ALBERT

All Library Books, journals and Electronic Records Telegrafenberg

Your email was sent successfully. Check your inbox.

An error occurred while sending the email. Please try again.

Proceed reservation?

Export
Filter
  • Articles  (162)
  • Other Sources
  • Turbulence
  • stability
  • Springer  (162)
  • American Geophysical Union
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • American Physical Society
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • Elsevier
  • 2000-2004  (24)
  • 1995-1999  (137)
  • 1965-1969  (1)
  • 1945-1949
  • Physics  (121)
  • Geosciences  (49)
  • Biology  (39)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (4)
  • Natural Sciences in General
Collection
  • Articles  (162)
  • Other Sources
Publisher
  • Springer  (162)
  • American Geophysical Union
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • American Physical Society
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • +
Years
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 193-210 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Turbulence ; sediment ; fluvial ; river ; bursting process ; statistics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Entrainment of sediment particles from channel beds into the channel flow is influenced by the characteristics of the flow turbulence which produces stochastic shear stress fluctuations at the bed. Recent studies of the structure of turbulent flow has recognized the importance of bursting processes as important mechanisms for the transfer of momentum into the laminar boundary layer. Of these processes, the sweep event has been recognized as the most important bursting event for entrainment of sediment particles as it imposes forces in the direction of the flow resulting in movement of particles by rolling, sliding and occasionally saltating. Similarly, the ejection event has been recognized as important for sediment transport since these events maintain the sediment particles in suspension. In this study, the characteristics of bursting processes and, in particular, the sweep event were investigated in a flume with a rough bed. The instantaneous velocity fluctuations of the flow were measured in two-dimensions using a small electromagnetic velocity meter and the turbulent shear stresses were determined from these velocity fluctuations. It was found that the shear stress applied to the sediment particles on the bed resulting from sweep events depends on the magnitude of the turbulent shear stress and its probability distribution. A statistical analysis of the experimental data was undertaken and it was found necessary to apply a Box-Cox transformation to transform the data into a normally distributed sample. This enabled determination of the mean shear stress, angle of action and standard error of estimate for sweep and ejection events. These instantaneous shear stresses were found to be greater than the mean flow shear stress and for the sweep event to be approximately 40 percent greater near the channel bed. Results from this analysis suggest that the critical shear stress determined from Shield's diagram is not sufficient to predict the initiation of motion due to its use of the temporal mean shear stress. It is suggested that initiation of particle motion, but not continuous motion, can occur earlier than suggested by Shield's diagram due to the higher shear stresses imposed on the particles by the stochastic shear stresses resulting from turbulence within the flow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 191-204 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Keywords: groundwater flow ; inverse problems ; stability ; geostatistical interpolation ; kriging.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The Differential System Method (DSM) permits identification of the physical parameters of finite-difference groundwater flow models in a confined aquifer when piezometric head and source terms are known at each point of the finite-difference lattice for at least two independent flow situations for which the hydraulic gradients are not parallel. Since piezometric head data are usually few and sparse, interpolation of the measured data onto a regular grid can be performed with geostatistical techniques. We apply kriging to the sparse data of a synthetic aquifer to evaluate the stability of the DSM with respect to uncorrelated measurement errors and interpolation errors. The numerical results show that the DSM is stable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 3
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Keywords: Epidemiology ; sleeping sickness ; vector controls ; differential equations ; spacialization ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A compartmental model is described for the spread of Gambian sleeping sickness in a spatially heterogeneous environment in which vector and human populations migrate between two "patches": the village and the plantations. The number of equilibrium points depends on two "summary parameters": gr the proportion removed among human infectives, and R0, the basic reproduction number. The origin is stable for R0 〈1 and unstable for R0 〉1. Control strategies are assessed by studying the mix of vector control between the two patches that bring R0 below 1. The results demonstrate the importance of vector control in the plantations. For example if 20 percent of flies are in the village and the blood meal rate in the village is 10 percent, then a 20 percent added vector mortality in the village must be combined with a 9 percent added mortality in the plantations in order to bring R0 below 1. The results are quite insentive to the blood meal rate in the village. Optimal strategies (that minimize the total number of flies trapped in both patches) are briefly discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta biotheoretica 48 (2000), S. 207-218 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Keywords: Dynamical population ; fishing efforts ; metapopulation ; time scales ; aggregation method ; equilibrium ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This work presents a specific stock-effort dynamical model. The stocks correspond to two populations of fish moving and growing between two fishery zones. They are harvested by two different fleets. The effort represents the number of fishing boats of the two fleets that operate in the two fishing zones. The bioeconomical model is a set of four ODE's governing the fishing efforts and the stocks in the two fishing areas. Furthermore, the migration of the fish between the two patches is assumed to be faster than the growth of the harvested stock. The displacement of the fleets is also faster than the variation in the number of fishing boats resulting from the investment of the fishing income. So, there are two time scales: a fast one corresponding to the migration between the two patches, and a slow time scale corresponding to growth. We use aggregation methods that allow us to reduce the dimension of the model and to obtain an aggregated model for the total fishing effort and fish stock of the two fishing zones. The mathematical analysis of the model is shown. Under some conditions, we obtain a stable equilibrium, which is a desired situation, as it leads to a sustainable harvesting equilibrium, keeping the stock at exploitable densities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 74 (1999), S. 19-57 
    ISSN: 1572-9478
    Keywords: stability ; Hamiltonian ; two centers ; oblate planet ; galactic disks ; dipole
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Relative equilibria occur in a wide variety of physical applications, including celestial mechanics, particle accelerators, plasma physics, and atomic physics. We derive sufficient conditions for Lyapunov stability of circular orbits in arbitrary axisymmetric gravitational (electrostatic) and magnetic fields, including the effects of local mass (charge) and current density. Particularly simple stability conditions are derived for source‐free regions, where the gravitational field is harmonic (∇2U = 0) or the magnetic field irrotational (∇ × B = 0). In either case the resulting stability conditions can be expressed geometrically (coordinate‐free) in terms of dimensionless stability indices. Stability bounds are calculated for several examples, including the problem of two fixed centers, the J2 planetary model, galactic disks, and a toroidal quadrupole magnetic field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 75 (1999), S. 251-285 
    ISSN: 1572-9478
    Keywords: unrestricted problem ; rotational motion ; rigid body dynamics ; libration points ; stability ; resonances
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We present an analysis of the model introduced by Kokoriev and Kirpichnikov (1988) for the study of unrestricted planar motion of a point mass and a symmetric rigid body whose gravity field is approximated by two point masses (a dumb-bell model). To show possible generalization of the model, we give a systematic derivation of equations of motion for a more general unrestricted problem of a point and a rigid body possessing a plane of dynamical symmetry. We give a simple description of bifurcation of triangular libration points, and we perform an analysis of their linear stability. We propose to extend the model of Kokoriev and Kirpichnikov (1988) to a case when the symmetric body is oblate. In the proposed model the gravity field of moving and rotating body is approximated by two complex masses at complex distance (a complex dumb-bell model). An analysis of bifurcation of the triangular libration points in this model is also presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 78 (2000), S. 227-241 
    ISSN: 1572-9478
    Keywords: stability ; normal form ; spin-orbit resonance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We consider a model of spin-orbit interaction, describing the motion of an oblate satellite rotating about an internal spin-axis and orbiting about a central planet. The resulting second order differential equation depends upon the parameters provided by the equatorial oblateness of the satellite and its orbital eccentricity. Normal form transformations around the main spin-orbit resonances are carried out explicitly. As an outcome, one can compute some invariants; the fact that these quantities are not identically zero is a necessary condition to prove the existence of nearby periodic orbits (Birkhoff fixed point theorem). Moreover, the nonvanishing of the invariants provides also the stability of the spin-orbit resonances, since it guarantees the existence of invariant curves surrounding the periodic orbit.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 63 (1995), S. 205-225 
    ISSN: 1572-9478
    Keywords: Restricted three body problem ; Lagrangian points ; resonances ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The problem of stability of the Lagrangian pointL 4 in the circular restricted problem of three bodies is investigated close to the 1 : 2 commensurability of the long and short period libration. By stability we define boundedness of the solution for a given initial finite displacement from the equilibrium point as function of the mass parameter μ close to the commensurability. A rigorous treatment close to the resonance condition is possible using a transformation that diagonalizes the matrix related to the linear part of the equations of motion. The so obtained equations are further transformed to action angle type variables. Then using an isolated resonance approach, only the slowly varying terms are kept in the equations and two independent isolating first integrals can be found. These integrals finally enable us to solve the stability problem in an exact way. The so obtained results are compared to numeric integration of the equations of motion and are found to be in perfect agreement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 61 (1995), S. 181-196 
    ISSN: 1572-9478
    Keywords: Periodic solutions ; stability ; restricted three-body problem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The periodic solutions of the restricted three-body problem representing analytic continuations of Keplerian rectilinear periodic motions are well known (Kurcheeva, 1973). Here the stability of these solutions are examined by applying Poncaré's characteristic equation for periodic solutions. It is found that the isoperiodic solutions are stable and all other solutions are unstable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 67 (1997), S. 181-204 
    ISSN: 1572-9478
    Keywords: Hamiltonian systems ; symplectic mappings ; normal forms ; resonances ; stability ; three degrees of freedom
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We analyze four-dimensional symplectic mappings in the neighbourhood of an elliptic fixed point whose eigenvalues are close to satisfy a third-order resonance. Using the perturbative tools of resonant normal forms, the geometry of the orbits and the existence of elliptic or hyperbolic one-dimensional tori (fixed lines) is worked out. This allows one to give an analytical estimate of the stability domain when the resonance is unstable. A comparison with numerical results for the four-dimensional Hénon mapping is given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 61 (1995), S. 1-19 
    ISSN: 1572-9478
    Keywords: Three body problem ; stability ; surface of section ; commensurability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The model of the circular restricted problem of three bodies is used to investigate the sensitivity of the third body motion when it is given a positional or velocity deviation away from the L4 triangular libration point. The x-axis is used as a criteria for defining the stability of the third body motion. Poincaré's surfaces of section are used to compare the regions of periodic, quasi-periodic and stochastic motion to the trajectories found using the definition of stability (not crossing the x-axis) defined in this study. Values of the primary/secondary mass ratios (μ) ranging from 0 to the linear critical value 0.038521... are investigated. Using this new form of stability measure, it is determined that certain values of μ are more stable than others. The results of this study are compared, and found, to give agreeable results to other studies which investigate commensurabilities of the long and short period terms of periodic orbits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 61 (1995), S. 261-285 
    ISSN: 1572-9478
    Keywords: galactic dynamics ; periodic orbits ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We study the stability of axial orbits in analytical galactic potentials as a function of the energy of the orbit and the ellipticity of the potential. The problem is solved by an analytical method, the validity of which is not limited to small amplitudes. The lines of neutral stability divide the parameter space in regions corresponding to different organizations of the main families of orbits in the symmetry planes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 66 (1996), S. 191-202 
    ISSN: 1572-9478
    Keywords: resonance ; restricted problem ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The stability of triangular libration points, when the bigger primary is a source of radiation and the smaller primary is an oblate spheroid. has been investigated in the resonance cases ω1 = 2ω2 and ω1 = 3ω2. The motion is unstable for all the values of parameters q and A when ω1 = 2ω2 and the motion is unstable and stable depending upon the values of the parameters q and A when ω1 = 3ω2. Here q is the radiation parameter and A is the oblateness parameter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 69 (1997), S. 271-281 
    ISSN: 1572-9478
    Keywords: restricted three-body problem ; libration points ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The existence and stability of triangular libration points in the relativistic restricted three-body problem has been studied. It is found that L4,5 are unstable in the whole range 0 ≤ µ ≤ 1/2 in contrast to the classical restricted three-body problem where they are stable for 0 〈 µ 〈 µ0, where µ is the mass parameter and µ0 = 0.03852....
