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  • Development  (107)
  • man  (90)
  • Industrial Chemistry
  • Seismology
  • Springer  (212)
  • 2005-2009  (7)
  • 1975-1979  (112)
  • 1970-1974  (93)
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  • 1
    Keywords: Biomass conversion ; Biotechnology ; Chemical Engineering ; Chemistry industry ; Industrial Chemistry ; Kent ; Riegel ; biochemical engineering
    Description / Table of Contents: Substantially revising and updating the classic reference in the field, this handbook offers a valuable overview and myriad details on current chemical processes, products, and practices. No other source offers as much data on the chemistry, engineering, economics, and infrastructure of the industry. The Handbook serves a spectrum of individuals, from those who are directly involved in the chemical industry to others in related industries and activities. It provides not only the underlying science and technology for important industry sectors, but also broad coverage of critical supporting topics. Industrial processes and products can be much enhanced through observing the tenets and applying the methodologies found in chapters on Green Engineering and Chemistry (specifically, biomass conversion), Practical Catalysis, and Environmental Measurements; as well as expanded treatment of Safety, chemistry plant security, and Emergency Preparedness. Understanding these factors allows them to be part of the total process and helps achieve optimum results in, for example, process development, review, and modification. Important topics in the energy field, namely nuclear, coal, natural gas, and petroleum, are covered in individual chapters. Other new chapters include energy conversion, energy storage, emerging nanoscience and technology. Updated sections include more material on biomass conversion, as well as three chapters covering biotechnology topics, namely, Industrial Biotechnology, Industrial Enzymes, and Industrial Production of Therapeutic Proteins.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 1562 pages)
    ISBN: 9780387278438
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    In:  Norwell, Springer, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 2-203, (ISBN: 3-540-26532-5, XVI + 208 p. 72 illus.)
    Publication Date: 2005
    Keywords: FractureT ; Seismology ; Geoelectrics ; Electromagnetic methods/phenomena ; Geothermics ; Non-linear effects ; Dynamic ; Earth ; system ; geophysics ; Inhomogeneity ; scaling
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  • 3
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    In:  Professional Paper, Perspectives in Modern Seismology, Dordrecht, Springer, vol. 65, no. 16, pp. 145-168, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 2005
    Keywords: paleo ; Seismicity ; Fault zone ; DSTF ; Seismology ; Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Bucharest ; Romania ; Earthquake risk
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  • 4
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    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Perspectives in Modern Seismology, London, Springer, vol. 201, no. XVI:, pp. 169-184, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Publication Date: 2005
    Keywords: Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; Geodesy ; Finite Element Method ; Modelling ; Three dimensional ; Seismology ; Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Bucharest ; Romania ; Earthquake risk
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  • 5
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    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Perspectives in Modern Seismology, Dordrecht, Springer, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 47-65, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 2005
    Keywords: Non-linear effects ; Seismology ; Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Bucharest ; Romania ; Earthquake risk
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  • 6
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    In:  Bull., Open-File Rept., Perspectives in Modern Seismology, Arnsberg-Neheim, Springer, vol. 10, no. 87-17, pp. 69-94, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 2005
    Keywords: Plate tectonics ; hot ; spots ; GeodesyY ; Tomography ; Seismology ; Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Bucharest ; Romania
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  • 7
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    In:  Professional Paper, Open-File Rept., Perspectives in Modern Seismology, Berlin, Springer, vol. 1, no. 16, pp. 1-12, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 2005
    Keywords: Review article ; Seismology ; Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Bucharest ; Romania ; Earthquake risk
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  • 8
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    Development genes and evolution 187 (1979), S. 35-47 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Ascidia ; Concanavalin A ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The early development ofPhallusia mammillata eggs, dechorionated with trypsin and treated with Concanavalin A, was studied. Vital staining with a very dilute solution of acridine orange (0.01 μg/ml) helped to visualize the mitochondrial ‘crescent’ by fluorescence. At high concentrations of Concanavalin A (20–200 μg/ml) fertilized eggs did not cleave, but went through early ooplasmic segregation movements (formation of the crescent) and multinuclear syncytia were formed. At lower concentrations of Concanavalin A (less than 10 μg/ml), cleavage occurred, but the blastomeres remained rounded, leading to a grapelike embryo. Eggs attached to Concanavalin A treated nylon surfaces either did not cleave or produced grapelike embryos. Attachment of the eggs did not affect ooplasmic segregation. Considering modern theories of membrane structure it was concluded that Concanavalin A prevented cleavage either by immobilizing surface structures connected with microfilaments or by indirectly modifying other membrane structures. These structures could not have been involved in ooplasmic segregation, but their mobility was necessary for further morphogenesis.
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  • 9
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    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1979), S. 1045-1049 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismology ; Surface waves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Alsop's method (1966) for the non-normal passage of surface waves through a vertical discontinuity is improved by using a new functional to be made stationary on the plane of discontinuity. The modified functional has the dimension of an energy flux and is characterized by the discontinuous surface wave displacements and stresses on the vertical discontinuity. Model calculations which were carried out for SV-waves and Love waves show that the new version of Alsop's method yields in all respects more consistent results than the old one.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Methode von Alsop (1966) für den Durchgang von schräg einfallenden Oberflächenwellen durch eine vertikale Diskontinuität wird durch Verwendung eines neuen Funktionals, das auf der Diskontinuitätsfläche stationär sein soll, verbessert Das modifizierte Funktional hat die Dimension eines Energieflusses und wird durch diejenige Spannungs- und Verschiebungsdiskontinuität charakterisiert, die durch das Oberflächenwellenfeld auf der Diskontinuitätsfläche erzeugt wird. Modellrechnungen für SV-Wellen und Lovewellen zeigen, daß die neue Version von Alsoos Verfahren in jeder Hinsicht konsistentere Ergebnisse als die bisherige liefert.
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  • 10
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    Development genes and evolution 186 (1979), S. 27-50 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Compound eye ; Development ; Determination of R7 cells ; sevenless mutant analysis ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary sev LY3,the only existing allele at thesev locus (1–33,2±0,2), behaves as strongly hypomorph or even as amorph. Ommatidia in asev compound eye have only seven receptor cells, the position of the R7 pattern element being vacant. Various criteria showing that the missing cell is R7 have been verified. These include (i) anatomical characteristics ofsev ommatidia; (ii) behaviour of central R cells insev rdgB double mutants; (iii) medullary projection of central R cell axons; and (iv) mitotic pattern ofsev imaginal discs. The analysis of morphogeneticsev-sev + mosaics has shown thatsev is expressed autonomously by R7 cells, indicating that thesev phenotype is not due to asev genotype of ommatidial pattern elements other than R7. The study of third instarsev imaginal discs has not brought any direct evidence for death of clustered presumptive R7 cells; however, clonal analysis of the developingsev compound eye has given evidence of developmental parameters comparable to those ofsev +, therefore favouring the hypothesis that R7 cells die insev mutants. On the other hand,sev + seems to be required for the determination of the R7 cells, since thesev phenotype cannot be uncovered during the last mitoses of heterozygous mutant cells.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: cyproheptadine ; metergoline ; glucose tolerance ; insulin secretion ; chemical diabetes ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of short-term treatment with either placebo or two serotonin antagonists, cyproheptadine and metergoline, on oral glucose tolerance and insulin secretion have been evaluated in normal subjects and in patients with chemical diabetes. Placebo treatment was not associated with any significant change in the parameters examined. Glucose tolerance in chemical diabetics was significantly improved both after cyproheptadine and metergoline; fasting plasma glucose was also reduced by metergoline. Treatment with the latter drug was also associated with a significant decrease in incremental glucose area in healthy subjects, which was not affected by cyproheptadine. Basal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion were not affected by either drug in any subjects. Cyproheptadine and metergoline improve glucose metabolism in chemical diabetes probably by reducing insulin resistance. This may depend either on decreased secretion of counter-regulatory hormones or on a direct pharmacological action of the drugs on glucose utilization, possibly mediated by their common antiserotoninergic properties.
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  • 12
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 15 (1979), S. 187-192 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: quinidine ; plasma protein binding ; pharmacokinetics ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The disposition and plasma protein binding of quinidine after intravenous administration were studied in 13 healthy subjects. Plasma protein binding, expressed as the fraction of quinidine unbound ranged from 0.134–0.303 (mean 0.221). Elimination rate constant (β) varied from 0.071 to 0.146 h−1 (mean 0.113), and apparent volume of distribution (Vβ) varied from 1.39–3.20 l · kg−1β (mean 2.27). Total body clearance was 2.32–6.49 ml min−1 · kg−1. There was a positive linear correlation between the plasma fraction of unbound quinidine and both Vβ (r=0.885, p〈0.01) and total body clearance (r=0.668, p〈0.05). No significant correlation existed between the fraction of unbound quinidine in plasma and the elimination rate constant. The results show that both the apparent volume of distribution and total body clearance of quinidine are proportional to the unbound fraction in plasma. This implies that the total plasma concentration of quinidine at steady state will change with alterations in plasma binding, whilst the concentration of unbound compund and its elimination rate will remain unaffected.
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  • 13
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 15 (1979), S. 73-81 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: simulation model ; diazoxide hypotension ; haemodynamics ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The acute haemodynamic effects of injected diazoxide (Hyperstat® Schering) have been studied in 8 hypertensive subjects. Aortic blood pressure was measured and cardiac output and peripheral conductance were assessed continuously using a simulation model. In six of the patients pulmonary artery end-diastolic pressure was also measured. Blood pressure fell in all subjects 5–10 min after injection of the drug cardiac output increased in all patients studied. However, the initial change in cardiac output differed, as it decreased in two subjects and did not change in one. The largest initial increases in cardiac output were seen in the subjects with the highest pulmonary artery end-diastolic pressure. Patients with an initial decrease in cardiac output were those with the least compliant (stiffest) aortas. We consider that the responsiveness of the baroreceptors determines the size of the increase in cardiac output immediately after reduction of blood pressure by diazoxide. Thus in a patient with a stiff aorta, particularly at low cardiac filling pressure, diazoxide might cause a fall in blood pressure to an unacceptable level.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Olfactory organ ; Development ; Melanotaeniidae ; Scanning and transmission electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of the olfactory organ in the rainbow fish, Nematocentris maccullochi, was studied using scanning and transmission electron microscopy; it was compared with the developmental process in other teleosts, especially in the closely related atherinids and cyprinodonts. The formation of the nares parallels that in atherinids, salmonids, cyprinids and heterosomats, but differs from that found in cyprinodonts. Another ontogenetic feature in which the olfactory organs of the rainbow fish and also of atherinids differ from those of cyprinodonts, is the occurrence of transitory kinociliary cells which disappear during the postlarval period. The divergent evolutionary pathways are discussed with reference to experimental investigations. During development, ciliated and microvillous receptor cell types occur. At the primary larval stage ciliated receptor neurons are exclusively present. At a later stage the microvillous type develops and becomes equal in frequency. Thus, the microvillous receptor represents a separate type of olfactory neuron and is not a progenitor of the ciliated receptor cell.
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  • 15
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    Cell & tissue research 198 (1979), S. 247-260 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tight junctions ; Development ; Mesothelium ; Mouse embryo ; Freeze-fracture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The peritoneal mesothelium of mouse embryos (12 to 18 day of gestation) was studied by freeze-fracture and in sections in order to reveal the initial formation of the tight junctions. Freeze-fracture observations showed three types of tight junctions. Type I consists of belt-like meshworks of elevations on the P face and of shallow grooves on the E face. No tight junctional particle can be seen either on the elevations or in the grooves. Type II shows rows of discontinuous particles on the elevations on the P face. Type III consists of strands forming ridges on the P face. On the E face, the grooves of Type II and III appear to be narrower and sharper than those of Type I. Quantitatively, Type I junctions are most numerous during the early stages (day 12–13) of embryonic development, while Type III junctions become more common in the later stages, and are the only type seen by day 18. Observations on sections, however, fail to distinguish between the three types. The results suggest that an initial sign of tight junction formation is close apposition of the two cell membranes in the junctional domain, without tight junctional particles. Later, the particles appear to be incorporated in the tight junctions and the strands form by fusion of the particles.
