected as native constituents in juices of vegetables (cultivars of cabbage, tomato, carrot, garlic) and fruits (organes, clementine, grapefruit, lemon, apples, pear, grapes) using gas chromatography (GC) or high-performance liquid chromatography (LC). For investigation by GC, AA enantiomers were converted into theirN(O)-pentafluoropropionyl 2-propyl esters and resolved on a Chirasil-L-Val capillary column. For determination by LC, precolumn derivatization of AA enantiomers usingo-phthaldialdehyde together with the chiral thiolsN-isobutyryl-L-cysteine orN-isobutyryl-D-cysteine and fluorescence detection of the diastereomeric isoindole derivatives, resolvable on an octadecylsilyl stationary phase, were used. D-Ala (0.6–3.8%) was detected in all freshly pressed plant juices usually in the highest relative amounts. Other D-AA detected were D-Asx (0.1–1.9%), D-Glx (0–1.3%), D-Ser (0–1.7%), D-Arg (0.4–1.2%, in grapes, orange, grapefruit, and clementine) and D-Leu and D-Val (1% in cabbage). Absolute amounts of native D-AA were totally 28–57 μmol L−1 in fruit juices, 14.5 μmol L−1 in a tomato juice and 8.5 μmol L−1 in a carrot juice.
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    Utilization of Rohrschneider's concept and Tekler equation in linear temperature programmed GC. Precalculation of retention data (1995)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 40 (1995), S. 28-32 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Linear temperature programming ; Tekler-equation extension ; Retention index precalculation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary An extension of Rohrschneider's concept to the field of the linear temperature programmed gas liquid chromatography, is proposed, which is based on Antoine's equation for the temperature dependence of the reduction index of Takács et al. and Tekler. The new method presented in this paper, applied to retention data of two stationary phases of low polarity, PS-255 and OV-105, gives a new possibility of precalculating retention data.
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    Analysis of short chain fatty acids from different intestinal samples by capillary gas chromatography (1995)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 40 (1995), S. 550-556 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Open tubular columns ; Short chain fatty acids ; Intestinal fluids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A capillary gas-liquid chromatography method for the analysis of free short chain fatty acids in intestinal samples was developed. Analytical results obtained with intestinal samples are influenced not only by high molecular mass matrix constituents but also by matrix components with a molecular weight smaller than 5000 daltons. To achieve a faithful transfer of SCFA into the chromatographic system it was important to avoid accumulation of involatile deposits on the surface of the inlet liner. Cleaning of the inlet linear lead to a significant weakening of matrix effects. The method described, using an Innowax column, is more effective, particularly with respect to precision and sensitivity, and is clearly superior to packed columns. The capillary is the column of choice for the separation of short fatty acids in samples from the small intestine and stomach.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02290267
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    The correlation equations describing retention index data on OV-101, OV-275 and PEG 20M.n-Alkanes andn-alkynes (1995)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 41 (1995), S. 726-727 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Retention indices ; Correlation equations ; n-Alkenes ; n-Alkynes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The correlation equations between Kovats retention indices ofn-alkenes andn-alkynes, column temperature and number of carbon atoms in molecules of these compounds on OV-101, OV-225 and PEG 20M capillary columns have been calculated. The two variable equationI=A+B·n+C/T give a good fit and are the simplest for prctical use.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02267812
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    A routine gas chromatographic method for the analysis of chlorofluorocarbons in aerosol cans (1990)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 29 (1990), S. 13-15 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Mass spectrometery ; Aerosol cans ; Chlorofluorocarbons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A gas chromatographic (GC) method for the routine analysis of fully halogenated chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in aerosol cans is described. The identification of CFCs by GC was found to be in full agreement with those by GC-mass-spectrometery. The method has been applied to the analysis of CFCs in 448 aerosol products. The most commonly used fully halogenated CFC propellants in aerosol cans were found to be CFC11, CFC12 and CFC114.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02261131
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    Improved gas chromatographic separation of C6 epoxides (1990)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 29 (1990), S. 322-324 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; C6 epoxides ; Retention indices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The separation of C6 epoxides on a fused-silica capillary column coated with Permaphase DMS (dimethylsilicone) was investigated. Retention indices were determined at 50 and 60°C. We demonstrate that this stationary phase provides a better resolving power than OV-101.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02261297
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    The glass insert in stop-flow split injection (1990)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 29 (1990), S. 385-388 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns ; Split injector design ; Glass inserts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary In stop-flow split injection the careful choice of the experimental conditions is of great importance for accurate quantitation, the size of the gaseous sample plug and its position with respect to the column inlet and to the top of the insert during the evaporation period are critical to prohibit sample vapour overflow and aerosol splitting. The proper insert design is established. A sample volume of 0.5 μl is recommended in the practical application of the stop-flow method.
