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  • Articles  (31)
  • kriging  (20)
  • Earthquake prediction  (11)
  • Springer  (31)
  • 2005-2009
  • 1980-1984  (31)
  • 1965-1969
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  • Geosciences  (31)
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  • Articles  (31)
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  • Springer  (31)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some experience in unraveling geochemical earthquake precursors (1984)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 157-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Earthquake prediction ; Hydrogeochemical ; Statistical technique ; Mathematical model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The discrimination of significant earthquake precursors from background noise is treated as a multistep problem of pattern recognition. Statistical characteristics of helium-content recorded in short time intervals are used as informative parameters. The set of calculated characteristics includes estimations of the mean, the variance, and the results of spectral analysis of the investigated time series. The selection of significant parameters and the rigorous estimations of time shifts between geochemical and seismic series are carried out by analyzing their cross-covariance function. It is established that the most informative characteristics of a hydrothermal system are related to the dynamic fluctuations of the geochemical parameters. The final phase of prediction is based on the application of a method of statistical discovery of images. A method of earthquake-time prediction is suggested. By using this method, we may determine the 10-day interval during which an earthquake may occur two months in advance. The prediction may be improved by increasing the frequency of sampling and by improving the precision of analytical measurements, both of which can be achieved by automation of monitoring devices. Deployment of uniform monitoring networks is needed in regions designated for special prediction tasks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874589
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prediction of central California earthquakes from soil-gas helium fluctuations (1984)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 369-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Helium ; Earthquake prediction ; Soil gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The observations of short-term decreases in helium soil-gas concentrations along the San Andreas Fault in central California have been correlated with subsequent earthquake activity. The area of study is elliptical in shape with radii approximately 160×80 km, centered near San Benito, and with the major axis parallel to the Fault. For 83 percent of theM〉4 earthquakes in this area a helium decrease preceded seismic activity by 1.5 to 6.5 weeks. There were several earthquakes without a decrease and several decreases without a corresponding earthquake. Owing to complex and unresolved interaction of many geophysical and geochemical parameters, no suitable model is yet developed to explain the observations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874605
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    Hydrologic and geochemical properties of the San Andreas fault at the Stone Canyon well (1984)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 403-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Earthquake prediction ; Fractured rock ; Granite ; Scientific drilling ; Water-rock interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Stone Canyon well penetrates 600 m of highly fractured and severely altered quartz diorite intimately associated with the creeping segment of the San Andreas fault of central California. Geophysical logs reveal a complex hydrology dominated by major fractures. Fluid pressure in some fractures is sufficient to prevent invasion of the formation by heavy drilling mud, implying pore pressures at least 10% higher than hydrostatic ones. At least three chemically distinct waters are encountered, including a chloride brine clearly segregated from the shallow, potable groundwater. Chemical alteration of the quartz diorite persists throughout the well, far below the depth where the water-rock reactions responsible for the ubiquitous chlorite and mixed-layer clays can be considered weathering. Whole-rock δ18O analyses indicate significant interaction of the rocks with a low δ18O fluid within some of the fractured and altered zones, whereas a deeper sample shows18O enrichment. High pore pressures encountered in Stone Canyon may be due to tectonic compression. Measurements of temporal variations in the pore pressure at the well may provide a means of predicting earthquakes along this segment of the San Andreas fault.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874608
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    Separation of volatile components from rocks under mechanical loading as the source of hydrogeochemical anomalies preceding earthquakes (1984)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 463-477 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Hydrogeochemical anomalies ; Earthquake prediction ; Volatile ; Rocks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract One of the most important problems for the theory and practice of earthquake prediction is that of the source of substances in the formation of precursory hydrogeochemical anomalies. Volatile components that are separated from rocks at mechanical loading present one of the sources. A large-scale model experiment is conducte with a 50 000-ton press; the results reveal the regularities of water, radon, mercury, and helium separation from large basalt and granite samples that are subjected to a cyclically increasing, uniaxial pressure to fracture (at 75 and 180 MPa for basalt and granite, respectively). Premonitory rock fracture is found to be accompanied by the separation of volatile components from rocks. Predictive properties of the components are associated with their chemical nature and the forms in which they exist in rocks. Water release during mechanical loading increases gradually with the increase in loading. Helium separation begins at the early stages of the cracking process. Comparison of the data on degassing with data on bulk strain and acoustic emission shows that the major part of radon is released at the stage of avalanche-type crack interaction and at the dynamic stage of the formation of an earthquake source, whereas mercury degasses mainly at the dynamic stage immediately before fracture of the sample.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874612