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  • 16
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    Protoplasma 100 (1979), S. 139-153 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Aegilops comosa var.thessalica ; Cell wall ; Development ; Mestome sheath cells ; Microtubules ; Suberized lamella
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The development of mestome sheath cells ofAegilops comosa var.thessalica was studied by electron microscopy. Anatomical and cytological observations show that this grass belongs to the C3 or non-Kranz plants. In the asymmetrically thickened walls of mestome sheath cells a suberized lamella is present. This lamella is deposited asynchronously. In the midrib and the large lateral bundles it appears first in the outer and inner walls and usually later in the radial walls. In the small lateral bundles its appearance is delayed in the inner walls of those cells situated on the xylem side. At maturity the suberized lamella is observed in all cell walls; however, in the small lateral bundles it is partly or totally absent from the walls of some cells situated on the xylem side. Tertiary wall formation is asynchronous as well, for it generally follows the deposition pattern of the suberized lamella. During the development of the mestome sheath cells microtubules show marked changes in their number and orientation, being fewer and longitudinal during suberin deposition. Dictyosomes are very active and may be involved in primary and tertiary wall formation. Endoplasmic reticulum cisternae are abundant and partly smooth, while plasmalemmasomes may function to reduce the plasmalemma extension. However, cytoplasmic structures that are clearly involved in suberin synthesis could not be identified. Suberized lamellae react strongly with silver hexamine. This is probably due to post-fixation with osmium tetroxide. On the basis of structural characteristics the mestome sheath may be regarded as an endodermis (cf., alsoFahn 1974). The significance of this view for water and assimilate exchange between the mesophyll and the bundle is discussed.
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  • 17
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    Cell & tissue research 203 (1979), S. 321-329 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Salivary gland ; Development ; Isoproterenol ; Morphology ; Function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cellular mechanisms responsible for the structural and functional alterations produced in salivary glands by isoproterenol (ISP) were investigated. Postnatal rats were injected with ISP, and alterations in the structure and protein components of the submandibular glands were determined. Normal age-dependent protein patterns detected by electrophoresis are attributed to the biochemical and functional differentiation of proacinar and acinar secretory cells and correlate with structural changes in these cells. Structural changes induced by ISP involve the acinar cells without detectably altering terminal tubule cells. In addition, synthesis of a specific protein by the glands is enhanced by ISP treatment. By comparing protein patterns in the submandibular glands of control and treated rats, it was concluded that ISP increases synthesis of a specific salivary protein normally produced by proacinar cells during a limited period of glandular development. These results suggest that a neurally mediated regulatory mechanism that becomes altered by ISP plays a role in normal salivary gland development.
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  • 18
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    Cell & tissue research 197 (1979), S. 337-346 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Development ; Median eminence ; Neurohypophysial hormones ; Corticotrophin releasing factor ; Immunoperoxidase histochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Transverse sections of the median eminence from fetal and neonatal rats were examined by the immunoperoxidase technique to detect the presence of oxytocin, vasopressin and neurophysin. Neurophysin was observed in the 18-day fetus. Vasopressin and oxytocin were not detected until after birth, on the 4th and 8th days respectively. There was an accumulation of material crossreactive with neurophysin and vasopressin antibodies in the palisade layer of the median eminence between the 4th and 9th days after birth. This distribution of immunoreactive material in the palisade layer was suggestive of neurosecretory substances localized in two fibre tracts on either side of the median eminence. The data are consistent with the accumulation of corticotropin releasing factor and an associated neurophysin in this area. It is suggested that the accumulation of material occurs because of the relative immaturity of the capillary loops that constitute the primary plexus of the hypophysial portal system.
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  • 19
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    Development genes and evolution 184 (1978), S. 273-283 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Nervous system ; Development ; Imaginal discs ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The pathway of adult sensory nerves has been analysed in three experimental situations: (i) in flies with grossly abnormal thoracic morphology resulting from X-irradiation early during development, (ii) in flies which had been subjected to surgical operations late in the larval period, (iii) in homoeotic mutants. The results provide experimental support for a simple mechanism in which developing adult axons join the nearest larval nerve and are guided by it up to the central nervous system. In particular, experimental interference with normal development can result in nerves from different segments, or from dorsal and ventral appendages, joining each other and entering the central nervous system together.
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  • 20
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    Development genes and evolution 184 (1978), S. 325-350 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Optic lobes ; Compound eyes ; Development ; Odonata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des résultats antérieurs ayant montré une certaine dépendance du lobe optique envers l'oeil composé au cours du développement post-embryonnaire, il importait de préciser le rôle joué par les fibres post-rétiniennes qui relient ces deux organes. On pouvait, en particulier, se demander si l'activité mitotique du massif d'accroissement commun aux deux ganglions optiques externes (la lamina et la medulla) est contrôlée par le nombre de fibres postrétiniennes néoformées, ou bien si le rôle régulateur des fibres post-rétiniennes s'exerce plus tard, au moment de la différenciation des cellules ganglionnaires. Afin de répondre à ces questions trois types d'opération impliquant l'activité des fibres post-rétiniennes ont été pratiquées: (1) Une déficience en fibres post-rétiniennes néoformées a été obtenue par ablation de la zone d'accroissement oculaire et son remplacement par du tégument banal. (2) Une surcharge en jeunes fibres post-rétiniennes a été réalisée par l'induction de zones d'accroissement oculaires supplémentaires à la suite de rotations antéro-postérieures de volets oculaires. (3) Des “témoins-opérés” ont subi l'ablation, puis la remise en place immédiate de volets oculaires identiques à ceux des séries précédentes. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de préciser les processus régulateurs qui contrôlent la croissance du lobe optique en la rendant dépendante de la croissance de l'oeil sus-jacent. Cette régulation, qui consiste en un ajustement exact du nombre des cellules ganglionnaires fonctionnelles à celui des fibres postrétiniennes, s'exercerait à trois niveaux: (1) Une première régulation de la croissance contrôlerait le nombre total de neuroblastes dans le massif d'accroissement externe, la quantité de ces cellules embryonnaires étant d'autant plus élevé que la densité de fibres post-rétiniennes serait plus forte. Par contre, le taux mitotique du massif d'accroissement, qui s'est révélé invariable, ne serait pas sous le contrôle des fibres post-rétiniennes. (2) Une seconde régulation, beaucoup plus précise, s'effectuant dans la lamina, consisterait en la différenciation des seules cellules ganglionnaires contactées par les fibres post-rétiniennes néoformées, les cellules surnuméraires dégénérant alors rapidement. L'action différenciatrice s'exercant au niveau des autres ganglions, medulla et lobula, nécessiterait la présence à la fois des fibres post-rétiniennes à orientation centripètes, et des fibres centrifuges. (3) Un ultime processus régulateur, qui implique l'intégrité des fibres postrétiniennes, assurerait le maintien des cellules ganglionnaires fonctionnelles.
    Notes: Summary Since to earlier results indicated a dependence of the optic lobe on the compound eye during post-embryonic development, it appeared essential to specify the part played by the post-retinal fibres connecting these two organs. Especially, we wondered if the mitotic activity in the outer optic anlage common to the two outer optic ganglia (lamina and medulla) was controlled by the number of newly-neoformed post-retinal fibres, or if the regulating influence from the post-retinal fibres takes place later, during the differentiation of the ganglion cells. In order to answer these questions, three kinds of operation were performed: (1) removal, in young larvae, of the zone producing new ommatidia. This operation deprives the optic of the arrival of new post-retinal fibres below the operated level. (2) overloading of post-retinal fibres, by inducing zones that produced supernumerary ommatidia. (3) removal of an ocular volet, followed by its immediate reinsertion, to provide a “surgery-control”. The following results were obtained: (1) A preliminary growth regulation controlled the total number of neuroblasts in the outer optic anlage. However, the permanent mitotic activity of these cells was not controlled by post-retinal fibres. (2) A second regulation, much more precise, occurring in the lamina, consisted in the differentiation of the ganglion cells being affected by the new post-retinal fibres. The supernumerary cells then rapidly degenerated. (3) A last regulatory process, implying the integrity of post-retinal fibres, maintained the ganglion cells.
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  • 21
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    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 1274-1283 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismology ; Surface-wave dispersion ; Higher mode surface waves ; Italy, phase vel. of surface waves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new method is presented for the determination of higher mode dispersion over small distances, using two stations. From an intermediate focus earthquake it has been possible to measure the dispersion of the first and second Rayleigh modes in the period range 25–35 sec and 25–70 sec respectively. Using the almost linear array of Italian long-period stations TRI, BLZ, OLB an estimate of the average errors is also made.
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  • 22
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    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 1299-1306 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismology ; Rayleigh wave dispersion ; Phase velocity of Rayleigh waves ; German Dem. Rep., Rayleigh waves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The phase velocity curve of Rayleigh-waves is determined for a profile crossing the area of GDR from south to north. Two different methods of seismogram processing are used which are discussed in detail. The phase velocities found are checked for compatibility. An inversion of a common phase velocity curve is done by using hedgehog procedure.
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  • 23
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    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 1262-1273 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismology ; African Rift ; P-wave velocity beneath Africa ; Upper mantle structure for Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract AP-wave velocity model for the upper mantle beneath eastern and southern Africa is proposed. The top 250 km of the model is characterized by relatively low velocities similar to those deduced for the upper mantle beneath the western United States of America. At greater depths, the velocities gradually change to normal mantle values.
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  • 24
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    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 198-211 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismology ; theoretical ; Cagniard's technique ; Elastic waves produced by shearing traction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The displacement produced in a semi-infinite, homogeneous, isotropic elastic medium by the application of shearing traction over a circular portion of the half-space has been evaluated in exact form by Cagniard's Technique (Cagniard, 1962;Gakenheimer andMiklowitz, 1969).
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  • 25
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    Development genes and evolution 184 (1978), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cell division ; Development ; Cryptobiosis ; Nauplius larva
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cell division during embryonic development of the brine shrimp,Artemia salina has been studied by counting nuclei and mitotic figures. No cell division was observed during development of the encysted gastrula until about an hour before emergence of the embryo (a pre-nauplius) from the cyst, and even then only a few mitotic figures were observed. Following emergence, and during further development up to the stage II nauplius larva an increase of about 25% in the number of cells occurs. However, when the newly hatched larva is exposed to FUdR (10 μg/ml) cell division is largely inhibited, but observable development nevertheless proceeds normally. Evidently all processes involved with the development of the gastrula into a stage II nauplius larva can occur with far fewer cells than normally are present.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Cotyledons ; Brassica ; Development ; Intracellular localization ; Lipase ; Microsomal membrane fraction
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In homogenates of resting rapeseeds no lipase activity (glycerolester hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.3) could be detected using a titrimetric assay procedure. Following a 30-h lag-phase after imbibition, lipase activity increased sharply, reaching its maximum at day 4 after sowing. Simultaneously triglyceride content of the cotyledons decreased sharply. At any time during the 11-day period of seedling growth examined, only an alkaline lipase activity with a pH optimum around 9 was present. White light had essentially no effect on the development of lipase activity. However, the disappearance of lipase activity from the cotyledons after fat utilization was found to depend on nitrogen nutrition of the seedlings. The activities of the glyoxysomal enzymes catalase and malate synthetase showed the usual rise and fall patterns with peak activities at day 4 after sowing, independently of the mineral nutrition of the seedlings. About 90% of the lipase activity was associated with a microsomal membrane fraction. Resolution of this fraction by sucrose density gradient centrifugation (62,000 g for 14 h) yielded three distinct membrane fractions. Maximum activities of membrane marker enzymes were recovered from the gradients at following densities: The major portion of microsomal protein and lipase activity at 1.085 kg/l; microsomal malate synthetase and phosphorylcholineglyceride transferase at 1.116 kg/l; NADH-cytochrome c reductase and phosphorylcholinecytidyl transferase at 1.133 kg/l. Evidently in rapeseed cotyledons lipase activity is associated only with a discrete microsomal membrane fraction which sediments differently from membrane fractions of the endoplasmic reticulum.
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  • 27
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 13 (1978), S. 213-218 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Activated charcoal ; acute intoxication ; digoxin ; phenytoin ; aspirin ; man
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The inhibitory effect of activated charcoal 50 g suspended in water on the absorption of digoxin, phenytoin and aspirin was studied in six healthy volunteers in a cross-over manner. The absorption of digoxin and phenytoin were almost completely prevented (about 98%) when activated charcoal was ingested immediately after the drug. The total absorption of aspirin was inhibited by 70%, with clear postponement of absorption and partial release of aspirin from the charcoal in the gut: The peak serum concentration of aspirin was reduced by 95% by charcoal. When activated charcoal was ingested 1 hour after the drugs the inhibition of absorption was considerably less. However, since the absorption of larger doses of the drugs is often slow, the administration of an adequate dose of activated charcoal will be of definite value in the treatment of acute intoxication, even if delayed for several hours.
