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  • temperature  (154)
  • Springer  (154)
  • 2000-2004  (59)
  • 1980-1984  (70)
  • 1975-1979  (25)
  • 1960-1964
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Anagyrus kamali ; Encyrtidae ; parasitoid ; Maconellicoccus hirsutus ; Pseudococcidae ; host density ; functional response ; temperature ; photoperiod
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The peformance of the parasitoid Anagyrus kamali Moursi [Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae], as a function of host density, temperature, and photoperiod was investigated with the objective to optimize a mass-rearing system in the context of a biological control program. The number of hosts parasitized at densities varying from 2–100 hibiscus mealybug (HMB), Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green [Homoptera: Pseudococcidae], corresponded to a type II-III functional response in fixed-time conditions and a type III in variable-time conditions. Twenty-six percent of the oviposited eggs led to progeny emergence with a sex ratio of 0.49±0.102 (M/F), regardless of host density. Fecundity and oviposition period under six abiotic combinations (i.e., two temperatures (26±2 °C and 32±2 °C) and three photoperiods (L0:D24, L12:D12, L24:D0)) were measured. Lifetime fecundity and reproductive life were significantly affected by temperature and photoperiod conditions. Optimum female parasitoid lifetime fecundity was attained at 26±2 °C, L0:D24 with an average of 116.1±17.43 eggs. At 32±2 °C, L24:D0 and L12:D12, an average of 79.4±34.57 and 85.8±35.81 eggs were laid, respectively. Reproductive longevity was maximal at 26±2 °C, L0:D24 with 12±4.85 days of oviposition. Because the parasite A. kamali can be reared optimally without light, this may save tremendous energy costs.
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  • 2
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 95 (2000), S. 173-184 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Aphidius ervi ; Aphidius rhopalosiphi ; Praon volucre ; Sitobion avenae ; temperature ; development time ; parasitization ; superparasitization ; lower temperature thresholds ; immature mortality ; sex ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Temperature dependencies were established for the egg-to-mummy and mummy-to-adult phases, for mummy mortality, and for parasitism of Aphidius ervi Haliday, Aphidius rhopalosiphi De Stefani-Perez, and Praon volucre (Haliday) (Hymenoptera, Aphidiidae), three parasitoids of Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Homoptera, Aphididae), at 8 °C, 12 °C, 16 °C, 20 °C, and 25 °C on winter wheat (cv. Haven). A physiological model described temperature-dependent development over the full temperature range, whereas a linear model was fitted for data above 8 °C and used to estimate the lower temperature thresholds and day-degrees (° D) required for development. The thresholds for A. ervi were 2.2 °C for egg-mummy development and 6.6 °C for mummy-adult development, those for A. rhopalosiphi were 4.5 °C and 7.2 °C, and those for P. volucre were 3.8 °C and 5.5 °C. The time to develop into mummies and adults differed significantly between the three species: A. ervi development into mummies required an average of 159 ° D, while development into adults took an average of 73 ° D. The corresponding average times required for A. rhopalosiphi and P. volucre to develop mummies were 124° D and 126° D, while their development into adults required an average of 70° D and 150° D, respectively. Mummy mortality was 25–35% at 8 °C and less at the higher temperatures tested, but began to increase again at 25 °C, showing a quadratic relationship between mortality and temperature. Parasitization was very low or, in the case of P. volucre, absent up to 12 °C and thereafter increased with increasing temperature. The relationship between parasitization, recorded as percent aphids mummified, and temperature was linear at the temperatures tested and depended on species. A. ervisuperparasitized 11.1% aphids at 20 °C and 16.6% aphids at 25 °C, whereas superparasitism was low in A. rhopalosiphi and absent in P. volucre. From 16 °C to 25 °C the P. volucre sex ratio increased. For A. ervi and A. rhopalosiphi there was no trend with temperature, but at 20 °C and 25 °C it was close to even. Field data for 1996 and 1997 allowed for a comparison of actual and expected emergence of overwintering mummies. In both years, parasitoids were predicted to have emerged from overwintering mummies well in advance of the onset of aphid infestation, and more than a month earlier than the first parasitized aphids were found in winter wheat. Observations from trap plants in other crops supported the predictions of the models. Other factors that can affect biological control by cereal aphid parasitoids are discussed.
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  • 3
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 28 (1980), S. 204-212 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Laspeyresia pomonella (L.) ; Tortricidae ; diapause ; photoperiod ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde untersucht, welche abiotischen Faktoren die Beendigung der fakultativen Diapause ausgewachsener Apfelwicklerlarven (Laspeyresia pomonella) steuern. Die Beendigung der Diapause unter Langtagbedingungen (LT) wird beeinflusst durch: 1. die Zuchttemperatur der Larven während der Prädiapauseentwicklung; 2. die Dauer der Präinkubation, d.h. die Zeit, während der diapausierende Larven unter Prädiapause-Zuchtbedingungen bleiben; 3. die Reaktivierungs-inkubation, d.h. eine Periode von 70 d, während der die Larven auf 4° gekühlt werden und 4. die Komplementärinkubation (LT und, ausser in einem Experiment, 26°), d.h. die nach der Kühlung bzw. dem Wechsel in der Photoperiode benötigte Zeitdauer bis zur Verpuppung. Die Komplementärinkubation ist deutlich kürzer, wenn die Prädiapauseentwicklung der Larven bei Temperaturen unter 26° stattfindet. Bei 19° verpuppten sich 100% der Larven, wobei der Zeitpunkt der Verpuppung durch die Verlängerung der Präinkubationszeit beschleunigt wurde. Bei Larven, die bei 26° gezüchtet wurden, erreichte die Verpuppungsrate lediglich 56% bei einer relativ langen Präinkubationsdauer, wobei deren Verlängerung auch die Larvenmortalität erhöhte. Nach einer Zuchttemperatur von 19° und einer Präinkubationsdauer von 90 Tagen konnte die Diapause unter Kurztagbedingungen beendet werden, wenn die Temperatur auf 26° erhöht wurde.
    Notes: Abstract The abiotic factors regulating the termination of the facultative diapause of the mature larva of the codling moth, Laspeyresia pomonella (L.), are described. The termination of diapause under long-day conditions (LD) is influenced by: (i) the rearing temperature of the larvae during prediapause development, (ii) the duration of the preincubation period, i.e. the time for which the diapausing larvae remain under prediapause rearing conditions, (iii) the reactivating incubation, i.e. the period for which the larvae are chilled, and (iv) the complementary incubation (LD and, except in one experiment, 26°), i.e. the period after the chilling needed for the pupation of the insects. The complementary incubation is distinctly shorter if the prediapause development of the larvae takes place at rearing temperatures below 26°, i.e. 21° or 19°. The latter conditions led to 100% pupae and pupation could be accelerated by prolonging the preincubation period. In larvae reared at 26°, the prolongation of the preincubation period raised the rate of pupation to a maximum of only 56% and also caused higher mortality. On the other hand, diapause was terminated under short-day conditions if the temperature was raised to 26° after a rearing temperature of 19° and a preincubation period of 90 days.
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  • 4
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    Journal of solution chemistry 7 (1978), S. 373-383 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Ferric ; hydrolysis ; ionic strength ; temperature ; enthalpy ; ferric hydroxide ; ultraviolet ; spectroscopic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ultraviolet absorbance spectra of ferric ions in 0.68m NaClO4 were studied as a function of pH at 4.0, 14.9, and 25.0°C. The results provided an evaluation of the stability constant for the formation of FeOH2+ which is *β1=[FeOH +][H +]/[Fe 3+]. The enthalpy change for the reaction Fe3++H2O⇌ FeOH2++H+ was calculated as 10.0±0.3 kcal-mole−1. Increasing temperature was also found to promote the reaction Fe3++2H2O⇌ Fe(OH) 2 + +2H+. Our results were combined with the results of other to produce an expression describing the first hydrolysis equilibrium at ionic strengths between 0 and 3m and temperatures between 4.0 and 45.0°C at 1 atm total pressure. At 25°C and 0.68m the ionic strength *β1=1.90×10-3
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  • 5
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    Journal of solution chemistry 29 (2000), S. 63-86 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Thorium ; hydrolysis ; potentiometry ; solvent extraction ; temperature ; thermodynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The stability constants of thorium(IV) hydrolysis species have been measured at15, 25, and 35°C (in 1.0 mol dm−3 NaClO4) using both potentiometry and solventextraction. The results indicate the presence of the monomeric speciesTh(OH)3+, Th(OH)2+ 2, Th(OH)+ 3, and Th(OH)4, in addition to the polymericspecies Th4(OH)8+ 8 and Th6(OH)9+ 15. The polymeric species were found to beimportant, although the total thorium concentration was limited to 0.01–0.1mmol-dm−3. The solvent extraction measurements required the use of acetylacetone.As such, the stability constants of thorium(IV) with acetylacetone were alsomeasured using both potentiometry and solvent extraction. All logarithms of thestability constants were found to be linear functions of the reciprocal absolutetemperature indicating that ΔH o and ΔSo of reaction are both independent oftemperature (over the temperature range examined in the study).
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  • 6
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    Journal of solution chemistry 9 (1980), S. 19-35 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Viscosity ; automatic viscometer ; aqueous solution ; univalent electrolyte ; Jones-DoleB andD coefficient ; temperature ; coefficient ; water structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Viscosity measurements of a series of univalent electrolytes in water have been performed with an automatic dual viscometer system, covering the temperature range of 5 to 95°C. Results are discussed in terms of Jones-DoleB andD coefficients. TheB coefficients of the salts are divided into their ionic contributions according toB(K+)=B(Cl−) at all temperatures. On a simple model intrinsic and structural contributions inB are calculated for the different ions. The structural term depends exponentially on the temperature in a unique manner, independent of the ion (except for Li+).
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Flow-through cell ; conductivity ; electrolyte ; ion association ; temperature ; pressure ; LiCl ; NaCl ; KCl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A flow-through electrical conductance cell was assembled in order to measuremolar conductances of dilute aqueous electrolytes with a high degree of accuracyat high temperatures and pressures. The design of the cell is based on the conceptdeveloped at the University of Delaware and built in 1995, with modificationsthat will allow the cell to operate at much higher temperatures (to 600°C) andpressures (to 300 MPa). At present, the cell has been tested successfully bymeasuring aqueous (10−4-10−3 mol-kg−1) solutions of LiCl, NaCl, and KCl attemperatures 25–410°C and pressures 9.8–33 MPa. The results are in goodagreement with reported values, including those measured with the Delawareflow-through cell. These new results are also complementary to our previousresults, which were measured with a static high-pressure cell. Measurements attemperatures near the critical point of water (374°C, 22.1 MPa) require the useof lower solution concentrations that were unachievable in the past with thestatic cell.
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  • 8
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 1441-1443 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Conidia ; Neurospora crassa ; temperature ; respiration ; germination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Incubation of conidia of wild typeNeurospora crassa at temperatures ranging from 25 to 46°C modulates their respiratory type. Between 37 and 41°C, the transient activity of the cyanide-insensitive respiratory pathway parallels, with a maximal extrusion of protons into the medium, the optimal rate of germ tube outgrowth.
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  • 9
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 28 (1980), S. 29-37 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: diapause ; induction ; termination ; temperature ; crowding ; inheritance ; Ephestia cautella ; almond moth ; stored products insect ; citrus pulp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume L'induction de la diapause larvaire d'Ephestia cautella (Walker) dépend du génotype et de la densité larvaire. Des croisements à l'intérieur de la souche diapausante donnent 79% de diapause aux fortes densités larvaires et 40% aux faibles densités. Les croisements des adultes de cette souche avec ceux de la souche non-diapausante donnent 36% de diapause aux fortes densités et 6% aux faibles densités. La fréquence de fin de diapause est héréditaire et dépend de la température. Ces résultats peuvent expliquer les variations saisonnières du taux de diapause E. cautella dans la pulpe de citron stockée. La diapause larvaire a été induite chez des groupes de chenilles par surpeuplement dans des élevages standards, et chez des chenilles isolées par élevage sur une quantité limitée d'aliments frais ou sur une quantité abondante d'aliments frais contenant des résidus alimentaires provenent d'élevages surpeuplés. Les effets inducteurs de ces résidus alimentaires disparaissent après extraction avec les solvants de lipides. Une certaine action est observée par de l'extraint sec sur de l'aliment frais.
    Notes: Abstract Larval diapause induction in Ephestia cautella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is a function of the interaction between genotype and larval crowding. A diapause stock in which 79% of the larvae diapaused under crowded conditions and 40% diapaused under uncrowded conditions was maintained by selection. Outbreeding of adults from this diapause stock to those from a non-diapause stock resulted in 36% diapause under crowded conditions and 6% diapause under uncrowded conditions. The rate of termination of larval diapause is inheritable and temperature dependent. These data seem to explain the seasonal trends in percentage larval diapause among E. cautella infesting citrus pulp during storage. Larval diapause was induced in groups of larvae by crowding in mass cultures and in single larvae by rearing on a small amount of fresh diet or on a larger amount of fresh diet containing residual diet from crowded cultures. The diapause-inducing effects of this residual diet could be removed by extraction with lipid solvents. Some activity was demonstrated when the extract was dried onto fresh diet.
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  • 10
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 36 (1984), S. 77-83 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Glossina pallidipes ; tsetse fly ; laboratory rearing ; temperature ; productivity ; oocyte size ; spermatogenesis ; sperm motility ; incubation of pupae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les productivités de G. pallidipes Austen élevés au laboratoire pendant tout leur cycle à 22, 25 et 28° C, ont été comparées. A 28° C, la vie intrapupale est réduite à environ 23 jours, contre 30 jours environ à 25° C; la survie des adultes est plus brève qu'à 25° C et les mouches ne s'accouplent pas. Les ovaires présentent une rétention d'oeufs et seulement 1/3 des mâles contient des spermatozoïdes mobiles. A 22° C, le cycle est considérablement prolongé, la vie intrapupale durant environ 40 jours. Les femelles s'accouplaient environ 14 jours après l'émergence. Les ovaires présentaient une rétention d'oeufs, bien que moins souvent qu'à 28° C. Les mâles contenaient des spermatozoïdes mobiles. Des expériences avec changements de température à différents moments du cycle ont montré que la stérilité des mâles et des femelles est provoquée par l'incubation de pupes de G. pallidipes à 28° C. La mensuration des ovocytes montre à 28° C un effet nocif sur leur maturation. Des observations sur les testicules dans les pupes révèlent, par comparaison avec 25° C, que l'enroulement des testicules et des spermatozoïdes est retardé à 28° C, tandis que la pigmentation des testicules est retardée à 22° C. Les pupes de G. m. morsitans sont moins affectées à 28° C que celles de G. pallidipes.