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Relation between hydrogen emission and seismic activities (1984)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 175-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Hydrogen emission ; Seismic activity ; Earthquake prediction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of chemical composition of bubbles from a mineral spring at Yuya Spa situated close to the Median Tectonic Line, the longest active fault in Japan, showed that the periods of increased H2 emission coincided with occurrences of the Ohno earthquake swarm nearby. Four cases of the coincidence without exception were observed in the last three years. The fluctuation of H2 concentration ranges between 〈0.5 and 200 ppm, whereas other gases such as He, Ar, N2, and CH4 do not fluctuate much. The H2 concentration is correlated with the energy released by the seismic activity. This field evidence, together with the results of laboratory experiments conducted bySugisaki et al. (1983), leads to the conclusion that H2 observed at the mineral spring was produced by the reaction between groundwater and rock fractured in the seismic activities. The observation that H2 in the mineral spring tends to appear prior to an earthquake suggests that microcracks may occur in rocks prior to earthquakes. The precursory emission of H2 may be useful for earthquake prediction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874591
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Precise temperature measurement of groundwater for earthquake-prediction study (1984)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 164-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Groundwater temperature ; Earthquake prediction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Precise measurements of groundwater temperature, with a resolution of 0.0001°C, have been made for the purpose of earthquake prediction at four water wells in the Tokai district in Japan. The characteristics of temporal variations in groundwater temperature differ from well to well. From records of a well located in an area where use of groundwater is heavy, movement of groundwater was sensed by temperature variations. By contrast, water temperatures in a 500 m well far from cultural areas were extremely steady, with fluctuations of less than 0.0005°C. This well appears to be suitable for monitoring possible temperature changes related to the occurrence of an impending large earthquake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874590
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Impulsive radon emanation on a creeping segment of the San Andreas fault, California (1984)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 340-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Earthquake prediction ; Radon emanation ; Fault creep
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Radon emanation was continuously monitored for several months at two locations along a creeping segment of the San Andreas fault in central California. The recorded emanations showed several impulsive increases that lasted as much as five hours with amplitudes considerably larger than meteorologically induced diurnal variations. Some of the radon increases were accompanied or followed by earthquakes or fault-creep events. They were possibly the result of some sudden outbursts of relatively radon-rich ground gas, sometimes triggered by crustal deformation or vibration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874603
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Instability model for recurring large and great earthquakes in southern California (1984)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 793-811 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Earthquake prediction ; Instability ; San Andreas fault
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The locked section of the San Andreas fault in southern California has experienced a number of large and great earthquakes in the past, and thus is expected to have more in the future. To estimate the location, time, and slip of the next few earthquakes, an earthquake instability model is formulated. The model is similar to one recently developed for moderate earthquakes on the San Andreas fault near Parkfield, California. In both models, unstable faulting (the earthquake analog) is caused by failure of all or part of a patch of brittle, strain-softening fault zone. In the present model the patch extends downward from the ground surface to about 12 km depth, and extends 500 km along strike from Parkfield to the Salton Sea. The variation of patch strength along strike is adjusted by trial until the computed sequence of instabilities matches the sequence of large and great earthquakes sincea.d. 1080 reported by Sieh and others. The last earthquake was theM=8.3 Ft. Tejon event in 1857. The resulting strength variation has five contiguous sections of alternately low and high strength. From north to south, the approximate locations of the sections are: (1) Parkfield to Bitterwater Valley, (2) Bitterwater Valley to Lake Hughes, (3) Lake Hughes to San Bernardino, (4) San Bernardino to Palm Springs, and (5) Palm Springs to the Salton Sea. Sections 1, 3, and 5 have strengths between 53 and 88 bars; sections 2 and 4 have strengths between 164 and 193 bars. Patch section ends and unstable rupture ends usually coincide, although one or more adjacent patch sections may fail unstably at once. The model predicts that the next sections of the fault to slip unstably will be 1, 3, and 5; the order and dates depend on the assumed length of an earthquake rupture in about 1700.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00876385