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  • 28
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 14 (1978), S. 129-131 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Tetracycline absorption ; EDTA ; milk ; man
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The absorption of tetracycline in man under the influence of concomitantly administered EDTA, milk and a combination of EDTA and milk has been investigated. Urinary excretion of the drug was measured for 30 h. The inhibitory effect of milk could be counteracted by simultaneous ingestion of EDTA, which resulted in almost equivalent urinary excretion of tetracycline compared to experiments done in the fasting state. Administration of EDTA alone, in a neutral dosage form, did not significantly change absorption of the drug, which contradicted previous findings. The possible use of EDTA during tetracycline therapy is discussed.
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  • 29
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 14 (1978), S. 277-280 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Doxycycline ; iron ; charcoal ; enteral cycling ; man ; pharmacokinetics
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to study the intestinal interactions of doxycycline (DC) with Fe++ and charcoal, two groups of healthy volunteers were given either 200 mg or 100 mg DC in capsules at 2 p. m. and 9 p. m., and blood samples for fluorimetric assay of DC were collected for 24 h starting at 8.30 a. m. on the following morning. A 24-h-urine was also collected. The test was subsequently repeated at one-week intervals, when the volunteers also ingested either ferrous sulphate (80 mg Fe++) or charcoal (4.0 g) immediately after the zero-time sample of DC and at 3, 8 and 12 h. Charcoal completely adsorbed DC in vitro in an artificial small intestinal fluid. Ferrous sulphate or charcoal did not modify the serum level or urinary excretion of DC after the 200 mg+200 mg dose, but ferrous sulphate did reduce the 24-h urinary excretion of DC after the 100 mg+100 mg dose. The serum half-life and AUC of DC were reduced by ferrous sulphate given after the 100 mg+100 mg dose of DC. Charcoal did not modify any parameter, even after the 100 mg+100 mg dose of DC. The results do not support existence of important enteral cycling of DC. Although oral ferrous sulphate can lower the serum level and shorten the serum half-life of DC, the acute experiment suggested that a therapeutic serum level of DC can be maintained despite treatment with iron in the doses used in iron-deficiency, and charcoal in the doses used in diarrhoeic states, if the drugs are administered several hours apart.
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  • 30
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 14 (1978), S. 69-73 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Citalopram ; pharmacokinetics ; man ; steady state levels ; metabolism
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The plasma concentrations of citalopram, a potent serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and its demethylated metabolite have been determined by a specific fluorescence coupling technique during single dose experiments in volunteers and in clinical tests. Citalopram was found to have linear kinetics within the dose range investigated, which were characterized by fairly rapid absorption and slow elimination (biological half-life 1–21/2 days). Steady state levels in the range 120–340 nM (i.e. slightly above those associated with pharmacodynamic activity in animals) were attained within a week. A drug/metabolite ratio of 2–3 was recorded.
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  • 31
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 14 (1978), S. 425-430 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Penta-acetyl-gitoxin ; 16-acetyl-gitoxin ; gitoxin ; mass spectrometry ; species-specific deacylation ; man ; rabbit ; guinea-pig ; rat ; blood ; intestinal mucosa ; liver homogenate
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Penta-acetyl-gitoxin (PAG) shows species-specific deacylation to 16-acetyl-gitoxin (16-AG; I and III) or gitoxin (II and IV) by homogenates of liver and intestinal mucosa of man (I), rabbit (II), guinea-pig (III) and rat (IV), whereas it is degraded into tri- and tetra-acetates by homogenates of guinea-pig myocardium as well as by human blood and serum. The identity of the principal and chloroform-extractable metabolites in human urine after PAG administration with 16-AG has been demonstrated by mass spectrometry.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: H 80/62 ; haemodynamic effects ; noninvasive techniques ; selectivity ; β1-adrenoceptor agonist ; man
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The selective β1-adrenoceptor agonist H 80/62 was administered intravenously and orally to healthy subjects and its effects on systolic time intervals, arterial blood pressure and heart rate were studied. Side-effects were noted too, and continuous ECG-recordings were made in order to study its arrhythmogenic effect. After i.v. administration of H 80/62 20 µg/kg body weight there was shortening of total electromechanical systole, the pre-ejection period and of the left ventricular ejection time, systolic blood pressure tended to increase, and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were essentially unchanged. When administered orally as a sustained-release preparation in doses between 20 and 40 mg the haemodynamic effects were qualitatively the same as after i.v. administration, but in some studies there was a slight increase in heart rate. During exercise the systolic blood pressure and heart rate were identical after H 80/62 and placebo. The effect of the drug was maximal immediately after cessation of the i.v. infusion and basal values were regained within 60 min. After oral administration of a sustained-release formulation the effect was maximal after one hour and persisted for at least five to seven hours. The drug was well tolerated on repeated administration. The incidence of ventricular extrasystoles was possibly increased in one subject out of eight (11 ventricular extrasystoles during 18 h). The results of this Phase I study of H 80/62 warrant further evaluation of the drug in man.
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  • 33
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 14 (1978), S. 445-447 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Activated charcoal ; tricyclic antidepressants ; nortriptyline ; poisoning ; antidote ; man
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Activated charcoal is known to reduce the absorption of therapeutic doses of nortriptyline in vivo when administered 30 min after drug ingestion. In a group of volunteers, one sachet (10 g) of a new activated charcoal preparation, ‘Medicoal’ was found to produce a highly significant reduction in nortriptyline absorption when given as long as four hours after nortriptyline dosing. Activated charchoal may therefore be useful in the treatment of tricyclic antide-pressant poisoning even if a delay of several hours ensues before medical help is sought.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Intramuscular Clindamycin Phosphate ; serum levels ; half-lives ; renal Failure ; haemodialysis ; man
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serum levels of clindamycin bioactivity and total clindamycin were studied after single intramuscular injections of 300 mg of clindamycin phosphate in a group of 6 normal subjects and a group of 6 maintenance haemodialysis patients. The patients were studied during a non-dialysis period and then again during haemodialysis. Peak levels tended to be higher and elimination half-lives shorter in the patients than in the normal subjects. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed. There was no evidence that haemodialysis per se influenced the pharmacokinetics of clindamycin phosphate. The proportion of unhydrolysed clindamycin phosphate tended to be higher in the renal failure patients and the reason for this is not apparent. Little, if any, dosage modification is necessary in severe renal failure although there is probably little point in exceeding a dose of 300 mg intramuscularly every 8 h even in severe infections in patients with severe renal failure. The higher peak levels in patients with advanced renal failure indicate the need for further studies with repeated doses.
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  • 35
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 13 (1978), S. 35-39 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Norethindrone ; bioavailability ; man ; competitive protein binding ; sex differences ; pharmacokinetics
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A competitive protein binding assay for norethindrone was developed to measure plasma levels in human subjects. The plasma levels were considerably higher in women than in men, especially at low dose levels. The plasma levels were directly related to the dose in men; but greater variations in the plasma levels were observed in women. The plasma half-life was about 5 h in both sexes with single oral doses of 5 to 20 mg. A comparative bioavailability study with norethindrone from 2 different manufacturers, formulated in the same manner, showed no significant differences in absorption characteristics and provided sufficient data for pharmacokinetic analysis.
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  • 36
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    Archives of microbiology 117 (1978), S. 221-226 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nematophagous fungus ; Giant functional traps ; Mutation ; Development
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mutagenesis with nitrosoguanidine yielded two classes of ring trap mutants in the predacious HyphomyceteDactylella brochopaga: strains which could make no traps and those with a proportion of giant, functional traps. A third strain, derived from a trapless strain made abnormally small functional traps. The giant traps are described, together with developmental abnormalities they sometimes display. The characteristics of the chief mutant strains are discussed.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Physarum polycephalum ; Amoebae ; Aminopeptidases ; Acid proteases ; Regulation ; Development ; Differential gene activity
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cultivation of Physarum polycephalum amoebae in two media with different protein contents revealed a regulation of aminopeptidases and proteases depending on the albumin content of the medium: in growing amoebae and plasmodia the aminopeptidases have similar isoenzyme patterns and relative activities against nitroanilides. One alanine and four leucine aminopeptidase isoenzymes were found within the slightly acid pH range. During growth amoebae secrete—different from plasmodia—leucine aminopeptidase into the medium with low protein content. In an albumin-rich medium additional alanine aminopeptidase activity was found. Out of nine plasmodial proteases four were found in amoebae too. Only one band (pI 3.6) was present in the protein-poor medium. No protease activity could be detected in the proteinrich medium.
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  • 38
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 52 (1978), S. 269-271 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Daphnia Pulex ; Development ; Sex Determination ; Ecological factors ; Identical Chromosome Sets
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Sex-dependent differences in the state of the nuclear chromatin of somatic cells were found in Daphnia pulex. It is suggested that the genome of Daphnia pulex has two developmental programmes based on identical chromosome sets. The female programme consistently functions under a wide range of ecological conditions, whereas the male programme is turned on by specific ecological stimuli. The genes controlling the activation and function of the male programme may be phenotypically latent for many parthenogenetic generations.
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  • 39
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    Cell & tissue research 189 (1978), S. 203-217 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Astrocytes ; Development ; Phagocytosis ; Neuroplasticity ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Previous studies have demonstrated that astrocyte processes are responsible for a spontaneously occurring phagocytosis of boutons on cat spinal motoneurons during the second postnatal week. In the present investigation, the astrocytes and the astrocyte processes in contact with the motoneurons were studied qualitatively and quantitatively during the early postnatal period. It could be concluded that the cells responsible for the phagocytosis of boutons are immature astrocytes. These cells were present not only during the period of phagocytosis but also prior to this period. The type of process responsible for the phagocytosis was present not only during the period of phagocytosis but also prior to and after that period although the relative contribution of such processes to the glia-covered membrane area of the motoneurons was reduced in the older animals. On the basis of these results, the possible specificity of the immature astrocyte as the element responsible for the phagocytosis of boutons during normal development is discussed.
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  • 40
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    Cell & tissue research 188 (1978), S. 465-480 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Steroidogenic cells ; Gonads ; Mouse ; Development ; Ultrastructural differentiation
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Different steps in mouse ovarian and testicular development have been studied in order to compare the time sequences during the in vivo differentiation of steroidogenic cell populations growing in contact with male and female gonocytes. These time sequences indicated a basic common developmental pattern: early signs of steroid synthesis in the male gonad, but late entering into meiotic prophase of XY germ cells; early meiosis but late steroidogenic activity in the ovary. In both male and female interstitial tissues, signs of involution were found following a period of exponential development.
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  • 41
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    Cell & tissue research 188 (1978), S. 491-496 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Castration ; LH-cells ; Rat ; Development ; Sex-steroids
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of sex-steroids on the LH-cell development in neonatal rats were studied. The cells were stained immunohistochemically by applying anti-HCG serum. On the second day after birth some of the animals of both sexes were gonadectomized and simultaneously injected with testosterone or estradiol (50 or 200 μg). The remaining animals were either gonadectomized or injected with either one of the sex-steroids. The LH-cell numbers in each group were determined on the 12th day of age from serially cut histological sections of the pituitary. In castrated males the number of LH-cells was about twice that of the intact animals. In the so-called sex-zone, LH-cells tended to be hypertrophied in castrates. These alterations in the appearance of LH-cells did not occur after ovariectomy. In gonadectomized animals injected with sexsteroids (200 μg), the cells were markedly reduced in number and size, both in males and females. Testosterone injection (50 μg) into intact newborn animals also suppressed the numerical development of LH-cells, especially in females. These alterations were particularly evident in the sex-zone in both sexes. Thus the present findings show that sex-steroids may be involved in sexual differences in morphological development of LH-cells in newborn rats.
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  • 42
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    Plant ecology 37 (1978), S. 1-17 
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Development ; Model ; Peat bog ; Simulation ; Vegetation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A dynamic model is developed which simulates changes in peat bogs on different kinds of slopes. The relationships between the elements of the model which include bog plants, fen plants, water, peat and nutrients, are defined based on data from an earlier study of vegetation in the Rothenthurm area in Switzerland, and from published sources. The model is tested for its performance on three types of slope, starting development at a hypothetical state with low amounts of all variables. The development of bogs is traced until a stable state is reached at equilibrium. It is evident from the results that the establishment of a mature stable system takes longest on the flat slope. On all three slopes the peat layer reaches its maximum value before the equilibrium is reached at a slightly reduced peat level. As were observed in the fied, most slope types do not allow a peat bog to persist long under the local climatical conditions, but changes are forced in the vegetation toward a fen type with higher nutrient supply. It was however possible to simulate a stable peat bog when the slope was flat enough (type C in main text). The results of simulation reproduced with reasonable accuracy the shape of the bogs investigated in the field, the abundance of bog and fen plant species, the ground water table, the thickness of peat and the state of nutrient concentrations in the site. The model is rendered to have minimum complexity by assumptions, described in the main text, to reproduce only those properties of peat bogs that were considered primary in importance in the field. The extent to which the model can help to better understand the natural system is discussed.
