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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (188,956)
  • Oxford University Press  (121,933)
  • 2000-2004  (36,989)
  • 1995-1999  (78,687)
  • 1990-1994  (96,032)
  • 1980-1984  (59,919)
  • 1960-1964  (26,256)
  • 1925-1929
Collection
Years
Year
  • 1
    Unknown
    Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press
    Keywords: Philosophy, Introductions.
    Notes: Mind -- Knowledge -- Language -- Science -- Morality -- Politics -- Law -- Metaphysics -- Philosophy
    Pages: xviii, 412 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-518393-2
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  • 2
    Unknown
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Keywords: Anti-globalization movement. ; Globalization, Economic aspects. ; Globalization, Social aspects.
    Notes: I. Coping with anti-globalization -- 1. Anti-globalization: why? -- 2. Globalization: socially, not just economically, benign -- 3. Globalization is good but not good enough -- 4. Non-government organizations -- II. Globalization's human face: trade and corporations -- 5. Poverty: enhanced or diminished? -- 6. Child labor: increased or reduced? -- 7. Women: harmed or helped? -- 8. Democracy at bay? -- 9. Culture imperiled or enriched? -- 10. Wages and labor standards at stake? -- 11. Environment in peril? -- 12. Corporations: predatory or beneficial? -- III. Other dimensions of globalization -- 13. The perils of Gung-Ho International Financial capitalism -- 14. International flows of humanity -- IV. Appropriate governance: making globalization work better -- 15. Appropriate governance: an overview -- 16. Coping with downsides -- 17. Accelerating the achievement of social agendas -- 18. Managing transitions: optimal, not maximal, speed -- V. In conclusion -- 19. And so, let us begin anew
    Pages: xi, 308 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-530391-1
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  • 3
    Unknown
    Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press
    Series in affective science  
    Keywords: Affect (Psychology) ; Electronic books ; Emotions
    Pages: xvii, 1199 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-530205-2
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  • 4
    Unknown
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Religion in America series  
    Keywords: Edwards, Jonathan,, 1703-1758.
    Pages: xii, 194 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-30895-0
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  • 5
    Unknown
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Keywords: Truth.
    Pages: ix, 268 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-32455-7
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  • 6
    Unknown
    Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press
    Keywords: Occom, Samson,, 1723-1792. ; African Americans in literature. ; African Americans, Intellectual life. ; American literature, African American authors, History and criticism. ; American literature, Indian authors, History and criticism. ; American literature, 1783-1850, History and criticism. ; American literature, Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775, History and criticism. ; American literature, Revolution, 1775-1783, History and criticism. ; Christian literature, American, History and criticism. ; Christianity and literature, United States, History, 18th century. ; Hymns, English, United States, History and criticism. ; Indians in literature. ; Indians of North America, Intellectual life.
    Pages: vi, 255 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-518567-6
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  • 7
    Unknown
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Keywords: United States, Social policy. ; Public welfare, United States, History.
    Pages: 210 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-35667-X
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  • 8
    Unknown
    Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press
    Series in affective science  
    Keywords: Autobiographical memory. ; Brain, physiology. ; Emotions. ; Emotions, physiology. ; Memory, physiology. ; Mental Disorders, psychology. ; Psychiatry. ; Psychophysiology.
    Notes: Memory for emotional events / Daniel Reisberg and Friderike Heuer -- The neuroanatomy of emotional memory in humans / Tony W. Buchanan and Ralph Adolphs -- The biopsychology of trauma and memory / Jessica D. Payne ... [et al.] -- Forgetting trauma? / Richard J. McNally, Susan A. Clancy, and Heidi M. Barrett -- Selective memory effects in anxiety disorders : an overview of research findings and their implications / Colin MacLeod and Andrew Mathews -- Memory for emotional and nonemotional events in depression : a question of habit? / Paula Hertel -- Emotion, memory, and conscious awareness in schizophrenia / Jean-Marie Danion ... [et al.] -- Children's memories of emotional events / Robyn Fivush and Jessica McDermott Sales -- Aging and emotional memory / Mara Mather -- Emotion and eyewitness memory / Robin S. Edelstein ... [et al.] -- Emotional memory in survivors of the Holocaust : a qualitative study of oral testimony / Robert N. Kraft
    Pages: xiv, 413 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-518650-8
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  • 9
    Unknown
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Oxford paperback reference  
    Keywords: Christian saints, Biography, Dictionaries. ; Christian saints, Great Britain, Biography, Dictionaries. ; Christian saints, Ireland, Biography, Dictionaries. ; Saints chrétiens, Biographies, Dictionnaires anglais. ; Saints chrétiens, Grande-Bretagne, Biographies, Dictionnaires anglais. ; Saints chrétiens, Irlande, Biographies, Dictionnaires anglais.
    Pages: xxv, 547 p.
    Edition: 4th ed
    ISBN: 0-585-11034-4
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  • 10
    Unknown
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Religion in America series  
    Keywords: Evangelicalism, History. ; Religion and science, History.
    Notes: The history of science and religion : some evangelical dimensions / John Hedley Brooke -- The Puritan thesis revisited / John Morgan -- Christianity and early modern science : the Foster thesis reconsidered / Edward B. Davis -- Science, theology, and society : from Cotton Mather to William Jennings Bryan / Mark A. Noll -- Science and evangelical theology in Britain from Wesley to Orr / David W. Bebbington -- Science, natural theology, and evangelicalism in early nineteenth-century Scotland : Thomas Chalmers and the Evidence controversy / Jonathan R. Topham -- Scriptural geology in America / Rodney L. Stiling -- Situating evangelical responses to evolution / David N. Livingstone -- Telling tales : evangelicals and the Darwin legend / James Moore -- Creating creationism : meanings and uses since the age of Agassiz / Ronald L. Numbers -- A sign for an unbelieving age : evangelicals and the search for Noah's ark / Larry Eskridge -- "The science of duty" : moral philosophy and the epistemology of science in nineteenth-century America / Allen C. Guelzo -- Toward a Christian social science in Canada, 1890-1930 / Michael Gauvreau and Nancy Christie -- Evangelicals, Biblical scholarship, and the politics of the modern American academy / D.G. Hart -- The meaning of science for Christians : a new dialogue on Olympus / George Marsden
    Pages: vi, 351 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-18275-2
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  • 11
    Keywords: Europe, Intellectual life, 18th century. ; Europe, Intellectual life, 19th century. ; Europe, Vie intellectuelle, 18e siècle. ; Europe, Vie intellectuelle, 19e siècle. ; Enlightenment. ; Information resources, Europe, History, 18th century. ; Information resources, Europe, History, 19th century. ; Learning and scholarship, Europe, History, 18th century. ; Learning and scholarship, Europe, History, 19th century. ; Savoir et érudition, Europe, Histoire, 18e siècle. ; Savoir et érudition, Europe, Histoire, 19e siècle. ; Siècle des lumières. ; Sources d'information, Europe, Histoire, 18e siècle. ; Sources d'information, Europe, Histoire, 19e siècle.
    Pages: viii, 246 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-518040-2
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  • 12
    Unknown
    Oxford [England] ; New York : Oxford University Press
    American classical studies  
    Keywords: Greece, History, To 146 B.C. ; Grèce, Histoire, Jusqu'à 146 av. J.-C. ; Rome, Histoire. ; Rome, History. ; Civilisation ancienne. ; Civilization, Classical.
    Pages: xi, 151 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-518490-4
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  • 13
    Unknown
    Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press
    Keywords: Police, Europe, Histoire. ; Police, Europe, History. ; Police, Europe, History, 19th century. ; Police, France, Histoire. ; Police, France, History.
    Pages: x, 288 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-48633-6
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  • 14
    Unknown
    Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press
    Keywords: Angleterre, Mœurs et coutumes, 17e siècle. ; Angleterre, Mœurs et coutumes, 18e siècle. ; Angleterre, Mœurs et coutumes, 19e siècle. ; England, Social life and customs, 17th century. ; England, Social life and customs, 17th century. ; England, Social life and customs, 18th century. ; England, Social life and customs, 19th century. ; Anglais dans la littérature. ; Anglais, Histoire. ; English literature, History and criticism. ; Littérature anglaise, Histoire et critique. ; National characteristics, English, in literature. ; National characteristics, English, History.
    Notes: Energy -- Candour -- Decency -- Taciturnity -- Reserve -- Eccentricity -- Manners and character
    Pages: x, 389 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-48625-5
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  • 15
    Unknown
    Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press
    Keywords: Central America, Politics and government. ; Political violence, Central America, History. ; State-sponsored terrorism, Central America, History.
    Notes: Part 1 : 1821-1939. Historical dimensions of public violence in Latin America -- Binding hatreds : public violence, state, and nation in Central American history -- Guatemala : organizing for war -- El Salvador : a democracy of violence -- Honduras : caudillos in search of an army -- Nicaragua : a new army finds its caudillo -- Costa Rica : caudillos in search of a state -- Part 2 : 1940-1960. Transformations -- Defining collaboration : the United States and Central America -- Guatemala : "Showcase of Latin America" -- El Salvador : distrustful collaborator -- Honduras : remaking an "armed rabble" -- Nicaragua : "Ready to receive orders from Uncle Sam" -- Costa Rica : an army renamed -- Conclusions -- Statistical appendix -- Notes
    Pages: x, 336 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-518573-0
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  • 16
    Unknown
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Philosophy of mind series  
    Keywords: Consciousness. ; Dualism. ; Mind and body. ; Philosophy of mind.
    Pages: xvii, 414 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-35313-1
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  • 17
    Unknown
    Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press
    Keywords: Electronic books ; Vision disorders ; Visual perception
    Pages: ix, 135 p.
    ISBN: 1-423-70567-X
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  • 18
    Unknown
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Keywords: United States, History, Civil War, 1861-1865, Causes. ; United States, Race relations. ; United States, Social conditions, To 1865. ; Antislavery movements, United States, History, 19th century. ; Riots, United States, History, 19th century. ; Slavery, Government policy, United States. ; Violence, United States, History, 19th century.
    Pages: xx, 372 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-530397-0
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  • 19
    Unknown
    New York, N.Y : Oxford University Press
    Keywords: Dissenters, Religious, England, History, 19th century. ; Dissenters, Religious, England, History, 20th century. ; Dissidents (Religion), Angleterre, Histoire, 19e siècle. ; Dissidents (Religion), Angleterre, Histoire, 20e siècle. ; Theology, Study and teaching, England, History, 19th century. ; Theology, Study and teaching, England, History, 20th century. ; Théologie, Étude et enseignement, Angleterre, Histoire, 19e siècle. ; Théologie, Étude et enseignement, Angleterre, Histoire, 20e siècle.
    Pages: 248 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-16245-X
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  • 20
    Keywords: Great Britain, Civilization, 19th century. ; United States, Civilization, British influences. ; United States, Civilization, 20th century. ; Dickens, Charles,, 1812-1870, Appreciation, United States. ; Criticism, United States, History, 20th century. ; English literature, Appreciation, United States. ; English literature, 19th century, History and criticism, Theory, etc. ; Literature and science, Great Britain. ; Literature and science, United States. ; Postmodernism (Literature), United States. ; Romanticism, Great Britain.
    Pages: x, 270 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-518078-X
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  • 21
    Unknown
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Keywords: Bible., N.T., John. ; Bible., N.T., John, Commentaries.
    Pages: xiii, 625 p.
    Edition: Pbk. rpt. ed., 1997
    ISBN: 0-585-27829-6
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  • 22
    Unknown
    New York, N.Y : Oxford University Press
    Philosophy of mind series  
    Keywords: Ethics, Book reviews. ; Mind and body, Book reviews. ; Philosophy of mind, Book reviews.