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    A comparative study of different multiresidue methods for the determination of pesticides in fruit samples by gas chromatography (1990)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 29 (1990), S. 459-466 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Pesticide analysis ; Multiresidue methods ; Solvent extraction schemes ; Fruit samples
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A comparative study of different multiresidue methods for the determination of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides in fruit samples has been carried out. Recoveries for each pesticide added to a peach sample were obtained after applying different extraction systems. The study was performed with the following pesticides: dimethoate, chlorpyrifos, fenitrothion, lindane, malathion, methidathion, phentoate and tetradifon. Extraction systems induded: acetonitrile+anhydrous sodium sulphate, acetonitrile-water+Celite acetone and acetone-methanol. Determination of pesticides was performed by gas capillary chromatography with ECD and NPD. GC/FPD and GC/MS were also used for confirmation and identification purposes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02261395
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    Quality control and classification of camomilla oils with the oxygen-sensitive flame-ionization detector (1990)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 30 (1990), S. 47-50 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Selective detection ; Oxygen flame ionization detector ; Camomilla oils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The application of the Oxygenate Analyzer (O-FID) developed for the selective determination of oxygenated compounds has been studied for the quality control and classification of camomilla oils. In comparison to FID detection the O-FID results in a simpler chromatogram and a much higher sensitivity for the characteristic oxygenated compounds. On the basis of the O-FID chromatograms, by measuring the relative peak areas of the characteristic compounds, the camomilla oils can be classified and the oils of unacceptable quality unambigously distinguished.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02270447
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    The retention mechanism in poly(ethylene glycol) 20M layer on the surface of a silanized support (1990)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 30 (1990), S. 630-634 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Poly(ethylene glycol) 20M ; Silanized supports ; Retention mechanisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The properties of poly(ethylene glycol) 20M (PEG 20M) on the silanized surface of Chromosorb W HMDS were investigated. It was found that the surface layer of PEG 20M is in a liquid form below its melting temperature. It the stationary phase loading ratio is above 0.105 the main retention mechanism is partition in both the liquid and solid forms of PEG 20M. The contribution of adsorption to the retention volume was also determined. It is suggested that in the case of methanol this contribution is caused by adsorption on the residual silanol groups present on the support surface whereas for n-octane this is rather adsorption on the gas-liquid interface.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02269736
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    Dependence of solution data at ideal dilution on solvent molecular size (1990)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 30 (1990), S. 493-499 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Chemical potential of solutes ; Ideal dilute solutions ; Effect of size of solvent molecule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Gas-liquid chromatography allows the rapid experimental determination of the Henry coefficient of molecular probes if a number of precautions are taken. From a knowledge of the temperature dependence of the related standard chemical potential, the standard partial molar enthalpy, entropy and the mean heat capacity difference can be calculated. These functions determine the retention behaviour of the probe over a temperature range of more than 100 K with a precision better than 1%. They also give the necessary information to verify and to develop models for ideal dilute solutions and for the calculation of interaction forces. The choice of specific solvents is examined and justified and the experimental determination of retention data is discussed especially with reference to the precautions to observe in order to measure retention governed by gas-liquid partition only. Calculation of the standard chemical potential related to the molal Henry coefficient is advocated and the dependence of the standard chemical potential on size and shape of the solvent molecule based on data collected on paraffinic stationary phases is examined. This latter function is shown to depend linearly on the inverse of the molar mass of the solvent. Comparison with literature data demonstrates the general validity of this finding and that the shape of the solvent molecule is of less importance.
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    Determination of carbofuran in a nutrient solution by GLC/NPD and HPLC (1990)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 30 (1990), S. 421-423 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Column liquid chromatography ; Carbofuran ; Hydroponics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Two analytical methods using GC/NPD and HPLC to analyse carbofuran in a nutrient solution used in hydroponic culture are described. Both methods show a high recovery, (greater than 90%), and their limits of detection are low.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02328509
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    Wide-bore capillary column for the direct analysis of ethanolamines and ethylene glycols (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 31 (1991), S. 171-172 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Ethanolamines ; Ethylene glycols ; Wide-bore capillary column
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The GC separation of a mixture of three ethanolamines and four ethylene glycols without any preliminary derivatization, on a wide-bore capillary column coated with Carbowax 20M is described. These high-boiling and polar compounds elute giving simmetrical peaks and show good resolution. The analysis is completed in less than 14 minutes.