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  • 43
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    Cell & tissue research 187 (1978), S. 1-24 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insect sensillum ; Mechanoreceptor ; Development ; Ultrastructure ; Gryllus bimaculatus
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The filiform hairs, mechanoreceptors of Gryllus, pass through six developmental stages during the last larval stage. The cytoplasm of their sense cells suggests intensive synthesis of protein for cellular metabolism and intercytoplasmic exchange of material via glial evaginations. Ultrahistochemical tests demonstrated acid phosphatase in the lysosomes as well as in components of the Golgi apparatus. There was no significant change in the appearance of the sense cell cytoplasm, indicating a maintained functional state also during molting. The new cuticular apparatus is formed after apolysis by the three enveloping cells. Formation of the replacement hairs is initiated by a cytoplasmic outgrowth of the trichogen cell. During morphogenesis of the new hair, the microtubules serve as a cytoskeleton and probably control the flow of vesicles, which contain phenol oxidase, also demonstrated in the Golgi apparatus, and are incorporated into the new cuticle. Bundles of microfibrils are involved in the surface sculpturing of the replacement hair. The trichogen cell also forms a number of structural elements, e.g. the “cup” and “strut” marked geometric peculiarities of which indicate that they are important in the spatial orientation of the dendrite and thus also in transduction. Reduction of the apical cell membrane of the tormogen cell after apolysis permits unrestricted growth of the new hair into the exuvial space. The tormogen cell participates in the formation of the joint membrane, parts of the socket and the articulation of the hair.
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  • 44
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    Cell & tissue research 191 (1978), S. 121-139 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insect sensilla ; Development ; Sexual dimorphism ; Antennal input ; Periplaneta americana L.
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology of the antennal hair-sensilla of Periplaneta americana, their distribution and frequency on the antennal flagellum have been examined by transmission and scanning-electron microscopy. The types of sensilla were distinguished with respect to physiologically relevant criteria such as wall structure and number of sensory cells. Among the sensilla of the antenna of the adult male, long, single-walled sensilla with four sensory cells (type sw B), probably responsible for reception of sexual pheromones, are most frequent, representing about 54% of the antennal sensilla. About half of these sensilla are newly-formed at the imaginai ecdysis; the other half are derived from the shorter type sw B sensilla of the nymphal antenna. Short type sw B sensilla are present in all larval stages of both sexes and in adult females as well. During the imaginal ecdysis of males, however, the length of these sensilla increases to double that found in nymphs. Dendritic branches also increase in number. During postembryonic development, the number of sensory fibers in the antennal flagellum increases nearly 20-fold, from 14,000 in the first larval instar to about 270,000 in the adult male. The greatest increase, approximately 90%, occurs during the last developmental stage.
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  • 45
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    Cell & tissue research 195 (1978), S. 195-203 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Blood-brain barrier ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Spinal cord ; Cerebellum ; Development ; Chick embryo
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary One to 20 mg of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the allantoic vein of chick embryos between the 7th to 21st day of incubation and its penetration from blood into the interstitium of cerebellum and spinal cord (upper thoracic) was examined by light and electron microscopy in order to study development of the blood-brain barrier. Until the 12th day of incubation (stage 38) the reaction products, indicating the presence of peroxidase, were distributed in every region of the intercellular spaces in both cerebellum and spinal cord, whereas in 13th and 14th day embryos (stage 39 and 40) they were observed only in the medullary regions. In the embryos after 15th day (stage 41) they filled only the intravascular lumen and some micropinocytotic vesicles in the endothelium. These results show that the blood-brain barrier to HRP develops roughly synchronously in various parts of the central nervous system and evolves independently of neurogenesis, the course of which differs considerably in the cerebellum and spinal cord.
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  • 46
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    Cell & tissue research 193 (1978), S. 139-154 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Scyllium canicula ; Stellate cells ; Development ; Granules
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Granular hormone-producing cells and agranular cells (stellate cells, including giant and pericavitary cells) were electron microscopically studied in the hypophysis of the small spotted dogfish (Scyllium canicula) up to several months after hatching. Comparisons of results obtained in embryos, newly hatched fish and adults show an increase of the mean granule diameter in the four major endocrine cell types. Small granule cells which are present in all lobes are especially numerous in the ventral lobe. The structures observed in certain cavity boundary cells suggest a role in resorption and transport.
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  • 47
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    Cell & tissue research 193 (1978), S. 525-532 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Intranuclear inclusions ; Neurons ; Development ; Ultrastructure ; Rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of intranuclear rodlets, microtubules, fibrillar lattices and membranous inclusions found in the developing cuneate nuclei of rats is described. Rodlets, ranging in diameter from 96–312 nm and in length from 1–2 μm, are made up of tightly packed straight filaments measuring 5–8 nm in diameter. Microtubules with a diameter of 26 nm are clustered together. Fibrillar lattices are made up of fibrils with a diameter of 9 nm arranged in layers or sets. Two to nine sets make up a lattice, with a maximum width of 68 nm, in which the adjacent sets are arranged at an angle to each other. Rodlets and fibrillar lattices occur in 6.8% of the neurons. Membranous inclusions, reported here for the first time in normal neurons, are of 2 types: small vesicles of 0.1–0.6 μm and large vacuoles measuring 1–2 μm. Both types are bounded by either a single or a double membrane and generally have an electron lucent content. Membranous inclusions occur in 25.3 % of the neurons. Changes in the frequency of occurrence of the various intranuclear inclusions in the course of postnatal development are also reported.
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  • 48
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    Cell & tissue research 194 (1978), S. 219-236 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heart ; Innervation ; Development ; Autonomic nerves
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of innervation to the atrial myocardium of rabbits from 20th day of gestation to 35 days postnatal was studied ultrastructurally by electron microscopy and by demonstration of catecholamines by histofluorescence. Special attention was directed to the first morphologic appearance of nerve fibers and terminals and the closeness of juxtaposition of terminals with myocardial cells. Adrenergic and cholinergic terminals were identified on the basis of their differential ability to take-up and store the “false adrenergic neurotransmitter” 5-hydroxydopamine. Adrenergic terminals were first encountered at 20 days of gestation whereas cholinergic terminals could not be positively identified until the 24th day of gestation. Throughout development adrenergic terminals were more numerous than cholinergic, about 71 % of the terminals encountered being adrenergic. Many terminals approach closely (20–30 nm) to the sarcolemma of the muscle cells of the atrium. In many instances adrenergic and cholinergic fibers travel together in the same nerve bundle and are closely apposed without intervening Schwann-cell cytoplasm. Such a relationship could allow peripheral interaction between these fibers in the myocardium.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: 5S RNA ; Drosophila ; Evolution ; Secondary structure ; Development
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nucleotide sequence ofDrosophila melanogaster 5S RNA has been determined and appears to be homogeneous both in the KC cell line and in the insect at different developmental stages. Experimental evidence on the conformation of this molecule is in agreement with a general class of 5S RNA models.
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  • 50
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    Development genes and evolution 182 (1977), S. 107-116 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Salivary glands ; Ecdysone ; Transcriptional control ; Development
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Injection of α-ecdysone into the larval haemolymph of late third instar larvae ofD. virilis induces both the extrusion of secretory proteins and the inactivation of the enzyme glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate-aminotransferase (E.C. 2.6.16) in the salivary glands. In the presence of actinomycin D or cycloheximide the hormone is ineffective. If before adding these inhibitors RNA synthesis is allowed to proceed for 1.5h, or protein synthesis for 2h after ecdysone injection, however, the protein extrusion and the enzyme inactivation do occur. It is proposed that ecdysone controls these two cytoplasmic events at the transcriptional level by the activation of specific Correlations with puff activities are discussed.
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    Development genes and evolution 183 (1977), S. 325-335 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Gangliosides ; Sialoglycoproteins ; Acetylcholinesterase ; Brain ; Development
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The developmental accretion of up to nine individual gangliosides in foetal brains, peri- and postnatal cortices, postnatal cerebelli and olfactory lobes and in the liver and the spleen were investigated in mice and compared with that of glycoprotein-bound sialic acid and the activity of the acetylcholinesterase. In foetal brain and in postnatal liver and spleen more sialic acid was found bound to glycoproteins than to gangliosides. In postnatal brain structures, however, ganglioside-NeuAc predominated and increased between the 7th and 21st d about 2-fold in the olfactory lobes and cerebellum and more than 3-fold in the cortex. During foetal development the relative quantities (mol %) as well as the absolute concentrations (compared with the fresh weight) of GM1, GM2 and GM3 in the brain decreased, whereas those of GD1a, GD1b and GQ increased. This pattern change continued perinatally in the cortex up to the end of the first week. Thereafter the pattern changed little, but the concentration of all gangliosides present increased much more rapidly, especially between the 10th and 13th d. The postnatal cerebellum and olfactory lobes contained higher concentrations of GM1 and GM3 than the cortex, both gangliosides decreasing in favour of their di-, tri- and tetrasialo-homologues during the third postnatal week. In all brains structures the accretion of GD1a and GT1 was proportional to the increase in the activity of the acetylcholinesterase. Unlike the brain structures, the ganglioside pattern in the liver and spleen, characterised by a predominance of monosialogangliosides and of GD3, did not change noticeably during the first three weeks after birth. The coincidence of the changes in ganglioside accretion observed in the different brain structures with successive periods of morphological differentiation further support the suggestion that gangliosides may play an important role in control of the growth and differentiation of developing nerve cells.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 115 (1977), S. 667-673 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismology ; Hypocenter determination ; Focal coordinate determination ; Near earthquakes location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary A new computation method is described which determines the focal coordinates, theP n-andP G-velocity, the focal time and the Moho-depth in the case of near earthquakes. The method is provided especially for areas where the crustal parameters are insufficiently known. It presumes that the standard error ofP n-andP G-arrival times is a minimum. The problem turns out to represent the solution of a set of at least seven equations with seven unknown parameters. Four of these unknowns can be separated in advance. This leads to a considerable simplification. The three remaining unknowns are the focal coordinates. Their best fitting values are found by the gradient method. An example is presented which shows how errors can arise if the initial trial coordinate is chosen at an unfavourable position.
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  • 53
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    Pure and applied geophysics 115 (1977), S. 655-666 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismology ; Greece ; Plate tectonics ; Focal mechanism
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary An attempt has been made to interpret the striking difference, in focal properties, between the intermediate and shallow earthquakes in Central Greece and an observed time sequence of these shocks by a lithospheric model. This model consists of a lithospheric slab descending from the Ionian to the Aegean and a back-arc expanding Aegean lithosphere. Thrust faulting near the top surface of the slab, caused by the sinking of the slab, triggers spreading and normal faulting in the back-arc Aegean region.
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  • 54
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    Pure and applied geophysics 115 (1977), S. 675-692 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismology ; P wave residuals ; Travel-time anomalies ; Earthquake prediction
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Mean travel-time residuals of P waves for the period 1964–1970 at stations in North America and Europe are well separated into large domains of positive and negative values. The spatial distribution of residuals in North America is in good agreement with the structure of the upper mantle obtained from Rayleigh wave dispersion and is in accord with magnitude anomalies and heat flow data. A systematic variation of residuals in time is found to be sensitive to major changes in the nature of the earthquake source distribution, as for example aftershocks, as well as to changes in methods of detection of first arrivals. Residuals at neighboring stations are correlated up to distances of the order of 2°. Half year mean residuals at stations within 2° distance from the epicenters of strong earthquakes have a sudden jump 1.5 years before the occurrence of an earthquake. A formal algorithm based on this pattern permits prediction of the times of all 16 earthquakes with magnitudeM≥7.5 occurring during the interval 1966–1972. Although the average duration of the alarm periods is about half the total time interval of the catalog, so that the algorithm has no practical importance, these results are statistically significant on a 99% level of confidence.
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  • 55
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    Development genes and evolution 182 (1977), S. 329-346 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Porifera ; Spongillides ; Gemmula ; Development ; Cell differentiation
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die beschalten Dauerstadien (Gemmulae) des SüßwasserschwammesEphydatia fluviatilis enthalten uniforme, totipotente Statocyten (Thésocyten), aus denen sich im Keimungsverlauf Archaeocyten (ein- und zweikernige) und Histoblasten differenzieren. Letztere treten nach einem gewissen Inkubationszeitraum in der zapfenartigen Zone unter der Mikropyle auf, während sich die übrigen Zelltypen zu einem an der Schalenöffnung orientierten, dreidimensionalen Muster gefälleartig anordnen. Nach Ausbildung eines einschichtigen Pinacocyten-Epithels (primäres Pinacoderm) aus peripher gelegenen, einkernigen Zellen schlüpft das nunmehr im Kapselinneren entstandene Primordium durch die offene Mikropyle und nimmt mit dem Substrat Verbindung auf. Das Primordium entwickelt sich zum frühen Jungschwamm, in den die restlichen Archaeocyten, Histoblasten und auch vereinzelt Skleroblasten einwandern.