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Recent results of hydrogeochemical studies for earthquake prediction in the USSR (1984)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 143-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Earthquake prediction ; Hydrogeochemical ; Hydrogeodynamic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The paper reviews the chief results of the hydrogeochemical and hydrogeodynamic investigations conducted for earthquake prediction in all seismic regions of the USSR. An extensive amount of data on the variations of approximately 40 hydrogeochemical and hydrogeodynamic parameters were collected with a broad network of 83 stations. These data are analysed in connection with regional seismic activities. The hydrogeochemical precursors are classified on the basis of statistical treatment of the regular observations. Several features of the hydrogeochemical anomalies that depend on the physicochemical nature of the precursor, geological conditions in a given region, and features of the expected seismic event are pointed out. Some sophisticated statistical methods of data analysis and several examples of actual earthquake predictions based on hydrogeochemical methods are given. Hydrogeochemical and hydrogeodynamic precursors are found to be highly effective for shortterm predictions. Possible mechanisms that may cause hydrogeochemical precursors are discussed. Sophisticated automatic equipment developed in the Soviet Union for hydrogeochemical and hydrogeodynamic observations are briefly mentioned.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874588
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    In-situ fluid-pressure measurements for earthquake prediction: An example from a deep well at Hi Vista, California (1984)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 255-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Earthquake prediction ; Water level ; Earth tides ; Fluid pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Short-term earthquake prediction requires sensitive instruments for measuring the small anomalous changes in stress and strain that precede earthquakes. Instruments installed at or near the surface have proven too noisy for measuring anomalies of the size expected to occur, and it is now recognized that even to have the possibility of a reliable earthquake-prediction system will require instruments installed in drill holes at depths sufficient to reduce the background noise to a level below that of the expected premonitory signals. We are conducting experiments to determine the maximum signal-to-noise improvement that can be obtained in drill holes. In a 592 m well in the Mojave Desert near Hi Vista, California, we measured water-level changes with amplitudes greater than 10 cm, induced by earth tides. By removing the effects of barometric pressure and the stress related to earth tides, we have achieved a sensitivity to volumetric strain rates of 10−9 to 10−10 per day. Further improvement may be possible, and it appears that a successful earthquake-prediction capability may be achieved with an array of instruments installed in drill holes at depths of about 1 km, assuming that the premonitory strain signals are, in fact, present.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874598
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Statistical and geostatistical methods applied to the exploration work of the Nanisivik Zn-Pb mine, Baffin Island, Canada (1980)
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 12 (1980), S. 321-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: geostatistics ; kriging ; variogram analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The Nanisivik Pb-Zn deposit at Strathcona Sound, northern Baffin Island, Canada, is an orebody that is an S-shaped lens 3000 m long, 75 m wide, and 2–20 m thick. It is an epigenetic karst channel filling. Total reserves are 6.9 million short tons of 14.12% Zn, 1.4% Pb, and 1.77 oz of Ag per ton. The mine was brought into production in 1976 at a rate of 2000 short tons per day. In the preproduction phase variogram studies based only on surface holes indicated a random distribution. For the evaluation of grades and for the determination of the confidence limits, classic statistical procedures were applied. Since the drilling density was different in different ore zones, a model was developed to test the effect of different drill hole spacings on the uncertainties in the present value in a discounted cash flow model. After the initial development and mining stage, structures could be recognized in semivariograms. Studies for a best drilling grid showed that the pattern of 25 ×20 m used in the mine could be extended to 35 ×35 m, taking into account that eight stopes are mined simultaneously. For ore reserve calculations weighing factors were calculated by kriging for six universally applicable geometric situations. Only the drill holes within a block and immediately surrounding it were taken into account. A test in a well-known zone yielded satisfactory results. A test to predict highs and lows of the grade accurately enough to optimally place the pillars failed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01029419
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  • 12
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    Lognormal kriging—the general case (1982)
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 14 (1982), S. 475-499 
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    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: kriging ; lognormal estimation ; conservation of lognormality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A theoretical study of the general case of the estimation of regionalized variables with a lognormal distribution is presented. The results of this study are compared to those obtained assuming conservation of lognormality. The numerical significance of the different solutions is illustrated by several simple examples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01077535
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  • 13
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    Variogram models for regional groundwater geochemical data (1982)
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 14 (1982), S. 629-644 
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    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: variogram ; kriging ; interpolation ; contouring ; inverse distance weighting ; geochemical gradient