    Pages: viii, 264 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-16169-0
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  • 23
    Unknown
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Keywords: Apologetics. ; Christianity, Philosophy. ; Faith and reason, Christianity.
    Pages: xx, 508 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-35267-4
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  • 24
    Keywords: Information society. ; Société informatisée.
    Pages: xxiii, 516 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-35755-2
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  • 25
    Unknown
    Oxford [England] ; New York, N.Y. [USA] : Oxford University Press
    Rutgers series on self and social identity  
    Keywords: Conflict management. ; Ethnic relations. ; Gestion des conflits. ; Group identity. ; Identité collective. ; Relations interethniques.
    Notes: Introduction : social identity and intergroup conflict / Lee Jussim, Richard D. Ashmore, and David Wilder / Ingroup identification and intergroup conflict : when does ingroup love become outgroup hate? / Marilynn B. Brewer -- Ethnic identity, national identity, and intergroup conflict : the significance of personal experiences / Thomas Hylland Eriksen -- The meaning of american national identity : patterns of ethnic conflict and consensus / Jack Citrin, Cara Wong, and Brian Duff -- Communal and national identity in a multiethnic state : a comparison of three perspectives / Jim Sidanius and John R. Petrocik -- Social and role identities and political violence : identity as a window on violence in northern ireland / Robert W. White -- Individual and group identities in genocide and mass killing / Ervin Staub -- The role of national identity in conflict resolution : experiences from Israeli-Palestinian problem-solving workshops / Herbert C. Kelman -- Conclusion : toward a social identity framework for intergroup conflict / Richard D. Ashmore, Lee Jussim, David Wilder, and Jessica Heppen
    Pages: xii, 270 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-530241-9
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  • 26
    Unknown
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Keywords: Ethnopsychology. ; Personality and culture.
    Notes: Culture and psychology at a crossroad : historical perspective and theoretical analysis / John Adamopoulos and Walter J. Lonner -- Individualism and collectivism : past, present, and future / Harry C. Tirandis -- Culture, science, and indigenous psychologies : an integrated analysis / Uichol Kim -- The evolution of cross-cultural research methods / Fons van de Vijver -- Culture, context, and development / Harry W. Gardiner -- Cognition across cultures / R.C. Mishra -- Everyday cognition : where culture, psychology, and education come together / Analúcia D. Schliemann and David W. Carraher -- Culture and moral development / Joan G. Miller -- Culture and emotion / David Matsumoto -- Gender and culture / Deborah L. Best and John E. Williams -- Culture and control orientations / Susumu Yamaguchi -- Culture and human inference : perspectives from three traditions / Kaiping Peng, Daniel R. Ames, and Eric D. Knowles -- Abnormal psychology and culture / Junko Tanaka-Matsumi -- Clinical psychology and culture / Jayne Lee and Stanley Sue -- Polishing the jade : a modest proposal for improving the study of social psychology across cultures / Michael Harris Bond and James T. Tedeschi -- Culture and social cognition : toward a social psychology of cultural dynamics / Yoshihisa Kashima -- Cross-cultural studies of social influence / Peter B. Smith -- Social justice from a cultural perspective / Kwok Leung and Walter G. Stephan -- The A, B, Cs of acculturation / Colleen Ward
    Pages: xvi, 458 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-530227-3
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  • 27
    Unknown
    Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press
    Series in affective science  
    Keywords: Emotions (Philosophy)
    Notes: Emotions, physiology, and intentionality.Primitive emotions /John Deigh --Emotion : biological fact or social construction /Jenefer Robinson --Embodied emotions /Jesse Prinz --Emotion, appraisal, and cognition.Emotions : what I know, what I'd like to think I know, and what I'd like to think /Ronald de Sousa --Emotions, thoughts, and feelings : emotions as engagements with the world /Robert C. Solomon --Emotions and feelings.Emotion, feeling, and knowledge of the world /Peter Goldie --Subjectivity and emotion /Cheshire Calhoun --Emotions and rationality.Emotions, rationality, and mind/body /Patricia Greenspan --Some considerations about intellectual desire and emotions /Michael Stocker --Emotions, action, and freedom.Emotion and action /Jon Elster --Emotions and freedom /Jerome Neu --Emotion and value.Emotions as judgments of value and importance /Martha Nussbaum --Feelings that matter /Annette Baier --Perturbations of desire : emotions disarming morality in the "Great song" of The Mahabharata /Purushottama Bilimoria --On theories of emotion.Is emotion a natural kind? /Paul E. Griffiths --Emotion as a subtle mental mode /Aaron Ben-Zeev --Enough already with "Theories of emotions" /Amelie Oksenberg Rorty.
    Pages: x, 297 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-530334-2
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  • 28
    Unknown
    Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press
    Oxford series in cognitive development  
    Keywords: Cognition in infants. ; Cognition, physiology, Infant. ; Concepts in infants. ; Thinking, physiology, Infant.
    Notes: How to build a baby : prologue -- Piaget's sensorimotor infant -- Kinds of representation : seeing and thinking -- Perceptual meaning analysis and image-schemas : the infant as interpreter -- Some image-schemas and their functions -- Some differences between percepts and concepts : the case of the basic level -- Some preverbal concepts -- Conceptual categories as induction machines -- Continuity in the conceptual system : acquisition, breakdown, and reorganization -- Recall of the past -- Language acquisition -- Consciousness and conclusions
    Pages: xiii, 359 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-530396-2
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  • 29
    Unknown
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Keywords: Color (Philosophy)
    Pages: xv, 228 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-36474-5
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  • 30
    Keywords: Denver (Colo.), History, 20th century. ; Middlebury (Vt. : Town), History, 20th century. ; Smyrna (Rutherford County, Tenn.), History, 20th century. ; Cities and towns, United States, Growth, History, 20th century, Case studies. ; Interstate Highway System, History, 20th century. ; Roads, Government policy, United States, History, 20th century. ; Transportation, Automotive, United States, History, 20th century.
    Notes: Highway federalism -- Denver meets the automobile -- The decentralization of post-World War II Denver -- Automobiles and a small town -- Bridges, bypasses, and boulevards -- AutoCity : Smyrna, Tennessee
    Pages: xiv, 297 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-530264-8
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  • 31
    Unknown
    Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press
    Keywords: United States, History, 1783-1815. ; United States, History, Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775. ; United States, History, Revolution, 1775-1783.
    Notes: Preface -- 1754-1763 : Join, or die -- 1763-1766 : Loss of respect and affection -- 1766-1770 : To crush the spirit of the colonies -- 1770-1774 : Cause of Boston now is the cause of America -- 1775-1776 : To die freemen rather than to live slaves -- 1776-1777 : Leap into the dark -- 1778-1782 : This wilderness of darkness and dangers -- 1783-1787 : Present paroxysm of our affairs -- 1787-1789 : So much unanimity and good will -- 1790-1793 : Prosperous at home, respectable abroad -- 1793-1796 : Colossus to the Antirepublican party -- 1797-1799 : Game where principles are the stake -- 1799-1801 : Gigg is up -- 1801 : Age of revolution and reformation
    Pages: xv, 558 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-518418-1
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  • 32
    Unknown
    Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press
    Keywords: Amish Country (Pa.) ; Lancaster County (Pa.), Rural conditions. ; Rural development, Pennsylvania, Lancaster County.
    Notes: Introduction: a fertile soil -- Cultivating the garden : the invention of Lancaster County -- Pride and progress : education, literacy, and the little red schoolhouse -- Dutch country : the Amish and tourism -- Domain of abundance : food and farming -- Landscape of progress : urbanization and planning -- Preserving the garden : development and farm preservation -- Epilogue: the harvest -- Appendix : Farms and population of Lancaster County, 1900-2000
    Pages: x, 258 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-518029-1
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  • 33
    Keywords: Consolidation and merger of corporations. ; Human capital. ; Organizational effectiveness.
    Pages: xi, 193 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-518406-8
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  • 34
    Unknown
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Keywords: Philosophy and science. ; Thought experiments.
    Pages: xii, 318 p.
    Edition: [Pbk. reprint 1998]
    ISBN: 0-585-16074-0
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  • 35
    Unknown
    Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press
    Very short introductions  
    Keywords: Postmodernism.
    Pages: 142 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-48631-X
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  • 36
    Unknown
    Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press
    Keywords: Industrial relations. ; Organizational behavior. ; Organizational sociology.
    Pages: x, 294 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-36603-9
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  • 37
    Unknown
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Keywords: Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945), Influence. ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945), Psychological aspects. ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945), Social aspects. ; Social sciences, Philosophy.
    Notes: The psychology of bystanders, perpetrators, and heroic helpers / Ervin Staub -- What is a "social-psychological" account of perpetrator behavior? The person versus the situation in Goldhagen's Hitler's willing executioners / Leonard S. Newman -- Authoritarianism and the Holocaust: some cognitive and affective implications / Peter Suedfeld and Mark Schaller -- Perpetrator behavior as destructive obedience: an evaluation of Stanley Milgram's perspective, the most influential social-psychological approach to the Holocaust / Thomas Blass -- Sacrificial lambs dressed in wolves' clothing: envious prejudice, ideology, and the scapegoating of Jews / Peter Glick -- Group processes and the Holocaust / R. Scott Tindale ... [et al.] -- Examining the implications of cultural frames on social movements and group action / Daphna Oyserman and Armand Lauffer -- Population and predators: preconditions for the Holocaust from a control-theoretical perspective / Dieter Frey and Helmut Rez -- The zoomorphism of human collective violence / R.B. Zajonc -- The Holocaust and the four roots of evil / Roy F. Baumeister -- Instigators of genocide: examining Hitler from a social-psychological perspective / David R. Mandel -- Perpetrators with a clear conscience: lying self-deception and belief change / Ralph Erber -- Explaining the Holocaust: does social psychology exonerate the perpetrators? / Arthur G. Miller, Amy M. Buddie, and Jeffrey Kretschmar -- Epilogue: Social psychologists confront the Holocaust / Leonard S. Newman and Ralph Erber
    Pages: xi, 360 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-518618-4
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  • 38
    Unknown
    Oxford [England] ; New York : Oxford University Press
    Keywords: United States, Civilization, Philosophy. ; United States, Politics and government, Philosophy. ; National characteristics, American. ; Social values, United States.
    Notes: Introduction: A dream country -- Dream of the good life (I) : the Puritan enterprise -- Dream charter : The declaration of independence -- Dream of the good life (II) : upward mobility -- King of America : the dream of equality -- Detached houses : the dream of home ownership -- Dream of the good life (III) : the coast -- Conclusion: Extending the dream
    Pages: x, 214 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-530398-9
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  • 39
    Unknown
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Oxford readings in feminism  
    Keywords: Feminist theory. ; Women, History.
    Notes: Does a sex have a history? /Denise Riley --The dialects of Black womanhood /Bonnie Thornton Dill --Theorizing woman:Funu, Guojia, Jiating (Chinese women, Chinese state, Chinese family) /Tani Barlow --'Women's history' in transition: the European case /Natalie Zemon Davis --The traffic in women: notes on the 'political economy' of sex /Gayle Rubin --Gender: a useful category of historical analysis /Joan Wallach Scott --African-American women's history and the metalanguge of race /Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham --Carnal knowledge.
    Pages: ix, 611 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-15703-0
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  • 40
    Unknown
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Keywords: United States, Church history, Congresses. ; Christianity, United States, Congresses.