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 69 (1997), S. 317-330 
    ISSN: 1572-9478
    Keywords: artificial satellite ; Nekhoroshev's theory ; normal form ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We investigate the significance of long time stabilty predictions in the light of Nekhoroshev's theory by studying the orbits of artificial satellites. As a simplified model problem we consider the so-called J2problem for an earth's satellite, neglecting luni-solar perturbations and nonconservative effects. We consider a wide range of orbits, excluding those which are too close to the critical inclination. Most of the orbits turn out to be stable for times larger than the estimated age of the solar system, thus proving that, as far as dissipation can be neglected, stability in Nekhoroshev's sense may be effective for physically realistic systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 70 (1998), S. 41-58 
    ISSN: 1572-9478
    Keywords: three-body problem ; libration points ; stability ; normal forms.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we consider the problem of motion of an infinitesimal point mass in the gravity field of an uniformly rotating dumb-bell. The aim of our study is to investigate Liapunov stability of Lagrangian libration points of this problem. We analyze the stability of libration points in the whole range of parameters ω, μ of the problem. In particular, we consider all resonance cases when the order of resonance is not greater than five.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 243 (1996), S. 23-28 
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Keywords: Interplanetary Plasma ; Shock Waves ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Effect of turbulence on interplanetary shock waves propagation is considered. It is shown that background turbulence results in the additional shock wave deceleration which may be comparable with the deceleration due to plasma sweeping. The turbulent deceleration is connected with the energy losses due to the strong turbulence amplification behind the moving shock front.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Optical review 6 (1999), S. 28-36 
    ISSN: 1349-9432
    Keywords: optical propagation equation ; stability ; picosecond pulse ; 3-dimensional computation ; Fresnel’s distribution ; fast Fourier transform
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We present a new simulation code able to simulate the entire propagation of laser pulse, from the amplifiers level up to the focusing stage. This algorithm has some new characteristics that we intend to present. It computes the three-dimensional optical propagation equation using no approximation other than its picosecond expression. The stability has been carefully studied so that it can be applied to any geometry. This is a great improvement since, up to now only cylindrical geometry was accessible for accuracy. In this paper we also present a method using Fast Fourier Transform able to evaluate with a high accuracy, Fresnel’s distribution of a focused laser pulse. The advantages provided by our algorithm are its rapidity and its high physical understanding of the focusing phenomena.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik 47 (1996), S. 809-816 
    ISSN: 1420-9039
    Keywords: 34D20 ; 34D35 ; 35Q72 ; 73H10 ; 73K03 ; Elastic string ; stability ; energy-momentum ; axial motion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We establish the stability of axial motions (steady motions along the lengthwise direction) of nonlinearly elastic loops of string. A key observation here is that a linear combination of the total energy and the total circulation of the string, both of which are conserved quantities, yields an appropriate Liapunov function. From our previous work [5], we know that there are uncountably many shapes corresponding to a given axial speed. Accordingly, we establish “orbitai” stability (modulo this collection of relative equilibria). For a well-defined class of “soft” materials, there is an upper bound on the axial speed sufficient for stability; “stiff” materials are shown to be orbitally stable at any axial speed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of marine science and technology 1 (1995), S. 24-36 
    ISSN: 1437-8213
    Keywords: surf-riding ; nonlinear ; wave ; ship motion ; stability ; chaos
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The behavior of a ship encountering large regular waves from astern at low frequency is the object of investigation, with a parallel study of surf-riding and periodic motion paterns. First, the theoretical analysis of surf-riding is extended from purely following to quartering seas. Steady-state continuation is used to identify all possible surf-riding states for one wavelength. Examination of stability indicates the existence of stable and unstable states and predicts a new type of oscillatory surf-riding. Global analysis is also applied to determine the areas of state space which lead to surf-riding for a given ship and wave conditions. In the case of overtaking waves, the large rudder-yaw-surge oscillations of the vessel are examined, showing the mechanism and conditions responsible for loss of controllability at certain vessel headings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meccanica 33 (1998), S. 445-468 
    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Wall-bounded turbulent shear flows ; Scaling laws in turbulence ; Local structure of turbulence ; Fluid mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Turbulence at very large Reynolds numbers (often called developed turbulence) is widely considered to be one of the happier provinces of the turbulence realm, as it is widely thought that two of its basic results are well-established, and have a chance to enter, basically untouched, into a future complete theory of turbulence. These results are the von Kármán-Prandtl universal logarithmic law in the wall-region of wall-bounded turbulent shear flow, and the Kolmogorov-Obukhov scaling laws for the local structure of developed turbulent flow.However, doubts have been expressed over the years about the fluid mechanical assumptions that underlie these laws. After a concise review of the problem of turbulence as a whole we will show in the present paper that the von Kármán–Prandtl universal logarithmic law is based on an assumption which,though plausible, in fact is not quite correct. We will come to the conclusion, based on theoretical considerations and on processing of experimental data, that the universal logarithmic law does not describe the real features of developed turbulent wall-bounded flow of viscous fluid; it should be jettisoned and replaced by a different law, a scaling law. Experimental evidence for the local structure of turbulent flows is now not sufficiently well-established to allow a similarly definite conclusion. However, the application of the new approach presented here makes it very plausible that the classical, non-modified version of Kolmogorov–Obukhov ‘K-41’ laws gives an adequate description of the local features of developedturbulent flows. Sommario.La turbolenza agli altissimi numeri di Reynolds (spesso chiamata turbolenza sviluppata) è largamente ritenuta una delle regioni felici del regno della turbolenza: si pensa infatti che due suoi risultati fondamentali siano ben assodati e che abbiano speranza di entrare senza rilevanti modifiche in una futura teoria completa della turbolenza.Questi risultati sono la legge logaritmica universale di Kármán–Prandtl per la regione di parete dei flussi turbolenti confinati e la legge di simulitudine di Kolmogorov–Obukhov per la struttura locale del flusso turbolento sviluppato. Nel corso degli anni sono stati tuttavia espressi dubbi sulle ipotesi fluidodinamiche che sottendono queste leggi. Nel presente lavoro, dopo un breve esame del problema della turbolenza nel suo insieme,dimostreremo che la legge logaritmica universale di Kármán–Prandtl è basata su un'assunzione che, per quanto plausibile, non è del tutto corretta. Giungeremo alla conclusione, basata su considerazioni teoriche esull'elaborazione di dati sperimentali, che la legge logaritmica universale non descrive le caratteristiche reali del flusso turbolento di un fluido viscoso sviluppato e confinato da una parete; essa dovrebbe essere sostituita de una legge differente, una legge di similitude. L'evidenza sperimentale per la stzuttura locale di flusso turbolento non è al momento sufficientemente assodata perpermettere una conclusione altrettanto definita. L'impiegodel nuovo approccio qui presentato, tuttavia, rende assai plausible che la classica versione non modificata della legge ‘K-41’ di Kolmogorov-Obukhov fornisca una adeguata descrizione delle caratteristiche locali del flussoturbolento sviluppato.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meccanica 33 (1998), S. 29-46 
    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Finite difference methods ; Free shear layers ; Turbulence ; Fluid mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A computational formulation is proposed for second-moment closure turbulence models, especially suited to models intended to ensure physical realizability. It enables to cast the quite complicated model equations in a compact form. It is specifically applied here to a two-dimensional parabolized flow, though it lends itself to extension to more complex flows. An effective computational algorithm is proposed, based on a staggered grid and a block tridiagonal solver. The algorithm is applied to a turbulent mixing layer, and the comparison between the predictions obtained by standard modelling tools and a realizable second-moment closure clearly points out the superiority of the latter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meccanica 33 (1998), S. 503-516 
    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Flow visualization ; Speckle photography ; Particle image velocimetry ; Turbulence ; Fluid mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Modern developments in laser and computer technology, electronic cameras, and digital image processing techniques allow to generate planar distributions of quantitative data in turbulent flows. Large amounts of data can be processed easily and analyzed statistically. With these tools, it is possible to quantitatively visualize turbulent coherent structures, even in flows of high Reynolds number, and measure characteristic spatial quantities like vorticity, length scales, spatial correlation functions, etc. These potentials in analyzing spatial characteristics of turbulent flows are demonstrated with two different methods of quantitative flow visualization: speckle photography as a representative of the line-of-sight methods, and particle image velocimetry belonging to the methods that rely on the scattering of laser light from tracer particles. Sommario.I moderni sviluppi nelle tecnologie del laser e dei computers, delle telecamere elettroniche e le tecniche di analisi digitale delle immagini permettono di ottenere distribuzioni quantitative, in un piano, di dati relativi a flussi turbolenti. Una gran quantità di dati può essere con facilità analizzata statisticamente. Con questi mezzi è possibile visualizzare quantitativamente strutture coerenti turbolente anche in flussi da alto numero di Reynolds, e misurare caratteristiche spaziali, come vorticità scale e funzioni di correlazione. Questa potenzialità di studiare caratteristiche spaziali di flussi turbolenti viene qui mostrata per due differenti metodi di visualizzazione quantitativa: fotografia ‘speckle’ e PIV (particle image velocimetry).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meccanica 30 (1995), S. 719-725 
    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Self-similarity ; Fluid dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario Nel presente lavoro viene presentato uno studio riguardante le proprietà della cosiddetta funzione di forma $$f\left( {\frac{r}{\eta }} \right)$$ che caratterizza le leggi di scala delle fluttuazioni di velocità in un flusso turbolento. L'analisi é basata su precedenti misure sperimentali effettuate in flussi turbolenti generati da griglie a bassi Reλ ed in condizioni omogenee e non omogenee. Le proprietá di universalitá della funzione di forma sono studiate nell'ambito della cosiddetta Extended Self-Similarity.