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Four variogram models for regional groundwater geochemical data are presented. These models were developed from an empirical study of the sample variograms for more than 10 elements in groundwaters from two geologic regions in the Plainview quandrangle, Texas. A procedure is given for the estimation of the variogram in the isotropic and anisotropic case. The variograms were found useful for quantifying the differences in spatial variability for elements within a geologic unit and for elements in different geologic units. Additionally, the variogram analysis enables assessment of the assumption of statistical independence of regional samples which is commonly used in many statistical procedures. The estimated variograms are used in computation of kriged estimates for the Plainview quadrangle data. The results indicate that an inverse distance weighting model was superior for prediction than simple kriging with the particular variograms used.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01033884
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  • 14
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    The combination of sampling and kriging in the regional estimation of coal resources (1982)
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 14 (1982), S. 87-106 
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    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: coal ; geostatistics ; kriging ; regional estimation ; systematic sampling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Two-dimensional systematic sampling of small plots followed by the kriging of those plots may be employed to obtain regional estimates of coal resources and measures of the accuracy of the estimates. The use of sampling makes large savings in computation possible. Two case studies involving the estimation of coal tonnage are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01083946
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  • 15
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    Geostatistics as a tool to define various categories of resources (1983)
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 15 (1983), S. 131-143 
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    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: Geostatistics ; resource classification ; mineral resources ; kriging ; resource definitions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Definition of “measured” and “indicated” resources tend to be vague. Yet, the calculation of such categories of resources in a mineral deposit calls for specific technical criteria, the selection of which depends upon the method of evaluation. This paper discusses how a geostatistical methodology provides the technical criteria required to classify reasonably assured resources by levels of assurance of their existence. A preliminary discussion concludes that the reasonably assured resources of a mineral deposit should be classified locally as in the traditional approach. However, the size of local volumes should not correspond to the elementary grid unit of drill holes but if possible to the minimum unit of selection that can be supported by the chosen mining method. The “level of confidence” of the reasonably assured resources can be quantitatively represented and determined by the estimation variance, one of the most important tools of geostatistics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01030079
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  • 16
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    Kriging of water levels in the Souss aquifer, Morocco (1983)
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 15 (1983), S. 537-551 
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    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: kriging ; drift ; least squares ; residuals ; water table
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Universal kriging is applied to water table data from the Souss aquifer in central Morocco. The procedure accounts for the spatial variability of the phenomenon to be mapped. With the use of measured elevations of the water table, an experimental variogram is constructed that characterizes the spatial variability of the measured water levels. Spherical and Gaussian variogram models are alternatively used to fit the experimental variogram. The models are used to develop contour maps of water table elevations and corresponding estimation variances. The estimation variances express the reliability of the kriged water table elevation maps. Universal kriging also provides a contour map of the expected elevation of the water table (drift). The differences between the expected and measured water table elevations are called residuals from the drift. Residuals from the drift are compared with residuals obtained by more traditional least-squares analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01031176
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  • 17
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    Robust kriging—A proposal (1984)
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 16 (1984), S. 3-18 
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    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: Geostatistics ; kriging ; robust estimation ; time series
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Geological data frequently have a heavy-tailed normal-in-the-middle distribution, which gives rise to grade distributions that appear to be normal except for the occurrence of a few outliers. This same situation also applies to log-transformed data to which lognormal kriging is to be applied. For such data, linear kriging is nonrobust in that (1)kriged estimates tend to infinity as the outliers do, and (2)it is also not minimum mean squared error. The more general nonlinear method of disjunctive kriging is even more nonrobust, computationally more laborious, and in the end need not produce better practical answers. We propose a robust kriging method for such nearly normal data based on linear kriging of an editing of the data. It is little more laborious than conventional linear kriging and, used in conjunction with a robust estimator of the variogram, provides good protection against the effects of data outliers. The method is also applicable to time series analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01036237