    Pages: ix, 502 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-30487-4
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  • 41
    Unknown
    Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press
    Keywords: United States, Foreign relations, Philosophy. ; United States, Foreign relations, 2001- ; Globalization, Political aspects. ; National characteristics, American.
    Pages: xiv, 288 p.
    Edition: [Pbk. ed.]
    ISBN: 0-19-518433-5
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  • 42
    Unknown
    Oxford : Oxford University Press
    Oxford readings in feminism  
    Keywords: Feminist theory. ; Science, Philosophy. ; Science, Social aspects. ; Women in science.
    Pages: vii, 289 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-12065-X
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  • 43
    Keywords: English literature, 18th century. ; Erotic literature, English. ; Libertinism, Literary collections.
    Notes: British libertine literature before Fanny Hill (1749) -- 1: The school of Venus (1680) -- 2: The pleasure of a single life (1701), The fifteen comforts of Cuckoldom (1706), and the fifteen plagues of a maiden-head (1707) -- 3: Gonosologium Novum (1709) -- 4: Venus in the cloister (1725) -- 5: A dialogue between a married lady and a maid (1740) -- 6: A new description of merryland (1741) -- 7: The female husband (1746)
    Pages: xxxiii, 332 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-518577-3
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  • 44
    Unknown
    Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press
    Keywords: Capital social (Sociologie) ; Civil society. ; Democracy. ; Démocratie. ; Social capital (Sociology) ; Société civile.
    Notes: Introduction /Robert D. Putnam and Kristin A. Goss --Great Britain: the role of government and the distribution of social capital /Peter A. Hall --United States: bridging the privileged and the marginalized? /Robert Wuthnow --United States: from membership to advocacy /Theda Skocpol --France: old and new civic and social ties in France /Jean-Pierre Worms --Decline of social capital?: the German case /Claus Offe and Susanne Fuchs --From civil war to civil society: social capital in Spain from the 1930s to the 1990s /Victor Pérez-Díaz --Sweden: social capital in the social democratic state /Bo Rothstein --Australia: making the lucky country /Eva Cox --Broadening the basis of social capital in Japan /Takashi Inoguchi --Conclusion /Robert D. Putnam.
    Pages: 516 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-518460-2
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  • 45
    Unknown
    Oxford : Oxford University Press
    Keywords: Philosophie, Encyclopédies. ; Philosophy, Encyclopedias.
    Pages: xviii, 1009 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-18263-9
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  • 46
    Unknown
    New York, N.Y : Oxford University Press
    Keywords: Arab-Israeli conflict, Religious aspects. ; Arab-Israeli conflict, 1993-, Peace. ; Religion and politics, Middle East.
    Pages: viii, 269 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-518512-9
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  • 47
    Keywords: France, Race relations, History, 18th century. ; Blacks, Legal status, laws, etc., France, History, 18th century. ; Political culture, France, History, 18th century. ; Racism, France, History, 18th century.
    Pages: x, 210 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-32788-2
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  • 48
    Unknown
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Keywords: Etiquette, United States, History.
    Notes: Part I -- Hierarchy: manners in a vertical social order, 1620-1740.Manners for gentlemenManners over minorsManners maketh menPart II --Revolution: an opening of possibilities, 1740-1820.Middle class risingYouth risingWomen risingPart III -- Resolution: manners for democrats, 1820-1860.Manners for the middle classManners for adultsLadies first?
    Pages: x, 310 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-530339-3
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  • 49
    Unknown
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Keywords: Judaism, Dictionaries.
    Pages: xviii, 764 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-38345-6
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  • 50
    Unknown
    Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press
    Studies in the history of sexuality  
    Keywords: Venice (Italy), Social conditions, To 1797 ; Electronic books ; Marriage, History, Italy, Venice ; Renaissance, Italy, Venice
    Pages: xi, 221 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-518018-6
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  • 51
    Unknown
    Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press
    Keywords: Great Britain, Relations, Ireland. ; Ireland, In literature. ; Ireland, Relations, Great Britain. ; Joyce, James,, 1882-1941., Ulysses. ; Joyce, James,, 1882-1941, Aesthetics. ; Joyce, James,, 1882-1941, Political and social views. ; Literature and history, Ireland, History, 20th century. ; Politics and literature, Ireland, History, 20th century.
    Pages: xii, 306 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-48623-9
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  • 52
    Unknown
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Oxford paperback reference  
    Keywords: Philosophie, Dictionnaires anglais. ; Philosophy, Dictionaries.
    Pages: ix, 418 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-11072-7
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  • 53
    Unknown
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Keywords: Wesley, Susanna Annesley,, 1669-1742. ; Wesley, Susanna Annesley,, 1670-1742. ; Anglicans, England, Biography.
    Pages: xiv, 504 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-24572-X
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  • 54
    Unknown
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Keywords: Crime in literature. ; Criminal liability in literature. ; Criminals in literature. ; English fiction, 19th century, History and criticism. ; Law and literature, History, 19th century. ; Legal stories, English, History and criticism. ; Responsibility in literature.
    Notes: Organizing crime : conduct and character in Oliver Twist : prologue to George Eliot's crimes -- "To fix our minds on that consequence" : minding consequences in Adam Bede and Felix Holt -- Middlemarch, Daniel Deronda, and the crime in mind -- James Fitzjames Stephen and the responsibilities of narrative -- Modern responsibilities
    Pages: viii, 275 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-518524-2
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  • 55
    Unknown
    Oxford : Oxford University Press
    Keywords: Ireland, Defenses, History, 20th century. ; Ireland, Foreign relations, 1922- ; Ireland, Military policy, History, 20th century. ; Ireland, Politics and government, 1922- ; National security, Ireland, History, 20th century.
    Pages: 382 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-48615-8
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  • 56
    Unknown
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Keywords: United States, Ethnic relations, History, 19th century. ; United States, Race relations, History, 19th century. ; American fiction, 19th century, History and criticism. ; Caricatures and cartoons, United States, History, 19th century. ; Ethnicity in literature. ; Race in literature. ; Realism in literature. ; Stereotype (Psychology) in literature.
    Notes: Introduction: the age of caricature, the age of realism -- William Dean Howells and the touch of exaggeration which typifies -- "I want a real coon": Twain and ethnic caricature -- A Jamesian art to be cultivated -- Edith Wharton's flamboyant copy -- The "curious realism" of Charles Chesnutt
    Pages: viii, 196 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-518578-1
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  • 57
    Unknown
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Keywords: Eliot, T. S., (Thomas Stearns),, 1888-1965, Views on war. ; Pound, Ezra,, 1885-1972, Views on war. ; Woolf, Virginia,, 1882-1941, Views on war. ; American poetry, 20th century, History and criticism. ; Americans, Great Britain, History, 20th century. ; Modernism (Literature), Great Britain. ; Modernism (Literature), United States. ; World War, 1914-1918, Great Britain, Literature and the war.
    Pages: xiii, 395 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-518055-0
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  • 58
    Unknown
    Oxford : Oxford University Press
    Keywords: Consciousness. ; Neuropsychology.
    Pages: 272 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-24486-3
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  • 59
    Unknown
    Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press
    Keywords: Mouvements sociaux. ; Social movements.
    Notes: pt. I. Introduction. Opportunities and identities: bridge-building in the study of social movements / David S. Meyer -- pt. II. States and policies. State repression and democracy protest in three southeast Asian countries / Vincent Boudreau -- Mobilization on the South African gold mines / T. Dunbar Moodie -- Multiple meditations: the state and the women's movements in India / Manisha Desai -- The contradictions of gay ethnicity: forging identity in Vermont / Mary Bernstein -- Creating social change: lessons from the civil rights movement / Kenneth T. Andrews -- pt. III. Organization and strategies. The "meso" in social movement research / Suzanne Staggenborg -- Strategizing and the sense of context: reflections on the first two weeks of the Liverpool docks lockout, September-October 1995 / Colin Barker and Michael Lavalette -- Factions and the continuity of political challengers / Mildred A. Schwartz -- More than one feminism: organizational structure and the construction of collective identity / Jo Reger -- The development of individual identity and consciousness among movements of the left and right / Rebecca E. Klatch -- pt. IV. Collective identities, discourse, and culture. Toward a more dialogic analysis of social movement culture / Marc W. Steinberg -- Materialist feminist discourse analysis and social movement research: mapping the changing context for "community control" / Nancy A. Naples -- From the "beloved community" to "family values": religious language, symbolic repertoires, and democratic culture / Rhys H. Williams -- External political change, collective identities, and participation in social movement organizations / Belinda Robnett -- pt. V. Conclusion. Meaning and structure in social movements / Nancy Whittier
    Pages: xvi, 366 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-530277-X
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  • 60
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1990), S. 107-116 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zur Beschreibung der Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit der radikalischen Fallungspolymerisation von Acrylsäure in Toluol wurde ein Modell entewickelt. Die experimentelle Überprüfung des Modells erfolgte durch Messungen in einem isotherm betriebenen Reaktionskalorimeter. Das Modell beschreibt die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit bis zum vollständigen Umsatz in einem Temperaturbereich von 40 bis 60°C.
    Notes: A kinetic model for the free-radical precipitation polymerization of acrylic acid in toluene was developed and verified experimentally by using an isothermal reaction calorimeter. The model predicts the rate of polymerization accurately up to complete conversion in the temperature range of 40 to 60°C.
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  • 61
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1990), S. 157-168 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wird über Untersuchungen an Legierungen aus isotaktischem Polypropylen und EPDM-Elastomer berichtet, die mit hochenergetischen Elektronen bestrahlt worden waren. Die Mischungsverhältnisse in den Proben überstrichen sowohl den für elastomermodifizierte Thermoplaste typischen Bereich als auch den der thermoplasticschen Elastomeren. Eine Vernetzung der Komponenten über die Grenzfläche hinweg wurde nachgewiesen. Diese grenzflächenübergreifende Vernetzung bewirkte eine merkliche Verbesserung der mechanischen Eigenschaften insbesondere des thermoplastischen Elastomeren.
    Notes: Blends of isotactic polypropylene and EPDM rubber have been treated by electron irradiation in the composition range of rubber modification and in the thermoplastic rubber composition range as well. Mutual crosslinking of the components through the interface could be detected. This intercrosslinking caused a remarkable improvement of the mechanical properties particularly of the thermoplastic rubber.
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  • 62
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1990), S. 205-205 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 63
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The mechanisms of photooxidation usually envisaged, are perfected by taking into account photoreactions of peroxy radicals. They involve interaction of a peroxy radical with the polymer to yield a hydroperoxy radical and a pair of macroradicals. After peroxidation, this pair will usually undergo bimolecular termination. The influence of such a reaction on photooxidation kinetics is particularly important for polyethylene. Then, chain termination occurs mainly by interaction of two hydroperoxy radicals or of a hydroperoxy radical with a macroperoxy radical. The reaction does not only affect kinetics of photooxidation but also the nature of the photooxidation products. The latter is more important for polypropylene than for polyethylene.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Isothermal Differential Thermal Analysis was used to test the thermooxidative stability of pipes of polybutene during internal pressure tests at 110°C. At low hoop stresses and long testing times pipe failure was exclusively caused by thermooxidative degradation of the polymer.The stabilizer distribution in the initial state and its alteration during the pressure tests could easily be measured by isothermal DTA. Leaching of antioxidants from pipe walls could be detected. The decrease of residual thermooxidative stability was degressive.Degradation of pipe material started from the exterior pipe wall. Molecular weight of polybutene decreased rapidly after stabilizer exhaustion which could be observed by isothermal DTA.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A base of experimental data on the ageing of commerial grade plastics is created. In includes assorted physical and chemical properties of plastics and their changes at natural ageing. An automated system for storing and processing of the experimental data is designed. Processing involves mathematical modeling of the changes in properties that aids in empirical prediction. The possibilities of the system are verified with experimental results from a 5-year ageing period of PE-LD and PE-HD. The results show a good agreement between the predicted and real data for selected models.