    Notes: Summary The dormant shelled gemmulae of the fresh water spongeEphydatia fluviatilis contain uniform, totipotent statocytes (thésocytes), which can differentiate either into archaeocytes (mono- and binucleated) or into histoblasts. The histoblasts accumulate at the villus near the micropyle. The other cell types orientate in a three-dimensional pattern at the micropyle, according to a developing gradient. After the primary pinacoderm is formed, the sponge primordium is released through the open micropyle. The primordium develops into a new sponge, into which archaeocytes, histoblasts and scleroblasts migrate.
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    Development genes and evolution 181 (1977), S. 227-245 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Compound eye ; Development ; Cell lineages ; Genetic mosaics ; Drosophila
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The generalogical relationships of photoreceptor cells within the compound eye ofDrosophila have been studied using cell labelling, with either3H-thymidine or recessive mutations, during the third larval stage. It has been found that photoreceptor and secondary pigment cells arise from different precursor cells. Under the present experimental conditions, precursors of receptor cells give rise to about 8 elements which differentiate as R cells of two different groups. One of the cells differentiates as R7 and the remaining as any one of the R1 to R6. The last cells behave initially as equivalent, and can differentiate within the same or within different, but neighbouring, ommatidia. The class of R1 to R6 cell in which each one of these elements differentiates, seems to depend on the time of its origin. The implications of these findings for the formation of the ommatidial pattern are discussed.
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  • 57
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 11 (1977), S. 141-147 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Phenothiazine ; thioridazine ; plasma level ; metabolic pattern ; half life ; man ; schizophrenia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma-levels of thioridazine, mesoridazine, sulphoridazine and two other metabolites were determined in ten older chronic psychotic patients on thioridazine therapy. The plasma-level before the morning dose of thioridazine was the most reliable parameter for clinical studies. An intra-individual relationship between lower doses of thioridazine and plasma-levels was found. The percentage contribution of psychoactive compounds to the total sum of “thioridazine plus metabolites” ranged from 43–74%. The mean “early disappearance half-life” of thioridazine was 5 hours, and its mean “late disapperance half-life” was 26 hours.
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  • 58
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 11 (1977), S. 337-344 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Twin study ; ethanol metabolism ; intra-individual variation ; pharmacogenetics ; plasma level ; man ; heritability
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of genetic and environmental factors on the metabolism of a single oral dose of ethanol 1.2 ml per kg body weight was analysed in 19 identical and 21 fraternal healthy, adult, un-selected male twin pairs. The heritability values of the rates of absorption, degradation and elimination of ethanol were 0.57, 0.41 and 0.46 respectively. Environmental factors, such as daily alcohol intake and smoking, increased the rate of elimination of blood alcohol. Intrasubject variation in ethanol metabolism was studied by repeated tests in 11 male volunteers at intervals of at least 2 months, under the same conditions as in the twins; the coefficients of variation for parameters of metabolism was about 8%. The results demonstrate both genetic control of ethanol absorption, degradation and elimination and the appreciable influence of environmental factors. The almost total genetic control of ethanol metabolism postulated by Vesell et al. (1971) could not be confirmed.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 11 (1977), S. 359-366 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Phenylbutazone ; 14C-label ; oxyphenbutazone ; gas chromatography ; disposition ; oxidative metabolism ; man
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The absorption and elimination of orally administered14C-phenylbutazone and the role of oxidation in its metabolism have been studied. The main routes of excretion of14C-phenylbutazone and its metabolites were investigated in 3 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and in 1 patient with a T-tube in the common bile duct. Up to 9 days after an oral dose of14C-phenylbutazone 600 mg (30 µCi) 63% of the radioactivity was found in the urine and 14% had appeared in the faeces. The cumulative excretion of radioactivity in bile amounted to 9.5% of the dose in 4 days. Only 1% of the radioactivity in the urine and bile was due to unchanged phenylbutazone. The role of oxidative metabolism of phenylbutazone in healthy human subjects was studied by gas chromatography. In 3 subjects given a single dose of phenylbutazone 600 mg, only 8.3% of the dose was excreted in urine as oxidized metabolites after 5 days. However, in 5 patients who had taken phenylbutazone for more than 5 weeks, these metabolites accounted for 23.4% of the dose. These results suggest that oxidative metabolism becomes more important after continued administration of the drug. After a single dose of phenylbutazone, the side-chain oxidized metabolite (II) was the major free derivative excreted in urine, but the ring oxidized metabolite, oxyphenbutazone (I), was much more important than the former in plasma. However, after prolonged treatment there was little difference between the concentration of the two metabolites in plasma. This finding suggests that side-chain oxidation is increased relative to ring oxidation on prolonged treatment with phenylbutazone. A third derivative containing hydroxyl groups both in the phenyl ring and in the side-chain (metabolite III) was found in urine in experiments with phenylbutazone, but in only one out of 3 volunteers given repeated doses of oxyphenbutazone.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 12 (1977), S. 153-158 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Fentanyl ; radioimmunoassay ; cross-reaction ; plasma level ; dog ; man
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antiserum to fentanyl was obtained in rabbits repeatedly injected with carboxyfentanyl conjugated to bovine serum albumin. Using the antiserum, a highly sensitive radioimmunoassay has been developed, based on the dextran-coated charcoal method. It proved possible to assay the drug directly in plasma, in amounts as small as 30 picogram in 0.5 ml. The antibody was highly specific for fentanyl and no cross-reaction was observed with its major metabolites. This sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay method was employed to determine fentanyl in plasma from six volunteers after an intravenous bolus of 0.2 mg, and in plasma from dogs treated both intravenously and subcutaneously with 0.02 mg/kg. The plasma level of fentanyl could be followed for up to 6 h after a therapeutic dose in dogs and man.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 11 (1977), S. 135-140 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Phenothiazine ; thioridazine ; metabolites ; plasma-level ; metabolic pattern ; half-life ; man ; schizophrenia
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma levels of thioridazine and four of its metabolites were determined in a series of fifteen young acute schizophrenics. Consistent individually different metabolic patterns were detected in a group of patients who had the same value for the sum of thioridazine plus metabolites. The apparent volume of distribution and half life were calculated. Clinical evolution tended to correlate best with the level of mesoridazine.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 11 (1977), S. 213-218 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: β-Methyl-digoxin ; digoxin ; intravenous administration ; man ; serum concentration ; renal clearance
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The aim of the present investigation was to estimate the ratio of the intravenous doses ofβ-methyl-digoxin and digoxin required to produce identical serum glycoside concentrations in man. 20 patients on intravenous maintenance therapy were changed fromβ-methyl-digoxin to the identical dose of digoxin or vice versa. Each drug was given for 7 days. Serum concentrations 13% higher were found during administration ofβ-methyl-digoxin. Assuming a half life of 60 h after with drawal, the dose of digoxin producing the same minimum serum concentration was estimated to be 1.16 times higher than that ofβ-methyl-digoxin. 18 healthy volunteers received 0.4 mg β-methyldigoxin, and 23 the same dose of digoxin, as an intravenous infusion over 2 h. The serum concentrations and urinary glycoside excretion were measured over a period of 32 hrs. During the first hour after the infusion the serum concentration of digoxin declined more rapidly than that ofβ-methyl-digoxin. Thereafter, the ratio of the serum concentrations did not change appreciably up to the end of the investigation. The area under the serum concentration/time curve was about 13% greater forβ-methyl-digoxin than for digoxin; this difference was not significant. The average renal clearance was 96±9 ml forβ-methyl-digoxin, 151±13 ml for digoxin. Since the total body clearance of digoxin is only about 1.16 times higher than that ofβ-methyl-digoxin, the lower renal clearance ofβ-methyl-digoxin must partly be compensated by higher extrarenal clearance. From the ratios of the areas under the serum concentration/time curves after single doses of β-methyldigoxin and digoxin, and the minimum serum concentrations during maintenance therapy, it was concluded that the dose of digoxin to produce the same average serum concentrations would be about 1.15 times higher than that ofβ-methyl-digoxin. In comparison with the large variations in individual dosage of digoxin andβ-methyl-digoxin, this difference is too small to be of practical importance.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 12 (1977), S. 81-87 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Oxprenolol ; smoking ; catecholamines ; coronary circulation ; man ; c-AMP
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Changes in catecholamine, c-AMP and lactate concentrations in the coronary circulation of man, during smoking, were studied in 12 patients. The heart rate increased from 63±2 beats/min (control) to 74±3 (smoking) (P〈0.01), falling to 70±2 (10 min after smoking) (0.05〉P〉0.01), whilst coronary sinus c-AMP concentrations rose from 11±0.7 nmol/l (smoking) to 11.9±0.8 nmol/l (after smoing) (0.05〉P〉0.01; one tailed ‘t’ test). There was no significant change in blood pressure, catecholamine or lactate concentrations. The study was repeated in eight of the patients following intravenous oxprenolol. Coronary sinus catecholamine concentrations increased from 4.1±0.7 nmol/l (control) to 5.5±1.1 nmol/l (after smoking) (0.05〉P〉0.01; one tailed ‘t’ test), but heart rate and c-AMP concentrations remained unchanged, confirming that smoking-induced tachycardia is a result of a β-adrenergic mechanism, at least part of which is due to a release of cardiac catecholamines. Arterial lactate concentrations increased only following oxprenolol from 0.74±0.07 mmol/l (control) to 0.83±0.09 mmol/l (smoking).
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 12 (1977), S. 281-284 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Tetracycline ; bioavailability ; plasma levels ; nutritional state ; man
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Relative bioavailability after oral administration of a single dose and Cmin levels of tetracycline in plasma after multiple doses were determined in groups of well-nourished and undernourished subjects. The relative bioavailability of tetracycline, assessed by the area under serum concentration time-curves, did not differ in undernourished and well-nourished patients. The plasma levels were not different in the two groups after the conventional dose of tetracycline HCl 250 mg at 6 hour intervals. However, in these studies undernourished subjects received a higher dose per kg body weight, which could have compensated for any effect of a shortened half life of the drug. When the dose per kg body weight was reduced, the Cmin levels were lower. On the other hand, with the same dose per kg body weight at more frequent intervals, the plasma concentrations were similar to those in well-nourished subjects. These studies indicate that the dosage regimen should be based both on body weight and on the nutritional status of the individual.
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    Archives of microbiology 113 (1977), S. 309-313 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cellulose enzyme system ; Development ; Acanthamoeba
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In Extrakten wachsender Kulturen von Acanthamoeba castellanii konnte ein cellulose-abbauendes Enzymsystem nachgewiesen werden. Es besteht aus einer reduzierende Zucker abspaltenden Komponente mit einem pH-Optimum bei 4, einer viscositätsverändernden Komponente mit einem pH-Optimum bei 6 und einer β-Glucosidase mit einem pH-Optimum von 3,5. Bei pH 4 sind die Celluloseabbauprodukte Cellobiose und Glucose, bei pH 6 höhermolekulare Oligosaccharide. Während der Entwicklung in einem nährstofffreien Salzmedium nehmen die Cellulaseaktivitäten ab: Vor dem Start der Cellulosesynthese sind noch etwa 30% der ursprünglich vorhandenen Celluloseaktivität nachzuweisen, fertige Cysten besitzen noch etwa 10% der Aktivität. Die Bedeutung des Cellulassenzymsystems wird ausgehend von der Tatsache diskutiert, daß die Excystierung ohne Abbau der Cystenwand, in die die Cellulose eingelagert ist, stattfindet.
    Notes: Abstract It could be shown that extracts of growing cultures of Acanthamoeba castellanii contained a cellulose degrading system. Reducing sugars are split off by one component of this system at an optimum of pH 4, another enzyme changes the viscosity at an optimum of pH 6, and a third component is a β-glucosidase with an optimum at pH 3.5. At pH 4 the cellulose degradation products are cellobiose and glucose; at pH 6 higher molecular weight oligosaccharides are produced. During the development from trophozoites to cysts in a nutrient-free medium, the activities of both cellulases decline: Prior to the start of cellulose synthesis only 30%, and in cysts only 10% of the original existing activities are detectable. The biological function of the cellulase enzyme system is discussed together with a consideration of the fact that excystment takes place without digestion of the cyst wall in which the cellulose is deposited.