    Notes: Abstract The reproductive biology of G. pallidipes Austen was studied at 28°, 25° and 22° C. Experiments showed that incubation of puparia at 28° C resulted in sterility of both males and females. Incubation at 22° C resulted in a reduced fecundity of the females due to egg retention; the fertility of the males was not affected. Comparative studies with G. m. morsitans Westw. showed that G. m. morsitans puparia are less affected by a temperature of 28° C than are G. pallidipes puparia.
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  • 11
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 36 (1984), S. 261-264 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Heteroptera ; Lygaeidae ; Lygaeus equestris ; reproductive diapause ; copulation ; photoperiod ; temperature ; diapause regulation ; oviposition ; batch size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumé La photopériode, la température et la nourriture sont des facteurs habituellement utilisés comme stimuli induisant la diapause chez des insectes. Cette étude montre que la copulation peut aussi être importante dans la régulation de la diapause reproductive des femelles. Chez. L. equestris L., la fréquence des femelles pondeuses, c'est-à-dire non diapausantes, élevées en jours courts (18L/6D et 30°C), a été significativement plus élevée après isolement avec des mâles actifs au lieu de mâles diapausants. Des femelles, élevées en jours longs (22L/2D et 30°C), ont présenté un léger, mais non significatif, effet de la copulation; elles ont généralement pondu, qu'elles se soient accouplées ou non. Les résultats révèlent trois catégories de femelles: (1) des femelles avec diapause, qu'il y ait ou non copulation, (2) des femelles sans diapause, qu'il y ait ou non copulation, (3) des femelles sans diapause, à condition qu'il y ait copulation. En jours courts, les fréquences des trois catégories ont été respectivement à 0,46; 0,28 et 0,26. En jours longs, respectivement à 0; 0,92 et 0,08. II est possible que les femelles proches de leur seuil d'induction de la diapause-en fonction de la photopériode et de la température-sont les plus aptes à utiliser la copulation comme stimulus additionnel pour induire un développment direct. Cette hypothèse s'appuie sur les proportions de femelles affectées par la copulation en jours longs et courts.
    Notes: Abstract Photoperiod, temperature, food and population density are all factors commonly used as cues for diapause regulation in insects. This study shows that also copulation can be of importance in the regulation of adult female reproductive diapause. In Lygaeus equestris L. the frequency of ovipositing, i.e. non-diapausing, females reared under short day conditions (18L:6D, and 30°C), was significantly higher when they had been isolated with mating than with non-mating (=diapausing) males. Females reared under long day conditions (22L:2D, and 30°C) showed a small but non-significant effect of copulation, and they generally laid eggs whether they were mated or not. The results indicate that, under the conditions in these experiments, three types of females can be distinguished: females (1) diapausing independently of copulation, (2) non-diapausing independently of copulation, and (3) non-diapausing provided copulation has taken place. The proportion of females for which copulation is a determinant of direct development, was estimated at 0.26 under short day conditions, and at 0.08 under long day conditions, respectively.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: diatoms ; climate change ; temperature ; pH ; transfer functions ; lake sediments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The relationships between diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) in surface sediments of lakes and summer air temperature, pH and total organic carbon concentration (TOC) were explored along a steep climatic gradient in northern Sweden to provide a tool to infer past climate conditions from sediment cores. The study sites are in an area with low human impact and range from boreal forest to alpine tundra. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) constrained to mean July air temperature and pH clearly showed that diatom community composition was different between lakes situated in conifer-, mountain birch- and alpine-vegetation zones. As a consequence, diatoms and multivariate ordination methods can be used to infer past changes in treeline position and dominant forest type. Quantitative inference models were developed to estimate mean July air temperature, pH and TOC from sedimentary diatom assemblages using weighted averaging (WA) and weighted averaging partial least squares (WA-PLS) regression. Relationships between diatoms and mean July air temperature were independent of lake-water pH, TOC, alkalinity and maximum depth. The results demonstrated that diatoms in lake sediments can provide useful and independent quantitative information for estimating past changes in mean July air temperature (R2 jack = 0.62, RMSEP = 0.86 °C; R2 and root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) based on jack-knifing), pH (R2 jack = 0.61, RMSEP = 0.30) and TOC (R2 jack = 0.49, RMSEP = 1.33 mg l-1). The paper focuses mainly on the relationship between diatom community composition and mean July air temperature, but the relationships to pH and TOC are also discussed.
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  • 13
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 191-292 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: spinach ; NO3-content ; ionic balance ; plant age ; season of growth ; soil moisture ; soil pH ; Mo-spraying ; light intensity ; temperature ; K-dressing ; P-dressing ; varietal differences ; N-dressing ; plant-available N ; N-form ; NO3: NH4-ratio ; nitrification ; inhibitors ; type of N-carrier ; time of application of N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Environmental factors and cultural measures affecting the NO3-content in spinach were studied indoors, in water-, sand- and soil-culture experiments. In the field, the influences of variations in N-fertilizing practices and in spinach varieties were also tested. High NO3-contents in spinach were found with low light intensities, with low soil-moisture contents, and with high temperatures. NO3-contents increased with increasing K-dressing (less so with KCl than with K2SO4), but decreased with increasing soil pH. In pot experiments, positive results were obtained with sulphur-coated urea, with farmyard manure and with pigmanure slurry. Application of Mo as a spray onto spinach leaves, and variations in P-dressings and in soil P-status were found not to affect the NO3-content in spinach. In pot experiments, NO3-contents decreased with progressing plant age (in autumn less so than in spring). Within spinach plants, NO3-contents were highest in petioles and older leaves. Varietal differences in NO3-contents were observed in a pot- and a field experiment. In pot- and field experiments, partial or complete replacement of NO3-N by NH4-N in general caused the NO3-content in spinach to decrease. However, such a replacement was shown not always to result in lower NO3-contents. Additional factors involved are e.g. the use and effectiveness of nitrification inhibitors, the soil type and the amount of available N. The amount of N added and, in the field, the amount of N available in the soil before sowing, strongly affected the NO3-content in spinach. Under field conditions, nitrogen appeared to be taken up from the top 60 cm of the soil profile. The effects of variations in timing of nitrogen applications were absent in a pot experiment and not consistent in field experiments.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1349-9432
    Keywords: optical fibres ; temperature ; sensors ; tantalum pentoxide ; thermal optic ; thermal expansion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A fiber optic low-coherence sensor based on the spectral shift of tantalum pentoxide thin films for absolute temperature sensing up to 650°C is described. A tantalum pentoxide single layer was deposited directly onto the cleaved end-face of a single mode optical fibre and was illuminated with an super luminescence diode (SLD) source through a directional coupler. Interference fringes of the film on reflection were obtained within the optical bandwidth of the SLD using an optical spectrum analyser. The spectral shift versus temperature rise showed no turning points and the output was unambiguous, linear, monotonic and gave about 0.016 nm wavelength shift in the spectrum per°C. A semi-empirical calibration procedure based on the refractive index (n) and thickness (l) of the tantalum pentoxide film for absolute thermometric measurements is described.
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  • 15
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    Optical review 7 (2000), S. 555-560 
    ISSN: 1349-9432
    Keywords: lidar ; remote sensing ; Rayleigh scattering ; wind ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new method of simultaneous remote sensing of atmospheric wind and temperature by a ultraviolet Rayleigh lidar is described. This technique uses two narrowband filters located at either side of the wings of the Rayleigh backscatter spectrum to analyze Rayleigh backscattering signals. These filters are selected to be greatly sensitive to both velocity and temperature. By measuring the ratio and the sum of the two normalized filtered signals, the line-of-sight wind velocity and temperature profiles can be retrieved. A lidar system is proposed for the wind velocity and temperature measurements in the middle atmosphere, and the simulation results show that the accuracies of velocity and temperature are about 1 m/s and 2 K at the height of 30 km, respectively. The influence of aerosol component has been estimated for clear weather conditions, and with an uncertainty of aerosol component of 15% the errors are about 0.1 m/s and 2 K above the troposphere, respectively.
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  • 16
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 1369-1372 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Collembola ; snow ; activity ; temperature ; barometric pressure changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Temperature is limiting for the snow surface activity ofIsotoma hiemalis: values below a threshold of −2.5° to −3°C are avoided. Changing barometric pressure leads to increased surface activity, thus being responsible for mass appearances. These experiments provide the first evidence for sensitivity to and reaction to barometric pressure changes in insects.
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  • 17
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 60 (2000), S. 1081-1091 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: second law of thermodynamics ; temperature ; thermometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A brief outline of the history of development of the temperature concept in physics is given. Simultaneously, some persisting imperfections in the conceptual basis of classical thermodynamics closely related to the first and the second law of thermodynamics are discussed.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Spruce budworm ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; small-tree thinnings ; temperature ; precipitation ; wind ; attraction distance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Mean catches of spruce budworm,Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), moths were not significantly different among four small-tree thinning treatments of young spruce-fir-hemlock regeneration. Significant inverse relationships were found between trap catches and distances to nearby spruce-fir-hemlock overstory. Prevailing wind directions indicated that moths were attracted anemotactically to upwind pheromone sources. No definite trends were detected between catches and temperature or precipitation.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelopathy ; autotoxicity ; activated charcoal ; cucumber ; Cucumis sativus L ; 2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid ; organic acids ; photoperiod ; temperature ; root exudates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In order to elucidate the effects of temperature and photoperiod on the quality and quantity of plant root exudates, a Japanese cucumber (Cucumis sativus, cv. Shougoin-Aonaga-Fushinari) was grown hydroponically in growth chambers under controlled temperature and photoperiod conditions with or without the addition of activated charcoal (AC) to the nutrient solutions. Fresh AC was used to trap the organic compounds exuded from cucumber roots every two weeks. Cucumber plants without AC were severely retarded in root growth and in the accumulation of dry matter, especially at high temperature and long photoperiod, compared to those with AC. The growth inhibitors, adsorbed on the AC or accumulated in the nutrient solution without AC, were extracted by organic solvents and analyzed by GC-MS. Benzoic acid and its derivatives, cinnamic acid derivatives, and fatty acids were identified. The rate of root exudation in vegetative and reproductive stages for some of these organic acids increased with the elevation of temperature and the elongation of photoperiod, and the mean rate was two or more times higher than the minimum exudation at low temperature with short photoperiod. Some of the identified compounds significantly inhibited the germination and/or root growth of lettuce and cucumber.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: emigration behavior ; geographic variation ; temperature ; island effect ; genotype and environment interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract These studies were desgned to detect geographic variation in emigration behavior, at various temperatures, of newly collected wild strains ofDrosophila melanogaster. Natural populations from various geographic regions showed three basic emigration response patterns to temperature: linear, threshold, and optimum-temperature response types. The emigration activity of northern mainland populations increased in the range of 15–20°C, whereas the activity of comparable southern populations increased linearly with increasing temperatures. The northern island populations showed the optimum-temperature response type, and the comparable southern island populations showed all three emigration patterns. In most cases emigration activity on islands was generally reduced compared with that on the adjacent mainland. The northern island populations, however, showed a higher emigration activity at 25°C than the adjacent mainland populations. Here the different sensitivities to temperature seemed to be related to differences in both climatic conditions and insular conditions.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: alcohol dehydrogenase ; Drosophila ; selection ; ethanol ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Drosophila melanogaster larvae were subjected to 10 generations of selection on 6% ethanol at 17, 25, and 30°C. For each temperature there was a significant (P〈0.01) increase in the frequency of the Adh isoallele. Controls with no ethanol showed no change in the frequency of the Adh F isoallele. Larvae subjected to stronger selection on 8% ethanol confirmed the results. When adults of various ages were subjected to 16 and 32°C, the ADHF isoenzyme retained its twofold advantage in activity over ADHS regardless of the temperature. The same result was obtained with larvae at 16 and 35°C. Although some effect of temperature was demonstrated, it was concluded that the effect was not strong enough for temperature to be a selective factor under the conditions studied. However, ethanol is a strong selective factor for laboratory populations.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: Ribonuclease A ; limited proteolysis ; temperature ; guanidine hydrochloride ; unfolding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Moderate temperatures or low concentrations of denaturants diminish the catalytic activity of some enzymes before spectroscopic methods indicate protein unfolding. To discriminate between possible reasons for the inactivation of ribonuclease A, we investigated the influence of temperature and guanidine hydrochloride on its proteolytic susceptibility to proteinase K by determining the proteolytic rate constants and fragment patterns. The results were related to changes of activity and spectroscopic properties of ribonuclease A. With thermal denaturation, the changes in activity and in the rate constants of proteolytic degradation coincide and occur slightly before the spectroscopically observable transition. In the case of guanidine hydrochloride-induced denaturation, however, proteolytic resistance of ribonuclease A initially increases accompanied by a drastic activity decrease far before unfolding of the protein is detected by spectroscopy or proteolysis. In addition to ionic effects, a tightening of the protein structure at low guanidine hydrochloride concentrations is suggested to be responsible for ribonuclease A inactivation.
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  • 23
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    The journal of membrane biology 69 (1982), S. 23-34 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: axon ; hydrostatic pressure ; Na currents ; kinetics ; temperature ; activation volume
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The effects of hydrostatic pressures up to 62 MPa upon the voltage-clamp currents of intact squid giant axons were measured using mineral oil as the pressure transmitting medium. The membrane resistance and capacitance were not appreciably affected over the whole range of pressures explored. The predominant effect of pressure is to slow the overall kinetics of the voltage-clamp currents. Both the early (Na) currents and the delayed (K) ones were slowed down by approximately the same time scale factor, which was in the range of 2 to 3 when pressure was increased from atmospheric to 62 MPa. Finer details of the effects, most evident at moderate depolarizations, are: the apparent initial delay in the turn-on of Na currents is increased by pressureless than is the phase of steepest time variation, and the later decay is slowedmore than is the rising phase. The initial time course of the currents at high pressures can be made to overlap with that at normal pressure by a constant time compression factor, Θm, together with a small, voltage-dependent delay. In a given axon, Θm was fairly independent of voltage, and it increased exponentially with pressure according to an apparent activation volume, ΔV∓, ranging between 32 and 40 cm3/mole. ΔV∓ tended to decrease with increasing temperature. Contrary to what is observed for moderate or large depolarizations, the kinetics of Na inactivation produced by conditioning prepulses of −50 or −60 mV was little affected over the whole range of pressures explored. Inferences about the pressure dependence of the steady-state Na activation were made from the comparison of the plots of early peak currents,I p, versus membrane potential,E. The Na reversal potential,E Na, and the slope of the plots nearE Na did not change significantly with pressure, but the peak Na conductancevs. E relationship was shifted by about +9 mV upon increasing pressure to 62 MPa. Steady-state Na inactivation,h ∞, was slightly affected by pressure. At 62 MPa the midpoint potential of theh ∞ (E) curve,E h, was shifted negatively by about 4 mV, while the slope atE h decreased by about 38%. Under the tentative assumption that pressure directly affects the gating of Na channels, the Na activation data follows a simple Hodgkin-Huxley scheme if the opening of anm gate involves an activation volume of about 58 Å3 and a net volume increase of about 26 Å3. However, a self-consistent description of the totality of the effects of pressure on Na inactivation cannot be obtained within a similar simple context.