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    Computer-assisted multifactor optimization of selectivity in gas chromatography (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 31 (1991), S. 173-176 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Stationary phase optimization ; Mobile phase optimization ; Column temperature optimization ; Multifactor optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A computer-assisted method is presented for the simultaneous multifactor optimization (stationary phase loading, column temperature and carrier gas flow rate) of the analytical conditions for the optimum separation of multicomponent samples in gas chromatography. The optimization of the separation over the experimental region is based on a special polynomial from twelve preliminary experiments using the resolution as the selection criterion. Computer scanning technique was used for optimum selection in three dimensions. Excellent agreement was obtained between the predicted data and the experimental results.
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    Silica surface controversies, strong adsorption sites, their blockage and removal. Part II (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 31 (1991), S. 193-205 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Column liquid chromatography ; Silanol adsorption centres ; Strongly interacting adsorption sites ; Suppression of adsorption activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary In this second part of the review heterogeneity of the silica surface is described and evidence is presented for the existence of a low population of strong adsorption sites. Methods of detection and determination of these strongly interacting sites are discussed. The last part of the review is devoted to the suppression of unwanted adsorption activity. Methods of blockage and special methods for the preparation of HPLC packings are described.
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    Gas chromatographic evaluation of wool wax alcohols supported by principal component analysis (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 31 (1991), S. 243-246 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Principal component analysis ; Wool wax alcohols ; Sterols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Capillary gas chromatography with flame ionization detection has been applied to the separation of the components of wool wax alcohols. Twenty-six commercial and non-commercial (laboratory) samples were investigated. Twenty-eight components found in the samples were used as variables for further characterization by a chemometric procedure. Principal component analysis was applied to the differentiation of samples from different sources and obtained by different technologies.
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    Fluorine-induced chemiluminescence detection of phosphine, alkyl phosphines and monophosphinate esters (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 31 (1991), S. 342-346 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Chemiluminescence detection ; Phosphine derivatives ; Headspace analysis ; Fluorine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Phosphine, alkylated phosphines and monophosphinate esters are detected with high sensitivity in capillary gas chromatography (GC) by their chemiluminescent reactions with molecular fluorine. Detection limits are estimated to be 1.3 pg, 0.5 pg, 8 pg, and 17 pg for phosphine, trimethyl phosphine, trimethyl phosphinate ester, and triethyl phosphine, respectively. As found earlier with alkylated sulfur, selenium and tellurium compounds, the detector exhibits a linear response. For triethyl phosphine, a linear range of greater than three orders of magnitude was demonstrated. Emission spectra were obtained for the trimethyl phosphine and triethyl phosphine systems. Chemiluminescence emitters include electronically excited HCF, vibrationally excited HF, and an unknown species in the trimethyl phosphine system. Banded emission from vibrationally excited HF and a broad continuum were observed for both trimethyl phosphine and triethyl phosphine; however, HCF emission was observed only for TMP. Under the conditions employed, the principal emitter is HCF for trimethyl phosphine and HF and the unknown emitter for triethyl phosphine. This detector may have important applications in investigations of the biogeochemical cycling of phosphorus.
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    A spark modulator for correlation chromatography (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 31 (1991), S. 393-397 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Correlation chromatography ; Spark modulator injector
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A spark modulator has been tested as an injection system for correlation gas chromatography. An air/hydrocarbon vapour mixture was used as the carrier gas. Single negative sample injections were performed using a single spark period. The experiments resulted in negative sample peaks and a positive product peak. The intensity of all peaks showed a characteristic dependence on the spark frequency and power used. Ghostpeaks were absent when a correlation experiment was performed with a high concentration of a test compound in pure air. The signal to noise ratio enhancement however, was lower than the theoretical value. More experiments are necessary to expalain this phenomenon.