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  • 66
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 179 (1990), S. 35-56 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Morphologie von Polypropylen-Spritzgußteilen mit Bindenaht wurde mit Röntgenweit-und Kleinwinkelstreuung, Lichtstreuung und Polarisationsmikroskopie untersucht. Die erhaltenen morphologischen Daten wurden mit mechanischen Werten aus Zugversuchen korreliert. Es wird gefunden, daß die mechanischen Eigenschaften der untersuchten Proben im wesentlichen von der sphärolithstruktur beeinflußt werden. Anhäufungen von Sphärolithen mit Kristallen der hexagonalen β-Modifikation und eine starke Inhomogenität der Sphärolithstruktur senkrecht zur Bindenaht sind der wesentliche Grund für die verschlechterten mechanischen Eigenschaften. Diese Sphärolithstruktur wird durch die Temperatur des Spritzgußwerkzeugs stark beeinflußt. Die Lamellen-Überstruktur hat dagegen einen vernachlässigbar kleinen Einfluß auf das mechanische Verhalten.
    Notes: The morphology of polypropylene plaques containing a weld line, has been investigated by x-ray wide and small angle scattering, light scattering and polarization microscopy. The results are correlated to mechanical values obtained from tensile tests. While the lamellar morphology is of neglectable influence, it is found, that the mechanical properties of the samples are strongly influenced by the spherulitic structure. Clustering of β-type spherulites and strong morphological inhomogeneities in the vicinity of the weld line are the primary reason for the mechanical weakening of the plaques. The temperature of the mould has a strong effect on the spherulitic structure and thus on the tensile properties of the samples.
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  • 67
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    Electronic Resource
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 179 (1990), S. 77-85 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Füllstoffe für PVC- und PP-Formmassen wurden mit Mikrowellenplasma behandelt. Photoakustische FT-IR-Spektren zeigen, daß die Plasma-Polymerhülle auf der Füllstoffoberfläche —C=C—, —CH2—, CH3— und andere Gruppen enthält. Aus Röntgenelektronenspektren geht hervor, daß zwischen Siliciumdioxid und der organischen Beschichtung chemische Bindungen existieren. Durch Compoundieren von plasmabehandelten Füllstoffen mit PVC und PP werden Materialien mit guten mechanischen Eigenschaften bei niedrigen Kosten erhalten.
    Notes: Fillers for PVC and PP compounds have been treated by microwave plasma. FT-IR photoacoustic spectroscopy studies show that the plasma polymer sheath on filler's surface contains —C=C—, —CH2—, —CH3 groups, etc. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies reveal that interfacial chemical bondings exist between silica and the organic coating. Application of plasma-treated fillers in PVC and PP compounds gives rise to materials of good mechanical properties and low cost.
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  • 68
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 179 (1990), S. 135-148 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Poly-(alkylenadipat)-diole mit Molmassen von 1500, 2000 und 3000 wurden bei Temperaturen von 25 und 60°C in Gegenwart verschiedener Alkohole und unterschiedlicher PUR-Katalysatoren (1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octan (DABCO), Dibutylzinndilaurat (DBTL),Dibutylzinndiethoxid (DBTEO) und Dibutylzinnoxid (DBTO)) in Ethylacetat bzw. Toluol gelagert und die Alkoholyse verfolgt. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse werden mit dem Alkoholyseverhalten verschiedener Dialkyladipate sowie des Lösungsmittels Ethylacetat unter den selben Bedingungen verglichen. Die Alkoholyse verlauft in Gegenwart der zinnorganischen Verbindungen etwa mit gleicher Geschwindigkeit, ohne daß diese selbst signifikant zersetzt werden, wahrend DABCO praktisch inaktiv ist. Die Aktivitat der Alkohole ist starker von ihrer sterischen Struktur als von ihrer Basizitat abhangig. Die Stabilität der Polyalkylenadipate gegenüber einer Umesterung nimmt mit der Lange der Diolalkyleneinheiten des Polyols zu. Die Umesterung von Adipinsäuredialkylestern findet auch partiell in Anwesenheit eines großen Uberschusses an Ethylacetat statt.
    Notes: Poly(alkylene adipate)diols having molar masses of 1500, 2000 and 3000 were stored at temperatures of 25 and 60°C in the presence of low amounts of different alcohols and some polyurethane (PUR) catalysts, such as dibutyltindilaurate (DBTL), dibutyltindiethoxide (DBTEO), dibutyltinoxide (DBTO), and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO). Alcoholysis was studied using either ethyl acetate (EA) or toluene as solvent. The results were compared with those obtained by examining the behaviour of several dialkyl adipates and ethyl acetate under identical conditions. The alcoholysis in the presence of the tin catalysts proceeds at the same reaction rate without significant decomposition of the catalyst, whereas DABCO is practically inactive. The nucleophilic activity of the alcohols depends on their bulk size rather than their basicity. The resistance of polyalkylene adipates to transesterification increases with the increasing alkyl chain length of diol units in polyester. A partial transesterification of dialkyl adipates takes place too, in spite of ethyl acetate being present in excess.
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  • 69
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 179 (1990), S. 157-171 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wurde das Permeations- und Trennverhalten von Alkohol/Wasser-Systemen durch poröse PVA-Membranen untersucht. PVA-Membranen mit unterschiedlicher Anzahl und Große von Poren wurden über Mischungen in Lösung mit verschiedenen synthetisierten Polymeren und Copolymeren, wie Polyacrylsäure, Polyacrylnitril, Polyacrylamid, Poly(Methylmethacrylat-co-Maleinsäureanhydrid) etc., anschließendes Gießen von Filmen und Extraktion der Polymeren oder Copolymeren durch Lösungsmittel hergestellt. Die Abhängigkeit der Durchlässigkeit und Trennwirkung von der Größe und Form der permeierenden Moleköle wurde qualitativ diskutiert. Des weiteren wurde die Selektivität der Trennwirkung in Abhangigkeit von der Zusammensetzung von Alkohol/Wasser-Gemischen und von der Größe und Anzahl der Poren untersucht. Es wurde gefunden, daß die Selektivität von der Menge und dem Molekulargewicht der in die Membranen eingebrachten Polymeren abhängt. Wenn der Gewichtsanteil des verwendeten Polymeren größer als 0,1 war, permeierte bevorzugt der Alkoholanteil bei methanolischen Msungen, wobei der Trennfaktor mit steigender Methanolkonzentration anstieg. In Gemischen mit anderen Alkoholen zeigten die Membranen andererseits eine selektive Durchlässigkeit für Wasser. Der Einfluß der Versuchsbedingungen wurde ebenfalls untersucht.
    Notes: The permeation and separation characteristics of alcohol/water systems through porous PVA membranes were investigated. Porous PVA membranes with different pore size and number were prepared by solution blending of PVA with several synthesized polymers or copolymers, such as polyacrylic acid, polyacrylamide, polyacrylonitrile, and methylmethacrylate-co-maleic anhydride, etc. Then casting, and finally extracting the blended polymers or copolymers by solvent from the membranes. The dependency of both permeation and separation on the molecular size and shape of the permeating species was dicussed qualitatively. Moreover, the permselectivity was investigated with attention to the feed composition of alcohol/water mixture and the effect of pore size and number. The selectivity was found to depend on the weight ratio and the molecular weight of polymer introduced to the membrane. When the weight ratio of polymer introduced into the membrane was larger than 0.1, methanol was permeated through membrane preferentially in methanol/water system, and the separation factor increased with increasing the methanol feed concentration. On the other hand, membrane had a selective permeability for water in the other alcohol/water systems. The influence of operating conditions was also studied.
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  • 70
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1990), S. 29-38 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Temperatur des T1-Minimums für die Segmentbewegung in Polypropylen, das einen hohen ataktischen Anteil besitzt, ist niedriger als die in isotaktischem Polypropylen. Ein kurzes T1, T1s, tritt bei beiden Materialien auf. Bei Temperaturerhöhung nimmt T2a (T2 der beweglichen amorphen Bezirke) stark und T2m (T2 der dazwischen liegenden Bezirke) leicht zu, während sich T2c (T2 der steifen kristallinen Bezirke) kaum ändert. T2a in Polypropylen mit hohem ataktischem Anteil ist länger als in isotaktischem Polypropylen.Der Massenbruch der kristallinen Bezirke, Fc, nimmt bei Temperaturerhöhung ab und der der amorphen Bezirke, Fa, zu. Die Relaxationsgeschwindigkeit, 1/ (T1min), steigt linear mit Zunahme des amorphen Anteils an, außer bei der mit siedendem n-Heptan extrahierten Probe. Mit Zunahme der Peaktemperatur von tan δ fällt T2a nahezu linear ab, während die Temperatur des T1-Minimums zunimmt.
    Notes: The temperature of the T1 minimum for the segmental motion in polypropylene containing a lot of atactic fraction is lower than that in isotactic polypropylene. A short T1, T1s, appears for both materials. As the temperature is raised, there is a large increase in T2a (T2 of the mobile amorphous regions), and a mild increase in T2m (T2 of the intermediate regions), while there is no substantial change in T2c (T2 of the rigid crystalline regions). T2a in polypropylene containing a lot of atactic fraction is longer than that in isotactic polypropylene.The mass fraction of crystalline regions, Fc, decreases and that of the amorphous regions, Fa, increases as the temperature is raised. There is a linear increase in the relaxation rate, 1/(T1min), as the amorphous fraction is increased, except for the sample extracted with boiling n-heptane. With increase of the peak temperature of tanδ, T2a decreases nearly linearly, while the temperature of the T1 minimum increases.
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  • 71
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 180 (1990), S. 191-198 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Bestrahlung von PTFE mit Elektronen niedriger Energie führt zur Abspaltung von Fluor und zum Einbau von Sauerstoff in die Polymeroberfläche. Es wird gezeigt, daß das Ausmaß der Oberflächenveränderungen hauptsächlich von der Zahl und kaum von der Energie der Elektronen abhängt, die die Oberfläche erreichen. Änderungen in der Oberflächenenergie resultieren in unterschiedlichem Benetzungsverhalten. Kontaktwinkelmessungen und Kurvenanalysen der C-1s-Peaks aus Röntgenphotonenspektroskopiemessungen zeigen, daß der am wenigsten benetzbare Teil der bestrahlten Oberflächen in den meisten Fällen aus —CF2 —CF-Einheiten besteht. Werden bei der Bestrahlung nahezu alle Fluoratome abgespalten, bleiben nur isolierte —CF2-oder —CF-Gruppen zurück. Die „receding“-Winkel werden mit zunehmender Sauerstoffkonzentration in der Oberfläche kleiner, was auf die Bildung stark oxidierter Bereiche hinweist. Die Unabhängigkeit der Kontaktwinkel von der Alterungsdauer deutet auf eine sehr geringe Beweglichkeit der Makromoleküle hin, was mit einer starken Vernet-zung an der Oberfläche zusammenhängen könnte.
    Notes: Low energy electron irradiation of PTFE induced fluorine depletion and introduction of oxygen on the surface. The effect on surface chemistry was shown to be dependent mostly on the amount of electrons reaching the sample, rather than on their energy.Changes in surface energy resulted in different wetting behaviors. The measurement of advancing water contact angles and the analysis of XPS C-1s peak shapes showed that the least wettable portion of irradiated surfaces is made in most cases of —CF2—CF — units. When the treatment caused a nearly complete fluorine depletion, only isolated —CF2— or —CF— groups are present. Receding angle values decreased linearly depending on the amount of oxygen introduced on the sample during the treatment, suggesting the formation of strongly oxidized polymer islets. The invariance of contact angles with aging time indicated very low macromolecular mobility, probably related to extensive surface crosslinking.