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  • 24
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    The journal of membrane biology 79 (1984), S. 175-184 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: epithelial monolayers ; MDCK cells ; occluding junctions ; intramembrane particles ; electrical resistance ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary In previous works it was demonstrated that the monolayer of MDCK cells behaves as a leaky epithelium where the electrical resistance across reflects the sealing capacity of the occluding junction. In the present work we study whether this sealing capacity can be modified by temperature and whether this is accompanied by changes in the structure of the occluding junction. Monolayers were prepared on disks of nylon cloth coated with collagen and mounted as a flat sheet between two Lucite chambers. The changes in resistance elicited by temperature were large (306% between 3 and 37°C), fast (less than 2 sec), and reversible. An Arrhenius plot of conductance versus the inverse of temperature shows a broken curve (between 22 and 31°C), and the activation energies calculated (3.2 and 4.0 kcal·mol−1) fall within the expected values for processes of simple diffusion. The morphology of the occuluding the number of evaluated in freeze-fracture replicas by counting the number of strands and the width of the band occupied by the junction every 133 nm. In spite of the change by 306% of the electrical resistance and the phase transition, we were unable to detect any appreciable modification of the morphology of the occluding junction. Since the freeze-fracture replicas also show a density of intramembrane particles (IMP) different in the apical from that in the basolateral regions of the plasma membrane, as well as differences between faceE and faceP, we also investigated whether this is modified by temperature. Cold increases the population of IMP, but does not affect their polarization with the incubation time it takes to elicit changes in electrical resistance.
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  • 25
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    The journal of membrane biology 77 (1984), S. 265-275 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: vesicle fusion ; surface energy ; divalent cations ; osmotic pressure gradient ; temperature ; membrane curvature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Fusion of phosphatidylserine vesicles induced by divalent cations, temperature and osmotic pressure gradients across the membrane was studied with respect to variations in vesicle size. Vesicle fusion was followed by two different methods: 1) the Tb/DPA fusion assay, whereby the fluorescent intensity upon mixing of the internal aqueous contents of fused lipid vesicles was monitored, and 2) measurement of the changes in turbidity of the vesicle suspension due to vesicle fusion. It was found that the threshold concentration of divalent cations necessary to induce vesicle fusion depended on the size of vesicles; as the diameter of the vesicle increased, the threshold value increased and the extent of fusion became less. For the osmotic pressure-induced vesicle fusion, the larger the diameter of vesicles, the smaller was the osmotic pressure gradient required to induce membrane fusion. Divalent cations, temperature increase and vesicle membrane expansion by osmotic pressure gradient all resulted in increase in surface energy (tension) of the membrane. The degree of membrane fusion correlated with the corresponding surface energy changes of vesicle membranes due to the above fusion-inducing agents. The increase in surface energy of 9.5 dyn/cm from the reference state corresponded to the threshold point of phosphatidylserine membrane fusion. An attempt was made to explain the factors influencing fusion phenomena on the basis of a single unifying theory.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Symptom ; potato virus Y ; temperature ; detection ; serology ; A6 test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In Klimakammern wurde der Einfluss der Temperatur auf die Symptomausbildung und die relative Viruskonzentration in Kartoffeln der Sorte Erstling, die mit PVYN und PVYO infiziert waren untersucht. Die relative Viruskonzentration. angegeben als Reziprokwert der grössten Verdünnung, bei der noch Reaktionen beobachtet wurden, wurde mit dem Mikropräcipitintest (van Slogteren, 1972) und dem A6-Biatttest (de Bokx. 1972) bestimmt. Folgende Informationen konnten erwartet werden: 1. über die Beziehung zwischen der Viruskonzentration und der Symptomausbildung. 2. über die Empfindlichkeit des Mikropräzipitin- und des A6-Blatttestes für die Feststellung von PVY. Die Pflanzen standen in Klimakammern (4 Pflanzen pro Kammer) bei einer Tag Nachttemperatur von 10/7, 14/9, 18/12, 22/17 und 26/21°C und einer Photoperiode von 15 Stunden bei 15000 lux. Eine Woche später wurden alle Blätter von 2 der 4 Pflanzen trocken mit PVYN inokuliert, die übrigen 2 mit PVYO. Die Verdünnungsreihen (unverdünnt, 1/4. 1/16, 1/64, 1/256, 1/1024) wurden aus Pressaft der obersten, vollständig entfalteten Blätter infizierter Pflanzen 22, 33, 48 und 61 Tage nach der Inokulation hergestellt. Pflanzen, die bei 22°C und 26°C gewachsen waren, zeigten 2 Wochen nach der Inokulation mit PVYN oder PVYO deutliche Mosaik- und Kräuselsymptome. während in Pflanzen, die bei 14°C und 18°C wuchsen, die Symptome schwächer waren und erst nach ungefähr 4 Wochen auftraten (Abb. 1). Pflanzen, die bei 10°C aufwuchsen, zeigten nach Inokulation mit PVYN bis zum Versuchsende, d.h. 8 Wochen nach der Inokulation, keine Symptome und nach Inokulation mit PVYO nur schwaches Mosaik. In Pflanzen, die bei 14 bis 26°C gehalten wurden, nimmt in den frühen Wuchsstadien die Konzentration von PVYN zu und mit der Abreife der Pflanzen wieder ab PVYN konnte in Pflanzen, gewachsen bei 10°C, serologisch nicht nachgewiesen werden (Tabelle 1), was mit den Ergebnissen von Bode (1959) übereinstimmt. Die Vermehrung von PVYO in Kartoffelpflanzen verläuft wie die von PVYN mit der Ausnahme, dass die Konzentration von PVYO während des gesamten Versuches in Pflanzen, gewachsen bei 14°C und 18°C auf einem hohen Niveau bleibt und die selbe Konzentration von Pflanzen, bei 10°C gewachsen, 61 Tage nach der Inokulation erreicht wird. Das Auftreten der Symptome war mit der relativen Viruskonzentration korreliert. Keine Korrelation wurde zwischen der Zahl der Kokalläsionen auf A6 nach Inokulation mit PVY und der serologischen Nachweisbarkeit des Virus gefunden. Daraus kann geschlossen werden, dass der A6-Test, wie andere biologische Prüfungen (Beemster 1958), für die Nachweisbarkeit von PVY empfindlicher ist als der Mikropräzipitintest (Tabelle 1).
    Abstract: Résumé L'effet de la température sur l'expression des symptômes et sur la concentration en virus chez la variété Eersteling infectée par PVYN et PVYO et cultivée en serre a été étudié. La concentration relative en virus donnée par les dilutions limites. est déterminée par la méthode de microprécipitation (van Slogteren, 1972), et le test foliaire sur A6 (de Bokx, 1972). Le but de cet essai était d'obtenir des informations sur: 1) la relation entre la concentration du virus et l'expression des symptômes: 2) la sensibilité de la microprécipitation et du test foliaire sur A6 pour la détection du virus Y. Les plantes ont été placées dans des chambres de culture (4 plantes par chambre) à des températures jour/nuit de 10/7, 14/9, 18/12, 12/17 et 26/21°C et une photopériode de 15 heures à 15 000 Lux. Une semaine plus tard toutes les feuilles de deux plantes de chaque lot ont été inoculées par projection d'un mélange de carborundum et de PVYN; les feuilles des deux autres plantes ont été inoculées de la même manière avec PVYO. Une gamme de dilution (pur, 1/4, 1/16, 1/64, 1/256, 1/1024) a été préparée à partir des feuilles complètement déployées du sommet des plantes infectées 22, 33, 48 et 61 jours après l'inoculation. Des symptômes de mosaïque et de frisolée ont été observés chez les plantes cultivées à 22 et 26°C deux semaines après l'inoculation avec PVYN ou PVYO, mais les symptômes ont été plus faibles et ne sont pas apparus avant environ quatre semaines, chez les plantes cultivées à 14 et 18°C (figure 1). Les plantes cultivées à 10°C n'ont pas donné de symptômes jusqu'à la fin de l'expérience lorsqu'elles ont été inoculées avec PVYN; infectées par PVYO elles ont présenté seulement une faible mosaïque. Il a été montré que dans les plantes placées à 18 et 26°C, la concentration de PVYN augmente dans les premiers stades de la croissance des plantes mais diminue quand celles-ci arrivent à maturité. PVYN n'a pas été détecté sérologiquement dans les plantes cultivées à 10°C (tableau 1). Ceci est en accord avec les travaux de Bode. 1959. Généralement, le processus de multiplication de PVYO dans la pomme de terre est le même que celui de PVYN. Toutefois, la concentration de PVYO reste à un taux élevé dans les plantes cultivées à 14 et 18°C, pour l'ensemble de l'expérience, et atteint une teneur analogue dans les plantes cultivées à 10°C aprés 61 jours d'inoculation. L'expression des symptômes est en correlation avec la concentration relative en virus. Aucune correlation n'a été observée entre le nombre de lésions locales provoqué par PVY sur A6 et la limite de détection du virus en sérologie. Onpeut en conclure que le test foliaire sur A6. de même que d'autres tests biologiques (Beemster, 1958), est plus sensible pour la détection de PVY que le test de microprécipitation (tableau 1).
    Notes: Summary Potato plants cv. Eersteling, grown in growth chambers with various day night temperatures, were inoculated with PVYN or PVYO three weeks after planting. Two weeks later there were clear symptoms in plants grown at 22/17°C and 26/21°C, but after four weeks there were only weak symptoms in plants kept at 14/9°C and 18/12°C. At 10/7°C 8 weeks after inoculation, only those plants infected with PVYO had developed symptoms. Virus concentration correlated well with the rate of symptom expression, and was similar with both strains, except that it was high 8 weeks after inoculation in plants infected with PVYO and grown at 10/7°C. For both strains the A6 leaf test was more sensitive than the serological test.
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  • 27
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    Potato research 23 (1980), S. 9-18 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: micropropagation ; phytohormones ; light ; temperature ; shaking ; axillary buds ; rapid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode zur raschen Vermehrung von abgetrennten Triebspitzen auf einem keimfreien, flüssigen Nährboden beschrieben. Triebspitzen wurden von Knollen entnommen, die vorher gründlich gewaschen wurden. Die Oberfläche wurde keimfrei gemacht, die Knollen in 2–4 Stücke geschnitten, für 1 Stunde in 100 mg/l Gibberellinsäure getaucht und dann auf Saugpapier gelegt, das von Zeit zu Zeit mit 1,0 mM CaCl2 befeuchtet wurde. Die Triebspitzen wurden herausgeschnitten, wenn sie 15–25 mm lang waren, sterilisiert und der unterste Teil von 2–5 mm weggeschnitten. Als Nährboden wurde derjenige nach Murashige und Skoog (1962) (MS) verwendet, ohne Kaseinhydrolysat. Nährboden und Zvtokinine wurden im Autoklav sterilisiert. Gibberellinsäurelösungen wurden filtersterilisiert. Feste bzw. flüssige Nährböden waren nicht zufriedenstellend, auch nicht bei fortwährendem Schütteln. Wenn die Triebspitzen dagegen in 100 ml-Kolben mit 20 ml Nährboden während 1,5 Stunden pro Tag und 50 U mdrehungen pro Minute während 4 Wochen geschüttelt und dann stationär gehalten wurden, zeigten sie gutes Wachstum, besonders bei Vorhandensein von 0,5 mg/l Kinetin plus 0,1 mg/l Gibberellinsäure (Abb. 1). Dagegen zeigten Triebspitzen von 10–15 mm, die von solchen aus Vermehrung auf Nährboden (Subkultur-Triebspitzen) stammten, besseres Waschstum beim Vorkommen von 5 mg/l Kinetin plus 0,01 mg/l Gibberellinsäure. Kinetin übertraf 6-γ, γ (Dimethylallylamin) Purin oder 6-Benzylaminpurin (Tabelle 1). Licht hatte deutliche Einflüsse auf das Wachstum. Subkultur-Triebspitzen wuchsen am besten mit ‘Grund’-Belichtung (Lichtintensität: 28 μE m−2s−1) (Abb. 2; Tabelle 2) während der 4 Wochen dauernden Schüttelphase der Inkubation. Während der folgenden stationären Phase war eine hohe Lichtintensität am günstigsten: 120 μE m−2s−1 für eine einmalige Subkultur (Abb. 3), aber 47 μE m−2s−1 für wiederholte Subkulturen (Abb. 4). Die optimale Temperatur während der stationären Phase variierte je nach Sorte. Für Kennebec und Pontiac betrug sie 21/16°C (je 12 Stunden), für Exton war sie 24/19°C (Tabelle 3). Bei der Ernte der Triebspitzen wurden die Kolbeninhalte in eine sterile Petrischale gelegt und die Spitzen ausgeschnitten. Innerhalb 1–2 Wochen entwickelte sich ein zweiter Bestand von Triebspitzen auf den Rückständen in der Petrischale. Diese konnte geerntet werden, und ein dritter und oft auch ein vierter Nachwuchs konnte aus dem gleichen Material erzielt werden. Diese Methode dürfte als rasche Vermehrungstechnik eine eingehende Auswertung verdienen.