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  • 18
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    Smoothing and interpolation by kriging and with splines (1984)
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 16 (1984), S. 601-615 
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    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: kriging ; splines ; interpolation ; smoothing ; prediction ; Green's function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Let scalar measurements at distinct points x1, ⋯, xn be y1, ⋯, yn.We may look for a smooth function f(x)that goes through or near the points (xi, yi).Kriging assumes f(x)is a random function with known (possibly estimable) covariance function (in the simplest case). Splines assume a definition of the smoothness of a nonrandom function f(x).An elementary explanation is given of the fact that spline approximations are special cases of the solution of a kriging problem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01029320
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  • 19
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    Cross validation of kriging in a unique neighborhood (1983)
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 15 (1983), S. 687-699 
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    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: cross validation ; kriging ; moving neighborhood ; unique neighborhood
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Cross validation is an appropriate tool for testing interpolation methods: it consists of leaving out one data point at a time, and determining how well this point can be estimated from the other data. Cross validation is often used for testing “moving neighborhood” kriging models; in this case, each unknown value is predicted from a small number of surrounding data. In “unique neighborhood” kriging algorithms, each estimation uses all the available data; as a result, cross validation would spend much computer time. For instance, with ndata points it would cost at least the resolution of nsystems of n × nlinear equations (each with a different matrix).Here, we present a much faster method for cross validation in a unique neighborhood. Instead of solving nsystems n × n,it only requires the inversion of one n × nmatrix. We also generalized this method to leaving out several points instead of one.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01033232
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  • 20
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    Cokriging of aquifer transmissivities from field measurements of transmissivity and specific capacity (1984)
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 16 (1984), S. 19-35 
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    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: groundwater ; geostatistics ; cokriging ; kriging ; transmissivity ; specific capacity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a new application of the cokriging technique for constructing maps of aquifer transmissivity from field measurements of transmissivity and specific capacity. The technique is illustrated using data from Yolo Basin, California. Cokriging is well-suited for estimating undersampled variables. To improve the accuracy of the estimation, cokriging considers the spatial auto-correlation of the variable to be estimated and the spatial cross-correlation between the variable to be estimated and other, better-sampled variables. Consequently, in regions that lack data of the variable to be estimated, accurate estimation can still be made on the basis of auto- and cross-correlation. In addition, estimation variances can be obtained with a little additional computation effort.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01036238
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  • 21
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    A geostatistically based approach to the identification of aquifer transmissivities in Yolo Basin, California (1984)
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 16 (1984), S. 125-137 
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    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: kriging ; cokriging ; hydrology ; groundwater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A geostatistically based approach is developed for the identification of aquifer transmissivities in Yolo Basin, California. The approach combines weighted least-squares with universal kriging and cokriging techniques in an overall scheme that (1)considers a prioriknown information on aquifer transmissivity and specific capacities of wells, (2)considers uncertainties in water level and transmissivity data, and (3)estimates the reliability of the generated transmissivity values. Minimization of a global least-squares function that incorporates calibration and plausibility criteria leads to a transmissivity map that shows a good agreement with pumping-test results.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01032212
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  • 22
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    Analysis of nonintrinsic spatial variability by residual kriging with application to regional groundwater levels (1984)
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 16 (1984), S. 499-521 
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    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: Spatial variability ; nonintrinsic ; nonstationary ; drift ; kriging ; residuals ; groundwater levels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A method for obtaining pointwise or spatially averaged estimates of a nonintrinsic function is introduced based on residual kriging. The method relies on a stepwise iterative regression process for simultaneously estimating the global drift and residual semivariogram. Estimates of the function are then obtained by solving a modified set of simple kriging equations written for the residuals. The modification consists of replacing the true variogram in the kriging equations by the variogram of the residual estimates as obtained from the iterative regression process. The method is illustrated by considering groundwater levels in an Arizona aquifer. The results are compared with those obtained for the aquifer by the generalized covariance package BLUEPACK-3D.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01886329