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    Evaluation of new organoclay stationary phases for the separation of ethylbenzene and xylene isomers (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 31 (1991), S. 457-464 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Organoclay stationary phase ; Bentone ; Ethylbenzene and xylene isomers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Several kinds of Bentones which have structures similar to Bentone 34 have been tested and compared for the purpose of improving the resolution of ethylbenzene and xylene isomers by gas chromatography. Bentone SD-3 was found to have higher selectivity toward these close-boiling compounds than the well known stationary phase Bentone 34. Modification effects of some conventional stationary phases which represent the whole range of polarity on the chromatographic property of Bentone SD-3 have been investigated and discussed. A number of new organoclays which have different structures of the organic cation in complexes have been synthesized and their properties evaluated for the separation of positional isomers. A simultaneously high selective organoclay for each component in the aromatic mixture of ethylbenzene and xylene isomers, without assistance of conventional stationary phases, has been described.
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    A GC method for chlorinated pesticides and PCB's in mussels (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 31 (1991), S. 453-456 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Organochlorine pesticides ; Polychlorinated biphenyls ; Solid phase extraction ; Mussels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A multi-residue method for the determination of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) in mussels (Mytilus sp.) is presented. After extraction with acetonitrile, pesticides and PCB's are separated from coextractives by liquid-liquid partition between acetonitrile and water/hexane. Further clean-up is performed using Sep-Pak Florisil cartridges eluting PCB's in the first eluate with hexane and organochlorine pesticides in the second eluate with 15% ethyl ether in hexane. Final determination is carried out by capillary gas chromatography with ECD. Detection limits for different pesticides and PCB's range from 0.02 to 0.3 μg kg−1 and recoveries from standards solutions treated in the same way as the samples averaged 91.5%.
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    Non-linear calibration of a nitrogen-phosphorus detector for the GC determination of amino acids (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 31 (1991), S. 500-504 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Amino acids ; Linearity ; Nitrogen-phosphorus detector
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A significant curvature of the detector response was observed when a Nitrogen-Phosphorus Detector (NPD) was used for the gas chromatographic determination of amino acids. Five calibration standards, over a 16 fold concentration range, were used to calibrate the NPD. A calibration curve of form y=axb was found to be suitable, with coerelation coefficients (r)〉0,997 for all 17 amino acids. A t-test was used to prove that b≠1, i.e. there was significant curvature. This calibration curve reduced calibration errors to less than 6%, compared to more than 40% for linear calibration.
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    Headspace-gas chromatography: The influence of sample volume on analytical results (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 5-12 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Headspace sampling ; GC theory ; Influence of sample volume
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The role of the volume of the sample and the sample vial in equilibrium headspace-gas chromatography is discussed. A new term, thesample phase fraction (ΦS) is introduced. It is shown that if the value of ΦS is kept constant, the vial's volume has no influence on the “sensitivity” of the headspace analysis (which is proportional to the concentration of the analyte in the headspace). In a given headspace sampling system, concentration of the compound of interest in the headspace (c G * ) at equilibrium is related to the value of ΦS: a higher ΦS will increase c G * . However, the influence is important only in the case of low distribution coefficients: in the case of higher distribution coefficients this influence is negligible. This conclusion is also true for small changes in the sample volume in duplicate analyses: exact reproducibility of the sample volume is important only in the case of low distribution coefficient values.
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    Purity of carbon dioxide as limiting factor in trace-level analysis by on-line supercritical fluid extraction/capillary gas chromatography (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 543-545 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Supercritical fluid extraction ; GC detectors ; Purity of gases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The usefulness of several grades of carbon dioxide for online supercritical fluid extraction/capillary gas chromatography has been studied. If trace-level work has to be performed, no single grade can be recommended for all modes of detection studied. Good-quality carbon dioxide is available for use with flame ionization and thermionic detectors. With electron-capture detection, however, distinct problems still exist.
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    Gas syringe sampling at very low pressure (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 579-582 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Flame gas analysis ; Low pressure sampling ; Gas syringes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A new sampling technique is developed for flame samples taken at very low pressure (50 Torr absolute). This technique uses gas syringes. Analysis is by gas chromatography and the compounds of interest are the fixed gases and selected C1 and C2 hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Linear response factors are obtained for all compounds. This is highly unusual for gas-phase chlorinated hydrocarbon sampling, which is very prone to sample absorption. The sources of experimental error unique to gas syringe use are identified and quantified. One error source is exacerbated by the very low sample pressure and requires special treatment.