    Abstract: Résumé Une méthode est décrite pour obtenir la multiplication rapide d’extrémités de pousses en milieu liquide asceptique. Ces dernières ont été obtenues à partir de tubercules lavés et stérilisés en surface puis coupés en 2 à 4 morceaux. Les fragments ainsi obtenus ont éte trempés pendant une heure dans une solution d’acide gibberellique à 100 mg/l et disposés sur un papier absorbant humidifié occasionnellement avec une solution de CaCl2 à 1 mM. Les extrémités des pousses ont été excisées quand celles-ci ont atteint 15 à 25 mm de long et stérilisées; 2 à 5 mm de la partie basale des pousses ont été éliminés. Le milieu utilisé pour la culture des extrémités de pousses est celui de Murashige et Skoog (1962) sans hydrolysat de caséine (MS). Le milieu de culture et les cytokinines ont été stérilisés à l’autoclave; les solutions d’acide gibberellique ont été filtrées et stérilisées. Les milieux liquides non agités ou solidifiés par de l’agar n’ont pas donné satisfaction, de même que les milieux liquides agités en continu. Lorsque les extrémités de pousses ont été agitées dans des flacons de 100 ml contenant 20 ml de milieu pendant 1 heure et demie par jour, à la cadence de 50 mouvements par minute et durant 4 semaines, une bonne prolifération des pousses a été observée, notamment en présence de 0,5 mg/l de kinétine et de 0,1 mg/l d’acide gibbérellique (figure 1). Toutefois, des extrémités de pousses de 10 à 15 mm provenant de pousses multipliées en culture (‘sous culture’) ont montré une meilleure prolifération en présence de 5 mg/l de kinétine et de 0,01 mg/l d’acide gibbérellique. La kinétine a été supérieure à la 6γ, γ (dimethylamino) purine ou à la 6 benzylaminopurine (tableau 1). La lumière a eu un effet marqué sur la prolifération des pousses. Le développement des ‘sous-cultures’ s’est avéré meilleur avec un éclairement faible (intensité de 28 μE m−2s−1 (figure 2, tableau 2), durant les 4 semaines en culture agitée de la phase d’incubation. Pendant la phase de culture sans agitation une forte intensité lumineuse a été plus favorable, 120 μE m−2s−1 pour une simple ‘sous-culture’ (figure 3) mais 47 μE m−2s−1 pour des ‘sous-cultures’ répétées (figure 4). La température optimum durant la phase sans agitation variait avec les variétés, pour Kennebec et Pontiac elle était de 21/16°C (12 heures chacune), pour Exton elle était de 24/19°C (tableau 4). Pour le prélèvement des extrémités de pousses, les fragments de tubercules ont été placés dans des boites de Pétri stériles. Après l à 2 semaines, un second développement s’est effectué sur les morceaux non utilisés maintenus dans une boite de Pétri; des extrémités de pousses ont pu être à nouveau récoltées. Un troisième et souvent un quatrième prélèvement ont pu être réalisés sur ce même matériel. Les résultats obtenus méritaient une description détaillée de cette technique rapide de multiplication.
    Notes: Summary Extensive proliferation via axiallary meristems can be induced in potato shoot-tips (15–20mm) cultured in liquid media. Proliferation is greatest when a 4-week period of shake culture for 1 1/2 h per day is followed by stationary culture. The rate of proliferation is influenced by light, temperature and phytohormones. Gibberellic acid and kinetin are essential, but the optimal concentrations are different for initial inocula and for subcultures. Under optimal conditions shoot multiplication rates in excess of 10–25 fold per 8 weeks are obtained, but there are genotypic differences in the response.
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  • 28
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    Potato research 23 (1980), S. 361-363 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: relative humidity ; temperature ; water pan trap
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A mixture of sex pheromone PTM1 (trans-4,cis-7-tridecadien-1-ol acetate) and PTM2 (trans-4,cis-7,cis-10-tridecatrien-1-ol acetate) on rubber cap dispensers was used to attract adult male tuber moths to water pan traps. Correlation analysis of daily catches made over a 61-day period showed that temperature and relative humidity accounted for 20.5% and 1.4% respectively of catch variability. Further studies are needed to reveal any major components of the 78% residual variability.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1608-3237
    Keywords: poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid ; Yersinia pseudotuberculosis ; Listeria monocytogenes ; temperature ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A comparative investigation of the intracellular content of poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid showed that Yersinia pseudotuberculosis strains accumulated, on the average, lower amounts of this reserve substance than Listeria monocytogenes strains. The intracellular pool of poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid was responsible for the growth of the bacteria at low temperatures (4–6°C) in the absence of any exogenous carbon and energy source.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1608-3407
    Keywords: red microalgae ; collection of algae ; maintenance conditions ; darkness ; temperature ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; phycobiliproteins ; viability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of light and temperature conditions on the maintenance of some red microalgae (order Porphyridiales) in collections were studied. Periodical subculturing on solid and liquid media was used for maintenance. Halophilic species P. aeruginosa, P. cruentum, and P. sordidum were lost in 2.5 months if kept in darkness. The viability of algae in the dim light slightly declined in 4–5 months and was species-dependent. The results were compared with earlier obtained data on mesophilic Chlorococcales. For the green algae, darkness proved to be the optimal condition, while their viability markedly decreased at light. It was suggested that this discrepancy was caused by the presence of phycobiliproteins in the cells of red algae. Dim light conditions are optimal for the synthesis of phycobiliproteins, which are rapidly destroyed in darkness, thus leading to cell death.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: diapause ; Diaptomus ; permanent environment ; photoperiod ; pond chemistry ; proximate cues ; temperature ; temporary environment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Field and laboratory studies were carried out between 1995 and 1997 on four populations of Diaptomus leptopus found in seasonally temporary, occasionally temporary, and a permanent environment to assess the relative importance of photoperiod and temperature regimes versus other proximate local cues in inducing diapause egg production. Patterns of diapausing and subitaneous egg production were determined by observation of individual females bearing clutches that were produced in the field. A laboratory common-garden experiment was performed to assess the effects of four different regimes of temperature and photoperiod on the induction of diapause. Patterns of diapausing egg production differed among ponds: diapause occurred early in the seasonally temporary environment and occurred rarely in the permanent environment. In the common-garden experiment, populations exhibited substantial changes in the onset of diapause when compared to patterns found under field conditions. These results provide indirect evidence that the different populations respond to available cues of environmental change in different ways in nature, or that environmental cues vary among habitats.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: body size ; chlorophyll concentration ; salinity ; temperature
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The seasonal variation in length of the most abundant copepod species in the lagoon of Venice were compared and the relative influence of temperature, chlorophyll concentration and salinity examined. Temperature seems to be the primary factor influencing copepod body length in the lagoon of Venice, but the different species vary markedly in their response. Calanoid copepods (Acartia clausi, A. tonsa, Paracalanus parvus and Centropages ponticus) showed a more definite trend of size variation with temperature than the cyclopoids (Oithona nana and O. similis) and the harpacticoid Euterpina acutifrons. The size of the poecilostomatoids Oncaea media and O. subtilis was not affected by temperature, and was almost constant over time. Differences in the metabolic rates, longevity and specialization of calanoid, cyclopoid and harpacticoid copepods could explain their different responses to temperature.
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  • 33
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    Aquatic ecology 34 (2000), S. 227-242 
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: cladocerans ; demography ; Microcystis aeruginosa ; rotifers ; temperature
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The response of selected rotifers and cladocerans to Microcystis aeruginosa, offered as colonies and single cells, was compared to that on a diet of Chlorella vulgaris using the life table demography approach. The test zooplankton species were Simocephalus vetulus, Daphnia carinata, Moina macrocopa, Scapholeberis kingi, Ceriodaphnia cornuta, Brachionus calyciflorus and Hexarthra mira. To detect the development of resistance to toxins from Microcystis in zooplankton, in addition to the laboratory cultured strain of Ceriodaphnia cornuta, another strain of the same species was also used (designated as C. cornuta 2, this was collected from a pond containing Microcystis and cultured in the laboratory on Chlorella for a few weeks prior to experimentation). Experiments were conducted at 20 °C and 30 °C. Survivorship was high on Chlorella in most species but low on diets of Microcystis. Except for C. cornuta 2, S. kingi and S. vetulus, all other test species were adversely affected by Microcystis. The ability to utilise Microcystis improved at 30 °C in M. macrocopa, D. carinata and H. mira. The longest mean lifespan was recorded for C. cornuta 2 (25.3 ± 4.86 d) and the lowest for B. calyciflorus (0.58 ± 0.05 d). The highest net reproductive rate was observed for C. cornuta 1 (44.9 ± 4.88) and the longest generation time of 26.6 ± 2.13 d for S. vetulus. Among the cladocerans that showed positive values of population growth rate (r), M. macrocopa had the highest of 0.96 ± 0.04 per day.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: desiccation ; growth ; growth model ; inorganic carbon ; nutrients ; photoperiod ; photosynthesis ; pigments ; Porphyra linearis ; PPF ; respiration ; temperature ; water velocity
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of environmental parameters on the growthof Porphyra linearis gametophytes was examinedunder controlled conditions, and related to themultilinear regression growth model recently developedfor this seaweed under coastal conditions in theeastern Mediterranean. Growth chambers, a gradienttable, special culture devices and analytical methodswere combined for this culture study.The major factors significantly controlling thegrowth rate of the P. linearis gametophytein glass dishes were: photoperiod, temperature, agein culture, photosynthetic photon flux (PPF), salinityand water dynamics. Maximal growth occurred underdaylength of 12 h, medium temperature (15–20 °C), low PPF (70–140 μmol photon m-2s-1), ambient salinity (30–40 ppt), 1–3 h ofdaily air exposure, and water velocity of 4 cm s-1.Photosynthesis and respiration rates weredominantly affected by daylength and temperature,while the concentration of pigments was dominantlyaffected by PPF and temperature.These conditions correspond well to the optimalnatural growth environment of this local species andare in agreement with the optimum estimated throughthe recently developed outdoor mathematical growthmodel.
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 82 (1976), S. 1458-1460 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: myocardium ; relationship between frequency and amplitude of contractions ; adaptation to heat ; temperature
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract After preliminary adaptation of rats to heat (for 3 h daily at 35°C for 1 month) the amplitude of contractions of the isolated papillary muscles from the left ventricle at 28°C at high frequency was higher than in control animals. This difference persisted at 36°C and disappeared at 25°C. It is postulated that adaptation to heat leaves a definite structural imprint in heart muscle cells.
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 93 (1982), S. 191-193 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: human lymphocytes ; mitogenic lymphokines ; temperature
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 94 (1982), S. 853-856 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: isolated myocardium ; contractility ; temperature ; stretching ; frequency of contractions
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 38
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 97 (1984), S. 149-153 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: ambient atmospheric factors ; temperature ; hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid system ; physiological state
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  • 39
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    Mathematical geology 8 (1976), S. 305-322 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: finite differences ; mathematics ; numerical analysis ; geophysics ; hydrology ; pressure ; temperature ; compacting sediments
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    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Coupled energy and momentum balance equations are derived for a one-dimensional sequence of compacting sediments. These transient, nonlinear partial differential equations represent the one-dimensional equations of state for an accumulating sedimentary basin. A numerical solution is presented which provides a first-order approximation for porosity, temperature, and fluid pressures in the northern Gulf of Mexico. It seems that compaction disequilibrium is the primary mechanism for development of excess fluid pressures. Furthermore, the coupling of the equations demonstrates that temperature and pressure cannot be treated independently as may have been done in diagenetic studies. Some areas for further investigations are indicated.
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  • 40
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    Aquaculture international 8 (2000), S. 513-530 
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: great scallop (Pecten maximus) ; hatchery ; metamorphosis ; seawater flow ; spat development ; temperature
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Variations in growth and survival of hatchery-reared post-metamorphicjuveniles of great scallop Pecten maximus prompted anexamination of settlement and postlarval development. The effects ofseawater flow and temperature on great scallop metamorphosis andpostlarvae were studied over a 4–5 week period. In allexperiments, and regardless of environmental conditions, great scallopmetamorphosed after a 2–3 week period with values of 35 to70%. Subsequently, spat numbers increased slightly. Spatmortality generally occurred from the third week onward and reachedlevels as high as 30% by the fifth week under standardconditions. At 20 °C, however, 60% mortality levels wererecorded. Differences in spat growth rate, ranging from 37 to 45 μmday−1, were noticed at different seawater flow ratesbut no clear tendency could be discerned. Temperature affected spatgrowth with an increase in size from 24 μm day−1 at15 °C to 35 μm day−1 at 18 °C. Conversely,growth was suppressed at 20 °C (14 μm day−1).For optimal metamorphosis and postlarval development in great scallop, aseawater flow of 4.3 L h−1 per sieve and a temperatureof 15 °C are recommended.
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    European journal of plant pathology 88 (1982), S. 191-202 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: coffee leaf rust ; complete resistance ; major gene resistance ; temperature ; heterogeneous reaction type ; components of resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Resistentie van koffie tegen fysio II vanHemileia vastatrix werd getoetst in milieus bij lichtintensiteiten (LI), die varieerden van 17 tot 100% van de totale instraling. Negen behandelingen, bestaande uit de combinaties van drie niveaus van LI vóór inoculatie en drie ná inoculatie, werden toegepast op zaailingen van het vatbareCoffea arabica ras Mundo Novo. Toenemende LI vóór inoculatie veroorzaakte een significante toename in lesiedichtheid, terwijl het tegenovergestelde werd waargenomen bij de behandeling na inoculatie. Maximale verschillen in lesiedichtheid waren drievoudig. De interactie tussen behandelingen vóór en ná inoculatie was ook significant. Bij extreem hoge LI ná inocultie trad necrose van de lesies op. Genotypen van de Icatu populatie en van hetC. canephora ras Kouillou, met verschillende ziektescores in het veld, werden beproefd in verschillende milieus, waarbij een constante LI voor en na inoculatie werd toegepast. De resistentie van de meeste genotypen kwam beter tot uiting bij lage LI dan bij hoge LI, wat ook waargenomen werd voor het controle ras Mundo Novo. Bij het ras Kouillou werden de dichtheid van sporulerende lesies, de latentieperiode en het reactietype significant beïnvloed door LI en genotype. De interactie tussen LI en genotype was ook significant voor dichtheid van sporulerende lesies en voor reactietype, voornamelijk doordat het meest resistente genotype niet, of in de omgekeerde richting, beïnvloed werd door LI. De expressive van het resistentiegen Sh4 bleek ook afhankelijk van het milieu. Waarnemingen aan een uitsplitsende F2-populatie duidden op een dominante genwerking in de kas (lage LI) en een incompleet dominante, of bijna recessieve, genewerking in de kwekerij (hoge LI). Deze incomplete dominantie uitte zich d.m.v. heterogene tot vatbare reactietypes van heterozygote planten (SH4sH4) onder hoge LI. Enkele ecologische en veredelingstechnische aspecten van de waargenomen invloed van LI worden besproken.