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    Archives of microbiology 114 (1977), S. 123-136 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Fungus ; Cytochemistry ; Microbodies ; Development ; Entophlyctis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ultrastructural localization of peroxidatic activity was investigated in the chytrid Entophlyctis variabilis with the 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) cytochemical prodedure. The subcellular distribution of reaction product varied with changes in pH of the DAB medium and with the developmental stage of the fungus. Incubations in the DAB reaction medium at pH 9.2 produced an electron dense reaction product within single membrane bounded organelles which resembled microbodies but which varied in shapes from elongate to oval. At this pH the cell wall also stained darkly. When the pH of the DAB medium was lowered to pH 8.2 or 7.0, DAB oxidation product was localized within mitochondrial cristae as well as in microbodies and zoosporangial walls. As soon as zoospores were completely cleaved out of the zoosporangial cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) also stained. When the wall appeared around the encysted zoospore, ER staining was no longer found. The influence of the catalase inhibitor, aminotriazole, and the inhibitors of heme enzymes, sodium azide and sodium cyanide, on the staining patterns within cells incubated in the DAB media indicates that microbody staining is due to both catalase and peroxidase, mitochondrial staining is due to cytochrome c, and ER staining is due to peroxidase.
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    Cell & tissue research 176 (1977), S. 167-178 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Intestine (rat) ; Development ; Isolated cells ; Enzymes
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A modification of Weiser's (1973) cell isolation method was used in order to study the developmental pattern of various intestinal enzyme activities in villus and crypt cells of normal rats from 5 days after birth until 8 weeks. Alkaline phosphatase and enterokinase activities were always located in the upper villus zone during postnatal development. Enterokinase activity was higher in the upper villus cells during the third week of life than after this period. Aminopeptidase activity was located in the crypt cells during the first week, its maximum activity remained in this area until the third week. At this time, sucrase activity appeared in the crypt cells, then aminopeptidase and sucrase activities rose to the villus zone during the fourth week. Amylase activity was detected along the entire crypt-villus axis 5 days after birth, reaching maximum activity in crypt cells at the end of the first week and in the upper villus cells after the fourth week. In contrast with the other enzymes studied almost all amylase activity was soluble in the youngest animals whereas at weaning most of the activity appeared in a particulate form in the villus cells. But in the crypt cells the ratio between particulate and soluble form remained unchanged until the adult stage. Various hypotheses are advanced to explain the patterns of evolution of the different enzymes.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Embryology ; Development ; Embryonic respiration ; Carotenoids in respiration ; Evolution ; Egg hiding ; Mouth brooder ; Young size ; Cichlids ; Mouth fertilization ; Size on release ; Latimeria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis With yolk as a food source, development of Labeotropheus takes place in the buccal pouch of the female until such time as juveniles are formed. Hatching from the vitelline membrane occurs early, after 6 days of incubation, and the eleutheroembryo develops without metamorphic stages directly into a juvenile, forming advanced structures like fins, skeleton and pigments, at a time when a large yolksac is still present. A strong circulatory network on the yolk and anal fin fold, and a yellow carotenoid pigment provide the oxygen supply within the closely packed buccal pouch. A relatively large self-sufficient juvenile, 14% of the adult fish size, is released from the mother's mouth 31 days after fertilization. The evolution of advanced hiding styles in reproductive guilds of fishes is discussed and ends with a speculation that the Latimeria, having had more geological time to refine its hiding style, releases fully developed young, 25 to 30% the size of the adult fish. The advanced style of hiding eggs is accompanied not only with fewer, larger eggs, but also by a successive increase in yolk density in terms of nutrients and respiratory pigments; these in effect determine the size of the released juvenile.
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    Cell & tissue research 180 (1977), S. 211-222 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscles ; Enzymes ; Chicken ; Nerve ; Development
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The development of the characteristic histochemical appearance of the slow anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) and fast posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD) was studied in chickens during embryonic development as well as during regeneration of minced muscle. 2. During embryonic development the activity of the oxidative enzyme succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) is higher in the slow ALD muscle already at 16 days of incubation. At this time the fast PLD has a higher activity of the glycolytic enzyme, phosphorylase. Although the histochemical appearance of the two types of muscle is already different at 16 days, their contractile speeds are still similar. No difference in myosin ATP-ase was found in the two muscles in young embryos but in 20-day old embryos the two muscles became distinctly different when stained for this enzyme. 3. When PLD muscles in hatched chickens redeveloped during regeneration in place of ALD the histochemical characteristics of the regenerated muscle resembled ALD, and when ALD regenerated in place of PLD it resembled PLD. 4. It is concluded that the histochemical characteristics of slow and fast muscles become determined during early development, even before any difference in contractile properties can be detected and that they are determined by the nerve.
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    Cell & tissue research 181 (1977), S. 427-441 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chick embryo ; Choroid epithelium ; Junctional complex ; Development ; Freeze-etching
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The Junctional complex of choroid epithelial cells was studied during in vivo formation, disaggregation after trypsin treatment, and in vitro reaggregation. The in vivo formation begins with the occurrence of amorphous patches of particles followed by the formation of small particulate rows and polygonal-ordered particle assemblies. Further arrangement of the zonula occludens continues with the confluence of particles and smooth contoured ridges. At the 9th day stage a fully developed zonula occludens has developed. In a subsequent step nexus become integrated within the tight junction formation. Disaggregation after trypsination results in fragmentation of the zonulae occludentes. Parts of the disassembling aggregates become incorporated in vacuoles indicating an endocytotic mode of “digestion”. The in vitro reconstruction of the zonula occludens proceeds from remnants of the former zonula occludens. On the 3rd to 4th day of cultivation mature tight junctions are visible. In vitro integrations of nexus were observed during a later phase. On the 7th day, cultivated choroid epithelial cells reveal well differentiated Junctional complexes consisting of continuous zonulae occludentes and integrated gap junctions.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: GEP-system ; Small intestine ; Human embryo ; Neurotensin ; Development ; Immunohistochemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The endocrine gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) system of 10 human embryos was studied with special reference to neurotensin-immunoreactive cells. These cells are first present in the ileal and jejunal mucosa of 12 to 13 week old embryos. Thereafter the neurotensin-immunoreactive cells are found regularly in these segments of the gut with an increasing number towards the terminal ileum. At about the twentieth week of gestation, the neurotensin cells are detected also in the lower duodenum, i.e. the distribution pattern is more extensive in this age than in younger embryos or in adults.
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 84 (1977), S. 1060-1064 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: rheography ; stomach ; animals ; man ; sensitive probe
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A practical method of rheography is suggested for studying the state of the human gastric circulation. The theoretical aspects of the use of a bipolar system of electrodes (external and internal) with essentially different sizes of contact surface are examined with respect to the stomach. A scheme and brief description of the simple apparatus are given. Control experiments were carried out on animals to confirm the validity of the basic assumptions. Mean values of some rheographic indices frequently used in clinical practice, based on rheograms of the stomach of 30 healthy subjects, are given.
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  • 73
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    Development genes and evolution 179 (1976), S. 373-392 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Compound Eye ; Development ; Drosophila
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The development of the rhabdomeric pattern in the compound eye ofDrosophila has been studied using combined transplantation and electron microscope techniques. In a first series of experiments eye imaginal discs of increasing age were implanted into larvae ready to pupate, thus losing variable amounts of the normal time for development. A sequence of differentiative abilities was found in the metamorphosed test pieces. As far as the photoreceptor cells are concerned, the most prominent steps of this sequence are: ability to form groups with other similar elements, anatomical polarization of microvilli, establishment of the rhabdomeric pattern and formation of an equator line. The stability of determination of the equator line was tested in a second experimental series. Fragment of different topographical origin within the mature eye anlage were brought to metamorphosis by implantation into larvae ready to pupate. It was found that an equator line differentiates only in those pieces which according to the published anlage maps contain the prospective equator region prior to metamorphosis. The mitotic abilities of implanted eye imaginal discs were investigated by means of “in vitro”3H-thymidine pulse-labelling and light microscope autoradiography of the differentiated test pieces. During the third larval stage the eye anlage is traversed by two consecutive mitotic waves, each one of them producing different categories of receptor cells. The first, anterior wave predominantly produces cells oriented toward the poles of the eye within the ommatidia, while the second, posterior wave gives rise to elements exclusively in an equatorial position. The dynamics of this proliferation are discussed in relation to the findings in the implantation experiments. Silver-grain counts support the possibility that at least two successive cell divisions occur in the eye anlage between labeling with tritiated thymidine and beginning of morphological differentiation. The relevance of this finding for the understanding of the concept of acquisition of competence is discussed.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Aldosterone ; renin ; aldosterone antagonist ; canrenone ; man
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Canrenone was administered in doses of 2×82 mg and 2×164 mg per day over a period of 10 days to diabetic patients without cardiovascular, liver or kidney involvement. Aldosterone excretion and plasma aldosterone increased only slightly during both regimes. There was a clear-cut increase in aldosterone excretion only after discontinuation of carenone. Excretion of sodium potassium and fluid was not significantly changed either during or after treatment. The lack of effect of canrenone on the kidney was in contrast to the significant decrease in serum sodium and increase in serum potassium, and the significant, dose-dependent rise in plasma renin activity following canrenone administration. The increased plasma renin activity persisted for some days after discontinuation of canrenone. It is suggested that canrenone primarily exerted its effect in the distal part of the large intestine where ionic movements are most affected by aldosterone. The disproportionately slight increase in plasma aldosterone concentration and aldosterone excretion, in spite of the greatly elevated plasma renin activity and serum potassium level, is considered to be due to a direct inhibitory effect of canrenone on aldosterone production in the adrenals.
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  • 75
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 9 (1976), S. 291-298 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Tricyclic antidepresent ; lofepramine ; single- and multiple-dose kinetics ; noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake ; man
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of lofepramine, an imipramine analogue, have been studied by administering single oral doses to volunteers, determination of plasma levels of lofepramine and desmethylimipramine after ten days of oral administration to patients, and by relating plasma levels to the effect on uptake of noradrenaline by isolated rat irides and brain slices of plasma samples collected during treatment. The results indicate that lofepramine undergoes pronounced first pass elimination and that desmethylimipramine is a major metabolite of it. During steady-state conditions the plasma level of lofepramine fluctuates considerably between doses. A linear relation was found between inhibition of neuronal uptake of noradrenaline and the plasma concentration of desmethylimpramine. No effect was seen on the uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine in brain slices incubated in patients' plasma which suggests that neither lofepramine nor its metabolites formedin vivo in man affect neuronal uptake of this amine. Lofepramine belongs to the group of tricyclic anti-depressants which preferentially inhibit noradrenaline uptake.
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  • 76
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 9 (1976), S. 307-314 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Absorption ; man ; β-methyl-digoxin ; serum concentration ; urinary excretion ; radio-immunoassay
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Single doses of β-methyl-digoxin 0.4 mg were given to groups of 17 – 18 healthy volunteers as an intravenous infusion lasting 2 hours, or orally as Lanitop Liquidum® or Lanitop® tablets. The serum glycoside concentration and urinary glycoside excretion were measured over 8 and 32 h. The absolute bioavailability from the oral preparations in comparison with the infusion was lower for the first 8 h than for the entire 32 h of the investigation; the relative bioavailability from tablets was the same as from the solution for both periods. For both periods the area under the serum concentration/time curve and the urinary glycoside excretion were significantly lower after administration of the tablets than after intravenous infusion. Taking the average of both parameters, the absolute bioavailability of β-methyl-digoxin was about 80% from the solution and about 70% from the tablets. In 18 patients undergoing intravenous or oral therapy with β-methyl-digoxin steady state glycoside concentrations were compared in a cross-over study of intravenous maintenance therapy with Lanitop® ampoules or oral treatment with Lanitop® tablets. For a standard daily dose of 0.2 mg β-methyl-digoxin the serum concentrations were 1.35±0.10 ng/ml during both intravenous and oral administration. The intra-individual variation in glycoside concentration after changing from intravenous to oral maintenance therapy, or vice versa, was about the same as during continued intravenous or oral administration. It is concluded that the rate of rise of serum concentration after a single dose may be a useful indicator of the rate of absorption, but that the area under the serum concentration/time curve and the urinary glycoside excretion up to 32 h are unsuitable for determining equivalent doses of different formulations or routes of administration of digitalis glycosides.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 9 (1976), S. 345-354 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: 3H-digitoxin ; metabolism ; spironolactone ; enzyme induction ; man
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of spironolactone on the metabolism of intravenously administered3H-digitoxin (80 µCi) was investigated in eight patients. In three of them the labelled glycoside was given on a second occasion after spironolactone treatment had been discontinued for at least 65 days. Of total urinary radioactivity 79 % was unaltered drug and 12 % consisted of water soluble compounds. No digitoxigenin or digoxigenin and only trace amounts (〈2 %) of digoxin and the bis- and monoglycosides of digoxigenin were found. After spironolactone total urinary radioactivity was unchanged but the fraction eliminated as unchanged digitoxin fell from 79 to 66 % and the water soluble compounds increased from 12 to 26 % (p〈0.05). In addition spironolactone caused a 20 % reduction in the half-life of serum radioactivity (p〈0.01) and a 16 % reduction in the volume of distribution (p〈0.05). Induction of hepatic enzymes by spironolactone is proposed to explain the alteration in the metabolism of digitoxin in man. Both the altered metabolic pattern and the reduction in the volume of distribution appear to contribute to the reduction in half-life.