    Notes: Abstract In this work some investigations on the properties of the so calledform function $$f\left( {\frac{r}{\eta }} \right)$$ which characterizes the scaling behavior of the small scales fluctuations in a turbulent flow are presented. The present analysis is based on previous experimental measurements in homogeneous and non-homogeneous grid-generated turbulence at low Reλ. The universality properties of the form function are investigated in the frame of the Extended Self Similarity (ESS) form of scaling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Letters in mathematical physics 53 (2000), S. 313-320 
    ISSN: 1573-0530
    Keywords: partial differential equations ; nonlinearities ; symmetries ; stability ; minimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We suggest a simple but general method of establishing symmetry properties of stable solutions of nonlinear elliptic equations. The method relies on characterization of symmetry breaking with a help of zero modes and on a generalization of the Perron–Frobenius theory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Space science reviews 83 (1998), S. 75-86 
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Keywords: Solar wind ; Heliosphere ; Ulysses ; SOHO ; MHD waves ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The solar wind in the inner heliosphere, inside ~ 5 AU, has been almost fully characterized by the addition of the high heliographic latitude Ulysses mission to the many low latitude inner heliosphere missions that preceded it. The two major omissions are the high latitude solar wind at solar maximum, which will be measured during the second Ulysses polar passages, and the solar wind near the Sun, which could be analyzed by a Solar Probe mission. Here, existing knowledge of the global solar wind in the inner heliosphere is summarized in the context of the new results from Ulysses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 88 (1997), S. 691-711 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Quasicrystals ; nonperiodic tilings ; classical lattice-gas models ; ground states ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We give strong evidence that noncrystalline materials such as quasicrystals or incommensurate solids are not exceptions, but rather are generic in some regions of phase space. We show this by constructing classical lattice-gas models with translation-invariant finite-range interactions and with a unique quasiperiodic ground state which is stable against small perturbations of two-body potentials. More generally, we provide a criterion for stability of nonperiodic ground states.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 91 (1998), S. 285-305 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Chapman–Enskog expansion ; Burnett equation ; Boltzmann equation ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper continues the author's study of procedures for rewriting the well-known Chapman–Enskog expansion used in the kinetic theory of gases. The usual Chapman–Enskog expansion, when used in isothermal fluid motion, will introduce nonlinear instability at super-Burnett order O(ε3) truncation. The procedure given here eliminates the truncation instability and produces the desired dissipation inequality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 95 (1999), S. 835-850 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: quasicrystals ; nonperiodic tilings ; classical lattice-gas models ; nonperiodic ground states ; nonperiodic Gibbs states ; stability ; frustration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract One of the fundamental problems of quasicrystals is to understand their occurrence in microscopic models of interacting particles. We review here recent attempts to construct stable quasicrystalline phases. In particular, we compare two recently constructed classical lattice-gas models with translation-invariant interactions and without periodic ground-state configurations. The models are based on nonperiodic tilings of the plane by square-like tiles. In the first model, all interactions can be minimized simultaneously. The second model is frustrated; its nonperiodic ground state can arise only by the minimization of the energy of competing interactions. We put forward some hypotheses concerning stabilities of nonperiodic ground states. In particular, we introduce two criteria, the so-called strict boundary conditions, and prove their equivalence to the zero-temperature stability of ground states against small perturbations of potentials of interacting particles. We discuss the relevance of these conditions for the low-temperature stability, i.e., for the existence of thermodynamically stable nonperiodic equilibrium states.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 95 (1999), S. 867-902 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: kinetics of phase transitions ; domain coarsening ; asymptotic behavior ; self-similarity ; stability ; chaos
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The classical Lifshitz–Slyozov–Wagner theory of domain coarsening predicts asymptotically self-similar behavior for the size distribution of a dilute system of particles that evolve by diffusional mass transfer with a common mean field. Here we consider the long-time behavior of measure-valued solutions for systems in which particle size is uniformly bounded, i.e., for initial measures of compact support. We prove that the long-time behavior of the size distribution depends sensitively on the initial distribution of the largest particles in the system. Convergence to the classically predicted smooth similarity solution is impossible if the initial distribution function is comparable to any finite power of distance to the end of the support. We give a necessary criterion for convergence to other self-similar solutions, and conditional stability theorems for some such solutions. For a dense set of initial data, convergence to any self-similar solution is impossible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 101 (2000), S. 731-746 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: attractive Bose–Einstein condensates ; nonlinear Schrödinger equation ; stability ; ground state ; variational arguments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We propose the critical nonlinear Schrödinger equation with a harmonic potential as a model of attractive Bose–Einstein condensates. By an elaborate mathematical analysis we show that a sharp stability threshold exists with respect to the number of condensate particles. The value of the threshold agrees with the existing experimental data. Moreover with this threshold we prove that a ground state of the condensate exists and is orbital stable. We also evaluate the minimum of the condensate energy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 11 (1996), S. 107-113 
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: scaling ; temporal patterns ; equilibrium ; stability ; succession ; predictability ; variability ; grassland ; savannah ; chaos ; ecological scale ; vegetation dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Longterm (45 years) temporal data were used to assess the influence of spatial scale on temporal patterns of a semi-arid west Texas grassland. Temporal basal area dynamics of common curlymesquite (Hilaria belangeri (Steud.) Nash) collected from permanent plots within two areas that were released from disturbance (longterm overgrazing and drought), were evaluated at two spatial scales (quadrat, site). Wiens (1989) proposed hypotheses to characterize the influence of scale on variability, predictability, and equilibrium. These hypotheses were tested for this grassland and temporal patterns observed were different for each spatial scale. The large scale (site) was characterized by low variation between units, high variation within units, high potential predictability, and possible movement toward a fluctuating but relatively stable or equilibrial state. At the small scale (quadrat), variation between units was high, predictability low, and there was no indication of movement toward a stable state; chaotic behavior may be expressed at this scale although the length of the temporal record may not be sufficient to evaluate this phenomenon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 11 (1996), S. 225-235 
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: fire ; fractals ; grassland ; percolation ; stability ; succession
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The spread of gallery forest habitat into upland areas is of substantial interest to resource managers because such spread has many implications for the management of grassland and forest habitats. This study used a dynamic percolation model to examine the potential rates of spread or invasion of forest in eastern Kansas. Aerial photos taken 16 years apart at the Fort Riley training base were used to calibrate a spatially explicit contagion model of forest spread to interpolate and extrapolate the forest spread processes. Results fit the actual pattern of spread well, as measured by both visual inspection and a multiscale fractal measure of pattern. Comparisons to a long-term fire-exclusion experiment in Geary County, Kansas, and to the Konza Prairie also provided validation. Both the simulation and the 100-year Geary County series showed an interesting pattern of forest spread. Spread was slow and steady until about 20% forest cover was reached, at which point the rate increased. We conclude that this self-accelerating response is due to spatial patterns created by the spreading forest that tend to accelerate the growth process after a critical point is reached. On the basis of theoretical study and experimental simulation of the percolation phase transitions, we suggest that fractal dimensions in a transient ecotone of binary mixtures (e.g., trees and grasses) should range between 1.56 and 1.8958, and the critical fractal dimension during ecotonal phase transitions should be 1.7951. This critical point of about 18.5% forest cover that we predicted was close to the observed result and might represent a phase transition at the forest-prairie ecotone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta mechanica solida Sinica 9 (1996), S. 179-183 
    ISSN: 0894-9166
    Keywords: crack growth ; stability ; cusp catastrophe ; J-integral ; three-point bending specimen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents an attempt at the application of catastrophe theory to the stability analysis ofJ-controlled crack growth in three-point bending specimens. By introducing the solutions ofJ- integral in the completely yielding state for the ideal plastic material, the critical condition of losing stability for the crack propagation in the specimen is obtained, based on the cusp catastrophe theory. The process of the crack growth from geometrical sense is described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Key words Meteorology ; Turbulence ; Modelling ; Spray drift ; Wind
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract  An insight into the nature of prevailing meteorological conditions and the manner in which they interact with spraying parameters is an important prerequisite in the analysis of the dynamics of agrochemical sprays. Usually, when these sprays are projected from hydraulic nozzles, their initial velocity is greater than that of the ambient wind speed. The flowfield therefore experiences changes in speed and direction which are felt upstream as well as downstream of the spray droplets. The pattern of the droplet flow, i.e. the shape of the streamlines marking typical trajectories, will be determined by a balance of viscous forces related to wind speed, inertial forces resulting from the acceleration of the airstream and pressure forces which can be viewed in terms of the drag forces exerted on the spray droplets themselves. At a certain distance in the ensuing motion, when the initial velocity of the spray droplets has decreased sufficiently for there to be no acceleration, their trajectories will be controlled entirely by the random effects of turbulence. These two transport processes in the atmosphere can be modelled mathematically using computers. This paper presents a model that considers the velocity of spray droplets to consist of a ballistic velocity component superimposed by a random-walk velocity component. The model is used to study the influence of meteorological and spraying parameters on the three-dimensional dynamics of spray droplets projected in specified directions in neutral and unstable weather conditions. The ballistic and random-walk velocity components are scaled by factors of (1–ξ) and ξ respectively, where ξ is the ratio of the sedimentation velocity and the relative velocity between the spray droplets and the surrounding airstream. This ratio increases progressively as the initial velocity of the spray droplet decreases with air resistance and attains a maximum when the sedimentation velocity has been reached. As soon as this occurs, the random-walk process predominates. The computed effects of the release height of spray droplets, atmospheric turbulence intensity, evaporation, drop size spectrum, wind velocity and wind direction on the transport process have been studied and an analysis of spray drift is provided.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Shock waves 4 (1995), S. 237-245 
    ISSN: 1432-2153
    Keywords: Shock ; Turbulence ; Hypersonic inlet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A numerical investigation for an axisymmetric hypersonic turbulent inlet flow field of a perfect gas is presented for a three-shock configuration consisting of a biconic and a cowl. An upwind parabolized Navier-Stokes solver based on Roe's scheme is used to compute an oncoming flow Mach numberM ∞=8, temperatureT ∞=216 K, and pressureP ∞=5.5293×103 N/m2. In order to assess the flow quantities, the interaction between shock and turbulence, and the inlet efficiency, three different flow calculations — laminar, turbulent with incompressible and compressible two-equationk-ɛ turbulence models — have been performed in this work. Computational results show that turbulence is markedly enhanced across an oblique shock with step-like increases in turbulence kinetic energy and dissipation rate. This enhancement is at the expense of the mean kinetic energy of the flow. Therefore, the velocity behind the shock is smaller in turbulent flow and hence the shock becomes stronger. The entropy increase through a shock is caused not only by the amplification of random molecular motion, but also by the enhancement of the chaotic turbulent flow motion. However, only the compressiblek-ɛ turbulence model can properly predict a decrease in turbulence length scale across a shock. Our numerical simulation reveals that the incompressiblek-ɛ turbulence model exaggerates the interaction between shock and turbulence with turbulence kinetic energy and dissipation rate remaining high and almost undissipated far beyond the shock region. It is shown that proper modeling of turbulence is essential for a realistic prediction of hypersonic inlet flowfield. The performed study shows that the viscous effect is not restricted in the boundary layer but extends into the main flow behind a shock wave. The loss of the available energy in the inlet performance therefore needs to be determined from the shock-turbulence interaction. The present study predicts that the inlet efficiency becomes relatively lower when turbulence is taken into account.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Shock waves 5 (1996), S. 275-285 
    ISSN: 1432-2153
    Keywords: Shock reflection ; Diffraction ; Shadowgraph ; Vortex ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The accuracy of four industrial shock hydrodynamics codes for blast environments in baffled systems is evaluated based on the shadowgraph data of Reichenbach and Kuhl (1992,3). Both problems involve a planar shock passing through a baffled channel. The numerical methods employed in these codes are representative of two classes, namely, the set of high-resolution schemes advanced in the 1980's, and the classical finite-difference schemes from the late 1960's. The four codes are: (1) the AMR code based on the higher-order Godunov scheme with adaptive grids, (2) the FEM-FCT code based on the flux-corrected transport scheme with unstructured grids, (3) and (4) the finite-difference based HULL and SHARC codes with fixed grids. From the comparisons of these calculations it is concluded that the high-resolution schemes: (1) calculate sharper shocks and sharper density profiles across vortices, (2) predict shear layer rollup forming coherent structures in the spiral vortices immediately down-stream of every baffle, and (3) predict development of inviscid instabilities from these shear layers that, upon interaction with the reverberating shocks in the system, quickly become ‘turbulent’. The finite-difference codes predict essentially laminar behavior for the shear layers. Comparisons with shadowgraph data suggest that both classes of codes are able to predict shock reflections and diffractions in the baffled systems. The high-resolution codes give better agreement in the spiral vortices and the shear layers. As expected, turbulent flow features involving highly dissipative flow fields are not predicted by the high-resolution codes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Keywords: Key words: Hebbian learning rule ; attractor dynamics ; symmetric connections ; multiplicative normalization ; self-organization ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. While learning and development are well characterized in feedforward networks, these features are more difficult to analyze in recurrent networks due to the increased complexity of dual dynamics – the rapid dynamics arising from activation states and the slow dynamics arising from learning or developmental plasticity. We present analytical and numerical results that consider dual dynamics in a recurrent network undergoing Hebbian learning with either constant weight decay or weight normalization. Starting from initially random connections, the recurrent network develops symmetric or near-symmetric connections through Hebbian learning. Reciprocity and modularity arise naturally through correlations in the activation states. Additionally, weight normalization may be better than constant weight decay for the development of multiple attractor states that allow a diverse representation of the inputs. These results suggest a natural mechanism by which synaptic plasticity in recurrent networks such as cortical and brainstem premotor circuits could enhance neural computation and the generation of motor programs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of nonlinear science 5 (1995), S. 373-418 