    Notes: Abstract Resistance of coffee to race II ofHemileia vastatrix was tested in different environments at light intensities (LI) from 17 to 100% of total outdoor radiation. Nine treatments, in which three levels of LI before inoculation were combined with three levels of LI after inoculation, were applied to seedlings of the susceptible cv. Mundo Novo. Higher LI before inoculation induced a significant increase in lesion density, whereas the opposite was observed for treatments after inoculation. Maximum differences in lesion density were threefold. The interaction between pre-and post-inoculation treatments was also significant. Necrosis of lesions occurred under extremely high LI after inoculation. Genotypes of the Icatu population and ofCoffea canephora cv. Kouillou, which varied in disease level in the field, were tested in different environments, constant LI being applied before and after inoculation. Most genotypes were more resistant at low LI than at high LI, paralleling the results obtained for the control cv. Mundo Novo. With cv. Kouillou, sporulating lesion density, latency period and reaction type were significantly affected by LI and genotype. The interaction between LI and genotypes was significant for sporulating lesion density and reaction type, mainly because the most resistent genotype was not affected, or affected in opposite direction, by LI. Environment affected the expression of the resistance gene SH4. Observations on a segregating F2 population indicated dominant gene action in the greenhouse (low LI) and incomplete dominant to nearly recessive gene action in the nursery (high LI). Incomplete dominance was expressed by heterogeneous to susceptible reaction types of heterozygote plants (SH4sH4), under high LI. Some ecological and breeding aspects of the observed effect of LI on resistance to coffee leaf rust are discussed.
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    Evolutionary ecology 14 (2000), S. 627-643 
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: adaptation ; Bergmann's rule ; clutch size ; egg size ; physiological constraint ; temperature
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Organisms and parts of an organism like eggs or individual cells developing in colder environments tend to grow bigger. A unifying explanation for this Bergmann's rule extended to ectotherms has not been found, and whether this is an adaptive response or a physiological constraint is debated. The dependence of egg and clutch size on the mother's temperature environment were investigated in the yellow dung fly Scathophaga stercoraria. Smaller eggs were laid at warmer temperatures in the field and the laboratory, where possible confounding variables were controlled for. As clutch size at the same time was unaffected by temperature, this effect was not due to a trade-off between egg size and number. Temperature-dependent egg sizes even persisted within individuals: when females were transferred to a cooler (warmer) environment, they laid third-clutch eggs that were larger (smaller) than their first-clutch eggs. The fitness consequences of these temperature-mediated egg sizes were further investigated in two laboratory experiments. Neither egg and pre-adult survivorship nor larval growth rate were maximized, nor was development time minimized, at the ambient temperature corresponding to the mother's temperature environment. This does not support the beneficial acclimation hypothesis. Instead, this study yielded some, but by no means conclusive indications of best performance by offspring from eggs laid at intermediate temperatures, weakly supporting the optimal temperature hypothesis. In one experiment the smaller eggs laid at 24°C had reduced survivorship at all ambient temperatures tested. Smaller eggs thus generally performed poorly. The most parsimonious interpretation of these results is that temperature-mediated variation in egg size is a maternal physiological response (perhaps even a constraint) of unclear adaptive value.
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  • 43
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    Powder metallurgy and metal ceramics 39 (2000), S. 599-602 
    ISSN: 1573-9066
    Keywords: solid-phase reaction ; solubility ; temperature ; cobalt silicides ; boron
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The system Co ― Si ― B is promising for development of new soft magnetic materials. We studied the effect of boron on the structure and composition of cobalt silicides during solid-phase reaction of powders of the starting components under a 3·10−3 Pa vacuum in the temperature range 200°C to 1300°C for boron content from 0.5 mass% to 7.7 mass% by differential thermal analysis, metallographic analysis, x-ray analysis, and electron-probe microanalysis. We established that boron is not soluble in cobalt silicides. Formation of ternary chemical compounds is typical for the Co ― Si ― B system.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Arctic ; Cerastium alpinum ; nitrogen source ; nitrogen-uptake ; organic N ; polar-desert plants ; Saxifraga caespitosa ; temperature
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Polar-desert plants experience low average air temperatures during their short growing season (4–8 °C mean July temperature). In addition, low availability of inorganic nitrogen in the soil may also limit plant growth. Our goals were to elucidate which N sources can be acquired by polar-desert plants, and how growth and N-uptake are affected by low growth temperatures. We compared rates of N-uptake and increases in mass and leaf area of two polar-desert species (Cerastium alpinum L. and Saxifraga caespitosa L.) over a period of 3 weeks when grown at two temperatures (6 °C vs. 15 °C) and supplied with either glycine, NH4 + or NO3 −. At 15 °C, plants at least doubled their leaf area, whereas there was no change in leaf area at 6 °C. Measured mean N-uptake rates varied between 0.5 nmol g−1 root DM s−1 on glycine at 15 °C and 7.5 nmol g−1 root DM s−1 on NH4 + at 15 °C. Uptake rates based upon increases in mass and tissue N concentrations showed that plants had a lower N-uptake rate at 6 °C, regardless of N source or species. We conclude that these polar-desert plants can use all three N sources to increase their leaf area and support flowering when grown at 15 °C. Based upon short-term (8 h) uptake experiments, we also conclude that the short-term capacity to take up inorganic or organic N is not reduced by low temperature (6 °C). However, net N-uptake integrated over a three-week period is severely reduced at 6 °C.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lactuca sativa ; butterhead lettuce ; temperature ; analysis of growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Since 1950 growth of lettuce for winter production has been improved considerably by breeding. It has been investigated whether this improvement must be attributed to a more rapid leaf production, to larger leaves or to both. To this end the differences in growth between the cultivars Meikoningin. Proeftuin's Blackpool, Rapide, Deci-Minor and Valentine were analysed at a range of temperatures (10, 14, 17 and 20°C) under natural light conditions in autumn. The last four cultivars represent successive improvements in growth of lettuce for winter production. From the experiments it can be concluded that the improvement in growth of lettuce for winter production was initially brought about through increasing the rate of leaf production and there-after through increasing leaf size. At the same time the heat requirement for optimal growth has become higher.
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  • 46
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    Euphytica 31 (1982), S. 485-492 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Chrysanthemum morifolium ; light ; temperature ; selection ; genotype environment interaction ; adaptation
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Chysanthemum cultivars were grown in 4 experiments in the greenhouse and in the phytotron. The growing conditions in the greenhouse varied from 14 C, 60 J cm2 day-1 to 17 C. 431 J cm2 day-1, those in the phytotron from 12 to 455 J cm-2 day-1 at a temperature of either 14 or 20 C. Most cultivars responded differentially to light and/or temperature, but this was only measurable when large differences in light and/or temperature were imposed. Reducing the light level in a greenhouse by 50% does not bring out cultivar×light interactions. Such interactions may be pronounced however when the performance in summer is compared with that in winter. This is also reflected in the correlation coefficients. The correlations between summer and winter performance for number of flowers per stem and the number of days to flowering are non-significant, those for the 7 other traits measured were all significant. The occurrence of interactions does not preclude the possibility of breeding cultivars adapted to a wide range of light and temperature conditions. Appropriate selection procedures are discussed.
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    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 455-463 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Chrysanthemum morifolium ; chrysanthemum ; temperature ; flowering ; selection
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The number of days to flowering and the number of flowers per plant were studied at 12, 13, 15 and 17 C night temperature in 79 F1 populations from 15 parents. Only a few F1 plants flowered earlier than their parents; the majority flowered at the same time, later or not at all. The number of flowers of the F1 plants was higher than that of the parents. Genetic analyses showed a broad sense heritability of 70% for days to flowering and flower number and a highly significant GCA effect for days to flowering. The progenies and parents that flowered early at one temperature were generally early at all temperatures.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; tomato ; temperature ; leaf area ; epidermal cells ; selection
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An investigation was carried out into the genotypic variation in the response to temperature of leaf area in tomatoes. Differences between genotypes in the response of the area of a leaf to contrasting temperature regimes were found, and this was due to variation in the number of epidermal cells. The epidermal cell size showed little response to temperature. The results are discussed in relation to the potential for selection for improved leaf area and the development of a rapid screening test for cold tolerance.
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    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 355-362 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; tomato ; temperature ; leaf area ; leaf initiation ; selection
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Genotypic variation in the response to temperature of the rate of leaf production is reported. Leaf production was measured as the rate of successive leaves passing a specific length and by dissecting plants to obtain the rate of leaf initiation. These results together with the results of leaf size from the previous paper. are compared to the effect of temperature on the total leaf area. The use of information from these experiments in selecting for increased leaf area at low temperature is discussed.
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  • 50
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    Photosynthesis research 1 (1981), S. 243-249 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: C4 grass ; C3 legume ; light utilization efficiency ; temperature
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of temperatures between 15 and 50°C on the light utilization efficiency of leaf net photosynthesis was studied in two C4 grasses and two C3 legumes. In the legumes, light utilization efficiency (μ mol of CO2 fixed per μ Einstein of incident photosynthetic quantum flux) declined linearly with temperature between 15 and 45°C. On the other hand, it was independent of temperature between 15 and 40°C in the grasses, but it declined rapidly between 40 and 50°C. Values for grasses were greater than those for legumes at all temperatures; for example, at 30°C the ratio of the mean values of grass to legume was 1.6–1.7 which is similar to a previously published value of 1.6. Light utilization efficiency was similar for grasses and legumes only at temperatures below 10 and above 50°C. These findings are compared with published data, especially those of Ehleringer and Björkman, and their implications for predicting or interpreting the distribution of C3 and C4 species are briefly discussed.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: acclimation ; irradiance ; photosynthesis ; temperature
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photosynthetic characteristics at high measurement irradiance were analyzed for single leaves of two C3 and one C4 species grown under twenty one combinations of irradiance level, irradiance duration, and air temperature in order to test the idea that photosynthetic characteristics developed by leaves in different environments are controlled by the daily amount of photosynthesis. Photosynthetic rates per unit area and mesophyll conductances at 25°C and air levels of CO2 and O2, and parameters for two photosynthesis models were used to characterize the photosynthetic properties of the leaves. Leaves with highest values of the photosynthetic parameters for each species were often developed in environments with irradiance levels below saturation for photosynthesis, and with only 12 hours of iradiance per day. Lower air temperature during growth increased the photosynthetic characteristics for a given irradiance regime. Photosynthetic characteristics had higher correlation coefficients with daily photosynthesis of mature leaves divided by 24-hour leaf elongation rates of young leaves, than with daily photosynthesis alone, indicating that photosynthetic characteristics may be related to a balance between photosynthesis and leaf expansion.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Malus ; apple ; Pyrus ; pear ; double pollination ; pollination interval ; temperature ; pioneer pollen ; seed set first pollen ; seed set second pollen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Double pollinations of apple and pear may double the seed production, to which the second pollen can contribute 3 times as many seeds as the first (pioneer) pollen, when the interval between pollinations is long enough (48 h) at low (≃ 10°C) or short enough (7 h) at high (≃ 20°C) temperatures. With shorter or longer intervals, the contribution of the second pollen to seed production diminishes. The dominance of the second pollen was attributed to promotion by the first one, the second pollen probably being optimally stimulated when the tubes of the first have passed about 1/3rd of the style. It is concluded that the effectiveness of the pioneer pollen method to overcome incompatibility, depends on whether the interval between pollinations can be usefully adjusted to both the environmentally (temperature) and inherently determined rate of pollen tube growth of the species.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: acclimation ; irradiance ; photosynthesis ; temperature
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photosynthetic characteristics at high measurement irradiance were analyzed for single leaves of two C3 and one C4 species grown under twenty one combinations of irradiance level, irradiance duration, and air temperature in order to test the idea that photosynthetic characteristies developed by leaves in different environments are controlled by the daily amount of photosynthesis. Photosynthetic rates per unit area and mesophyll conductances at 25°C and air levels of CO2 and O2, and parameters for two photosynthesis models were used to characterize the photosynthetic properties of the leaves. Leaves with highest values of the photosynthetic parameters for each species were often developed in environments with irradiance levels below saturation for photosynthesis, and with only 12 hours of irradiance per day. Lower air temperature during growth increased the photosynthetic characteristics for a given irradiance regime. Photosynthetic characteristics had higher correlation coefficients with daily photosynthesis of mature leaves divided by 24-hour leaf elongation rates of young leaves, than with daily photosynthesis alone, indicating that photosynthetic characteristics may be related to a balance between photosynthesis and leaf expansion.
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    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 419-424 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Macrocystis ; macronutrients ; temperature ; fertilizing ; canopy
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    Topics: Biology
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    Hydrobiologia 119 (1984), S. 149-160 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: grazing ; Hyalella montezuma ; incident light ; phytoplankton ; seasonal succession ; stable environment ; temperature ; travertine spring
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Relatively minor annual amplitudes of change in certain major nutrients, and especially pH and water temperature were measured in the spring-fed system of Montezuma Well, Arizona during a four year study. phytoplankton diversity was low but for the most part, composition was spatially and temporally constant; total seasonal phytoplankton density was significantly correlated with regional incident light. Phytoplankton species composition changed briefly during and for a short period following the summer monsoon. Ultraplankton (〈5 µm diam.) numerically comprised nearly 80% of the phytoplankton community throughout most of the year. The limited residence time of water in the Well may have provided a competitive advantage for cells with high surface area:volume ratios and correspondingly rapid division rates. Nannochloris bacillaris Naum. and Coccomyxa minor Skuja were perennial dominants. Diatom populations did not increase with annual increases in vernal solar radiation. Low pH, high dissolved CO2, and limited residence time for metabolic inhibitors are considered to be largely responsible for the reduced blue-green populations in the Well. The only flagellated photosynthetic group present in Montezuma Well was the Cryptophyta. Desmid populations were minimal, even though pH was consistently below circumneutral (6.5) and free CO2 concentrations high. The role of grazing by an amphipod, Hyalella montezuma, on annual phytoplankton abundance is examined.
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  • 56
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    Hydrobiologia 118 (1984), S. 245-254 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: leeches ; Piscicola geometra ; photoperiod ; temperature ; nutrition ; maturation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The annual cycle of P. geometra breeding activity depends on light, temperature and nutrition. A photoperiod of about 12-12 delays the genital maturation and prevents the incidence of breeding behaviour. A high temperature speeds up the genital maturation and above a threshold ranging from 15 to 17.5 °C it prevents light from acting. Fasting inhibits egg laying because of its immediate action on the clitellar gland activity. It only acts on oogenesis later.