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 181 (1990), S. 41-52 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: In aqueous dispersions of anionic polyurethanes containing the triethylammonium salt of 2,2-dimethylol propionic acid as chain extender, triethylamine can be largely replaced by ammonia. For electrostatic reasons, NH4+ is namely more tightly bound in the ion pairs located in the Stern layer than NH(C2H5)3+. Thermal treatment of films leads to a loss of base, whereby ammonia is more rapidly released than triethylamine. Therefore, crosslinking with partially methylated hexamethylolmelamine proceeds the faster the more triethylamine is replaced by ammonia.
    Notes: In Dispersionen aus anionischen Polyurethanen, die das Triethylammoniumsalz der 2,2-Dimethylolpropionsäure als Kettenverlängerungsmittel enthalten, läßt sich durch Zugabe von Ammoniak eine weitgehende Verdrängung des Triethylamins erreichen. Aus elektrostatischen Gründen ist nämlich in den in der Sternschen Schicht lokalisierten Ionenpaaren NH4+ fester gebunden als NH(C2H5)3+. Bei der thermischen Behandlung der Filme tritt Basenabspaltung ein, dabei erfolgt die Abgabe von Ammoniak deutlich schneller als die von Triethylamin. Die Spannungswerte der mit teilmethyliertem Hexamethylolmelamin vernetzten Proben sind daher um so höher, je mehr Triethylamin durch Ammoniak ersetzt wurde.
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  • 73
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 181 (1990), S. 53-66 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Viskoelastizitäts-Parameter von geschmolzenem Polystyrol (PS) wurden mit einem Instron-Kapillarrheometer gemessen.Die Drucknachgiebigkeit B(t) zeigt ein Plateau sowohl im Schmelze (B1)- als auch im Glaszustand (Bg); beide nehmen mit abnehmender Spannung ab. Durch Verschiebung der B(t)-Kurven werden Master-Kurven erhalten, mit denen das Gesamtdruckverhalten (überlagerte elastische und viskose Deformationen) analysiert werden kann. Die stationäre Nachgiebigkeit (Bs) erlaubt eine Beschreibung des elastischen Energieanteils und scheint mit der Extrusions-Strangaufweitung (Bcs/Bds) korreliert zu sein. Die Volumenviskosität (ηk) nimmt mit zunehmender Spannung (P), zunehmender Belastungsgeschwindigkeit (k) und abnehmender Temperatur ab.
    Notes: Viscoelastic parameters of polystyrene (PS) melt in compression creep have been measured in an lnstron capillary-rheometer.Bulk compression creep compliance B(t) shows plateau regions in the molten state (B1) and the glassy state (Bg), both decreasing with increasing stress. Shifting of B(t) curves provides master curves suitable to analysing the total (superposed elastic and viscous deformations) bulk compression behaviour. The steady-state creep compliance (Bs) allows to describe the recoverable elastic energy (Be) and seems to be related to the extrusion die swell (Bcs/Bds). Volume viscosity (ηk) decreases with decreasing stress (P), increasing compression rates (k) and decreasing temperature (T).
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  • 74
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 181 (1990), S. 67-74 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wurden Untersuchungen über Molekulargewichtsänderungen an physikalisch bei Raumtemperatur gealterten isotaktischen Polypropylenfilamenten (iPP) mit Hilfe der Hochtemperaturgelpermeationschromatographie (HTGPC) durchgeführt. Das Ergebnis der Untersuchungen weist auf eine sehr unbedeutende Änderung des Molekulargewichts des Materials während der Alterung hin.Das Materialgranulat wurde als Bezugsstandard gewählt. Basierend auf der Uneinheitlichkeit D = Mw/Mn des Granulats wurden Filamente der Handelsprodukte GYE 47 und PXC 31399 charakterisiert, deren Alterungsdauer zwischen 2 Wochen und 8 Monaten lag. Bei den Filamenten der Qpe GYE 47 verringerte sich die Breite der Molekulargewichtsverteilung D um durchschnittlich 12%. Andererseits zeigen die Filamente des PXC 31399-vps einen weniger eindeutigen Trend zur Änderung, jedoch im Mittel hat sich die Breite der Verteilung um etwa 20% erniedrigt. Bei letzterem ist die Verteilung iiber die Alterungsdauer stark gestreut. Der GYE 47-Typ zeigt eine nahezu asymptotische Abnahme. Es wird angenommen, daß die Ungleichartigkeit in der Ändenz der Anderung von D zwischen beiden Proben in ihrer unterschiedlichen thermodynamischen Stabilitat liegen ktinnte; PXC 31399 ist weniger stabil.
    Notes: Experiments on the molecular weight variations of physically, room temperature aged isotactic polypropylene (iPP) filaments were done using the High Temperature Gel Permeation Chromatography (HTGPC). Evidence emanating from the studies indicates a very marginal change in molecular weight of the materials during aging.The granules of the materials were chosen as the reference standard. Based on the polydispersity D = Mw/Mn of the granules, filaments of commercial grades GYE 47 and PXC 31399 were characterized between an aging period ranging from 2 weeks to 8 months. The filaments of the GYE 47 grade have their distributions D lowered on the average by about 12%. On the other hand, those of the PXC 31399 grade have a less definite trend in change, but on the average, D is lowered by about 20%. The distributions of this latter grade are highly scattered over the period of aging. The GYE 47 grade shows a reduction in the distribution of a near asymptotic nature. It is believed that the disparity in the trend of change of D between the two samples could be attributed to their relative thermodynamic stability with the PXC 31399 grade being less stable.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The properties (squared dimensions, anisotropy, numbers of intra- and intermolecular contacts) of a single five-way cubic lattice chain embedded into an environment (matrix) of chains of the same length n = 50 were evaluated as a function of matrix volume fraction (matrix density) v and intermolecular interaction between the matrix polymer and the minority chain segments, characterized by a parameter φ. No convincing evidence was found for the occurrence of a coil-globule transition in the range of matrix densities (v ≤ 0.7) and repulsive interactions between matrix and minority chain (φ ≤ 0.2) investigated. For moderate attractive interaction (φ ≈ -0.17) a compensation of the chaincompressing action of the matrix and the chain-expanding interaction with the matrix was observed resulting in a zero-dependence of the size and shape of the minority chain on matrix density. It further turned out that there are fixed relations among the various size and shape data irrespective of the specific combination of matrix density and thermodynamic interaction by which a particular polymer dimension is produced. These interrelations are fairly the same as those evaluated for isolated chains the size of which is varied by an intramolecular energy parameter φi.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: New three phases composite materials made of glassbeads as filler, water as liquid dispersed phase and polystyrene as matrix were obtained by polymerization of a water in oil emulsion formed by water dispersed in styrene in which glass beads are added. For this purpose glass beads have to be modified by silanization by a coupling agent 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propylmethacrylate (TPM) or a silane Octadecyltrichlorosilane (ODMS), in order to prevent the wetting of the glass by water. Only low coverage of the glass surface by the coupling agent (0,05% of TPM) are convenient for the preparation cellular materials having good mechanical properties. At higher coverage ratio, strong hydrophobic glass beads are obtained which destabilize the water / styrene emulsion and lead to macroporous products. Study of the rheology of the filled emulsion appears to be the more simple and more sensitive method to determine the level of wettability of the glass bead by the emulsion which is the most significant parameter for the preparation of such three phases composite materials. Composite materials made of glass beads, air and polystyrene are simply obtained by evaporation of water under vacuum.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: To test the molecular parameters concerning gas sorption in polymers, the concentration of CO2, N2O, CO, N2, CH4 and the noble gases Ne, He in glassy poly(butylene terephthalate) films (PBTP) has been studied gravimetrically with a recording microbalance at 25°C. The sorption isotherms exhibit downward curvature to the pressure axis. As neither solubility nor adsorption can explain the experimental results, analysis was carried out based on the dual-sorption model: gas dissolution and microvoid filling are considered as independent sorption mechanisms. The parameters of the dual-sorption model for the mentioned penetrants are determined. The results indicate that for parameter correlation the Lennard-Jones potential parameters give a rough idea, but size exclusion of gases in small diameter microvoids is proposed and special chemical interactions must be considered.
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  • 78
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1991), S. 283-292 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The ring opening metathesis polymerisation (ROMP) of 5-cyano-2-norbornene with tungsten hexachloride, tungesten oxytetrachloride, bis(dichloralkoxo)tungsten tetrachloride and bis(dichloralkoxo)tungsten oxydichloride as transition metal component was studied. Methylaluminoxan, diethylaluminium ethoxide, tetraisobutyldialuminoxan and tetrabutyltin served as cocatalyst. Toluene, Chlorobenzene and dichloromethane were used as solvents. The concentration of the tungsten components was in the range from 5 × 10-4 to 5 × 10-3 mol/l. Among the catalyst studied, tungsten hexachloride with diethylaluminium ethoxide proved to be the best. The polymerisation was highly selective with this system even at high monomer/tungsten ratios (e.q. 10200:1) and let to high conversions (≥82%).
    Notes: Die ringöffnende metathetische Polymerisation (ROMP) von 5-Cyano-2-norbornen wurde unter Einsatz von Wolframhexachlorid, Wolframoxidterachlorid, Bis(dichloralkoxo)wolframtetrachlorid und Bis(dichloralkoxo)wolframoxiddichlorid als Übergangsmetallkomponente untersucht. Als Cokatalysatoren dienten Methylaluminoxan, Diethylaluminiumethoxid, Tetraisobutyldialuminoxan und Tetrabutylzinn. Als Lösungsmittel wurden Toluol, Chlorbenzol und Dichlormethan verwendet. Die Konzentration der Wolframkomponente lag im Bereich 5 × 10-4 - 5 × 10-3 mol/l. Unter den geprüften Katalysatoren erwies sich Wolframhexachlorid in Verbindung mit Diethylalumiumethoxid als der geeignetste. Mit diesem System verlief die Polymerisation auch bei großen Monomer/Wolfram-Verhältnissen (10200 :1) hochselektiv und führte zu großen Umsätzen (≥82%).
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  • 79
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The dependence of dilution on the chain propagation and termination rate constants was investigated in the polymerization of ethyl acrylate in benzene solution at 50°C, with the rotating sector method. The errors of the above rate constants were determined and, by our method applied to decrease these errors, the errors of the propagation rate constant was reduced to its half value. By the application of our earlier results in polymerization kinetics, we found that in this system the chain propagation step is exclusively responsible for the solvent effects observed. Our experimental results can be quantitatively described in terms of the hot redical theory.
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  • 80
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1991), S. 329-334 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 81
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 174 (1990), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Photopolymerisation von Ethylenglykoldimethacrylat (EGDMA) mit Methylmethacrylat (MMA) wurde mit Benzoinmethylether (BME) als Initiator in einem Glasrohr durchgeführt, um einen lichtfokussierenden Plastikstab (Radius Rp) mit parabolischer Brechungsindex-Verteilung (Verteilungskonstante A) in der Nähe der Stabachse (bis zum Radius Rc) herzustellen. Die Abhängigkeit von A und Rc/Rp vom Monomerenverhältnis MMA/EGDMA der Ausgangsmischung, der Einfluß der BME-Konzentration auf die Brechungsindex-Verteilung und die Reproduzierbarkeit der Photopolymerisationen wurden untersucht. Das Rc/Rp-Verhältnis stieg mit dem Monomerenverhältnis MMA/EGDMA bei BME = 1,0 Gew.-% und der Geschwindigkeit der UV-Lampe von V = 0,58 mm/min an. Andererseits stieg Rc/Rp bei BME = 0,6 Gew.-% und V = 0,735 mm/min bis zum Monomerenverhältnis von 0,2 an und fiel dann deutlich zwischen 0,20 und 0,25 ab. Die Plastikstäbe, die hier durch Photopolymerisation hergestellt wurden, haben Linseneigenschaften und sind gut reproduzierbar.