    ISSN: 1432-1467
    Keywords: Hamiltonian system with symmetry ; relative equilibria ; perturbation ; linearization ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A relative equilibrium of a Hamiltonian system with symmetry is a point of phase space giving an evolution which is a one-parameter orbit of the action of the symmetry group of the system. The evolutions of sufficiently small perturbations of a formally stable relative equilibrium are arbitrarily confined to that relative equilibrium's orbit under the isotropy subgroup of its momentum. However, interesting evolution along that orbit, here called drift, does occur. In this article, linearizations of relative equilibria are used to construct a first order perturbation theory explaining drift, and also to determine when the set of relative equilibria near a given relative equilibrium is a smooth symplectic submanifold of phase space.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 40
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: heart mitochondria ; lability ; muscle mitochondria ; oxidative phosphorylation ; stability ; taurine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We modified the isolation procedure of muscle and heart mitochondria. In human muscle, this resulted in a 3.4 fold higher yield of better coupled mitochondria in half the isolation time. In a preparation from rat muscle we studied factors that affected the stability of oxidative phosphorylation (oxphos) and found that it decreased by shaking the preparation on a Vortex machine, by exposure to light and by an increase in storage temperature. The decay was found to be different for each substrate tested. The oxidation of ascorbate was most stable and less sensitive to the treatments. When mitochondria were stored in the dark and the cold, the decrease in oxidative phosphorylation followed first order kinetics. In individual preparations of muscle and heart mitochondria, protection of oxidative phosphorylation was found by adding candidate stabilizers, such as desferrioxamine, lazaroids, taurine, carnitine, phosphocreatine, N-acetylcysteine, Trolox-C and ruthenium red, implying a role for reactive oxygen species and calcium-ions in the in vitro damage at low temperature to oxidative phosphorylation. In heart mitochondria oxphos with pyruvate and palmitoylcarnitine was most labile followed by glutamate, succinate and ascorbate.We studied the effect of taurine, hypotaurine, carnitine, and desferrioxamine on the decay of oxphos with these substrates. 1 mM taurine (n = 6) caused a significant protection of oxphos with pyruvate, glutamate and palmitoylcarnitine, but not with the other substrates. 5 mM L-carnitine (n = 6), 1 mM hypotaurine (n = 3) and 0.1 mM desferrioxamine (n = 3) did not protect oxphos with any of the substrates at a significant level. These experiments were undertaken in the hope that the in vitro stabilizers can be used in future treatment of patients with defects in oxidative phosphorylation. (Mol Cell Biochem 174: 61–66, 1997)
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 41
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 87 (1998), S. 459-480 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Coherence model ; Spatial coherence ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Wind speed measurements from the test site at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory have been evaluated with respect to the spatial coherence function. The experimental arrangement provides coherence information for separation distances of 62, 80 and 102 m. These are at least three times greater than the measurement heights of 18 m and 18.7 m. Based on these experimental data and data published in the literature, different theoretical formulations are compared and a new, but simple, model for longitudinal and lateral coherence is proposed. At large separations the turbulent wind field is not isotropic, theoretical models to describe the coherence function for such distances are not available. The new model we propose builds on the classical exponential approach. It takes into account the influence of turbulence intensity and models the angular dependence of horizontal coherence. It is found that, for constant turbulence intensity, the lateral coherence decay becomes independent of the mean wind speed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 42
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 89 (1998), S. 285-316 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Boundary layer ; Heterogeneous terrain ; Roughness length ; Surface fluxes ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this work is to present experimentally evaluated effective roughnesses (zoe) of a partly forested landscape. Although the ratio of boundary-layer height to obstacle size was only of the order of 50, there still seemed to exist a height range of 75–200 m where surface-layer similarity was approximately valid. Attempts were made to use conventional wind profile analysis to evaluate zoe, but the small height range and the large number of variables initially led to unacceptable uncertainties. Fixing the displacement height zd, rather than fitting it, reduced the data scatter to an acceptable level. The profile-derived roughness lengths zop obtained in this way were in good agreement with previous work, and with an alternative roughness length estimate zof for which flux-derived profile parameters u* and θ* were used. This implies that the profile-derived roughnesses were consistent with the measured surface-layer momentum flux. Comparison of both roughness estimates also yielded an improved estimate of the displacement height. Besides this, the authors tested a landscape roughness evaluation method which makes use of the gustiness parameter Tu = σu/U in the surface layer. The results obtained by this method were in fair agreement with the profile-derived data. In previous work, the gustiness method was advocated because it could be used at relatively low levels, perhaps even within the roughness sub-layer. At the present measuring site, this was not the case as the gustiness method was only valid in an approximate way, and for a limited height range.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 43
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 77 (1996), S. 1-20 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Water vapor ; Turbulent flux ; Bulk Coefficient ; HEIFE ; Desert ; Similarity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Observations of surface-layer turbulence and turbulent fluxes were made over a desert in northwestern China as a part of HEIFE (HEIhe river Field Experiment). These show that the normalized variations of the vertical wind component and of the air temperature obey Monin-Obukhov similarity well, especially in free convective conditions. However, the variations of specific humidity do not obey Monin-Obukhov similarity. Mean bulk transfer coefficients of sensible heat and momentum flux are obtained as functions of stability over a wide stability range from the observed data of turbulent fluxes and mast profiles. However, the bulk transfer coefficient for water vapor could not be obtained because of the large scatter of the data. In free convective conditions, the sensible heat flux was found to be approximately proportional to the 1.4 power of temperature difference between the surface and 20m. The bulk transfer coefficient of sensible heat is also obtained as a function of the bulk Richardson number for practical convenience.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 44
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 94 (2000), S. 461-493 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Radiation fog ; Large-eddy simulation ; Turbulence ; Kelvin–Helmholtz instability ; Convection ; Mixed layer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In order to study the three-dimensional structure of radiation fogand to obtain a basic understanding of its generation mechanism,a numerical experiment is performed with a large-eddysimulation model and compared with the observation at Cabauw in the Netherlands. After confirming that the results are insatisfactory agreement with the observations, the structure of thefog and its generation mechanism are examined in more detail. Before the fog forms, the atmosphere is stable and an inversionlayer exists almost adjacent to the ground surface. As the fog grows, however, the stratification is destabilized and a mixed layerdevelops gradually. The longwave radiative cooling near thefog top contributes to the destabilization more than thecondensational heating does. The evolution of the fog can be classified into three stagesaccording to the behaviour of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE):formation, development, and dissipation stages.The fog layer has different flow structures at each stage.During the formation stage, longitudinal rolls similar tostreaks in channel flows appear near the ground surface.The development stage is characterized by an initiation oftransverse bands due to Kelvin–Helmholtz instability anda sudden increase of TKE. During the dissipation stage, longitudinalrolls and polygonal cells due to convective instability are organized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 45
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 97 (2000), S. 219-249 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Conditional concentration statistics ; Mixing ; Scalar dissipation ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We analyse cross-wind-integrated statistics of theconcentration field of a conserved scalar for pointand line sources in grid turbulence. In particular,using wind-tunnel measurements we calculate thecross-wind integrated probability density function(pdf) for the scalar concentration. We then use thatquantity in the exact evolution equation for the pdfto calculate the cross-wind integrated mean of therate of dissipation of scalar variance, conditional onthe scalar concentration. Much of the variation ofthese statistics with distance downstream is accountedfor by scaling with concentration, length and timescales based on the development of the mean plume.This scaling thus suggests some simple practicalparameterisations of these statistics in terms ofmean-field quantities. One of the motivations for thiswork is to find a simple parameterisation for thescalar dissipation that can be used for modellingchemical reactions in plumes. We also consider the cross-wind integral of the firstfew moments of the concentration field and show thatthe integration greatly simplifies the budgets forthese moments. Thus the first moment is just thedownstream flux of the scalar, which is constant. Thesecond moment budget provides a check on the meandissipation estimated directly from the pdf evolutionequation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 46
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 83 (1997), S. 285-309 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Adjoint ; Data assimilation ; Turbulence ; Complex terrain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes an adjoint method for data assimilation intoupstream boundary conditions of numerical modelsusing optimal control theory. Mathematical formalisms are given along with the numerical implementation of the schemein a column model of the atmospheric boundary layer. The optimized mean and turbulence profiles are used as an upstream solutionin a model of turbulent flow in complex terrain. To contrast thiswith other methods, two solutions for flow over an isolatedhill are calculated, one with an optimized upstream solution andone with a simple surface-layer formulation for the upstream solution.These two solutions are compared to observations and analytical theory. The adjoint optimization method is shown to producesolutions of flow in complex terrain that are substantively differentat the two solutions, with the optimized solution giving more accurate results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 47
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Canopies ; Temperature ramps ; Renewal models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Sensible heat, latent heat, and other scalar fluxes cannot be measuredwithin short dense canopies, e.g., straw mulches, with standard approachessuch as eddy correlation, Bowen ratio-energy balance, aerodynamic, andvariance methods. However, recently developed surface renewal models, thatare based on the fact that most of the turbulent transfer within and abovecanopies is associated with large-scale coherent eddies, which are evidentas ramp patterns in scalar time series, offer a feasible solution. Wepresent a new air renewal model that calculates sensible heat flux atdifferent heights within and above a canopy from the average cubictemperature structure function, sampled at a moderate rate, and measuredaverage friction velocity. The model is calibrated and tested with datameasured above and within a Douglas-fir forest and above a straw mulch andbare soil. We show that the model describes half-hour variations ofsensible heat flux very well, both within the canopy and roughnesssublayers and in the inertial sublayer, for stable and unstable atmosphericconditions. The combined empirical coefficient that appears in the modelhas an apparently universal value of about 0.4 for all surfaces andheights, which makes application of the model particularly simple. Themodel is used to predict daytime and nighttime sensible heat flux profileswithin the straw mulch and within a small bare opening in the mulch.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 48
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 84 (1997), S. 411-425 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Trajectories ; Turbulence ; Dispersion ; Diffusion ; Numerical models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Among well-mixed multi-dimensional Lagrangian stochastic (LS) dispersion models, we observe that those in poorest agreement with observations produce ‘spiralling trajectories,’ with an associated reduction in dispersion. We therefore investigate statistics of increments dθ ' to the orientation θ'= arctan(W'/U') of the Lagrangian velocity-fluctuation vector – as a possible means to distinguish the better LS models within the well-mixed class. ‘Zero-spin’ models, having 〈 dθ'〉 = 0, are found to provide best agreement with observations. It is not clear however, whether imposition of the zero-spin property selects (in conjunction with the well-mixed condition) a unique model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 49
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 85 (1997), S. 197-222 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Chemistry ; Closure ; Convective boundary layer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We study the interactions of chemistry and turbulent mixing of tracersin the convective boundary layer with a second-order closure model,including higher order chemistry terms. In order to limit the number of predictive equations we prescribe the profiles for ¯w¯Θ, ¯w¯θ ¯θ and the lengthscale l. However, for model validation we treat temperature and humidity asinert tracers, and compare the results with profiles observed during theAir Mass Transformation Experiment, and with similarity expressions for thesurface layer. We find good agreement of the mean profiles, but the (co-)variances are slightly underpredicted. Furthermore, the model usesdiagnostic equations expressing third moments of concentration in terms ofsecond moments and their vertical derivatives. They are compared withlarge-eddy model results, showing good agreement and, therefore, thesimplifications are justified. The model is applied to the transport of two gases subject to one bimolecular reaction. The importance of concentration correlations on themean transformation rate is studied. For two gases diffusing in oppositedirections we find for moderate and fast chemistry a 50% and90% decreased transformation rate due to the negatively correlatedconcentrations. These values are similar to large-eddy results of Schumannand Sykes et al. For two bottom-up tracers we find that the covariance ofboth reactive species is either positive or negative, increasing or reducingthe effective transformation rate depending on the Damköhler number (the ratio of the turbulent and the chemistry timescale). A significantdirect influence of chemistry on the flux divergence is found in bothcases. According to the model the effective transport to mid-levels of theboundary layer is increased when two reactive tracers diffuse in oppositedirections, and decreased in the case of two bottom-up tracers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 50