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  • 57
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    Hydrobiologia 106 (1983), S. 235-240 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Anabaena fertilissima ; Anabaenopsis arnoldii ; halophilic blue-green algae ; spore germination ; temperature ; desiccation ; aging
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of temperature, desiccation and aging on the viability of spores of Sambhar salt lake blue-green algae, Anabaena fertilissima and Anabaenopsis arnoldii, were studied. Spores of A. arnoldii were found to be more susceptible to temperature variation, desiccation and storage than spores of A. fertilissima. Pre-treatment of spores with higher temperatures, 37° and 47°C, stimulated germination in A. fertilissima. In a sporulated filament, spores which developed first were generally bigger and more resistant to adverse environmental conditions than spores formed later. The differential loss of viability in spores of a filament may be due to certain intrinsic differences in the physiological/ biochemical properties of the spores.
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  • 58
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    Hydrobiologia 419 (2000), S. 141-148 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Crustacea ; Ostracoda ; Krithe praetexta praetexta ; life cycle ; ontogeny ; temperature
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of temperature on growth rate, shell size and shell shape in Krithe praetexta praetexta (Sars) was studied in four thermocultures. From July 1995 to June 1996, the cultures were kept in a continuously flowing open system pumping water from the intermediate watermass of the Gullmarn fjord, west coast of Sweden. Three cultures were kept at constant temperatures of 5, 10 and 14 °C, respectively. The fourth (reference) culture largely followed the natural variation in temperature. At the termination of the experiment, all living ostracods from a 125 μm sieve were sampled from the cultures. Population age structures were analysed for the various thermocultures of K. praetexta praetexta. These were more shifted towards later ontogenetic stages with higher temperature, i.e. the ontogenetic development was more rapid in the warmer cultures. An alternative explanation is due to diapause causing cohorts to accumulate in some ontogenetic stages only when the temperature is constant. The differences in shell size of K. praetexta praetexta among the thermoconstant cultures were not statistically significant.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Chirocephalus ; metabolic potential ; intermittent lake ; ecology ; physiology ; temperature
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    Notes: Abstract Electron transport system (ETS) activity was measured in Chirocephalus croaticus from the intermittent lake, Petelinjsko Jezero. The ETS activities were measured at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 °C, and were studied separately in juveniles, females and males. Juveniles had significantly higher activity than adults at a standard temperature of 20 °C. The mass-specific ETS activity decreased with increasing size of the animals; the value b was 0.787. Respiration rates (R) were determined at 20 °C and the ratio ETS/R (±standard deviation) for C. croaticus was 1.43±0.46 (n=38). ETS activity increased with temperature. Females had higher Q10 than males in higher temperature range (t-test; t=2.50; d.f.=8; p〈0.05). Activation energy Ea was higher for females than males (t-test; t=2.35; d.f.=8; p〈0.05). Females exhibited lower ETS activity than males over the lower temperature range, but their ETS could function more efficient at higher temperature.
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  • 60
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    Keywords: algae ; temperature ; growth ; Griffithsia tenuis
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    Notes: Abstract Clonal cultures of Griffithsia tenuis were grown for 18 days (Erdschreiber solution, LD 12 : 12, 2200 lux) at 13, 18, 22 and 25°C. The optimum temperature for growth (increase in number of cells) under these conditions was 22°C.
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  • 61
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    Keywords: Bosmina ; Ceratium ; Codonella ; density ; food ; Holopedium ; light ; reproduction ; temperature
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    Notes: Abstract Changes in the density of 2 populations of Bosmina longirostris, Holopedium gibberum and Codonella cratera were correlated through multiple regression analyses with shifts in temperature, light, nannoplankton densities and seston weight. Sampling took place every 2 weeks between June 1975 and November 1976 in the Yellowknife River and Yellowknife Bay, both in the Canadian subarctic. Temperature was usually the main factor influencing all 3 species, accounting for up to 60% of the seasonal variability in B. longirostris, 37% in H. gibberum and 62% in Codonella cratera. Seston (the major food source) ranked second overall and in one instance accounted for 60% of density changes in B. longirostris. Nannoplankton were consumed in only small numbers and had little influence on densities. Light was of minor importance to all species. Temperature was also the main factor effecting reproduction and feeding in B. longirostris and H. gibberum (the only species studied). The simultaneous collections of Ceratium hirundinella made in the river and bay indicated that temperature accounted for 30–55% of the seasonal variability of this species, followed by light (4% and nutrients (3–4%).
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  • 62
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    Hydrobiologia 58 (1978), S. 157-165 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Reproduction ; clitellum ; spermatogenesis ; oogenesis ; synchrony ; temperature ; photoperiod
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Annual reproductive cycle of the protandrous hermaphroditic freshwater leech, Poecilobdella viridis has been traced from August 1974 to July 1975. Spermatogenesis initiated a little earlier than oogenesis. The reproductive programme is as follows; commencement of spermatogenesis in February followed by oogenesis in March. Breeding begins in late March extending upto late May and early June while breeding terminated towards late June. From August to January reproductive quiescence was observed. Among the environmental factors temperature, possibly coupled with photoperiod, plays a key role in synchronising the reproductive cycle.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: temperature ; behavior ; thermoregulation ; snail ; Nassarius trivittatus
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    Notes: Abstract Thirty New England dog whelks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nassariidae), Nassarius trivittatus, were tested as a group for 3 days in a long linear gradient trough encompassing a thermal gradient ranging from 5°C to 45°C. The modal thermal preferendum of the snails lay between 30°C and 35°C. The lowest temperature interval voluntarily occupied by the snails was 15–20°C, the highest 35–40°C. W e believe this to be the first published study of temperature preference and avoidance behavior of gastropod molluscs.
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  • 64
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    Hydrobiologia 73 (1980), S. 79-81 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Rotifers ; diatoms ; temperature ; grazing
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The grazing rate of Notholca squamula on Asterionella formosa has been estimated to be 3.2 cells per female per hour at 6°C and 11.5 cells per female per hour at 10°C.
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  • 65
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    Hydrobiologia 73 (1980), S. 177-180 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Rotifers ; temperature ; diatoms ; grazing
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    Notes: Abstract Notholca squamula was rarely found in Loch Leven when the water temperature rose above 10°C. Under favourable temperature conditions its abundance appeared to be closely related to that of Asterionella formosa. In the laboratory the animal was seen to feed on this diatom by breaking open the frustule and ingesting the cell contents.
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  • 66
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    Hydrobiologia 80 (1981), S. 225-230 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic ; temperature ; soil ; composition ; gas ; water ; annual change
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    Notes: Abstract Heat penetration and thermal lag in the submersed soil surrounding the roots of aquatic plants depends on two fundamental thermal properties of the substrate, volumetric heat capacity (CV) and thermal conductivity (k). The relationship of these parameters to the fractions of organic and mineral matter, gas and water in natural and simulated aquatic soils was investigated. The gas fraction was found to be insignificant and it was possible to make good estimates of CV and k from a knowledge of substrate water content alone.
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  • 67
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    Hydrobiologia 83 (1981), S. 419-423 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Anabaena spiroides Klebahn var.crassa Lemm. ; filament length ; temperature
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    Notes: Abstract Temperature dependence of filament length ofAnabaena spiroides Klebahn var.crassa Lemm. was examined for a strain isolated from Lake Kasumigaura, Japan. The length of the algal filaments is shown to have good correspondence with the thermal master reaction of cell multiplication.
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  • 68
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    Keywords: thermoregulation ; behavior ; temperature ; Cromileptes altivelis
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    Notes: Abstract Ten juvenile Cromileptes altivelis were tested individually for 3-day periods in electronic shuttleboxes to measure their thermoregulatory behavior. The fish voluntarily occupied a 21–27°C span, out of a potentially available 0–50°C range. The mean final thermal preferendum was 24.5°C for all individuals. The thermoregulatory performance of this species is similar to that of cool temperate freshwater fishes.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Biomphalaria ; Bulinus ; Helisoma ; schistosomiasis ; biological control ; temperature ; darkness ; starvation ; food
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    Notes: Abstract Helisoma duryi has been proposed as a biological control agent in schistosomiasis due to its superiority in laboratory competition experiments with various species of the intermediate host snails. Therefore it was considered important to evaluate the response of this snail species and the intermediate host species, Biomphalaria alexandrina and Bulinus truncatus, to various physical, chemical and biological factors under laboratory conditions in order to obtain information on the similarities in the ecological niches of these species. The factors considered in the present paper are: temperature, darkness, starvation and food. All three species had optimal growth and egg laying at 26–28 °C. Only H. duryi survived for a longer period at 33°C and it was capable of starting egg laying at this temperature although the onset was delayed. However, low temperature (18°C) caused a relatively larger decrease in egg laying of H. duryi than in the other two species. Growth and egg laying was reduced for H. duryi and B. truncatus kept under darkness and B. alexandrina could not tolerate maintenance under darkness. A few days of starvation of juvenile snails had no effect on later growth and egg laying capacity of the survivors, although mortality in B. truncatus was increased. B. alexandrina had a lower tolerance to starvation than the other two species. Egg laying of snails fed only one of the three laboratory food types decreased for all three species in the order: Vov-vov (dog food in dry pellets), Tetramin (fish food) and lettuce. Combinations of lettuce and one or more proteinaceous food types gave optimal growth and egg laying for all three species.
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  • 70
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    Hydrobiologia 89 (1982), S. 177-188 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Chironomidae ; littoral ; reservoir ; salinity ; chlorides ; particulate organic matter ; temperature ; wind
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Lake Texoma in southcentral Oklahoma was formed by the impoundment of the Washita and Red Rivers. The Red River is more highly saline than the Washita and creates a complex salinity gradient across the reservoir. Populations of chironomids were monitored with multiple-plate samplers in areas of high (34–113 mg l−1 Cl−), intermediate (35–60 mg l−1 Cl−) and low (4–27 mg l−1 Cl−) salinity during the spring and summer of 1978. Food availability, temperature, salinity and wind direction influenced the distribution of the 14 genera and at least 22 species of chironomids which colonized the multiple-plate samplers. Filter-feeders attained their highest densities in the river-arm stations where levels of particulate organic matter (POM) were high. Algal grazers attained their highest densities in the clear intermediate area where the plates of the samplers were covered with algal mats. Most of the genera believed to be feeding primarily on POM decreased in density as the temperature and density of Glyptotendipes sp. rose. Certain species were restricted to either the Red River arm or the Washita River arm and this is probably a reflection of different salinity tolerances.
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  • 71
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 651-658 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: stream ; sediment ; sand ; hyporheal ; oxygen ; temperature
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity and alkalinity of surface and subsurface interstitial waters were investigated at Mill Creek (a small, rural, predominantly sandy stream in east Texas). Dissolved oxygen concentration tended to decrease with sediment depth, while conductivity and alkalinity did not significantly change with substrate depth. Surface water pH was significantly higher than interstitial water (p = 0.05). Chemical analyses of subsurface water from a pre- to post-storm event showed a depression in dissolved oxygen concentration in moderate and deep interstitial waters, immediately following the return of stream base flow, with the deeper strata returning to pre-storm oxygen levels four days later. A thermal convective current mechanism is proposed which would serve to transport surface water downward into these deeper interstices.
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  • 72
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    Hydrobiologia 93 (1982), S. 23-30 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Mysidacea ; salinity tolerance ; temperature ; Mesopodopsis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Separate and combined effects of changes in salinity and water temperature on the survival of laboratory hatched juvenileMesopodsis orientalis were investifated. Full strength seawater (35‰) was not favorable to juvenile survival. Salinities down to 10% seawater were tolerated when subjected to sudden exposure, but salinity acclimation increased juvenile ability to tolerate even fresh water. Water temperatures tolerated by the animals ranged from 12°C to 33°C. Salinities of 30% to 60% seawater and water temperatures of 22°C to 28°C were most favorable to the juveniles. Experimental results were compared with field observations and a relationship between the salinity and temperature of seawater and abundance of juveniles in May to June, and November to January in Bombay coastal waters (west coast of India) was established. Seawater of reduced salinity was found to be a major factor for occurrence of juvenileM. orientalis in abundance.
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  • 73
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    Environmental biology of fishes 57 (2000), S. 113-115 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: photoperiod ; temperature ; spawning ; larva rearing ; larva food
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Adult fish of a freshwater population of the Iberian endangered cyprinodontid Aphanius iberus, were induced to reproduce at salinities of 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 ppt. For each salinity five 30 l aquaria were used, each one including a male and two females. Maturity and spawning outside the natural season, were obtained at conditions of 22 to 28°C and a photoperiod of 14L:10D. The larvae were fed with rotifers Brachionus plicatilis and Synchaeta cecilia valentina. Experiment lasted 40 days. The first spawning occurred on the 17th day at 45 ppt of salinity and the first embryos hatched on the 34th day at 5 and 15 ppt salinity. The final average number of larvae per aquarium ranged from 5.2 (45 ppt salinity) to 10.8 (15 ppt salinity). No significant differences were found between the average values at different salinities (p〈0.01).
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: deep pools ; young salmonids ; habitat use ; habitat availability ; temporal variation ; temperature ; winter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract There was a pronounced decline in activity of young pool-dwelling Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, and brown trout, Salmo trutta, as the water temperatures dropped in the autumn and early winter, and the fish switched from a predominantly diurnal towards a nocturnal activity pattern. Such a switch in activity pattern has previously been observed in young brown trout, but the present study is the first documentation for juvenile Atlantic salmon under natural conditions. Juvenile fish fed actively even when water temperatures were below 0°C, although foraging behaviour at near-freezing temperatures was recorded exclusively during night surveys. This indicates that other proximate factors, in addition to water temperature, affect the activity of young salmon and trout in rivers. Trout kept feeding positions significantly higher above bottom than salmon in August and September, but both species reduced the height above bottom at the onset of winter, possibly due to reduced swimming performance and lowered food availability in the upper part of the water column.
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  • 75
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    Hydrobiologia 104 (1983), S. 231-236 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: rotifers ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; excretion ; temperature ; body weight
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two series of experiments were carried out to determine the relation of the rate of phosphorus and nitrogen excretion by the planktonic rotifers to ambient temperature and individual body weights of these animals. The following formulas describing this relation were obtained: EP=0.0154 W−1.27 e0.096T EN=0.0879 W−1.01 e0.088 T, where EP and EN denote the rate of P and N excretion, respectively, in µg · mg dry wt−1 · h−1, W is body weight in µg dry weight, and T is temperature in °C.