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  • 78
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 9 (1976), S. 423-428 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Serum zinc concentration ; intestinal absorption ; portal vein ; transumbilical catheterization ; man
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serum zinc concentrations in peripheral venous blood were determined in 8 healthy volunteers at various times after oral administration of 50 mg Zn++. The same dose was given to 6 patients surgically treated for obesity by jejuno-ileostomy. In the healthy volunteers the mean serum zinc concentration before dosing was 0.89 µg/ml and a mean peak concentration of 2.39 µg/ml was found after 3 h. In the patients the starting level was lower, 0.67 µg/ml, and a mean peak concentration of 1.31 µg/ml was found 90 min after treatment. In the patients the areas under the serum concentration-time curve was approximately 1/3 of that in the healthy subjects. Zn++ 50 mg was also given to 3 patients undergoing transumbilical catheterization of the portal vein for diagnostic purposes and serum zinc concentrations were measured in portal and peripheral venous blood sampled simultaneously. No significant differences were found between the concentration of zinc in portal and peripheral venous blood during absorption, which suggests slow passage of zinc across the intestinal wall.
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  • 79
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 10 (1976), S. 251-256 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Sisomicin ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; two-compartment analysis ; man
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of sisomicin, a new single component aminoglycoside antibiotic related to gentamicin c1a, were determined in four healthy volunteers after intravenous and intramuscular administration of a 1 mg/kg dose. The elimination profile of this antibiotic follows two-compartment model kinetics after I.V. administration. The fast (α) and slow (β) disposition rate constants averaged 0.072 and 0.004 min−1, respectively. The volume of distribution at the steady-state averaged 0.185 liters/kg which approximately corresponds to the volume of extracellular space. The physiological availability of an intramuscular dose appeared to be complete. A method of administration adapted to the kinetic properties of the drug is proposed.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Acetylsalicylic acid ; surgery ; man ; bleeding ; pain ; wound-healing
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) was tested against placebo in a double-blind crossover study, in which essentially the same operation was performed twice on 23 healthy patients who required surgical removal of bilateral “identically” impacted wisdom teeth. On the evening before one operation they received ASA 1.0 g (Globentyl®) followed by ASA 2.0 g daily for the next 3 days, and at the other operation placebo tablets. A number of objective and subjective parameters were recorded for paired comparison of the pre-, per-, and post-operative courses, including bleeding, pain, wound-healing, and preference. Tests of platelet aggregation before each operation indicated whether or not ASA had been taken. Pre-operative bleeding time was significantly increased (from 4.4 to 6.9 min) by ASA, as well as the per-operative blood loss (about 30%), and the post-operative bleeding tendency. Episodes of profuse post-operative haemorrhage were reported by 5 patients, always after the operation for which ASA had been given. ASA also significantly promoted the occurrence of ecchymosis and haematoma. The pre-operative bleeding time was not a reliable predictor for these complications. The drug was very well tolerated with respect to side effects such as abdominal discomfort. The post-operative pain scores were neither reduced nor increased significantly by ASA, and the preference scores were not in favour of the drug. The present patients were all young and denied any previous bleeding disorders; nevertheless, ASA resulted in post-operative haemorrhage, ecchymosis and haematoma formation in several cases.
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  • 81
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 10 (1976), S. 257-262 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug ; indoprofen ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; man
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a pharmacokinetic study of the new analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug indoprofen, plasma levels and urinary excretion were determined in four healthy volunteers after 100 mg and 200 mg iv, and after 100 mg (capsules) and 200 mg (tablets) oral doses. After iv administration, the mean biological half-life (t1/2 β) was about 2 h (range 1.4 to 3.2 h). The apparent volume of distribution Vdβ ranged between 11 to 17 % of body weight, indicating its limited extravascular distribution. Most of the drug was excreted in urine as glucuronide and a smaller proportion as unchanged indoprofen: the 24 h urinary excretion of these compounds accounted for 67 to 95 % of an iv dose. Peak plasma levels occurred between 30 and 120 minutes after oral administration of 100 mg as capsules or 200 mg as tablets. The mean biological half-life was about 2 h, as after iv administration. The bioavailability of oral doses was assessed using both plasma levels and urinary excretion data. The absorption of capsules and tablets was practically complete, that of the former being faster.
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  • 82
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 10 (1976), S. 59-62 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Tetracycline absorption ; zinc sulphate ; zinc citrate ; complex formation ; man
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The inhibitory effect of zinc on the gastrointestinal absorption of tetracycline has been investigated in 7 healthy volunteers. Zinc (45 mg Zn++) was given as a solution of zinc sulphate and as a zinc citrate complex; tetracycline (500 mg) was administered as a commercially available preparation. Serum tetracycline concentrations and the area under the serum tetracycline concentration-time curve (up to 6 h) were significantly reduced when tetracycline was taken with either zinc sulphate or the zinc citrate complex. Although the reduction of absorption seemed more pronounced after zinc sulphate, the difference between the inhibitory effects of the two forms of zinc was not significant. It is concluded that simultaneous administration of zinc and tetracycline may reduce absorption of tetracycline.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 10 (1976), S. 127-131 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Gallbladder emptying ; analgesics ; indoprofen ; pentazocine ; morphine ; man
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A controlled study of the clinical pharmacology of the biliary tract has been made. The rate of gallbladder emptying induced by a fatty meal was taken as a parameter for assessment of the inhibitory effect of indoprofen, a new analgesic-anti-inflammatory drug, pentazocine and morphine. The compounds were administered as single doses by iv (indoprofen and pentazocine) or im (morphine) injection. Indoprofen up to 400 mg had no effect, whereas morphine and pentazocine exerted a significant inhibitory effect on emptying of the gallbladder. Adverse reactions of clinical significance were associated with morphine and pentazocine, but were negligible with indoprofen.
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  • 84
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 10 (1976), S. 197-200 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Dopamine-β-hydroxylase ; dopamine infusion ; blood pressure ; plasma ; man ; inter-individual variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to study the function of dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) in human plasma, dopamine, its natural substrate, was infused intravenously in 22 healthy volunteers. Their plasma DBH activities showed great interindividual variations (31–301 units/ml). The infusion rates of dopamine required to increase systolic blood pressure (BP) by 30 mm Hg differed considerably between the subjects, and ranged from 3,0 to 11,6 µg/kg/min. No correlation could be shown between the various dopamine doses and individual plasma levels of DBH. It was concluded, therefore, that plasma DBH in the blood stream was enzymatically inactive. Experiments with human plasma DBH in vitro also support this interpretation. Consequently, interindividual differences in the effects on BP during dopamine infusion cannot be due to pressor effects of noradrenaline synthesized by plasma DBH.
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  • 85
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 10 (1976), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: 3H-terbutaline sulphate ; aerosol ; man ; absorption ; excretion ; spirometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Six asthmatic patients and two healthy volunteers inhaled tritiated terbutaline sulphate delivered by a pressurized aerosol inhaler. Spirometric measurements were performed and the amounts of total radioactivity in plasma, urine and faeces were determined. The analysis of urine included determination of radioactivity due to metabolized drug. Depending on the amount of drug inhaled the peak plasma level varied from undetectable to 3.8 ng/ml. An early plasma peak was found in 7 out of 8 subjects. The main plasma peaks were observed 1 – 6 hours after administration. The results of urinalysis showed a metabolic profile similar to that after parenteral administration. Disregarding the amount of inhaled drug and sampling time, 3 – 35% of the delivered drug was recovered in the urine and 2 – 37% in the faeces. Immediately after treatment 4 subjects rinsed their mouths with water and it was found to contain 14.5 – 50% of the delivered dose. The adapters from the aerosol canisters contained 14 – 27.5% of the delivered dose of drug.
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  • 86
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 10 (1976), S. 69-72 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: BS 100-141 ; N-amidino-2-(2,6-dichlorphenyl)acetamide hydrochloride ; essential hypertension ; antihypertensive agent ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The antihypertensive effect of the guanidine derivative BS 100-141 (N-amidino-2-(2,6-dichlorphenyl)acetamide hydrochloride) has been studied in 11 hospitalized patients suffering from essential hypertension (WHO grade I – II). BS 100-141 1 mg tid was given in the first week and a larger dose in the second week. Mean 24-hour systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lower at the end of the first and second weeks of active treatment than at the end of the placebo-week. The antihypertensive effect of BS 100-141 was stronger in the standing than in the supine position. It significantly reduced the heart rate. Treatment with BS 100-141 was well tolerated, although tiredness and dryness of the mouth appeared more often than during the placebo period. Extensive laboratory tests did not reveal any toxic effect on the liver, kidneys or haemopoietic tissues.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 10 (1976), S. 73-76 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: BS 100-141 ; N-amidino-2-(2,6-dichlorphenyl) acetamide hydrochloride ; clonidine ; essential hypertension ; antihypertensive agents ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The antihypertensive effect and side effects of the guanidine derivative BS 100-141 (N-amidino-2-(2,6-dichlorphenyl) acetamide hydrochloride) and clonidine were compared in a single-blind, cross-over study. The study consisted of two active treatment periods of 6 weeks each, both preceded by a 2 week placebo period. Thirty ambulant, hypertensive patients, whose blood pressure was of WHO severity grades I – II, were admitted to the study, and the results are based on the 24 patients who completed it. In more than half the patients the optimal daily dose of BS 100-141 was 3 – 4 mg, and of clonidine 0.30 – 0.45 mg. An equally large and significant decrease in blood pressure was produced by both drugs. Both of them also caused bradycardia, but it was of no clinical significance. Both BS 100-141 and clonidine caused tiredness in about half the patients, but it diminished after a few weeks. Dryness of the mouth occurred in more than half the patients taking either drug, and it remained unchanged during the 6 weeks of treatment. A withdrawal syndrome was noted in one patient on discontinuation of clonidine.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Achlya ; Ribonuclease ; Development ; Sporangium ; Lysogome ; Inhibitors poly(A)+RNA
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The present paper describes intracellular changes in ribonuclease specific activity during Ca2+-induced sporangium formation in the water mold Achlya bisexualis. The enzymes undergo a decrease in activity prior to crosswall formation followed by an increase in activity during spore cleavage. As spore discharge occurs the RNase activity again decreases. A large percentage of the nuclease activity is associated with a lysosomal-like fraction of the cell, but there is also considerably activity associated with nuclear and microsomal fractions. Addition of cycloheximide or actinomycin D at various times during development prevents further decrease or increase in the enzyme activity. Mixing of cell extracts from different developmental stages provides evidence that inhibitors or activators of the enzyme activity are not responsible for the activity levels evident at the different stages. There is a change in the total levels of presumptive mRNA during Ca2+-induced sporangial formation which appears to be associated with the patterns of RNase activity. Utilizing total cellular RNA and Poly(A)+ RNA with the crude ribonuclease preparations, no substrate specificity could be ascertained.
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  • 89
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    Cell & tissue research 167 (1976), S. 265-288 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Myelinated fibres ; Visual cortex ; Stereology ; Development ; Electron microscopy ; Cat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary With the aid of stereological procedures the development of myelinated nerve fibres (MF) was quantitatively investigated in electron micrographs of the visual cortex from animals of different ages: 36 days-old, the age at which fibres first appear, through adulthood. A short description of tissue treatment, methods and qualitative results is given. The following quantitative results are presented: 1. Myelinization begins at about the 36th day postpartum and is not completed by the 164th day. At this time a lack of about 20% MF can be observed. 2. The average diameter of MF decreases from 1.3 μm to 0.8 μm from day 36 to adulthood. 3. The first MF appear near the border of the album. 4. Beginning with the 55th day, small MF arise in layer I, showing two periods of growth. 5. The maximum MF density in the region of layer IV corresponds to the strip of Baillarger. Other aspects of visual cortex development are dealt with in the Discussion. The following conclusions can be drawn: a) The growing of inand output-MF is completed first. b) The development of the internal connecting systems in layers I and IV begins a little later and is completed by the 5th month. c) The MF in layers II and III appear after the 4th month. Kaes (1907) has also described a continuation of MF growth in man lasting into the twenties.