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 86 (1998), S. 63-87 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Stratocumulus ; Mass flux ; Lateral entrainment ; Turbulence ; Conditional sampling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A mass-flux approach is applied to observational data obtained in a convective boundary layer topped with stratocumulus clouds. The observational data were obtained from aircraft measurements during the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment (ASTEX). A conditional sampling method is used to calculate average updraft and downdraft values. The vertical fluxes calculated with the mass-flux approach are found to be proportional to the real (measured) fluxes, with a proportionality factor being about 0.6. This value is predicted by theory for two variables having a joint Gaussian distribution function; proportionality factor = 2π-1 ≈ 0.637. The horizontal fractional entrainment and detrainment rates calculated from the data (ε ≈ 1–2 × 10-2 m-1) are an order of magnitude higher than the rates obtained by large eddy simulations for cumulus convection (ε ≈ 2–3 × 10-3 m-1) and two orders of magnitude higher than those used in modelling cumulus convection with a mass-flux scheme in an operational weather forecast model (ε ≈ 3 × 10-4 m-1). A numerical mass-flux model for the thermodynamics was developed and showed that results are in good agreement when compared with measured profiles of the liquid water content.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 51
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Surface temperature ; Surface inhomogeneity ; Source area
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Turbulence characteristics, vertical profiles of wind velocity u(z) and air temperature T(z), and also spatial variations in steppe surface radiation temperature Tr(x) are measured simultaneously. A marked effect of Tr(x) characteristics on the turbulence characteristics and T(z) profiles is observed in the lower part of the atmospheric surface layer. We suggest that variability in Tr(x) noticeably influences the surface-layer temperature field and leads to scatter in the values of the universal functions obtained by different authors; effects of Tr(x) are not accounted for in similarity theory. The introduction of the value of temperature zero-plane displacement dT in the calculation formulae (to determine temperature flux) noticeably improves the agreement between calculated and measured (by eddy-correlation method) results. The influence of footprint (or Source Area) on the obtained results leads to noticeable scatter in the data obtained from measurements of atmospheric turbulence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 52
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Convective boundary layer ; Clear air radar observations ; Coherent organizations ; Radar-aircraft joint observations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The scientific objective of the TRAC experiment (Turbulence Radar Aircraft Cells) was to investigate the respective roles played by small-scale turbulence and coherent structures in the vertical transfer within the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). Field research held in June 1993 in France was based on coupled aircraft and Doppler radar measurements. The results discussed here are mainly focused on the evaluation of the performance of the radar in the 3D description of the clear air ABL, which was the technical goal of TRAC. During the experiment, the radar was able to provide continuous and coherent echo fields over a range of several tens of kilometres, extending up to about 3 km. Good agreement was obtained in the ABL between the radar-derived turbulent quantities and airborne measurements. As depicted by the reflectivity fields, coherent organizations were found to be a common feature of the eleven ABL cases analyzed. These organizations evolved during the day between a banded structure and a cellular pattern. A very weak correlation was found between the reflectivity field and the atmospheric parameters measured by the aircraft. However, in terms of characteristic scale, the reflectivity field appeared to be strongly related to the water vapour field. The inhomogeneity induced by the coherent circulations questions the representativity of one-dimensional sampling of these 3D fields and suggests the need to adapt the traditional statistical approach of the ABL.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 53
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 86 (1998), S. 233-256 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Lidar ; Remote sensing ; Turbulence ; Velocity statistics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Coherent Doppler lidar measurements of wind statistics in the boundary layer are presented. The effects of the spatial averaging by the lidar pulse are removed using theoretical corrections and computer simulations. This permits unbiased estimates of velocity variance, spatial velocity structure functions, energy dissipation rate, and other point statistics of the velocity field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 54
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 86 (1998), S. 333-344 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Dispersion model ; Non-uniqueness ; Plant canopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Lagrangian stochastic models, quadratic in velocity and satisfying the well-mixed condition for two-dimensional Gaussian turbulence, are used to make predictions of scalar dispersion within a model plant canopy. The non-uniqueness associated with satisfaction of the well-mixed condition is shown to be non-trivial (i.e. different models produce different predictions for scalar dispersion). The best agreement between measured and predicted mean concentrations of scalars is shown to be obtained with a small sub-class of ‘optimal’ models. This sub-class of ‘optimal’ models includes Thomson's model (J. Fluid Mech. 180, 529–556, 1987), the simplest model that satisfies the well-mixed condition for Gaussian turbulence, but does not include two other models identified recently as being in optimal agreement with the measured spread of tracers in a neutral boundary layer. It is therefore demonstrated that such models are not universal, i.e. applicable to a wide range of flows without readjustment of model parameters. Predictions for scalar dispersion in the model plant canopy are also obtained using the model of Flesch and Wilson (Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 61, 349–374, 1992). It is shown that, when used with a Gaussian velocity distribution or a maximum-missing-information velocity distribution, which accounts for the measured skewness and kurtosis of velocity statistics, the agreement between predictions obtained using the model of Flesch and Wilson and measurements is as good as that obtained using Thomson's model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 55
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Lagrangian decorrelation time scales ; Structure function constant ; Turbulence ; Lagrangian spectrum constant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new method for deriving the Lagrangian decorrelation time scales for inhomogeneous turbulence is described. The expression for the time scales here derived for the convective boundary layer is compared to those estimated by Hanna during the Phoenix experiment. Then the values of C0, the Lagrangian velocity structure function constant, and of Bi, the Lagrangian velocity spectrum constant, were evaluated from the Eulerian velocity spectra and from the Lagrangian time scales derived, under unstable conditions, from Taylor's statistical diffusion theory. The numerical coefficient of the lateral and vertical Lagrangian spectra in the inertial subrange was found equal to 0.21, in good agreement with previous experimental estimates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 56
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 87 (1998), S. 1-25 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Kites ; Atmospheric measurements ; Turbulence ; Profiling ; Ozone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents the capabilities and limitations of using state-of-the-art kites for atmospheric research. A brief historical review of the subject is first presented, followed by an outline of the current status of kite-borne measurement technology. The utility of the technique is then illustrated by presenting a series of recent measurements made using kite-borne technology. A summary of the advantages and limitations of kite-based measurements relative to other technologies is provided for reference.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 57
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 91 (1999), S. 227-257 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Coastal boundary layer ; Initialisation ; Mesoscale model ; Sea model breeze ; Thermal internal boundary layer ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A numerical two-dimensional-mesoscale model with a level 1.5 closure scheme for turbulence is described. The model is used to simulate the boundary layer over coastal complex terrain. Meteorological data available from the Øresund land-sea-land terrain experiment are used to study the performance of the model. The model could simulate generally observed complexities in the mean wind and temperature fields. Internal boundary layers over the water and land surfaces were identified by the height of lowest value in the turbulence kinetic energy profile and this showed good agreement with radiosonde (RS) observations. Some disagreements with the data were also noticed, especially near the surface. The wind speed was over-predicted. Attempts were made to improve the model performance by adopting different schemes for model initialisation. Results showed that initialisation with an early model start time and observed wind profile near the inflow boundary improved the performance. The wind speed over-prediction could be further minimised by using a more realistic objective initialisation scheme. The problem centred around the proper estimation of the turbulent diffusion coefficient K through the closure scheme. Despite using the most popular empirical relationships in the level 1.5 closure scheme, these differences persisted. While this needs further investigation, the present model can be used to supply wind fields for practical purposes such as air pollution calculations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 58
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 91 (1999), S. 483-493 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Flow distortion ; Sonic anemometers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We carried out measurements to test a simple theory of the effect of probe-induced flow distortion on turbulence measurements. We used two three-component sonic anemometers mounted 1.8m apart at a height of 6.7 m. Behind one was a horizontal circular cylinder of radius 0.15 m and length 1.2 m, chosen to model two-dimensional probe-induced flow distortion in the limit where the scale of the turbulence is very large compared to the scale of the probe. The second sonic anemometer measured the undistorted flow. The measured flow-distortion effects on the Reynolds shearing stress and the variances of streamwise and vertical velocity agree well with the theory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 59
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 92 (1999), S. 37-63 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Energy balance ; Glacier ; Katabatic flow ; Stable boundary layer ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Turbulence measurements performed in a stable boundary layer over the sloping ice surface of the Vatnajökull in Iceland are described. The boundary layer, in which katabatic forces are stronger than the large-scale forces, has a structure that closely resembles that of a stable boundary layer overlying a flat land surface, although there are some important differences. In order to compare the two situations the set-up of the instruments on an ice cap in Iceland was reproduced on a flat grass surface at Cabauw, the Netherlands. Wind speed and temperature gradients were calculated and combined with flux measurements made with a sonic anemometer in order to obtain the local stability functions φm and φh as a function of the local stability parameter z/L. Unlike the situation at Cabauw, where φm was linear as a function of z/L, in the katabatically forced boundary layer, the dependence of φm on stability was found to be non-linear and related to the height of the wind maximum. Thermal stratification and the depth of the stable boundary layer however seem to be rather similar under these two different forcing conditions. Furthermore, measurements on the ice were used to construct the energy balance. These showed good agreement between observed melt and components contributing to the energy balance: net radiation (supplying 55% of the energy), sensible heat flux (30%) and latent heat flux (15%). Local sources and sinks in the turbulent kinetic energy budget are summed and indicate a reasonable balance in near-neutral conditions but not in more stable situations. The standard deviation of the velocity fluctuations σu, σv, and σw, can be scaled satisfactorily with the local friction velocity u* and the standard deviation of the temperature fluctuation σθ with the local temperature scale θ*.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 60
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 92 (1999), S. 165-183 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Coherent structures ; Turbulence ; Surface layer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Multi-level turbulent wind data from the Risø Air-Sea Experiments (RASEX) were used to examine the structure of large-scale motions in the marine atmospheric surface layer. The quadrant technique was used to identify flux events (ejections/sweeps). Ejections, which appear to occur in groups, are seen to occur first at the upper level, moving successively to lower levels with small time delays. A strong correlation between events at different heights suggests that they may all be part of a single large structure. Cross-correlation between velocity signals was used to estimate orientation of the structure using Taylor's hypothesis. The inclination of this structure is shallow (≃ 15°) near the surface and increases with height. Spatial representations of the fluctuating wind vectors show a structure that is strikingly similar to conceptual models of transverse vortices and shear layers seen in laboratory flows and direct numerical simulation (DNS) of low Reynolds number flows. Spatial visualization of velocity fluctuations during other time periods and conditions clearly shows the existence of shear layers, transverse vortices, plumes, and downdrafts of various sizes and strengths. A quantitative analysis shows an increase in the frequency of shear related events with increasing wind speed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 61
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Closure models ; Drizzle ; Entrainment ; Large Eddy Simulation ; Observations ; Stratocumulus ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract As part of the EUropean Cloud REsolving Modelling (EUCREM) model intercomparison project we compared the properties and development of stratocumulus as revealed by actual observations and as derived from two types of models, namely three-dimensional Large Eddy Simulations (LES) and one-dimensional Single Column Models (SCMs). The turbulence, microphysical and radiation properties were obtained from observations made in solid stratocumulus during the third flight of the first 'Lagrangian' experiment of the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment (ASTEX). The goal of the intercomparison was to study the turbulence and microphysical properties of a stratocumulus layer with specified initial and boundary conditions. The LES models predict an entrainment velocity which is significantly larger than estimated from observations. Because the observed value contains a large experimental uncertainty no definitive conclusions can be drawn from this. The LES modelled buoyancy flux agrees rather well with the observed values, which indicates that the intensity of the convection is modelled correctly. From LES it was concluded that the inclusion of drizzle had a small influence (about 10%) on the buoyancy flux. All SCMs predict a solid stratocumulus layer with the correct liquid water profile. However, the buoyancy flux profile is poorly represented in these models. From the comparison with observations it is clear that there is considerable uncertainty in the parametrization of drizzle in both SCM and LES.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 62
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Katabatic flow ; Spectra ; Stable boundary layer ; Turbulence ; Waves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Observations obtained over a glacier surface in a predominantlykatabatic flow and with a distinctwind maximum below 13-m height are presented. The data werecollected using a 13-m high profilemast and two sonic anemometers (at about 2.5-m and 10-m heights).The spectra at frequencies belowthat of the turbulence range appear to deviate considerably fromthe curves obtained by Kaimal andco-workers during the 1968 Kansas experiment. The characteristicsof these deviations are compared tothe observations of others in surface-layers disturbed by anykind of large-scale outer-layer (orinactive) turbulence. In our case the disturbances arelikely to be induced by the highmountain ridges that surround the glacier. Moreover, the deviationsobserved in the cospectra seemto result from an, as yet, unspecified interaction between theinactive outer-layer turbulenceand the local surface-layer turbulence. Near the distinctwind maximum turbulence production ceasedwhile turbulence itself did not, probably the result ofturbulence transport from other levels. Consequently, we studied thelocal similarity relations using σw instead of u* as an alternative velocity scale. Wellbelow the wind maximum, and for relatively low stability(0〈 Rig 〈0.2), the flow behaves accordingto well established local-scaling similarity relationshipsin the stable boundary layer. For higherstability (Rig 〉 0.2), and near or above the wind maximum, the boundary-layer structure conforms tothat of z-less stratification suggesting that the eddy sizeis restricted by the local stability ofthe flow. In line with this we observed that the sensibleheat fluxes relate remarkably well to thelocal flow parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 63