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  • 76
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    Hydrobiologia 104 (1983), S. 237-246 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: rotifers ; embryonic development time ; temperature ; ecological significance
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The embryonic development times of four planktonic rotifers from Neusiedlersee (Austria) (Rhinoglena fertöensis, Brachionus calyciflorus, Keratella quadrata and Polyarthra dolichoptera) were determined at constant temperatures ranging from 0.6 °C to 10.5 °C. Development times decreased with increasing temperatures. The curvilinear relationship between temperature and development time was described by Bělehrádek's equation. Data on embryonic development times of rotifers are summarized and regression equations for the temperature-duration of development relationship are presented. Adaptation to temperature is discussed in the context of the thermal history of the various species and populations.
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  • 77
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    Hydrobiologia 441 (2000), S. 55-62 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: climate change ; temperature ; mayflies ; Cloeon dipterum
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    Notes: Abstract Populations of the mayfly Cloeon dipterum from 48 ponds (3000 l fibre-glass tanks of 1 m depth) were monitored over the course of 1 year. To simulate possible patterns of climatic change, the ponds were subject to three temperature treatments: continuous heating to 3 °C above ambient; heating to 3 °C above ambient during the summer only; and no heating. Further experimental complexity included enhanced nutrient input into the ponds and the presence or absence of fish, giving a factorial combination of 3 temperature regimes × 2 nutrient levels × presence/absence of fish predation. Few nymphs were found in the presence of fish. Where fish were absent, the temperature treatments did not significantly affect nymph abundances, and only marginally influenced mean nymph body-lengths. In contrast, the nutrient treatment had significant effects on both nymph abundance and size, with greater numbers of generally larger nymphs occurring in those fish-free ponds receiving additional nutrients. Adult emergence began earlier in the year from the heated ponds, particularly those ponds receiving additional nutrients. Adult body-length differed between temperature treatments, but consistent patterns were difficult to ascertain because of interactions with nutrient treatment and seasonal effects. Our results show that during the short term at least, elevated temperature as a simulation of climate change does not have an overwhelming influence on either mayfly abundance or size. The influence of temperature is subtle and subject to complex interaction with other habitat variables. We therefore suggest that the direct consequences of small changes in temperature will likely be of little significance to C. dipterum, relative to indirect effects operating through interactions with predation and nutrient input.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Meganyctiphanes norvegica ; respiration ; temperature ; vertical migration ; Kattegat
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Alkor-Deep (140 m), which forms part of a depression system in the northern Kattegat channel east of the island of Læsø (Denmark), is the location of a self sustaining population of Northern krill, Meganyctiphanes norvegica (Euphausiacea). This population is exposed to one of the most pronounced thermal gradients within the distributional range of this pelagic crustacean. During summer, the temperature of the water column ranges between 4 and 6 in the deep to 16 °C near the surface which results in the krill being exposed to temperature differences of 8–10 °C during diel vertical migration. Oxygen consumption rates were used to investigate the physiological adaptation of the animal to such gradients in temperature. The rates were found to increase exponentially from 31 μmol O2 h-1 gdw -1 at 4 °C to 72 μmol O2 h-1 gdw -1 at 16 °C, giving a Q 10-value of 2.0, and indicating that physiological adaptation to varying thermal conditions does not take place. Behavioural adaptations are discussed which may help the krill to cope with large temperature gradients in their environment.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Cercopagis ; invasion ; Baltic Sea ; depth ; temperature ; salinity ; morphological variations
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    Notes: Abstract The onychopod cladoceran Cercopagis that recently invaded the Baltic Sea is reported from new zones of the northern Baltic proper. Because of successful survival and an expanding distribution range, the addition of Cercopagis to the Baltic fauna is considered to be permanent. What has previously been cited as Cercopagis pengoi encompasses the morphology of several other species, subspecies and forms. Either a number of morphologically similar species is present, or there is a number of spurious species in Cercopagis. The last hypothesis is favoured. The spatial distribution pattern of Cercopagis, as well as that of total zooplankton, was correlated with depth. Deep (〉100 m) and shallow (〈10 m) stations had significantly lower abundance than stations of intermediate depth (〈100 m). An overview of the distribution of C. pengoi group in fresh and brackish waters suggests a high tolerance to environmental factors, but with differences among taxa. Due to this ecological flexibility, the colonization of the Baltic is not unexpected. Increasing salinity may restrict dispersal of cercopagids to the southern areas of the Baltic and to the North Sea, but inland lakes (e.g. in Sweden) present an ecological profile suitable for colonization.
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  • 80
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    Hydrobiologia 431 (2000), S. 175-184 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Dreissena ; lake stratification ; water clarity ; temperature ; oxygen ; metalimnion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Colonization and proliferation of zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) population in Hargus lake, a small thermally stratified reservoir in Ohio, U.S.A., caused a significant increase in water clarity and a remarkable decrease in phytoplankton biomass during the period from 1993 to 1995. Increased light penetration and reduced organic matter loading to the meta-and hypolimnion were reflected in the lake stratification patterns, particularly in the temperature and oxygen profiles in the metalimnion. The meta- and hypolimnetic water temperature increased significantly over three years, irrespective of variation in surface water temperature. The epilimnion depth (mixing depth) increased by about the same magnitude as did the average Secchi depth. However, the total heat content of the lake did not show a consistent trend to increasing zebra mussel abundance, as it was largely influenced by the temperature of the large water volumes near the surface, which were in turn affected by weather conditions. Concurrent with the thermal structure change, the dissolved oxygen structure also changed over three years, though to a lesser extent. The changes in oxygen stratification pattern were reflected by increased oxygen concentrations in the metalimnion and a lowered depth of 3 mg l−1 DO isopleth. These observed changes were likely attributed to increased water mixing depth, metalimnion photosynthesis and reduced oxygen consumption by organic matter. With increased epilimnion thickness and improved oxygen conditions in the metalimnion, the habitable space for aquatic macro-organisms (including fish) expanded substantially. Our results suggest that the indirect impacts of zebra mussels on small lake stratification patterns may have much broader implications than do the direct trophic interactions to the whole ecosystem.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: nutrient flux ; nitrogen ; phosphate ; tidal flats ; temperature ; geographical comparison
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During an annual cycle, flux rates of oxygen, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, phosphate and silicate were measured in light and dark bell jars at three sites in Ria Formosa (Algarve, Portugal) enclosing either a natural macrophytic community (macroalgae on sand or mud, a seagrass bed of Zostera noltii) or bare sediments. The results are compared with a preceeding study in which the same bell jar technique has been applied in the Sylt-Rømø Bay of the northern Wadden Sea. Nitrate flux was mainly directed from the water column to the benthic communities in Ria Formosa, as well as in the Sylt-Rømø Bay. However, nitrate uptake was higher in the northern, more eutrophic study area. In Ria Formosa, nutrient concentrations were lower than in the Sylt-Rømø Bay possibly due to strong water exchange with Atlantic waters. High temperatures and strong insolation had a greater impact on nitrate fluxes in Ria Formosa than in the Sylt-Rømø Bay. Bioturbating macrofauna increased ammonium efflux in the Sylt- Rømø Bay while this effect was not as pronounced in the Ria Formosa study sites. Benthic phosphate uptake dominated in the Ria Formosa and was correlated to initial phosphate concentrations in incoming waters. At both study sites, oxygen and nutrient fluxes were correlated with temperature. Additionally, flux rates were strongly influenced by biotic components and levels of eutrophication. A literature survey showed that mainly in temperate regions, material fluxes increase with temperature, whereas in warmer areas, ammonium and phosphate fluxes between sediment and water were generally lower.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Thermal tolerance ; temperature ; benthic insects ; Trichoptera ; Ephemeroptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The acute thermal tolerances of four southeastern stream insect species, Ephemerella invaria (Walker), Stenonema ithaca (Clemens and Leonard), Symphitopsyche morosa (Hagun), and Brachycentrus lateralis (Say) were determined using an artificial stream enclosure. All species were acclimated at 10°C for 72 hours prior to instantaneous immersion into heated water for 96 hours. Percent mortality was recorded and the temperature at which 50% mortality occurred determined (LT5o). Data were subjected to standard statistical analysis. Thermal tolerance values were compared between species tested and to results from previous investigations using similar methodologies. The evolution and life histories of these species were also discussed in relation to their thermal tolerance values.
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  • 83
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    Hydrobiologia 83 (1981), S. 245-254 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: active metabolism ; basal metabolism ; metabolic compensation ; swimming performance ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Oxygen consumption was measured for three tropical fishes,Exodon paradoxus, Leporinus fasciatus andLabeo erythrurus in relation to swimming speed and temperature. For each species the logarithm of oxygen consumption (mg 02 · g−1 · h−1) increased linearly with relative swimming speed (1 · s−1) with the value of the regression coefficients varying inversely with temperature. Active metabolism and critical swimming speed ofE. paradoxus andL. fasciatus increased with temperature to a maximum at 30 and 35° C respectively. Basal metabolic rates ofE. paradoxus andL. fasciatus increased with temperature. Metabolic rates and critical swimming speed of the three fishes studied were consistent with values for polar, temperate and other tropical species over their respective thermal ranges of tolerance. Tropical fishes have lowered their metabolism and swimming performance from that expected for many temperate species at the same temperature.
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  • 84
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    Hydrobiologia 83 (1981), S. 255-256 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: thermoregulation ; behavior ; temperature ; triggerfish ; Balistes fuscus ; tropical reef ; Ichthyotron
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ten blue triggerfish,Balistes fuscus, were tested individually for 3 days each in Ichthyotron electronic shuttleboxes to measure their thermoregulatory behavior. The modal thermal preferendum, a species-specific measure of temperature preference which is independent of prior thermal acclimation, was 25 °C. The triggerfish voluntarily occupied a 16–27 °C range of temperature, out of a potentially available range of 0–50 °C. There was no significant difference in preferred temperature between night and day, indicating lack of a thermoregulatory rhythm in this species. The preferred temperature range of this tropical marine reef species is similar to that of cool temperate freshwater and marine fishes; many warm temperate species prefer higher temperatures.