    Notes: The photocopolymerization of ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) with methylmethacrylate (MMA) containing benzoin methyl ether (BME) as initiator was carried out in a glass tube to fabricate a light-focusing plastic rod (radius Rp) with a parabolic refractive index distribution (distribution constant A) in the region near the center axis (radius Rc). The dependence of A and Rc/Rp on MMA/EGDMA feed ratio, influence of BME concentration on the refractive index distribution, and the reproducibilities of the photopolymerizations were investigated. The Rc/Rp increased with the feed ratio used under BME = 1.0 wt.-% at velocity of UV lamp V = 0.58 mm/min. On the other hand, Rc/Rp increased with the feed ratio to 0.2 and then decreased remarkably with the feed ratio in the range of 0.2-0.25 with BME = 0.6 wt.-% at V = 0.735 mm/min. Plastic rods fabricated in the investigation using photopolymerization have lens characteristics and good reproducibilities.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Polystyrol- und Polymethylmethacrylateinzelfäden mit verschiedenen Graden von Doppelbrechung wurden durch die kontinuierliche Änderung der Ziehgeschwindigkeit, der Temperatur der Polymerschmelze und des Molekulargewichts von Polystyrol (PS) und Polymethylmethacrylat (PMMA) gewonnen. Der “brittle to ductile” Übergangspunkt (Übergang des Polymeren vom spröden zum ziehbaren Zustand) wurde für das optisch reine Polystyrol im Bereich der Doppelbrechungszahlen -0,6 · 10-3 bis -2,6 · 10-3 gefunden. Höhe und Lage dieses Punktes werden durch das Molekulargewicht, die Molekulargewichtsverteilung und die Temperatur der Polymerschmelze beeinflußt. Die Werte des Doppelbrechungsindexes von PS sind um zwei Zehnerpotenzen höher als von PMMA. Bei PMMA wurde der “brittle to ductile” Übergangspunkt nicht beobachtet. Die mechanischen und optischen Eigenschaften hängen nicht nur vom mittleren Wert des durch die Doppelbrechung charakteri-sierten Orientierungsgrades ab, sondern auch davon, welcher Teil des Relaxations-spektrums des Polymeren vorzugsweise orientiert ist. Beim Ziehen der PS- und PMMA-Einzelfäden bilden sich in der Mitte des Fadens Risse (crazes), die jedoch nicht an die Oberflache des Fadens treten.
    Notes: Monofilaments possessing various degrees of birefringence were obtained by changing the drawing rate, the molten polymer temperature, and the molecular weight of polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The “brittle-toductile” transition point of optically pure PS was found in the range of birefringences of -0.6 · 10-3 to -2.6 · 10-3. Both the height and position of this point are influenced by M̄w, molecular weight distribution, and polymer melt temperature. The birefringence of PS is higher by two orders of magnitude than that of PMMA in which this transition point has not been observed. The mechanical and optical properties depend not only on the average amount of orientation characterized by the birefringence but on what portion of the relaxation spectrum of the polymer is preferentially oriented. During the drawing of PS and PMMA monofilaments crazes are formed in the centre of the fibers and do not reach the surface.
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  • 83
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 174 (1990), S. 105-117 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The possibility of the application of atactic polypropylene is investigated as graft base for the preparation of graft copolymers of vinyl acetate and vinyl chloride respectively graft copolymers from vinyl acetate onto polypropylene as graft base for the preparation of graft copolymers of vinyl chloride in relation to the composition of the original mixture.After compounding of the graft products with polyvinyl chloride or ABS/polyvinyl-chloride mixtures selected mechanical properties are presented in relation to the quantity and composition of the incorporated graft copolymers.
    Notes: Die Möglichkeiten des Einsatzes von ataktischem Polypropylen als Pfropfgrundlage zur Herstellung von Pfropfcopolymerisaten des Vinylacetates und Vinylchlorids bzw. von Polypropylen-Vinylacetat-Pfropfprodukten als Pfropfgrundlage zur Herstellung von Pfropfcopolymerisaten des Vinylchlorids werden in Abhängigkeit von der Ausgangsgemischzusammensetzung untersucht.Nach Abmischung der Pfropfprodukte mit Polyvinylchlorid bzw. ABS/Polyvinylchlorid-Mischungen werden ausgewählte mechanische Eigenschaften sowohl in Abhängigkeit von der Menge des enthaltenen Pfropfproduktes als auch von der Zusammensetzung der Pfropfpolymerisate dargestellt.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: A new spectroscopic method for determining the permeability of ammonia in transparent polymer layers is presented. It is based on the quantitative proof of the ammonia passing the test layer into a sensor layer, containing 4-nitrophenol as an NH3-sensitive probe, which is placed under the test film. The permeability (P) of the test layer is calculated from the slope of extinction with time in the sensor layer. The lag time (t1) gives the diffusion coefficient (D). The suitability of this method is confirmed by comparison with literature values. Diffusion coefficients obtained from t1 correspond well to those obtained by the sorption method.The temperature dependence of P and D in more than five different polymers (CDA, PVB, PVAc, PVC and different polyvinyl alcohols) demonstrates that peculiarities in the temperature dependence of the permeability result from the behaviour of the NH3-solubility (P/D) which is strongly dependent on the polymer structure.
    Notes: Es wird eine neuartige spektroskopische Methode zur Messung der Ammoniak-Permeabilität in transparenten Polymerfilmen vorgestellt. Sie beruht auf dem quantitativen Nachweis des den Testfilm durchdringenden Ammoniaks in einer darunter befindlichen Sensorschicht mit Hilfe der NH3-empfindlichen Sonde 4-Nitrophenol. Aus dem Anstieg der Extinktion mit der Zeit (ΔE/Δt) in der Sensorschicht wird die Permeabilität (P) und aus der Verzögerungszeit (lag time (t1)) der Diffusionskoeffizient (D) berechnet. Die Eignung der Methode wird durch Vergleich mit Literaturwerten belegt. Die aus t1 zugänglichen Diffusionskoeffizienten stimmen sehr gut mit denen überein, die mit der Sorptionsmethode gefunden werden.Die Temperaturabhängigkeiten von P und D in mehr als fünf verschiedenen Polymeren (CDA, PVB, PVAc, PVC und in verschiedenen Polyvinylalkoholen) zeigen, daß Besonderheiten im Temperaturgang der Permeabilität aus dem vom Aufbau des Polymeren stark abhängigen Verhalten der NH3-Löslichkeit (P/D) resultieren.
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  • 85
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 179 (1990), S. 99-111 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wurde die strahleninduzierte Pfropfung von 4-Vinylpyridin (VP) auf Styrol-Butadien-Styrol-Copolymere (SBS) in Gegenwart von gelöstem Sauerstoff untersucht. Pfropfcopolymer-Membranen mit unterschiedlichen Pfropfgraden wurden durch Gießen aus benzolischer Lösung hergestellt. Die mechanischen Eigenschaften, die Gaspermeabilität sowie der Einfluß der Temperatur auf die Gasdurchlässigkeit wurden untersucht. Der höchste Pfropfgrad von 8,4% wurde bei einer Bestrahlungszeit von 15,5 herreicht. Sowohl bei kürzeren als auch längeren Bestrahlungszeiten war der Pfropfgrad  -  bedingt durch Störung durch den vorhandenen Sauerstoff  -  niedriger. Reißfestigkeit und Reißdehnung von SBS-g-VP waren vergleichbar rnit SBS. Die Spannungsrelaxation von SBS-g-VP war langsamer als bei SBS, was auf der Bildung von starren Polyvinylpyridin(DVP)-Mikrophasen beruhen könnte, die als permanente Vernetzungspunkte wirken und die Spannungsrelaxation beeinträchtigen könnten.Da SBS eine hohe Gasdurchlässigkeit und PVP eine hohe O2/N2-Selektivität aufweisen, wurde die Gasdurchlässigkeit der Pfropfmembranen untersucht. Die Selektivitat der SBS-g-VP-Membranen stieg mit steigendem Pfropfgrad, allerdings auf Kosten der Permeabilität, Bei Erhöhung der Temperatur nahm die Durchlässigkeit zu, das Verhältnis O2/N2, aber ab. Die Aktivierungsenergie (Ep) der Gasdurchlässigkeit stieg mit dem Pfropfgrad. Für eine nichtgepfropfte SBS-Membran betrug Ep 5,5 kcal/mol für Sauerstoff und 7,2 kcal/mol für Stickstoff. Für eine SBS-g-VP-Membran mit einem Pfropfgrad von 8,4% waren die Ep-Werte für Sauerstoff und Stickstoff 6,5 bzw. 8,1 kcal/mol.
    Notes: The grafting of 4-vinyl pyridine (VP) onto styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymers (SBS) by homografting irradiation with dissolved oxygen was studied. Homograft membranes of various degree of grafting were prepared from a casting solution of grafted copolymer in benzene. The mechanical properties of membranes, gas permeability, and the effect of operating temperature on gas permeation were investigated.The degree of grafting of 8.4% was the largest at an irradiation time of about 15.5 h. It was smaller at both shorter and longer duration because of the interference of dissolved oxygen. It was found that the tensile strength and elongation of SBS-g-VP were similar to those of SBS. The stress relaxation of SBS-g-VP was slower than that of SBS, and this might be due to the formation of rigid microphase separation domain of poly(4-vinyl pyridine), which acted as permanent crosslinking points to reduce the stress relaxation.Using the properties of high flux of SBS and high O2/N2 selectivity of poly(4-vinyl pyridine), the performance of gas permeation of 4-vinyl pyridine homografted SBS membrane was studied. The selectivity of SBS-g-VP membrane increased with increasing degree of grafting. However, it was done at the expense of a decrease in the gas permeability.When the operating temperature of gas permeation increased, the permeability of oxygen and nitrogen increased, and the O2/N2 permeability ratio decreased. The activation energy (Ep) for gas permeation through different degree of grafting of SBS-g-VP membrane (obtained by the Arrhenius law) increased with increasing degree of grafting. For ungrafted SBS membrane, Ep was 5.5 kcal/mol for oxygen and 7.2 kcal/mol for nitrogen. For 8.4% grafting degree SBS-g-VP membrane, Ep for oxygen and nitrogen, were 6.5 and 8.1 kcal/mol, respectively.
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  • 86
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1990), S. 13-27 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The change of molecular mass and long-term strength of high and low density polyethylene under tensile load in surface-active medium was studied. It is shown that long-term strength of polyethylene depends on the molecular mass. The influence of polydispersity on strength was investigated.