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Coherent structures ; Numerical modelling ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In two preceding papers, coherent structures of theatmospheric boundary layer (ABL), such as rollvortices or cells, were investigated through radar andaircraft observations collected during the TRAC-93(Turbulence Radar Aircraft Cells) experiment held inFrance in June 1993. The analysis of this experimentaldata set provided information on the spatialcharacteristics of these organisations (length scale,orientation, type ... ), their temporal and verticalevolution, and their relation with the dynamic andthermodynamic conditions of the ABL. For the thirdpaper in this series, a large eddy simulation model is used to examine the impact of thecoherent structures on the ABL vertical fluxes. Theanalysis of the simulated horizontal fields is madewith two-dimensional auto and cross-correlationsapplied on different pertinent ABL variables. Theresults emphasise a directional anisotropy of theseorganised fields throughout the ABL, much morepronounced in the heat flux fields, not only at thelength scale of organisations but also at theturbulence scales. This finding has an importantconsequence for traditional ABL flux measurementsbased on the hypothesis of isotropic and homogeneousturbulence. It can explain part of the underestimationof the surface fluxes often mentioned in theliterature. This approach makes it possible tomodify the concept of diffusion time (in chemicalmodelling) and could also lead to revised ABLparameterisations in Range Scale models.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 64
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Interface science 3 (1996), S. 303-316 
    ISSN: 1573-2746
    Keywords: epitaxy ; Krudjumov-Sachs ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we address the problems related to critical misfit and thickness in epilayer-substrate combinations of comparable bond strengths; specifically the case in which a pseudomorphic monolayer (ML) is stable and the critical thickness is about three MLs or less. Of particular interest are the average energies related to misfit strain f KS and misfit dislocations (MDs)—in the latter case the individual contributions of the oscillatory strains 〈V〉 and the epilayer-substrate disregistry 〈V〉MD. The individual energies are of interest because they may play different roles in the realization of specific growth modes. The analytical approach involves the following assumptions: (a) a rigid substrate as source of a periodic epilayer atom-substrate interaction potential which we model in terms of a low order truncated Fourier series; and (b) an epilayer which (i) deforms harmonically with zero strain gradient normal to the film plane, (ii) grows in Kurdjumov-Sachs (KS) orientation due to small misfit. f KS and in the layer-by-layer growth mode. Arguments are presented claiming that this interfacial situation may be approximated by a one-dimensional problem in which epilayer stiffness constants and equilibrium structure, as well as epilayer-substrate interaction depend on epilayer thickness; which poses a complex problem. An approximate solution could be obtained by assuming these quantities to be independent of thickness and proximities of the vacuum and the substrate. The most prominent conclusions are that the equilibrium density of MDs and hence the transition from misfit accommodation by MS to one containing MDs is a catastrophic process and that sustained minimum energy may require the overcoming of an energy barrier. While elementary implementation of the results to equilibrium growth mode theory suggests—independently of the catastrophic nature—that energetically favored misfit strain relief by misfit dislocations may, or may not, effect a transition to Stranski-Krastanov growth, a crude numerical calculation favors the transition. A proper implementation of the results require extensive numerical calculations and is planned for the near future.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 65
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of biomolecular NMR 13 (1999), S. 187-191 
    ISSN: 1573-5001
    Keywords: alignment ; bicelle ; dipolar coupling ; liquid crystal ; pH ; stability ; ubiquitin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract It is demonstrated that mixtures of ditetradecyl- phosphatidylcholine or didodecyl-phoshatidylcholine and dihexyl- phosphatidylcholine in water form lyotropic liquid crystalline phases under similar conditions as previously reported for bicelles consisting of dimyristoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and dihexanoyl- phosphatidylcholine (DHPC). The carboxy-ester bonds present in DMPC and DHPC are replaced by ether linkages in their alkyl analogs, which prevents acid- or base-catalyzed hydrolysis of these compounds. 15N-1H dipolar couplings measured for ubiquitin over the 2.3–10.4pH range indicate that this protein retains a backbone conformation which is very similar to its structure at pH 6.5 over this entire range.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 66
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta mechanica Sinica 12 (1996), S. 124-134 
    ISSN: 1614-3116
    Keywords: jet ; stability ; breakup ; atomization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Based on the linear analysis of stability, a dispersion equation is deduced which delineates the evolution of a general 3-dimensional disturbance on the free surface of an incompressible viscous liquid jet. With respect to the spatial growing disturbance mode, the numerical results obtained from the solution of the dispersion equation reveal that a dimensionless parameterJ e exists. AsJ e〉1, the axisymmetric disturbance mode is most unstable; and whenJ e〈1, the asymmetric disturbances come into being, their growth rate increases with the decrease, ofJ e, till one of them becomes the most unstable disturbance. The breakup of a low-speed liquid jet results from the developing of axisymmetric disturbances, whose instability is produced by the surface tension; while the atomization of a high-speed liquid jet is brought about by the evolution of nonaxisymmetric disturbance, whose instability is caused by the aerodynamic force on the interface between the jet and the ambient gas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 67
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta mechanica Sinica 14 (1998), S. 274-282 
    ISSN: 1614-3116
    Keywords: time delay ; stability ; frozen time approach ; retarded dynamic systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract By means of the frozen time approach and the Kronecker product, two criteria of asymptotic stability are derived for the linear, time variant dynamic systems with either short time delays or with weak feedback involving arbitrary time delays, respectively. It is found that the asymptotic stability of these retarded dynamic systems is governed by the maximal and minimal singular values of the coefficient matrices and their time derivatives.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 68
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta mechanica Sinica 16 (2000), S. 264-272 
    ISSN: 1614-3116
    Keywords: nonlinear dynamics ; bifurcation ; stability ; fluid-solid interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper studies interactions of pipe and fluid and deals with bifurcations of a cantilevered pipe conveying a steady fluid, clamped at one end and having a nozzle subjected to nonlinear constraints at the free end. Either the nozzle parameter or the flow velocity is taken as a variable parameter. The discrete equations of the system are obtained by the Ritz-Galerkin method. The static stability is studied by the Routh criteria. The method of averaging is employed to examine the analytical results and the chaotic motions. Three critical values are given. The first one makes the system lose the static stability by pitchfork bifurcation. The second one makes the system lose the dynamical stability by Hopf bifurcation. The third one makes the periodic motions of the system lose the stability by doubling-period bifurcation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 69
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta mechanica Sinica 13 (1997), S. 366-376 
    ISSN: 1614-3116
    Keywords: vibro-impact ; stability ; multiplicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The coexisting periodic impacting motions and their multiplicity of a kind of dual component systems under harmonic excitation are analytically derived. The stability condition of a periodic impacting motion is given by analyzing the propagation of small, arbitrary perturbation from that motion. In numerical simulations, the periodic impacting motions are classified according to the system states before and after an impact. The numerical results show that there exist many types of vibro-impacts and the bifurcation of periodic vibro-impacts is not smooth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 70
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta mechanica Sinica 14 (1998), S. 226-233 
    ISSN: 1614-3116
    Keywords: jet ; stability ; dispersion equation ; swirling gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Based on the linear analysis of stability, a dispersion equation is deduced which delineates the evolution of a general 3-dimensional disturbance on the free surface of an incompressible viscous liquid jet injected into a gas with swirl. Here, the dimensionless parameterJ e is again introduced, in the meantime, another dimensionless parameterE called as circulation is also introduced to represent the relative swirling intensity. With respect to the spatial growing disturbance mode, the numerical results obtained from solving the dispersion equation reveal the following facts. First, at the same value ofE, in pace with the changing ofJ e , the variation of disturbance and the critical disturbance mode still keep the same characters. Second, the present results are the same as that of S.P. Lin whenJ e 〉1; but in the range ofJ e 〈1, it's no more the case, the swirl decreases the axisymmetric disturbance, yet increases the asymmetric disturbance, furthermore the swirl may make the character of the most unstable disturbance mode changed (axisymmetric or asymmetric); the above action of the swirl becomes much stronger whenJ e ≪1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 71
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: discharge effects on lotic invertebrates ; disturbance ; persistence ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Temporal and spatial trends were examined in benthic macroinvertebrate and physical-chemical data collected for at least ten years at ten sites along the plains reach of the Cache la Poudre River, Colorado, USA. A distinct longitudinal environment gradient was found as many of the water chemistry parameter levels changed downstream from the reference site. Seasonal Kendall analyses on individual sites indicated that several chemical parameters, including conductivity, un-ionized NH3-N and NO2-N have increased since the beginning of the study within most sites. Levels of some parameters (e.g., dissolved oxygen, un-ionized NH3-N) violated aquatic life standards a few times during the study. Over 175 taxa of macroinvertebrates (primarily insects) were collected in the study reach from 1981–1996. Results from detrended correspondence analyses (DCA) on macroinvertebrate data indicated that this stretch of the river exhibited little longitudinal change beyond the two farthest upstream sites. There was a decline in macroinvertebrate density and total number of taxa within most individual sites during 1983–1984, corresponding with the highest recorded discharge in 75 years (1983) and a prolonged, heavy spring runoff in 1984. Taxa richness and density recovered to pre-1983 levels within a few months to a year following the high flows at most sites. These findings suggested that the macroinvertebrate assemblages had low resistance to disturbance, but high resilience. However, the results from DCAs and Kendall's Coefficient of Concordance (W) on individual sites for the entire study period suggested a similar macroinvertebrate community structure through time. It would appear that the composition and abundance of the lotic macroinvertebrate assemblages in the Poudre River has remained relatively constant over the long-term. This has occurred even with some potentially negative changes in water chemistry and increased urban development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 72
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: Chironomidae ; interspecific competition ; streams ; stability ; succession
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract New streams formed following ice recession in Glacier Bay National Park, southeastern Alaska allow insights into the role of abiotic and biotic interactions in the assemblage of benthic communities. Reductions in abundance of a pioneer chironomid colonizer, Diamesa alpina/lupus, in one new stream, Wolf Point Creek, is considered to be a result of competitive interactions with subsequent colonizers, as opposed to intolerance of warmer water temperature as previously suggested. Reduced densities of potential competitors (25–50 larvae per 500 cm2) in a cobble transplant experiment between streams, allowed persistence of D. alpina/lupus at low densities. In addition, significantly more D. alpina/lupus larvae emigrated from artificial stream channels containing other chironomid taxa than channels without potential competitors while there was no significant correlation of emigration with water temperature. A small number of D. alpina/lupus transplanted from a cold stream (4–6 °C) survived at water temperatures of 10–15 °C for 1 week. These results infer that interference competition is the causal mechanism in the decline of D. alpina/lupus. Complete exclusion of D. alpina/lupus from the stream has not occurred and water temperature may play a role in partitioning D. alpina/lupus from other taxa on a temporal or a spatial basis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 73
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biodiversity and conservation 6 (1997), S. 423-433 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: Biodiversity ; stability ; rain-forest ; logging ; fragmentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract By comparing results from studies on the response of bird communities to selective logging and fragmentation of tropical moist forest and assessing whether different local faunas are differently affected, this paper examines whether communities in areas of unstable ecoclimatic histories may be more robust to change than those which evolved in places which were paleoecologically stable. Studies on selective logging in Asia and forest fragmentation in Latin America do not confidently demonstrate differences in the resilience of bird communities between stable and unstable areas. However, studies of selective logging and forest fragmentation in Africa give much stronger evidence for differences in fragility of local avifaunas, which correspond to what would be predicted from the paleoecological stability. Unfortunately, the currently available studies do not provide a basis for rigorous testing of the hypothesis. Comparison is constrained by lack of suitable controls, incomparable census methods, inadequate description of the disturbance regimes, and differences in the intensity of disturbance. It is suggested that well coordinated studies in many different areas, with good and standardized documentation of many habitat variables, may have considerable importance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 74
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 13 (1998), S. 541-554 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: complex natural system ; stability ; evolvability ; decomposable hierarchy ; genetic network ; Random NK Boolean Network
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract I criticize Herbert Simon's argument for the claim that complex natural systems must constitute decomposable, mereological or functional hierarchies. The argument depends on certain assumptions about the requirements for the successful evolution of complex systems, most importantly, the existence of stable, intermediate stages in evolution. Simon offers an abstract model of any process that succeeds in meeting these requirements. This model necessarily involves construction through a decomposable hierarchy, and thus suggests that any complex, natural, i.e., evolved, system is constituted by a decomposable hierarchy. I argue that Stuart Kauffman's recent models of genetic regulatory networks succeed in specifying processes that could meet Simon's requirements for evolvability without requiring construction through a decomposable hierarchy. Since Kauffman's models are at least as plausible as Simon's model, Simon's argument that complex natural systems must constitute decomposable, mereological or functional hierarchies does not succeed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 75
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied mathematics and mechanics 16 (1995), S. 195-202 
    ISSN: 1573-2754
    Keywords: nonlinear ; stability ; Lyapunov function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In the paper Lyapumov function for a fourth order linear system is given and stability of the trivial solutions to a class of fourth order nonlinear systems is studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 76