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  • 85
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    Biogeochemistry 48 (2000), S. 21-51 
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: carbon cycle ; decomposition ; global change ; soil organic matter ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The world's soils contain about 1500 Gt of organic carbon to a depth of 1m and a further 900 Gt from 1--2m. A change of total soil organic carbon by just 10% would thus be equivalent to all the anthropogenic CO2 emitted over 30 years. Warming is likely to increase both the rate of decomposition and net primary production (NPP), with a fraction of NPP forming new organic carbon. Evidence from various sources can be used to assess whether NPP or the rate of decomposition has the greater temperature sensitivity, and, hence, whether warming is likely to lead to an increase or decrease in soil organic carbon. Evidence is reviewed from laboratory-based incubations, field measurements of organic carbon storage, carbon isotope ratios and soil respiration with either naturally varying temperatures or after experimentally increasing soil temperatures. Estimates of terrestrial carbon stored at the Last Glacial Maximum are also reviewed. The review concludes that the temperature dependence of organic matter decomposition can be best described as: d(T) = exp[3.36 (T − 40)/(T + 31.79)] where d(T) is the normalised decomposition rate at temperature T (in °C). In this equation, decomposition rate is normalised to ‘1’ at 40 °C. The review concludes by simulating the likely changes in soil organic carbon with warming. In summary, it appears likely that warming will have the effect of reducing soil organic carbon by stimulating decomposition rates more than NPP. However, increasing CO2 is likely to simultaneously have the effect of increasing soil organic carbon through increases in NPP. Any changes are also likely to be very slow. The net effect of changes in soil organic carbon on atmospheric CO2 loading over the next decades to centuries is, therefore, likely to be small.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cell cycle ; kinematic analysis ; leaf development ; light ; temperature ; water deficit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In planta quantitative studies of cell cycle are necessary for examining the role of cell division in the response of plants to environmental conditions and to analyse the behaviour of transformed plants in this context. We present and discuss non-intrusive kinematic methods which allow estimating the duration of cell cycle with a high spatial resolution in the leaf. Different methods are proposed and discussed for monocotyledons and dicotyledons, and compared with methods involving the use of chemicals. In monocotyledon leaves, cell division is restricted to a limited zone near the leaf insertion point, twice as long in the mesophyll as in the epidermis. In dicotyledons, cell division occurs in the whole leaf with a uniform and constant cell cycle duration for a determinate number of cell cycles, representing about half of leaf development. Over several experiments, this number is well conserved in a given leaf zone in the absence of stresses, but larger near the leaf base than near the leaf tip. After that, cell cycle duration increases because cells are progressively blocked in G1 while the durations of S-G2-M phases do not change with time. Leaf temperature affects neither the distribution of nuclei in each phase of the cycle nor the number of cell cycles in a leaf. Water or light deficits both cause a partial blockage of nuclei in G1 during the stress only, thereby increasing cell cycle duration and decreasing final cell number. These results suggest that a strong developmental programme drives cell division in leaves, so a simple framework allows analysis of temporal patterns, of spatial gradients and of the effect of environmental conditions.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: chloride cells ; Epinephelus coioides ; grouper ; Na+,K+-ATPase activity ; salinity ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The activity of the enzyme Na+,K+-ATPase and morphological changes of gill chloride cells in grouper, Epinephelus coioides larvae and juveniles were determined 6–48 h after abrupt transfer from ambient rearing conditions (30–32 ppt, 26.5–30 °C) to different salinity (8, 18, 32, 40 ppt) and temperature (25, 30 °C) combinations. Na+,K+-ATPase activity in day 20 larvae did not change at salinities 8–32 ppt. Activity decreased significantly (P 〈0.01) after exposure to 40 ppt at 25–30 °C, which was accompanied by an increase (P 〈0.05) in density and fractional area of chloride cells. Enzyme activity in 40 ppt did not reach a stable level and larvae failed to recover from an osmotic imbalance that produced a low survival at 25 °C and death of all larvae at 30 °C. Enzyme activity and chloride cell morphology in day 40 groupers did not change in 8–40 ppt at 25 °C and 8–32 ppt at 30 °C. A significant decrease and a subsequent increase in Na+,K+-ATPase activity in 40 ppt at 30 °C was associated with the increase in chloride cell density resulting in an increased fractional area but a decreased cell size. Enzyme activity and chloride cells of day 60 grouper were unaffected by abrupt transfer to test salinities and temperatures. These results demonstrate that grouper larvae and juveniles are efficient osmoregulators over a wide range of salinities. Salinity adaptation showed an ontogenetic shift as the larvae grew and reached the juvenile stage. This development of tolerance limits may reflect their response to actual conditions existing in the natural environment.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: Atlantic cod ; temperature ; melatonin ; photoperiod
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study investigated the effects of photoperiod and temperature on plasma melatonin secretion in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). Initial work confirmed the presence of a diel profile of melatonin synthesis, with elevated levels during the dark phase. Unusually for fish, the peak in plasma melatonin occurred towards the end of the dark phase, which is indicative of a type `A' melatonin profile. When exposed to 60 hours of continuous darkness a clear endogenous rhythm of melatonin synthesis was observed, which continued for 4 cycles with a periodicity which, approximated to 24 h. When acclimated to varying temperatures (4, 8, 12 or 16 °C) no variation in melatonin production was seen, however, body size appeared to be an important influence, with the smallest fish exhibiting significantly higher levels of dark phase melatonin. Finally, the application of additional night-time illumination to cod maintained in sea cages i.e. without blackout, did not significantly reduce dark phase plasma melatonin, suggesting that cod are less sensitive to photoperiod manipulation in cages than salmonids.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: cortisol ; ACTH ; α-MSH ; GH ; head kidney ; pituitary ; temperature ; stress ; Sparus aurata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study investigated the effects of a drop in water temperature (18 °C to 9 °C in 24 h) on the pituitary and interrenal hormones of the gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata. The in vitro sensitivity of the interrenal tissue to ACTH, plasma levels of cortisol, ACTH, α-MSH, GH, glucose, lactate and ions were determined. In vitro ACTH, stimulated the release of cortisol from isolated interrenal glands from control gilthead sea bream in a concentration dependent fashion. However, the interrenal cells were less sensitive to ACTH as soon as 24 h following the onset of the temperature drop. At this time, plasma cortisol and ACTH levels were raised, and plasma GH concentrations were decreased, whereas no significant changes were found in plasma α-MSH. After 96 h plasma ACTH levels had recovered whereas plasma cortisol levels were still higher than controls after 8 days of the beginning of the experiment. Interrenal sensitivity had recovered after 8 days. The results may help to clarify the relationship between the stress response and the aetiology of the winter syndrome in sea bream.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: altitude ; clines ; latitude ; phenotypic variability ; temperature ; Zaprionus indianus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We analyzed natural populations of Zaprionus indianusin 10 Indian localities along a south-north transect (latitude: 10–31°3 N). Size traits (body weight, wing length and thorax length) as well as a reproductive trait (ovariole number) followed a pattern of clinal variation, that is, trait value increased with latitude. Wing/thorax ratio, which is inversely related to wing loading, also had a positive, but non-significant correlation with latitude. By contrast, bristle numbers (sternopleural and abdominal) exhibited a non-significant but negative correlation with latitude. Sex dimorphism, estimated as the female/male ratio, was very low in Z. indianus, contrasting with results already published in other species. Genetic variations among populations were also analyzed according to other geographic parameters (altitude and longitude) and to climatic conditions from each locality. A significant effect of altitude was found for size traits. For abdominal bristles, a multiple regression technique evidenced a significant effect of both latitude and altitude, but in opposite directions. Genetic variations were also correlated to climate, and mainly with average year temperature. Taking seasonal variations into account failed however to improve the predictability of morphometrical variations. The geographic differentiation of Z.indianusfor quantitative traits suggests adaptive response to local conditions, especially to temperature, but also reveals a complex situation according to traits investigated and to environmental parameters, which does not match results on other drosophilid species.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: freshwater copepods ; embryonic development time ; temperature ; ecological significance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The embryonic development times of six planktonic freshwater copepods from Austrian waters (Eudiaptomus gracilis, Arctodiaptomus bacillifer, Arctodiaptomus spinosus, Mixodiaptomus kupelwieseri, Cyclops abyssorum, Mesocyclops leuckarti) were determined at constant temperatures ranging from 1.4°C to 27.3°C. In most experiments the hatching success was very high, low survival occurring only when experimental temperatures closely approached lower and upper lethal ranges. Development times usually decreased with increasing temperatures, retardation in development occurring close to the upper lethal range. The non-linear relationship of development time to temperature is most adequately described by Bělehrádek's equation, quadratic models using log-transformed data perform almost equally well. Data on embryonic development times of planktonic copepods are summarized and regression equations (Bělehrádek's equation) for the relationship between duration of development and temperature are presented. Adaptation to temperature and intra- and interspecific differences and similarities in embryonic development times are discussed in the context of geographical distribution and thermal history of various species and populations. The applicability of general curves relating temperature to duration of development is examined and some of the deficiencies in the data are discussed.
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  • 92
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 297-301 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Anaerobic bacteria ; growth ; protease ; psychrotrophs ; temperature ; volatile fatty acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Five anaerobic proteolytic bacteria were isolated from water bodies of Leh, India, where the ambient temperature varies from −25 to 25 °C. Isolates showed growth at all temperatures ranging from 5 to 37 °C except SPL-4 and SPL-5 which showed no growth at 5 °C. The cultures could grow and produce proteases on various protein substrates and the yield varied with the substrates. Two of the cultures showed the presence of spores. Acetate was the dominant VFA during hydrolysis of protein substrates.
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  • 93
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 571-572 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Anaerobes ; hydrogen sulphide ; rubber stoppers ; sulphate reduction ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Common black rubber stoppers, made from natural rubber and styrene–butadiene, may cause a loss of hydrogen sulphide from aqueous media and impede the growth of sulphate-reducing bacteria under thermophilic conditions.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Carbondioxide ; fungi ; oxygen ; Rhizopus ; solid-substrate fermentation SSF ; tempe modelling ; temperature ; water activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Rhizopus microsporus var. microsporus and var. oligosporus are used in the manufacture of various Asian fermented foods (tempe, black oncom, sufu). In view of solid-substrate fermentation (SSF) control, mycelial growth of strains of both varieties was tested for sensitivity to fluctuations of temperature, water activity and interstitial gas composition. This was achieved by measuring radial growth as well as biomass dry weight of pre-germinated microcolonies on defined media. The optimum conditions were temperature 40 °C, a w 0.995 and a gas composition of air for the growth of both strains on a model medium. Whereas radial growth rates of var. microsporus and var. oligosporus were similar, biomass growth rates of var. oligosporus were higher than those of var. microsporus under optimum conditions. The temperature-dependent growth of Rhizopus spp. at a w 〉 0.98 could be described by the Ratkowsky Equation. Carbon dioxide (5–10% v/v) inhibited the growth of Rhizopus spp. at non-limiting levels of oxygen. The two strains were able to grow at low (0.5% v/v) oxygen levels, but the mycelial density was rather low. No interrelation of water activity and gas composition was observed, but at high water activity the fungi were more sensitive to changes of temperature. The implications for process control are discussed.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Amaranthus retroflexus ; Setaria glauca ; allelochemicals ; temperature ; light condition ; Zea mays ; corn ; glycine max ; soybeans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and yellow foxtail [Setariaglauca (L.) Beauv.] residues on corn (Zea mays L.) and soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] were evaluated at various temperatures and photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD) in a Biotron. Mathematical growth analysis techniques were used for the evaluation. Redroot pigweed markedly reduced leaf area duration (LAD), leaf weight ratio (LWR), and total dry matter production in both crops. Yellow foxtail residue inhibited total dry matter production in corn and soybeans 20 and 30 days after planting (DAP). It also reduced growth rate (GR) and LAD in corn and biomass increment (Δ W) in soybeans. Biomass increment was more closely correlated to LAD than net assimilation rate (NAR) in soybeans, whereas in corn NAR contributed more to Δ W than LAD. The 30/20 ° C temperature with a PPFD of 380 μE/m2/sec produced a larger Δ W with a greater NAR and larger LAD in corn, resulting in maximum dry matter accumulation than 20/10 ° C and other levels of PPFD. Under similar conditions, soybeans showed little or no response to the changes. The results demonstrate the allelopathic effects of weed residues on growth and dry matter production, affecting LAD, LWR, and GR. The results also show that environmental temperature and PPFD may alter the allelopathic effects of weeds on crops. The possible interference with photosynthesis and the partitioning of biomass into leaf component relative to the total biomass produced by the plant may be the inhibitory effects of allelochemicals present in redroot pigweed and yellow foxtail residues.
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  • 96
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    Colloid & polymer science 261 (1983), S. 834-845 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Impregnation ; capillary ; liquid ; fabric ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The temperature dependence of liquid epoxy resin impregnation under atmospheric pressure was measured under the condition that the impregnation was through polyester non-woven fabric sheets, sandwiched between two circular glass plates. It was expected that impregnation would take place to a small extent, because the pressure in the sheet increases to more than atmospheric pressure in the course of impregnation from the perimeter of the circular sheet toward its center, but the liquid resin impregnates to a great extent and impregnating velocity increases with a rise in temperature. This phenomenon can be analyzed by the Kozeny-Carman equation improved by the introduction of the theoretically calculated capillary force in the modeled fiber bed structure and a parameter to postulate gas solubility and diffusion into the liquid resin. An increase in the impregnating velocity with the temperature rise is caused by decrease in the resin viscosity, by increase of the capillary force pressure and by decrease in the gas pressure corrected by a parameter.
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  • 97
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    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 2 (1984), S. 145-161 
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: Stratosphere ; remote sensing ; trace gases ; temperature ; Far infrared ; remote sensing ; stratosphere ; Spectroscopy ; stratosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The thermal emission spectrum of the Earth's stratosphere in the far infrared exhibits rotational transitions of a large number of trace constituents in addition to the magnetic dipole lines of molecular oxygen. Stratospheric lines that have been identified in the far infrared spectrum include H2O, O3, HNO3, N2O, CO, HCl, HF, HCN and OH. This paper discusses the potential usefulness of far infrared thermal emission measurements for simultaneous retrieval of temperature and constituent distributions. A description of the high-resolution Michelson interferometer currently employed for balloon-borne far infrared stratospheric studies is given, along with a summary of the mode of limbscan observations and an example of an observed spectrum. Numerical results based on synthetic limb radiance data for model atmospheres are presented. Formal inversion techniques with a radiative transfer model based on line-by-line transmittance calculations are employed. Temperature profiles are retrieved from synthetic spectra by an inversion of the O2 magnetic dipole lines. Vertical trace gas mixing ratio profiles are determined from an analysis of the corresponding spectral emission features. Numerical results based on synthetic limb radiance data are presented in order to assess the retrieval accuracies of the temperature profiles and the vertical mixing ratio profiles of O3, HCl, and OH.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: monoterpene emission ; Mediterranean pine ; seasonal variation ; light ; temperature ; algorithms ; model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Current inventories of terpenes released from vegetation consider only the short-term influences of light and temperature on emissions to simulate temporal variation during the year. We studied whole canopy emissions from young Pinus pinea during a 15-month enclosure in greenhouse chambers and examined data for other long-term influences. Mean daytime emission rates strongly increased during spring, reached an annual maximum of ≈ 200 pmol m−2 total needle area s−1 (1.1 μg g−1 leaf dry weight h−1) between mid June and mid August, strongly declined in fall and reached an annual minimum of ≈ 1 pmol m−2 s−1 (0.006 μg g−1 h−1) between January and February. Normalization to standard temperature and light conditions did not change the annual time course of emissions, but reduced summer to winter ratio from a factor of 200 to about 45. Seasonal variation was characterized also by changes in terpene composition: among the six main compounds, three (t-β-ocimene, linalool, 1.8-cineol) were exclusively emitted during sunlit hours in the main vegetation period, whereas the other (limonene, α-pinene, myrcene) were emitted day and night and throughout the seasons. The results suggest that different terpene sources in P. pinea foliage exist and that a great part of the annual emission course observed here results from seasonal influences on these sources. A global model to simulate plant emissions is proposed, which accounts for seasonal influences on emissions in addition to the short-term effects of temperature and light. The model is tested on field data and discussed for its general application.
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  • 99
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    Experimental and applied acarology 24 (2000), S. 579-596 
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Keywords: Tetranychus urticae ; ambulatory dispersal ; temperature ; humidity ; mortality ; emigration ; immigration ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a greenhouse and in an open field, aspects of aerial and ambulatory dispersal of the phytoseiid mite, Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman) were studied with a focus on events that would occur after aerially dispersing mites had landed on soil or associated substrates. We measured recovery of predators on lima bean plants (Phaseolus lunatus L.) that were infested with the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. Factors thought to affect movement and colonization were distance to a receiver unit from a release (landing) point, intervening soil surfaces such as clods, gravel, fine soil and grass, and management of soil surfaces such as mulching, watering or both. In the field, the effect of distance (0.11–1.76 m) from a landing point to a receiver unit was significant, with a negative log-linear relationship. Soil surfaces such as clods and management actions such as watering with mulching allowed for more capture of predators on bean plants with prey than did other treatments. Environmental conditions greatly affected survival of N. fallacis.Predators in the field that were present on bare soil suffered high mortality (ca. 90%) at fluctuating daytime conditions of 26.4 ± 4.8°C and 56 ± 13.4% RH. Predators only suffered 10% mortality in the greenhouse under the same setting, but under more controlled and favorable environmental conditions. Effects of environmental conditions, mode of dispersal and implications to biological control are discussed.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: Coastal Plain sites ; Pinus echinata Mill. ; P. taeda L. ; precipitation ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seed production was monitored during24 years using seed-collection traps inloblolly–shortleaf pine (Pinus taeda L.–P.echinata Mill.) stands located in southeast Arkansas,north-central Louisiana, and southwest Mississippi onthe southeastern Coastal Plain, USA. Sound seedproduction was correlated with mean monthlyprecipitation and temperature from National Oceanicand Atmospheric Administration weather stationslocated near the seed-collection areas to determinethe potential of weather factors in forecasting pineseed crops. Correlations were restricted to threecritical periods in the pine reproductive cycle –strobili primordia differentiation, pollination, andfertilization. The most important (P ≤ 0.05)variables correlated with pine seed production for combined locations were cumulative precipitation (r = +0.60) during July, August, and September at 27 to 25 months before seed dispersal and mean temperature (r = −0.45) in August at 26 months before seed dispersal. Because multiple environmental factors can negatively impact pine seed development during the two yearsfollowing strobili primordia differentiation,seed-production forecasts based on weather variablesshould be verified by on-site cone counts during thesummer preceding autumn seed dispersal.
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