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    Cubic splines compared with other methods for the calculation of programmed temperature retention indices (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 116-124 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Linear temperature programming ; Calculation of retention indices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Program temperature retention indices for fifteen nonalkane solutes have been determined by cubic splines, by other procedures found in the literature and by interpolation of the n-alkanes retention time logarithm for eleven temperature programs. A comparison in terms of variance of the differences between PTRI calculated by CS and each of the remaining methods is made for each of the eleven program runs, for each of the three stationary phases used and for many of the programs. The smallest variances obtained result when the Zenkevich, van den Dool & Kratz and Chen et al. methods are tested. The stationary phase polarity is of no relevance since it has no effect on the specific PTRI found by the different methods employed in this work.
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    Anomalies in homologous relationships: When to suspect extrapolations (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 211-214 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Retention index of homologous series ; Chain rigidity ; Stationary phase polarity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The rule that addition of a CH2 group to a molecule increases the retention index by 100±3 is subject to a greater uncertainty than ±3 when (a) the stationary phase has very strong intermolecular attractions comparable to the nitriles and the analyte has a polar group in the 1-position, (b) the alkyl chain to which the CH2 is added has 3 or fewer carbons and (c) when a group that is remote from the end of the chain, such as an ester group or a double bond, introduces rigidity in that part of the chain. In cases (a) and (c), it is still true that the retention index increases linearly in a specific homologous series, but it may deviate from 100 units per carbon by as much as 10 or, in the case of nitrile stationary phases, may be as low as 70.
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    A new method for immobilization of Chirasil-Val for gas chromatography (1993)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 35 (1993), S. 503-505 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Silanol terminated Chirasil-Val ; Cross-linking with polyfunctional silanes ; Enantiomer separation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A method for the immobilization of Chirasil-Val has been studied based on the cross-linking which takes place between terminal silanols of Chirasil-Val and polyfunctional silanes. A leached, dehydrated and tetramethoxysilane-treated glass capillary coated with silanol terminated Chirasil-Val containing 5% tetraacetoxysilane as a cross-linking agent showed a maximum extractability of 15% without any loss of chirality.
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    Sampling and analysis of light hydrocarbons in volcanic gases (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 441-444 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; FID ; Volcanic gas emissions ; Light hydrocarbons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Volcanic gas emissions are strictly related to a specific stage of volcanic activity. Complete knowledge of their chemical composition can be extremely useful for efficient geochemical surveillance of active volcanism sites. A new, effective and simple method for the evaluation of light hydrocarbons in volcanic gases is described. A rapid sampling procedure and GC-FID analysis are employed. Data from different volcanic areas are shown and a their possible correlation is also discussed.
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    Analysis of isomeric cresols by gas chromatography (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 457-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Cresol isomers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The analysis of isomeric cresols is difficult because of their similar volatilities and high polarities. The situation is specially complicated in the case of industrial synthesisplant samples because of the presence of phenol and of the very high concentration (about 90%) of p-cresol. A gas chromatographic method is described, employing columns packed with Bentone-34 plus Castorwax on diatomaceous supports; the best results are obtained using Chromosorb P AW DMCS. The symmetry of the peaks obtained is excellent for the type of solute.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02327978
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    Trace analysis of volatile halogenated hydrocarbons in water (1993)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 37 (1993), S. 51-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Halogenated hydrocarbons ; Headspace sampling ; ECD detection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Simple sampling and preconcentration technique for the analysis of volatile halogenated hydrocarbons in water is described. For the separation a selective capillary column is used in combination with an ECD. Quantitative data are given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02272188
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    The optimization of capacity and efficiency when coupling fused silica open tubular columns in gas chromatography (1993)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 37 (1993), S. 65-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Fused silica open tubular columns ; Serial coupled columns ; Phase ratio optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary There are a number of parameters which have to be chosen depending on the analysis being done in gas chromatography. While the choice of stationary phase material is based on the solutes to be separated, the thickness is dependent on the concentration and the volatility of the components to be analyzed. This study undertakes a coupled column phase ratio optimization by connecting a short piece of a particular column prior to a normal length of an analytical column. Various columns of different dimensions (phase ratio), but of the same stationary phase material (methyl silicone), are coupled together by a deactivated glass press-fit connector, and the efficiency and capacity are measured. The coupling of fused silica open tubular columns is optimized in efficiency by matching or decreasing the phase ratio of successive columns. Capacity optimization is accomplished by increasing the phase ratio of consecutive columns. Capacity and efficiency optimization are opposing each other; therefore, if some efficiency can be sacrificed a substantial increase in capacity is possible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02272191
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