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied mathematics and mechanics 16 (1995), S. 635-642 
    ISSN: 1573-2754
    Keywords: analytic mechanics ; nonholonomic system ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The stability for the equilibrium states of Chaplygin's systems is considered. The equations of motion of Chaplygin's systems and the existence conditions of their equilibrium states are given. Some criteria of stability for the equilibrium. states of Chaplygin's systems are obtained. Two examples are finally given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 77
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied mathematics and mechanics 17 (1996), S. 869-877 
    ISSN: 1573-2754
    Keywords: thermohaline double-diffusive system ; periodic solution ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A shortout analytic method of stability in strong nonlinear autonomous system is introduced into stability analysis of the thermohaline double-diffusive system. Using perturbation technique obtains conditions of existence and stability for linear and nonlinear periodic solutions. For linear periodic solution in infinitesimal motion, the existence range of monotomic branch and oscillatory branch are outilined. The oscillatory branch of nonlinear periodic solution in finite-amplitude motion has unstable periodic solution when μ is smaller than critical value µ c in this case of 0〈rs-rsc≪1. The stability conclusions under different direction of vortex are drawn out.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 78
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied mathematics and mechanics 19 (1998), S. 163-168 
    ISSN: 1573-2754
    Keywords: nonlinear equation ; stability ; Newton's method ; auto-adjustable damping method ; the vector of damping factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The general approach for solving the nonlinear equations is linearizing the equations and forming various iterative procedures, then executing the numerical simulation. For the strongly nonlinear problems, the solution obtained in the iterative process is always difficult, even divergent due to the numerical instability. It can not fulfill the engineering requirements. Newton's method and its variants can not settle this problem. As a result, the application of numerical simulation for the strongly nonlinear problems is limited. An auto-adjustable damping method has been presented in this paper. This is a further improvement of Newton's method with damping factor. A set of vector of damping factor is introduced. This set of vector can be adjusted continuously during the iterative process in accordance with the judgement and adjustment. An effective convergence coefficient and quichening coefficient are employed to relax the restricted requirements for the initial values and to shorten the iterative process. Then, the numerical stability will be ensured for the solution of complicated strongly nonlinear equations. Using this method, some complicated strongly nonlinear heat transfer problems in airplanes and aeroengines have been numerically simulated successfully. It can be used for the numerical simulation of strongly nonlinear problems in engineering such as nonlinear hydrodynamics and aerodynamics, heat transfer and structural dynamic response etc.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 79
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied mathematics and mechanics 19 (1998), S. 861-867 
    ISSN: 1573-2754
    Keywords: rotating fluids ; motion of body ; small disturbances ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the disturbances to a uniformly rotating ideal fluid with a sphere moving steadily along the axis of rotation are analysed by using linearization theory, the equations of disturbance, pressure and disturbance stream function governing the stability of motion are derived based on the assumption that the flow is rotational symmetric. The equation of disturbance stream function is analysed with the method of normal modes, and the constraints on wave number and wave velocity of the nontrivial neutral disturbances are established and the exact expression of the neutral disturbances are obtained. The conclusion is drawn that three are three kinds of possible forms of neutral disturbances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 80
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied mathematics and mechanics 20 (1999), S. 912-916 
    ISSN: 1573-2754
    Keywords: delay ; neural network ; stability ; TN911.23 ; O332
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, by using Liapunov functional, some sufficient conditions are obtained for the stability of the equilibrium of a neural network model with delay of the type $$u'_i \left( t \right) = - b_i u_i \left( t \right) + \sum\limits_{j = 1}^n {T_{ij} f_j } \left( {\mu _j u_j \left( {t - \tau _j } \right)} \right) + c_i ,\tau _j \geqslant 0,i = 1,2 \cdots ,n.$$
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 81
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Studia geophysica et geodaetica 42 (1998), S. 320-327 
    ISSN: 1573-1626
    Keywords: MHD ; stability ; bifurcations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A series of numerical studies on the behaviour of magnetic fields and motions in a spherical body of an electrically conducting incompressible fluid have been carried out. The magnetic field was assumed to be maintained by a given electromotive force inside the body and to continue as a potential field in outer space. In view of the motion an external forcing was taken into account, and boundary conditions were considered which correspond to a stress-free surface. The stability of several steady states has been studied as well as the evolutions starting from unstable states. In this paper a configuration with a poloidal magnetic field and a differential rotation, both symmetric about the same axis, is considered. This configuration is stable only for sufficiently small Hartmann numbers but evolves, if disturbed, in the case of larger Hartmann numbers toward a non-axisymmetric state. In this case the well-known symmetrization effect of differential rotation in magnetic fields is destroyed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 82
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Studia geophysica et geodaetica 42 (1998), S. 382-390 
    ISSN: 1573-1626
    Keywords: Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) ; Turbulence ; Magnetic fields ; Galaxies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We present simulations of the 3D nonlinear induction equation in order to investigate the temporal evolution of large-scale magnetic fields in spiral galaxies. Our model includes differential rotation, ambipolar diffusion and, based on small-scale turbulence, eddy diffusivity and the tensorial α-effect with magnetic feedback. The nonaxisymmetric spiral pattern and – if considered – the vertical stratification of the galaxy are represented in its density and turbulence profile. Neglecting vertical stratification the lifetime and geometry of an initial magnetic field depend on the correlation time of interstellar turbulence τ corr . Short correlation times increase the lifetime of the initial magnetic field, but the field is rapidly wound up. Its pitch-angles develop to zero. The magnetic field has disappeared after at most 1 to 1.5 Gyr. A resonance like phenomenon is found by tuning the pattern velocity of the galactic spiral. The simulations then show an exceptional amplification of the magnetic field in the case that the pattern speed and a magnetic drift velocity have similar values. Considering a vertical stratification we achieve sufficiently long living grand-designed magnetic fields excited by dynamo action. The behaviour and geometry of the resulting field is again significantly influenced by the correlation time τ corr . Small values of τ corr lead to axisymmetric fields with small pitch-angles and field-concentration between the spiral arms. Increasing the correlation time the solutions show larger pitch-angles; and depending on very large correlation times the galactic dynamo rather generates fields clearly within the spiral arms and having a bisymmetric structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 83
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied mathematics and mechanics 19 (1998), S. 457-462 
    ISSN: 1573-2754
    Keywords: neural networks ; equilibrium ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, some sufficient conditions are obtained for the global asymptotic stability of the equilibrium of neural networks with interneuronal transmission delays of the type $$x'_i (t) = - b_i x_i (t) + \sum\limits_{j = 1}^n {\omega _{\ddot y} f_j (x_j (t - \tau _j )) + p_i (t 〉 0;i = 1,2, \cdots ,n)} $$
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 84
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied mathematics and mechanics 20 (1999), S. 1384-1388 
    ISSN: 1573-2754
    Keywords: nonlinear dynamic system ; bifurcation ; stability ; TB123 ; O322
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A computation algorithm based on the Poincaré Mapping in combination with Pseudo-Arc Length Continuation Method is presented for calculating the unstable response with saddle-node bifurcation, and the singularity, which occurs using the general continuation method combined with Poincaré Mapping to follow the path, is also proved. A normalization equation can be introduced to avoid the singularity in the process of iteration, and a new iteration algorithm will be presented too. There will be two directions in which the path can be continued at each point, but only one can be used. The method of determining the direction will be presented in the paper. It can be concluded that is method is effective in analysis of nonlinear dynamic system with saddle-node bifurcations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 85
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied mathematics and mechanics 20 (1999), S. 233-240 
    ISSN: 1573-2754
    Keywords: viscoelasticity ; cylindrical shell ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the dynamic stability of a viscoelastic circular cylindrical shell subject to an axial compressive force and a uniformly distributed radial compressive load is discussed. By using the Laplace transformation, stability conditions of viscoelastic shell under constant loads are yielded. By using synthetically the classical dynamic methods, the various dynamical properties for the dynamical system defined by the viscoelastic shell and the effect of parameters on the stability of structure are obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 86
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Aquatic ecology 31 (1997), S. 29-35 
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: Daphnia ; microcosm ; three compartment microecosystem ; threshold food concentration ; stability ; state space
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A microecosystem consisting of three subsystems roughly representing the trophic levels of autotrophs, herbivores and decomposers was developed. A recirculating flow of water connected the three subsystems. Analysis of the data over a period of 7500 days indicates that the system has remained in the same state and has the prospect of being ‘immortal’. The Daphnia population showed periods of large oscillations, but also long periods of almost constant numbers. External factors were responsible for the initiation of the oscillations. The threshold food level for population increase was lower than mostly is found for individual growth, indicating adaptation to low food concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 87
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: adaptive behaviour ; community dynamics ; functional response ; regulation ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A comparatively recent focus in consumer–resource theory has been the examination of whether adaptive foraging by consumers, manifested through the functional response, can stabilize consumer–resource dynamics. We offer a brief synthesis of progress on this body of theory and identify the conditions likely to lead to stability. We also fill a gap in our understanding by analysing the potential for adaptively foraging herbivores, which are constrained by time available to feed and digestive capacity, to stabilize dynamics in a single-herbivore/two-plant resource system. Because foraging parameters of the adaptive functional response scale allometrically with herbivore body size, we parameterized our model system using published foraging data for an insect, a small mammal and a large mammal spanning four orders of magnitude in body size, and examined numerically the potential for herbivores to stabilize the consumer–resource interactions. We found in general that the herbivore–plant equilibrium will be unstable for all biologically realistic herbivore population densities. The instability arose for two reasons. First, each herbivore exhibited destabilizing adaptive consumer functional responses (i.e. density-independent or inversely density-dependent) whenever they selected a mixed diet. Secondly, the numerical response of herbivores, based on our assumption of density-independent herbivore population growth, results in herbivores reaching densities that enable them to exploit their resource populations to extinction. Our results and those of studies we reviewed indicate that, in general, adaptive consumers are unlikely to stabilize the dynamics of consumer–resource systems solely through the functional response. The implications of this for future work on consumer–resource theory are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 88
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Aquatic geochemistry 6 (2000), S. 1-17 
    ISSN: 1573-1421
    Keywords: lakes ; density ; compressibility ; expansibility ; conductivity ; stability ; pvt properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In recent years, a number of workers have studied the stability of deep lakes such as Lake Tanganyika, Lake Baikal and Lake Malawi. In this paper, the methods that can be used to determine the effect that the components of lakes have on the equation of state are examined. The PVT properties of Lakes have been determined by using apparent molal volume data for the major ionic components of the lake. The estimated PVT properties (densities, expansibility and compressibilities) of the lakes are found to be in good agreement with the PVT properties (P) of seawater diluted to the same salinity. This is similar to earlier work that showed that the PVT properties of rivers and estuarine waters could also be estimated from the properties of seawater. The measured densities of Lake Tanganyika were found to be in good agreement (± 2 × 10-6 g cm-3) with the values estimated from partial molal properties and the values of seawater at the same total salinity (ST = 0.568‰). The increase in the densities of Lake Tanganyika waters increased due to changes in the composition of the waters. The measured increase in the measured density (45 × 10-6 g cm-3) is in good agreement (46 × 10-6 g cm-3) with the values calculated for the increase in Na+, HCO3 -, Mg2+, Ca2+ and Si(OH)4. Methods are described that can be used to determine the conductivity salinity of lakes using the equations developed for seawater. By combining these relationships with apparent molal volume data, one can relate the PVT properties of the lake to those of seawater.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 89
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 299 (1995), S. 241-247 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic insects ; density ; floods ; disturbance ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Data from a four-year study of five aquatic insect species,Hydropsyche betteni, H. morosa, H. bronta, Isonychia bicolor, andEphoron leucon, were utilized to evaluate the impact of a 60-year flood and a few lesser floods. The survey began in August, 1984 and was terminated in October, 1987 with the 60-year flood occurring in November, 1985. Four sampling sites were established on the South River and six quantitative samples were taken each month from each site. Gauging stations on the South River provided accurate discharge data for the sampling sites and useful historical data. Densities for the five species were utilized in the evaluation of the floods. The importance of timing is pointed out, that is, floods that occur very close together or near the end of the life cycle of an insect make it difficult to evaluate floods as disturbances. The importance of life history traits, such as behavior and egg diapause, are discussed in respect to floods. Densities were reduced to less than 50% of their average values immediately after the 60-year flood for the threeHydropsyche spp. and at three sites forI. bicolor. Ephoron leucon showed no response to the 60-year flood. Densities of the four impacted species returned to previous levels in the following generation. The 60-year flood was considered a disturbance in the near term but not for more than one generation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 90
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phytoplankton ; diversity ; mixing ; stratification ; stability ; disturbance hypothesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the biomass, primary productivity, species diversity and their controlling factors in the deeper region of the Barra Bonita reservoir (22°29′S and 48°34′W) in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. To accomplish this, short term changes (days and month) were measured during two periods of the year, winter 1993 and summer 1994. The response of the phytoplankton communities to the variability of the system, taking into account the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis (IDH), indicated that the frequency and intensity of the disturbances have a critical influence on the establishment of the communities. In Barra Bonita Reservoir the conditions for mixing in the winter were probably important for maintaining high diversity. On the other hand, in summer, the concentrations of suspended material, the high temperatures, and the greater stability of the water column, were probably responsible for permitting the establishment of Microcystis aeruginosa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 91