    Notes: Es wird über die Untersuchungsergebnisse von Lebensdauer und Molmassenänderung an polydispersen Proben von HDPE und HDPE in einem breiten M̄v-Bereich im Zugversuch in einem oberflächenaktiven Medium berichtet.Die Arbeit enthält auch die Darstellung der quantitativen Änderung der Molmasse von Hochdruck- und Niederdruck-Polyethylen unter Dauerbeanspruchung und die Analyse der Lebensdauer in Abhängigkeit von den unterschiedlichen Molmassen (MM) (M̄w, M̄n, M̄v); die Unterschiede in Abhängigkeit von der Lebensdauer von M̄v für Proben und polydisperse Muster sowie die Vorstellungen über den dualen Einfluß der Polydispersität auf die Lebensdauer mit einer Interpretation der auftretenden Erscheinungen werden beschrieben.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: One constitutive property for the description of dyeing polyester-materials with disperse dyes is the particle size distribution in the dye bath. To measure particle sizes below one micrometer in situ, special techniques are required. One of these is the so called photon-correlation-spectroscopy, depending on the scattering of laser light by suspended small particles in a fluid. The mathematical and physical principles of the photon-correlation-technique are explained in this article.
    Notes: Eine zur Beschreibung des Färbevorganges von Polyestermaterialien mit Dispersionsfarbstoffen wesentliche Größe stellt die Partikelgrößenverteilung im Farbebad dar. Partikelgrößen unterhalb eines Mikrometers lassen sich in situ nur mit wenigen Meßtechniken bestimmen. Dazu zählt u. a. die Photonen-Korrelations-Spektroskopie, die auf Streuung von Laserlicht an kleinen, in einer Flüssigkeit suspendierten Teilchen basiert. Die mathematischen und physikalischen Grundlagen dieser Meßtechnik werden in diesem Artikel erläutert.
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  • 88
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1990), S. 81-97 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Kristallinität von Polyethylen, Polyethylenterephthalat und Polypropylen wurde mit Hilfe der Röntgenweitwinkel(WAXS)-und-kleinwinkel(SAXS)streuung gemessen. Die mittels der letzteren Methode erhaltenen Kristallinitätswerte sind deutlich größer als die durch WAXS. Es wird vermutet, daß die Unterschiede mit der Schicht zusammenhängen, die zwischen den amorphen und kristallinen Bereichen liegt. Daraus wurde geschlossen, daß die Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung nicht als unabhängige Routinemethode zur Kristallinitätsbestimmung angewendet werden kann.
    Notes: The crystallinity of polyethylene, polyethyleneterephthalate, and polypropylene was measured with the aid of wide angle (WAXS) and small angle (SAXS) X-ray scattering methods. The values of crystallinity evaluated using the latter method are distinctly larger than those ones given by the WAXS method. The differences are supposed to be associated with the transition layer existing between the amorphous and crystalline regions. It was concluded that small angle X-ray scattering cannot be employed as an independent routine method of crystallinity determination.
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  • 89
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1990), S. 117-128 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Für das System Cellulosenitrat-μ-Styragel-THF wurde die DP-Ve-Beziehung sowie die Ausarbeitung der betreffenden Eichparameter einer genaueren Betrachtung unterzogen. Die etwa dreißig Eichpräparate waren durch definierten säurekatalysierten Abbau von Baumwollcellulose und anschließende Nitrierung hergestellt worden und umfaßten einen DP-Bereich von 150 〈 DP 〈 8000. Es wird gezeigt, daß mit steigendem DP die DP-Ve-Beziehung drei verschiedene Phasen aufweist. Bei der Anwendung der SEC auf Cellulosenitrat müssen daher bezüglich der Eichung zwei Fehlerquellen in Betracht gezogen werden: eine bezieht sich auf die Methode der Ausarbeitung der Eichparameter als solche, und die andere auf die Nichtbeachtung des Vorhandenseins dreier Abschnitte in der DP-Ve-Beziehung. Die Auswirkung dieser Fehler auf die Genauigkeit der aus den Elutionsdiagrammen abgeleiteten Verteilungskurven und DP-Mittelwerte wird diskutiert.
    Notes: The calibration behaviour of the system cellulose nitrate-μ-Styragel-THF has been studied using about 30 different calibration samples prepared by defined acid catalyzed degradation of cotton cellulose. The samples covered a range of DP between 150 〈 DP 〈 8000. It is shown that the DP-Ve relationship is characterized by the existence of three subsequent stages. Consequently, two sources of errors in the DP-Ve calibration must be taken into consideration. One refers to the methods as such to elaborate the calibration parameters, and the other one arises by neglecting that the DP-Ve relationship involves 3 distinct stages. The extent of the two classes of errors in regard to the exactness of the determined molecular weight averages and molecular weight distributions is discussed.
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  • 90
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1990), S. 141-156 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Bei der Polycondensation von d,l-Asparaginsäure mit Nδ-phthaloyl-L-ornithin in Phosphorsäure bei 185°C entstehen statisticsche Copolymere (Ausbeute 60  -  70%) aus Poly(d,l-succinimid-co-Nδ-phthaloyl-d,l-ornithin), Formel 6, mit inhärenten Viskositäten (DMF) von 5 bis 15 ml g-1. Copolyimide der selben Zusammensetzung 6 und vergleichbarer Kettenlänge werden aus Asparaginsäure und dem Kupferchelat des Phthaloylornithins erhalten. Die Behandlung des Copolymeren 6 mit Hydrazinhydrat fuhrt zur Öffnung der Succinimid-Kettenglieder unter Bildung von Hydrazid-Seitengruppen. Die resultierenden Polyamide sind Poly(α,β-d,l-asparaginsäurehydrazid-co-d,l-ornithin), Formel 7. Kürzere Reaktionszeiten bedingen unvollständige Ringöffnung, und die verbleibenden Succinimid-Gruppen werden bei der folgenden Aufarbeitung hydrolytisch gespalten unter Bildung von Asparaginsaüre-Gruppen; die sogebildeten Polyamide besitzen die Struktur 8. Beide Polymere, 7 und 8, sind in Wasser loslich und zeigen in Wasser inharente Viskositiiten von 5 bis 14 ml g-l. Die Fahigkeit dieser Polyamide zur Arzneimittelverankerung wird durch Ankoppeln von Carbonsau- ren als Modellsubstanzen gezeigt.
    Notes: The polycondensation of d,l-aspartic acid with Nδ-phthaloyl-l-ornithine in phosphoric acid at 185°C gives rise to the formation, in 60  -  75% yield, of random copolymers of the poly(d,l-succinimide-co-Nδ-phthaloyl-D,L-ornithine) type 6 possessing inherent viscosities (DMF) in the range of 5  -  15 ml g-1. Copolyimides of the same compositions 6 and comparable chain lengths are obtained from aspartic acid and the copper chelate of the phthaloylornithine. Treatment of copolymers 6 with hydrazine hydrate in DMF leads to N-deprotection and opening of the intrachain succinimide rings with formation of hydrazide side groups. The resultant polyamides are of the poly(α,β-d,l-asparthydrazide-co-d,l-ornithine) type 7. Shorter reaction periods give incomplete hydrazinolytic ring opening, and the remaining succinimide units are cleaved hydrolytically during the subsequent aqueous workup, thereby transforming into aspartic acid units. The polyamides so formed possess the general poly(α,β-d,l-asparthydrazide-co-α,β-d,l-aspartic acid-co-d,l-ornithine) structure 8 Both types 7 and 8 are soluble in water and, in this medium, give inherent viscosities of 5  -  14 ml g-1. The potential drug-anchoring capabilities of these amine-functionalized polyamides are demonstrated by coupling reactions with model carboxylic acids.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Im Zusammenhang mit Arbeiten über den Wirkungsmechanismus von Antioxidantien in Kohlenwasserstoffpolymeren unter Sauerstoffmangel wurde die Abfangreaktion des Modellradikals 1-Cyano-1-methylethyl (R°) mit N-Isopropyl-N′-phenyl-1,4-phenylendiamin (Ia) und seinem Oxidationsprodukt IIa untersucht. Reines Ia und IIa reagieren kaum mit R′, eine Mischung aus beiden ist jedoch ein effektiver Fänger fur R′, wobei R′ entweder am Stickstoffatom zwischen den aromatischen Ringen unter Bildung von VIa gebunden wird, oder unter Substitution mit dem Phenylenring reagiert, wobei VIIIa entsteht. Verbindung VIa ist labil, bei Vulkanisationstemperatur spaltet sie im neutralen Medium Olefin unter Regenerierung von Ia ab. In Gegenwart von Säuren lauft diese Reaktion auch bei niedrigerer Temperatur ab. Im Produkt VIIIa ist R′ fest gebunden, durch die Nitrilgruppe tritt jedoch eine säurekatalysierte Cyclisierung zum Indolinderivat X ein. Die Bildung von VIIIa ist ein Modell für die Entstehung einer „nichtextrahierbaren Fraktion“ des Antioxidants Ia bei der Stabilisierung von Kohlenwasserstoffpolymeren.
    Notes: In connection with the investigation of the mechanism of antioxidant action of antidegradants in hydrocarbon polymers under the conditions of a relative deficiency of oxygen, scavenging of a model alkyl (1-cyano-1-methylethyl,R°) was studied with Nisopropyl-N′-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (Ia)For abbreviations see p. 11. and its oxidation product, i.e. Nisopropyl-N′-phenyl-1,4-benzoquinonediimine (IIa). While pure Ia and IIa do not react with the radical R° almost at all, their mixture is able to scavenge R° effectively. The reaction is further accelerated with acids. The alkyl R° combines with the antidegradant molecule in two ways, one of which leads to the substitution at the nitrogen atom between the aromatic rings, giving rise to VIa, while the other consists in the substitution of phenylene, leading to VIIIa. The product VIa is labile, and at vulcanization temperatures it readily splits off olefin in a neutral medium, being regenerated to Ia. In the presence of acids this reaction proceeds even at lower temperatures. In the other product, i.e. in VIIIa, the alkyl R° is bound firmly, but due to the presence of the nitrile group, VIIIa is readily cyclized by the effect of acids, and an indoline derivative X is formed. The formation of VIIIa is a model of the formation of an “unextractable fraction” of antidegradant Ia in the stabilization of hydrocarbon polymers. Investigations based on the isolation of reaction products bear at the same time evidence of the possibility of regeneration of an effective antioxidant in the stabilized substrate.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The photochemical degradation of polymers (commonly known as UV degradation) takes place in two stages: First, there is the primary process comprising the rapid formation of radicals caused by quanta of visible light; this involves the dissociation of polymer chain molecules and/or the activation of polymer chain molecules respectively of additives, colorants and impurities contained in the polymer. The secondary process consists in oxidation reactions with singulett-oxygen generated by energy-transfer and/or between the polymer radicals thus formed and adsorbed oxygen, as a result of which gradual degradation of the polymer takes place.An investigation of these individual reactions using a combination of selected physical test methods leads to an unterstanding of the entire reaction sequence involved in photo-oxidative degradation. This knowledge provides a basis for systematically improving the weather-resistance of polymers by modifying their basic polymeric structure or through the controlled use of UV absorbers, quenchers, radical interceptors and antioxidants.The physical test methods themselves are divided into two categories: techniques used for investigating the primary processes (ultra short-time spectroscopy, ESR) and those used to investigate the secondary processes (XPS, FT-IR, UV/VIS et al.).With pigmented polymers, attention is focussed on borderline cases in the use of photoactive and photoinactive pigments: as a result of “photocatalytic oxidation”, photoactive pigments (e.g. TiO2 anatase) lead to additional degradation reactions which take place at the same time as the UV degradation reaction. Photoinactive pigments (e.g. high-grade TiO2-rutile and iron oxide pigments), on the other hand, exhibit negligible or no photocatalytic oxidation and, by absorbing UV radiation, provides better protection for the polymer against UV degradation.This paper gives an overview of the above-mentioned physical methods of investigating primary and secondary photochemical processes, taking a thermoplastic material (Polycarbonate) as an example. A description is also given of the photocatalytic oxidation reations which can take place if pigmented polymers are used, and there is a discussion of the degradation-inhibiting effects of inorganic pigments.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The aim of the present work is to predict the warehouse storage life of polyethylene low-density, polyethylene high-density and polystyrene impact-resistent, using the method of temperature-time superposition. The properties, most representative for thermal ageing, are the relative elongation at break for polyethylene and the impact resistance for polystyrene. The validity of the predicted shelf-life is verified by estimating the change of these properties under real conditions of warehouse storage.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A commercial type of impact-resistant polystyrene was investigated. Two types of antioxidants, Irganox 245 and Irganox PS-800 were added to polystyrene in ammounts of 0,05 to 0.20%. Films, dumbbells and straight test pieces were subjected to thermal and u.v. ageing. Films of 250 μ thickness were thermally treated at 100°C and separately u.v. irradiated at 360 nm for 24, 72, 120 and 168 hours. Dumbbells and straight test pieces were only thermally aged at 100°C for 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days. Mechanical properties were determined. The spectra of samples were recorded using Perkin-Elmer, model 1750 FTIR and Perkin-Elmer data station 7700. Colour changes of all dumbbells were measured using Elrepho apparatus in u.v.-visible region. (Changes of the content of carbonyl and hydroxyl groups, as well as of polybutadiene (PB) unsaturation in films were recorded on i.r. spektrophotometer Perkin-Elmer 257 between 4000 and 625 cm-1 and were published in the first part of this study1).