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    Cell & tissue research 168 (1976), S. 549-559 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamic-hypophysial-adrenal axis ; Rat ; Development ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The adrenal glands of decapitated and encephalectomized fetal rats were investigated electron microscopically and compared to those of normal intact fetal rats. Although the adrenal cortices did not show three zones (zona glomerulosa, fasciculata, and reticularis) on the 16.5th day of gestation when the decapitation or encephalectomy was carried out in utero, the zonation was recognized in fetuses operated on the 21.5th day of gestation. The same was true for normal control fetuses. However, cytoplasmic characteristics suggesting steroidogenesis in the cortical cells were reduced to various degrees in the encephalectomized or decapitated fetuses, especially in the latter ones. The change in cytoplasmic appearance was more conspicuous in the inner portion of the cortex. This result suggests that for the maintenance of normal adrenocortical function the hypothalamus may be indispensable even during the prenatal life of rats.
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  • 91
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 8 (1975), S. 97-105 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Di-n-propylacetate ; 2-propyl-valeric acid sodium salt ; pharmacokinetics ; anti-epileptic ; drug monitoring ; man
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of the anti-epileptic drug di-n-propylacetate (DepakineR) have been studied in 7 patients, in whom plasma concentrations were determined during and following subchronic treatment. Elimination of the drug appeared to follow a monophasic exponential course; biological half lives were 8 to 15 hours. The data supported the assumption that an open one-compartment model can be used to describe the kinetics of dipropylacetate in man. The drug appeared to have a relatively restricted distribution: calculated relative distribution volumes ranged from 0.15 to 0.40 1/kg. There were large interindividual differences in clearance rate. The therapeutic range was considered to be between 50 and 100 mg/1 plasma. Plasma levels of phenobarbital were markedly raised during treatment with dipropylacetate for an unknown reason. Determination of the plasma concentrations of drugs at accurately fixed times appears to be a reliable method for pharmacotherapeutic monitoring of epileptic patients.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Sympathetic activity ; plasma catecholamine concentration ; dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity ; graded physical exercise ; heart rate ; man
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 11 healthy untrained volunteers the increase in plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) activity during graded physical exercise has been examined as a true measure of increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system. The correlation between DBH activity, catecholamine concentration (CA) in plasma and heart rate was studied. When work on an electrically braked bicycle ergometer was gradually increased from 12.5 to 100, 200 and 300 watts there was a linear increase in DBH activity and heart rate; the increase in CA concentrations followed an exponential function. The peak values for DBH activity and CA concentration in plasma after the 300 watt work load (as percentages of the resting levels) were 130±3% and 820±71%, respectively; the adrenaline concentration in plasma increased only to 150±19% (p〉0.05). There were significant correlations between heart rate and work load, DBH and work load and log CA and work load. The data imply direct correlations between heart rate and DBH, heart rate and log CA and DBH and log CA. The exponential increase in noradrenaline concentration in plasma might be due either to a greater net “overflow” from sympathetic nerve endings, and/or to increased secretion by the adrenal medulla. In the latter case, the release of noradrenaline would not be accompanied by secretion either of adrenaline or DBH. After work ceased there were sharp falls in heart rate and CA concentration, which indicate an immediate drop in sympathetic activity. DBH activity in plasma returned to normal very slowly; it reached half maximum values after 20 – 22 min. It is concluded that increased sympathetic activity in man can be estimated in vivo as changes in DBH and/or CA concentration in plasma. In contrast, a rapid decrease in sympathetic activity is directly reflected only by a rapid fall in the plasma concentrations of CA.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 8 (1975), S. 33-39 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: m-octopamine ; metabolism ; first-pass effect ; man ; enteric absorption ; monohydroxylated phenylalkylamines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The diminished sympathomimetic pressor activity of monohydroxylated phenylalkylamines after oral administration has been attributed to incomplete enteric absorption. Therefore, urinary excretion of the unchanged drug and its metabolites has been compared after intravenous and oral administration of3H-m-octopamine to eight patients. Identical amounts of3H-activity (80% of the dose) were excreted after the two routes of dosing, so enteric absorption has been assumed to be complete. Significant differences were found in the fraction of free urinarym-octopamine, which amounted to 10.5% of the dose after infusion and 0.58% after oral administration. The only metabolic pathways form-octopamine are deamination and conjugation. Following oral administration the percentage of conjugates was considerably higher than after intravenous infusion. This metabolic pattern appears typical of all phenylalkylamines with a hydroxyl group in themeta position. Ring hydroxylation to catecholamines was not observed. The enzymes mainly responsible for conjugation after oral administration are located in the gut wall. The resulting “first pass effect”, i.e. metabolism prior to the access to the central compartment, can account for the diminished pharmacodynamic effect after dosing by this route.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 8 (1975), S. 161-166 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Oxyfedrine ; norephedrine ; man ; urinary excretion ; sympathomimetic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary After oral administration of oxyfedrine to healthy volunteers, norephedrine was identified in the urine by thin layer chromatography and gas liquid chromatography and mass spectrography. 30 hours after single oral doses of 8, 16 or 24 mg of oxyfedrine, about 4, 8 and 9 mg, respectively, of norephedrine were found in the urine, i.e. on a molar base 75–100% of the dose was excreted as norephedrine. The peak of excretion occurred within 2–4 hours after administration of the drug. No accumulation of oxyfedrine and/or its metabolite was observed after administration of 16 mg of oxyfedrine t.i.d. for three days. It could not be decided whether oxyfedrine was metabolized to norephedrine by liver enzymes, as in rats, or was spontaneously degraded to norephedrine, e.g. in duodenal fluid before absorption. 30–150 min after oral oxyfedrine (24 mg) norephedrine was demonstrable in duodenal fluid. Thus, in addition to the directβ-sympathomimetic effects of oxyfedrine, it may also have indirect sympathomimetic effects because of the noradrenaline-releasing properties of its metabolite norephedrine.
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  • 95
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 8 (1975), S. 249-254 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Clonazepam ; 7-amino-clonazepam ; pharmacokinetics ; side-effects ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Clonazepam (CNP) and its principal metabolite in plasma, 7-amino-CNP (ACNP), have been investigated in a prospective study of 27 newly diagnosed epileptics and correlated with specified side-effects. At a daily dose of 6 mg, the average plasma levels of both substances were about 50ng/ml, and individual values ranged from 30 to about 80ng/ml. There was a linear correlation between changes in dose and the resulting plasma levels, which indicates first order elimination kinetics. Side-effects were frequent, but neither their severity nor their occurrence could be related to plasma levels or to the rate of increase in plasma concentration of the drug. Three out of five patients who developed serious dysphoria had significantly high CNP levels. The concentration of ACNP was considerably increased in four patients who subsequently suffered from withdrawal symptoms. Drug interaction with diphenylhydantoin, i.e. decreased CNP level, was observed in all five patients who received both compounds. In general it is not yet possible to define an upper limit for the plasma levels of CNP and ACNP at which toxicity occurs. In patients treated with conventional doses of CNP, measurement of plasma concentration is not required, except in special circumstances, because of the lack of correlation between plasma level and side-effects.
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  • 96
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 8 (1975), S. 343-347 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Nortriptyline ; pharmacokinetics ; man ; two compartment model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma concentrations of nortriptyline have been assayed in four subjects after intravenous infusion of 57 mg nortriptyline hydrochloride. The data were evaluated according to a two compartment open model. The calculated best-fitting curves were in good agreement with the experimental data, better than could be expected from a simpler model. This justifies the assumption that the kinetics of nortriptyline in man may be described by this model with an appropriate input function. The data permitted estimation of all the parameters of the model. The meaning of the parameters is discussed, particularly in relation to individual variation.
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  • 97
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 8 (1975), S. 285-285 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Lithium ; intoxication ; man ; delayed absorption ; gastric contents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A 55-year old man with lithium intoxication showed increasing serum concentrations in spite of forced diuresis and dialysis. A high lithium content was found in gastric juice three days after the compound had been taken. The serum lithium level began to fall after gastric lavage.
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  • 98
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 8 (1975), S. 277-282 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: QX-572 ; quaternary ammonium compound ; plasma level ; urinary excretion ; man ; anti-arrhythmic drug
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A quantitative thin layer chromatographic (TLC) method has been developed for determination of the antiarrhythmic quaternary ammonium compound N, N-bis (phenylcarbamoylmethyl) dimethylammonium chloride (QX-572) in biological materials. Prior to chromatography QX-572 was transferred into chloroform as perchlorate by ion pair extraction. Tritium-labelled QX-572 was used as the internal standard and a TLC scanning spectrophotometer equipped with a linear detector system afforded the required accuracy, specificity and simplicity. The method was used to determine QX-572 in plasma from 11 patients with various cardiac diseases who received QX-572 8 mg/kg body wt. as an intravenous infusion over 30 min. There was a rapid initial decay of the plasma levels from 11.0±1.1 µg/ml (mean ± SE) at the end of infusion to 3.5±0.5 µg/ml after 30 min. 240 min after commencement of the infusion the plasma level was 0.7±0.1 µg/ml. In these patients 22±2% (mean±SE) of the total administered dose of QX-572 was excreted unchanged in urine during the 24 hours following infusion of the drug. A second group of 28 patients with acute myocardial infarction also received QX-572 8 mg/kg body wt. Their plasma levels did not differ significantly from those found in the first group of patients. There was a poor correlation between the amount of QX-572 administered and plasma level at the end of the infusion. The study has provided some preliminary data about the pharmacokinetics of QX-572, but before a detailed analysis can be done data from longer periods of observation is required. The present results suggest that in future QX-572 can be administered in a standardized dosage, what would be advantageous in practice.
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  • 99
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 9 (1975), S. 135-145 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Anturan® ; 14C-label ; man ; pharmacokinetics ; biotransformation ; C-glucuronidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The absorption, biotransformation and elimination of sulfinpyrazone, 1,2-diphenyl-3,5-dioxo-4-(2′-phenylsufinylethyl)-pyrazolidine, have been studied by administration of single 200 mg oral doses of a14C-labelled preparation to two male volunteers. Absorption from the gastro-intestinal tract was rapid and complete and the plasma concentration of unchanged drug reached maximum values of 22.67 and 13.04 µg/ml, respectively, after 1 – 2 hours. The elimination half-life in the two subjects, calculated from the decline between 3 and 8 hours, was 2.7 and 2.2 hours. The integrated concentration of unchanged sulfinpyrazone in plasma, estimated from the area under the concentration curves (AUC), was almost as high as that of total14C-substances, so the proportion of metabolized drug in plasma was low. In no case did the AUC of the three specifically determined metabolites, i.e. the sulphone G 31 442, the “para-hydroxy”-compound G 32 642 and the “4-hydroxy”-compound GP 52 097, exceed 4% of the sulfinpyrazone value. More than 95% of whole blood radioactivity was confined to plasma. The oral dose was rapidly and completely excreted, since within 4 days more than 95% was recovered, 85% from urine and 10% from faeces. A large proportion of the dose was excreted as unchanged drug in the two volunteers: 51 and 54% of total urinary radioactivity was present as sulfinpyrazone; 8.2 and 8.8% was present as “para-hydroxy”-metabolite, 2.7 and 3.0% as sulphone-metabolite, and 0.6 and 0.8% as “4-hydroxy”-metabolite. About 30% of urinary radioactivity consisted of highly polar metabolites. Spectroscopy of them showed that they were the C-β-glucuronides of sulfinpyrazone (28%) and the corresponding sulfone (2%). In these metabolites the C(4) of the pyrazolidine ring was directly attached to glucuronic acid, and thus they represent a new type of biosynthetic conjugate.
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  • 100
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 9 (1975), S. 155-159 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Anticonvulsants ; benzazepines ; clonazepam ; pharmacokinetics ; gas chromatography ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eight healthy volunteers were given single i.v. and oral doses of clonazepam (2 mg). The disposition curves after i.v. administration showed a biexponential decline and the data were applied to a two-compartment open model. The volume of distribution ((Vd)β) ranged between 1.5 and 4.4 l/kg and the plasma half-life (t1/2) between 19 and 60 hours. Absorption after oral administration was fast, with peak plasma concentrations within 4 hours in all subjects. Five of the subjects received repeated oral doses of clonazepam 0.5 mg bid for 15 days. The plasma level during steady state (estimated as Cmin within the dose interval) could be predicted from the constants A, B, α and β obtained in the single dose study with a coefficient of variation of 6%. The plasma half-lives after cessation of the subchronic dosing were of the same magnitude as after single doses.
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