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 317 (1996), S. 97-107 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Species abundance distributions ; stability ; benthic invertebrate communities ; log series distribution ; log normal distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Spatial and temporal patterns in the species abundance distribution of benthic invertebrate communities of 11 freshwater habitats (10 streams and a wind-swept lake shore) were examined with respect to habitat stability. Abundance patterns varied markedly between seasons at most sites. However, mean abundance distributions at 4 of the 5 unstable sites and the 2 most stable sites were dominated by one or two taxa with a large number of rare species, whereas sites of intermediate stability had more equitable distributions. Both the log series and log normal distributions were statistically indistinguishable, at the 5% level, from all the observed mean abundance patterns. In contrast, graphical comparisons of the observed and fitted distributions suggested the log series may be the better fit at most of the unstable sites and the two most stable sites, whereas the more equitable distribution at sites of intermediate stability suggested the log normal distribution was the better fit. If conditions at a site favoured one or two species, either through severe physical conditions, or through competitive superiority in the absence of disturbance then the log series distribution may result. However, if no species in the community was strongly advantaged over others, a log normal distribution should result. Given the discriminating power of the appropriate statistical test it may not, however, be possible to pick up these differences without graphical comparisons as well.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 92
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Chromatium ; Chlorobium ; meromixis ; microbial population dynamics ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The annual limnological dynamics of two meromictic basins of Lake Banyoles (C-III and C-IV) have been studied and compared on the basis of their physical, chemical and biological characters. Stability values calculated for both basins gave 865 g cm cm−2 and 495 g cm cm−2 for C-III and C-IV respectively. These values are in agreement with the fact that C-IV was almost completely mixed during winter. In this basin, during stratification, the monimolimnion increased in thickness as the stability increased. Isolation of the respective monimolimnia resulted in the development of anoxic conditions and the accumulation of sulphide in both C-III and C-IV, which favoured the development of dense populations of sulfur phototrophic bacteria. The purple sulphur bacterium Chromatium minus and the green sulphur bacterium Chlorobium phaeobacteroides were identified as the main components of these photosynthetic populations. The different depths at which the O2/H2S boundary was situated in both basins (and consequently the different light intensity reaching this zone) determined the growth of these bacteria. Light intensities at the chemocline of C-IV reached values up to 5% of surface incident light. In contrast, in C-III this variable was sensibly lower, with values depending on season and seldom reaching 1%. Phototrophic bacteria were consequently found earlier in C-IV than in C-III, where no significant concentrations were found until August. Finally stability is discussed as an important factor controlling chemical and biological dynamics in meromictic lakes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 43 (1995), S. 143-147 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: assembly ; Rubisco ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A mutant of the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), in which Arg53 is replaced by Glu, was synthesized and imported into isolated chloroplasts. The mutant protein was efficiently imported into the chloroplast and correctly processed to the mature size. Like the wild type protein, it was stable over a period of at least 2 h. Unlike the wilk-type protein however, most of the mutant protein was not assembled with holo-Rubisco at the end of a 10-min import reaction. It migrated instead as a diffused band on a non-denaturing gel, slower than the precursor protein, but faster than the holoenzyme. The level of the unassembled mutant protein in the stroma decreased with time, while its level in the assembled fraction has increased, indicating that this protein is a slowly-assembled, rather than a non-assembled, mutant of the small suubunit of Rubisco. Accumulation of the mutant protein in the holoenzyme fraction was dependent on ATP and light. The transient species, migrating faster than the holoenzyme but slower than the precursor protein, may represent an intermediate in the assembly process of the small subunit of Rubisco
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 53 (1998), S. 365-371 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Carassius auratus ; Metynnis hypsauchen ; Pterophyllum scalare ; goldfish ; angelfish ; silver dollar ; swimming ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Goldfish, Carassius auratus, silver dollar, Metynnis hypsauchen, and angelfish, Pterophyllum scalare were induced to swim through narrow vertical and horizontal tubes ranging in length from 0 to 20 cm (approximately 0 to 3 times total fish length, FL). The ability to stabilize the body while negotiating these confined spaces was quantified as (1) the minimum width of vertical (wv) and horizontal (wh) tubes traversed, where width is the smaller cross-sectional dimension of the tube, (2) the ratio wv/wh, and (3) transit speed through the tubes. Tube width was expressed as relative width, obtained by dividing tube width by fish length. Minimum relative widths traversed increased from 0.15 to 0.19 in the order silver dollar 〉 angelfish 〉 goldfish for vertical tubes and from 0.17 to 0.18 in the order goldfish=silver dollar 〉 angelfish for horizontal tubes. wv/wh increased from 0.91 to 1.10 in the order silver dollar=angelfish 〉 goldfish. Minimum tube widths generally increased with tube length for vertical tubes. Although significant differences in relative minimum widths among species were found, these were small. In contrast, for horizontal tubes, there was no significant effect of tube length on minimum tube width for any species. Large differences were found in transit speed. Transit speed generally decreased as the tube length increased. The slope of the relationship between transit speed and tube length varied among species generally increasing from − 0.41 to − 1.16 for horizontal tubes in the order goldfish 〉 silver dollar 〉 angelfish and from − 0.42 to − 1.07 in the order silver dollar 〉 goldfish 〉 angelfish for vertical tubes. As a result, goldfish usually took longest to traverse tubes of zero length but the shortest time to traverse the longest tubes. In contrast, angelfish traversed short tubes in the least time and long tubes in the greatest time. Deeper bodied angelfish swam slowly and traversed tubes with difficulty because they required experience during each trial to replace median and paired fin with body and caudal fin swimming. According to our data, goldfish were best able to swim in confined spaces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 95
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: amberjack ; myosin heavy chain ; cDNA ; α-helix ; coiled coils ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The structural stability of fish myosin depends upon species and temperatures of water in which fish live. Primary, secondary, and quaternary structures of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) from three species of fish living at different temperature ranges have been compared with those of rabbit MyHC in order to investigate the differences in stability. Primary structure of MyHC, although being accessible for warm-water and cold-water fish (carp and walleye pollack), was not available in previous for tropical-water fish literature; so in this study primary structure of MyHC of the tropical-water fish amberjack has been determined by cloning and sequencing its cDNA. The MyHC has 1938 amino acid residues (AA), which are almost as much as as those of carp and walleye pollack. The amberjack MyHC is 91–95% homologous with other fish and rabbit MyHCs. There is a discernible difference between animal species with stable myosin rod (amberjack, carp, and rabbit) and walleye pollack with unstable rod. Stable rod species have a high probability of forming coiled-coil around the COOH-terminal end of the rod, while the pollack has a low coiled-coil formation probability. In addition, the average scores of the coiled-coil for myosin rod were rabbit (1.738) 〉 amberjack (1.691) 〉 carp (1.680) 〉 walleye pollack (1.674) which correlated exactly with the observed stability. The results suggest that coiled-coil forming ability, particularly around the COOH-terminal end, directs structural stability of fish myosin rod.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 88 (1998), S. 211-237 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Aircraft measurements ; Compositing ; Rayleigh-Bénard convection ; Spectral energetics ; Thermals ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A turbulence data set collected by the research aircraft Hercules and Falcon in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) over the North Sea during Rayleigh-Bénard convection (RBC) is analysed. Altogether nearly three hundred cell passages at different levels and in two different flight directions were sampled. The convective boundary-layer height (H) was about 1 km, and the RBC cells had a diameter D of roughly 2–3 km, resulting in an aspect ratio A = D/H ≈ 2–3. This value is also found in the case of RBC in laboratory-scale flows, whereas most of the recent PBL experimental work reports convection PBL rolls with A ≈ 3 and mesoscale cellular convection (MCC) with A ≈ 10–40 over the oceans. The large number of RBC cell passages made it possible to composite their average structure. Due to the more complex three-dimensional structure and the importance of thermals to the RBC dynamics, spectral, temporal and spatial decompositions and model calculations were necessary to illuminate structure, dynamics, energetics and organisation. The final impression is that the structure of RBC in the PBL is given by a honeycomb-like arrangement of short-lived mixed-layer thermals with more passive downward motions in between. The regularity of the Cu-cloud cover results partly from the more stationary flow in the cloud-free cell centres. On the other hand it is shown that active as well as inactive clouds contribute to the cloud cover. Thus, the PBL flow and the cloud cover are decoupled, at least temporarily and locally. Due to sparse observational and measured information about RBC occurrence and structure in the PBL, additional material was gathered, resulting in the impression that RBC is one additional realised mode of organised convection in the PBL, as has already been clarified for PBL rolls and MCC by recent investigations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 97
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Heterodyne Doppler lidar ; Organized large eddies ; Planetary boundary laye ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In an experiment investigating the planetary boundary layer (PBL) wind and temperature fields, and PBL inversion height recorded by various instruments, the results reveal the presence of organized large eddies (OLE) or rolls. The measurements by lidars, anemometers, soundings and sodar gave an overview of the characteristics of the rolls and sources of energy production that maintain them. The experimental results obtained on two consecutive days are compared to model outputs. The agreement is excellent, showing that thermal stratification and wind shear are important factors in the structure and dynamics of OLE. A heterodyne Doppler lidar (HDL) is shown to be a useful tool in the study of OLE.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 89 (1998), S. 47-74 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Canopy closure model ; Pine forest ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Simultaneous triaxial sonic anemometer velocity measurements vertically arrayed at six levels within and above a uniform pine forest were used to examine two parameterization schemes for the triple-velocity correlation tensor employed in higher-order closure models. These parameterizations are the gradient-diffusion approximation typically used in second-order closure models, and the full budget for the triple-velocity correlation tensor typically employed in third-order closure models. Both second- and third-order closure models failed to reproduce the measured profiles of the triple-velocity correlation within and above the canopy. However, the Reynolds stress tensor profiles (including velocity variances) deviated greatly from the measurements only within the lower levels of the canopy. It is shown that the Reynolds stresses are most sensitive to the parameterization of the triple-velocity correlation in these lower canopy regions where local turbulent production is negligible and turbulence is mainly sustained by the flux transport term. The failure of the third-order closure model to reproduce the measured third moments in the upper layers of the canopy-top contradicts conclusions from a previous study over shorter vegetation but agrees with another study for a deciduous forest. Whether the third-order closure model failure is due to the zero-fourth-cumulant closure approximation is therefore considered. Comparisons between measured and predicted quadruple velocity correlations suggest that the zero-fourth-cumulant approximation is valid close to the canopy-atmosphere in agreement with recent experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 99
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Atmospheric surface layer ; Longitudinal velocity fluctuations ; Multifractals ; Spectra ; Statistical analysis ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The multiscaling statistics of atmospheric surface-layer winds at low wavenumbers above farmland and in the lee of a mountain range were examined using a hot-wire and lightweight cup anemometer. It was found that the horizontal velocity spectra could be broken into high and low-wavenumber regimes according to the parameters given by this analysis. The low-wavenumber end of the spectrum possessed a spectral slope parameter that varied between values of 0.8 and 1.35 at the farmland site during the period of the experiment, and the high-wavenumber end – corresponding to the inertial range – possessed a spectral slope slightly greater than -5/3. The larger values for this parameter for the low-wavenumber end appeared to coincide with unstable conditions. In the lee of the mountain range, the low-wavenumber spectral slope parameter was larger still, at 1.45. The low-wavenumber signals over farmland were much less intermittent than inertial-range signals, but in the lee of the mountain range the intermittency increased. From this analysis, it was shown that the statistical properties of the recorded wind signal could be reproduced using a bounded random multiplicative cascade. The model was successfully used to simulate the wind velocity field directly, rather than simulating the energy dissipation field. Since the spectral slope parameter for low wavenumbers appeared to be a function of atmospheric stability, the method presented is a simple way of generating wind signals characteristic of a variety of atmospheric conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 92 (1999), S. 99-121 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Displacement height ; Ice surface roughness ; Katabatic flow ; Stable boundary layer ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Wind profile and eddy-correlation data obtained at two sites on a melting glacier surface in Iceland during the summer of 1996 are presented. Throughout the experiment the surface roughness increased rapidly from smooth to very rough, with the largest roughness element height obtained being about 1.7 m. In a layer close to the rough surface we find that the wind speed profiles were disturbed showing horizontal inhomogeneities as in a roughness sublayer. Its height was approximately two times the height of the main roughness elements (h) at both sites throughout the experiment. From the wind profiles and eddy-correlation data we calculated corrections for the displaced zero plane as a function of time and compared these with results obtained from a drag partitioning model. In general, the agreement was reasonable considering the ranges of uncertainty but the results indicate that the increasing horizontal anisotropy of the surface probably limits the use of the model. The values obtained for the roughness lengths are in good agreement with those calculated from a simple linear model, i.e., z0/h = 0.5λ with λ the frontal area index. Above the roughness sublayer the wind profiles, normalised standard deviations of wind speed, and the balance of the turbulence kinetic energy budget behaved as over an ideal homogeneous surface thereby confirming similarity of the flow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
Close ⊗
This website uses cookies and the analysis tool Matomo. More information can be found here...