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  • 95
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 181 (1990), S. 85-91 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Formstoffe aus aromatischen Polyepoxiden, aromatischen Polyaminen mit hochtemperaturbeständigen Strukturelementen sowie pulverförmigen Füllstoffen besitzen hervorragende Eigenschaften, wie hohe Glasübergangstemperatur, hohemechanische Festigkeit, kleinen thermischen Ausdehnungskoeffizienten und Schwerbrennbarkeit ohne Zugabe von Flammschutzmitteln. Über die Synthese dieser aromatischen Polyamine, die Herstellung und Verarbeitung der Niederdruckpreßmassen sowie die Eigenschaften der Formstoffe wird berichtet.
    Notes: Moulded materials produced from aromatic epoxide resins, aromatic polyamines with high-temperature-resistant structure units and powdered mineral fillers possess outstanding properties like high glass transition temperatures, high mechanical strength, low linear thermal expansion coefficient, and reduced flammability without the addition of flame retardants. An account is given of the synthesis of aromatic polyamines, the preparation and working of moulding materials and the properties of the finished products.
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  • 96
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 190 (1991), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Durch gemeinsame Reaktion von Benzophenontetracarbonsäuredianhydrid, Maleinsäureanhydrid und Diaminen mit 1,3,5-Triazingruppen wurden niedermolekulare Prepolymere mit Amin-Endgruppen erhalten, die sowohl 1,3,5-Triazingruppen als auch Etherbindungen enthalten. Diese reaktiven Prepolymeren sind in niedrigsiedenden Lösemitteln wie z. B. Chloroform und Tetrahydrofuran löslich. Sie wurden durch Elementaranalyse, IR- und NMR-Spektroskopie, Dampfdruckosmometrie und Viskosimetrie charakterisiert. Beim Erhitzen der Prepolymeren auf Temperaturen zwischen 180 und 190°C tritt Kettenverlängerung durch Michael-Addition auf; gleichzeitig vernetzen sie durch Reaktion der Amin- mit den Maleimid-Endgruppen. Die vernetzten Polymeren sind thermisch stabil; ihr thermisches Verhalten wurde durch TGA, DTA und isotherme Alterung untersucht. Die Biegefestigkeit und interlaminare Scherfestigkeit von aus den Prepolymeren und Carbonfasergeweben hergestellten Laminaten wurden gemessen.
    Notes: Low molecular weight amine-terminated monomaleimide prepolymers containing 1,3,5-triazine groups as well as ether linkages were synthesized by reacting benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride, diamines having 1,3,5-triazine group and maleic anhydride. These reactive prepolymers are soluble in low boiling solvents such as chloroform, tetrahydrofuran etc. They were characterized by elemental analyses, IR and NMR spectroscopy, vapour pressure osmometry, and viscosity. On heating at 180-190°C these prepolymers undergo simultaneous chain extension by Michael addition reaction and crosslinking by mutual reaction between their amine-terminated and maleimide-terminated ends. The cured polymers are thermostable and the thermal behaviour was studied by TGA, DTA, and isothermal aging. Laminates fabricated using these prepolymers and carbon fiber as reinforcing agent were evaluated by their flexural strength and interlaminar shear strength.
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  • 97
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 190 (1991), S. 15-32 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Ein Epoxidharz wurde durch Reaktion mit Anilin bzw. Benzylamin in unterschiedlichen molaren Verhältnissen modifiziert. Die modifizierten Harze wurden dann mit Diethylamin und anschließend mit teilblockiertem Toluylendiisocyanat umgesetzt, wobei thermisch vernetzbare Harze mit tertiären Aminen in und am Ende der Polymerkette erhalten wurden. Die partielle Ansäuerung mit Essigsäure lieferte thermisch vernetzbare kationische Harze, aus denen durch Lösen in geeigneten Lösungsmitteln und Zugabe von entionisiertem Wasser Emulsionen hergestellt wurden. Diese wurden hinsichtlich ihrer Eignung zur elektrolytischen Abscheidung untersucht und verglichen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Abscheidungsausbeute und das Streuvermögen der Emulsionen aus Benzylamin-modifizierten Epoxidharzen besser sind als die der Anilin-modifizierten Epoxidemulsionen. Ein hohes, vom pH-Wert der Emulsion abhängiges Streuvermögen ist für diese kationischen Harze charakteristisch.
    Notes: Aniline/benzylamine-modified epoxy resins with different molecular weights, which contain tertiary amines in the middle of the polymer chain, were synthesized by the reaction of aniline/benzylamine with epoxy resin at various molar ratios. The resulting aniline/benzylamine-modified epoxy resins were reacted with diethylamine and subsequently reacted with 2-ethylhexanol-blocked toluene diisocyanate to obtain thermally crosslinkable resins which contain tertiary amines at the end and in the middle of the polymer chain. These resins were partially neutralixed with acetic acid to give thermally crosslinkable cationic resins. The resulting cationic resins were dissolved in suitable solvents and mixed with deionized water to form various emulsions. The emulsion and electrodeposition properties of these resins were studied in some detail to compare the properties of these cationic resins. The results show that the deposition yields and throwing power of the emulsions prepared from benzylaminemodified epoxy resins are higher than those of the emulsions prepared from anilinemodified epoxy resins. The emulsion having proper pH values can give a high throwing power. High throwing power is the characteristic property of these modified cationic resins. Factors determining the throwing power and deposition yield of the emulsions were also investigated.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Arylacrylsäuren, wie Furylacrylsäure und Thienylacrylsäure können durch Knoevenagel-Reaktion der Arylcarbaldehyde mit Malonsäure in Pyridin dargestellt werden. Durch einfache Veresterung der Arylacrylsäuren in Methanol/Schwefelsäure werden die entsprechenden Arylacrylsäuremethylester mit guten Ausbeuten erhalten. Diese isomerisieren bei Bestrahlung mit UV-Licht (λ ≥ 280 nm) in methanolischer Lösung. Bei der Photoreaktion in Lösung wurde keine Photodimerisierung beobachtet. Die Reaktionskinetik der Photoreaktionen wurde untersucht.
    Notes: Aryl acrylic acids, e. g. furyl acrylic acid or thienyl acrylic acid are readily formed by the Knoevenagel condensation reaction of arylcarbaldehydes and malonic acid in pyridine. Esterification of these acids with methanol/sulfuric acid gives the corresponding aryl acrylic acid methyl esters in good yields. In methanolic solution these methyl esters isomerize upon irradiation (λ 280 nm). No photodimerization was observed. Kinetic data are given.
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  • 99
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 190 (1991), S. 67-80 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Different composite materials, with retified or natural poplar and polyester resin were prepared by molding. The influence of the filler granulometry on certain physicochemical (density, humidity, hardness) or mechanical properties of the materials was studied. The density and the increase of mass in humid atmosphere were always found to be less when the wood was thermally treated. On the other hand, the hardness of the composites made from natural poplar was much higher. The mechanical properties were found to be weak when the wood was retified.When the wood was thermally treated, it was possible to optimise the three parameters, namely, density, water retention capacity and mechanical properties. The optimal granulometry of poplar was determined between 0.75 and 1.5 mm.The results obtained are discussed considering the physico-chemical properties of the different varieties of wood studied and the interactions which exist between the polar resin and the wood.
    Notes: Divers matériaux composites à base de peuplier rétifié ou naturel et de résine polyester insaturée ont été préparés par moulage. L'influence de la granulométrie de la charge a été étudiée sur quelques propriétés physico-chimiques (densité, reprise d'humidité, dureté) ou mécaniques des matériaux obtenus. La densité et la reprise de masse en milieu humide sont toujours plus faibles si la charge est traitée thermiquement sous atmosphère inerte. Par contre, la dureté des composites issus du peuplier naturel est plus importante. Les propriétés mécaniques sont inférieures si la charge est rétifitée.Si la charge lignocellulosique est traitée thermiquement, il est possible d'optimiser les trois paramètres: densité, reprise d'eau et propriétés mécaniques; la granulométrie optimale du peuplier est ainsi comprise entre 0,75 et 1,5 mm.Les résultats obtenus sont expliqués en tenant compte des propriétés physico-chimiques des charges et des interactions existant entre la résine polaire et le bois.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht das Wasserdurchlässigkeitsverhalten von vier Arten verschieden modifizierter Chitosanmembranen zur Abtrennung von Wasser aus wäßrigen Ethanolmischungen. Chitosan wurde aus Chitin von Krebstierschalen durch Verseifung (Deacetylierung) gewonnen. Die in dieser Arbeit untersuchten modifizierten Chitosanmembranen enthielten Carboxymethyl-, Carboxyethyl-, Cyanethyl- und Amidoxim-Chitosan. Die Einführung hydrophiler funktioneller Gruppen in der 6-O Position des Chitosans erhöht die Selektivität der modifizierten Membranen im Vergleich zu den mit Essigsäure komplexierten Chitosanmembranen. Die Untersuchungen zeigen, daß Chitosanmembranen, die Carboxygruppen enthalten, die höchste Wasserdampfdurchlässigkeit aufweisen. Carboxymethyl-Chitosanmembranen zeigen eine maximale Quellung und den höchsten Ethanoldurchfluß bei einer Ethanolkonzentration von ca. 15 Gew.-% im Zulauf aufgrund von Bindungs- und Weichmachereffekten.
    Notes: The present study investigates the pervaporation performance of four kinds of modified chitosan membranes to separate water from aqueous ethanol solution. Chitosan was prepared from chitin abstracted from the crab shell and subsequently deacetylated with aqueous NaOH solution. Modified chitosan membranes examined in this study include carboxymethyl chitosan, carboxyethyl chitosan, cyanoethyl chitosan, and amidoxime chitosan. The incorporation of hydrophilic functional groups into the 6-O position of chitosan enhances the selectivity of modified chitosan membrane compared to the previously reported chitosan-acetic acid complex membrane. Among the modified chitosan membranes, membranes containing carboxy groups show the best pervaporation performance. Carboxymethyl chitosan membranes show the maximum swelling and ethanol flux at approx. 15 wt.-% feed ethanol concentration due to the coupling and plasticizing effect.
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