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    Robust estimation of the variogram: I (1980)
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 12 (1980), S. 115-125 
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    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: Geostatistics ; kriging ; robust estimation ; variogram
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract It is a matter of common experience that ore values often do not follow the normal (or lognormal) distributions assumed for them, but, instead, follow some other heavier-tailed distribution. In this paper we discuss the robust estimation of the variogram when the distribution is normal-like in the central region but heavier than normal in the tails. It is shown that the use of a fourth-root transformation with or without the use of M-estimation yields stable robust estimates of the variogram.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01035243
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    Geostatistical estimation of parameters for hydrologic transport modeling (1981)
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 13 (1981), S. 415-428 
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    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: geostatistics ; hydrologic transport ; kriging ; radioactive waste disposal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A significant part of the work of evaluating a geologic formation as a potential repository for hazardous wastes is the modeling of contaminant transport in the surrounding media in the event the repository is breached. The transport equations that are commonly used are deterministic functions. However, because the data can vary within the area being considered, there is a degree of uncertainty associated with the results obtained from the contaminant transport models. There are several ways to incorporate uncertainties into the transport equations, but they assume that distributions and parameters such as variances and covariances are known. This paper discusses the application of geostatistical spatial estimation techniques to estimate quantities used in transport modeling. The techniques are illustrated on data from an electric analog simulation of a two-dimensional ground water system. Geostatistical methods were used to estimate potential and hydraulic conductivity surfaces from data generated from the simulation of the ground water system. Although the two surfaces were highly dependent through Darcy's Law, they were estimated independently. Independent verification of the two surfaces showed that they approximately satisfied the required conservation of mass condition that: ∇ ⋅ v = 0.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01079645
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    Geostatistical case studies of the advantages of lognormal-de Wijsian kriging with mean for a base metal mine and a gold mine (1982)
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 14 (1982), S. 547-555 
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    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: geostatistics ; kriging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Parallel variogram analyses, block kriging, and follow-up studies were effected for the lead content of part of the Prieska copper-zinc ore body and for the gold content of the highly variable Breef in a section of the Loraine gold mine, based first on untransformed values and second on logarithmically transformed values using the lognormal-de Wijsian model. For both models the effect was also analyzed of using the population mean or ignoring it. Practical follow-up comparisons confirm theoretical considerations and show that on these mines conditional biases can be eliminated conveniently by kriging with mean; also that the lognormal-de Wijsian model with mean gives the best results.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01033878
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    Two methods with different objectives: Splines and kriging (1983)
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 15 (1983), S. 245-257 
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    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: kriging ; splines ; measurement errors ; generalized covariance ; structural identification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract When drawing a contour map from a set of irregularly spaced data points, two methods are often used: The first corresponds to a rather aesthetic criterion and consists of obtaining contour lines which will be as “smooth”as possible and will honor the data points. This generally is the objective of the draftsman, and it can be automatically performed by the method of spline interpolation. The other method, used in kriging, is to compute the Best Linear Unbiased Estimator (B.L.U.E.),that is, to obtain a map as accurate as possible. Is it possible, in practice, to predict whether the aesthetic map will also be accurate? In this paper, we first examine the theoretical point of view: Spline interpolation is equivalent to kriging with a given (generalized)covariance. We then take an example to show how this question can be answered in practice: by testing how well the spline covariance is suited to the data.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01036069
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    Integration of mineral resource data for Kasmere Lake area, Northwest Manitoba, with emphasis on uranium (1983)
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 15 (1983), S. 25-45 
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    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: Discriminant analysis ; autocorrelation ; kriging ; multiple regression ; uranium ; mineral resources
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Geological and geophysical data digitized by Fabbri (1981)are augmented by eleven lakesediment geochemical variables in a quantitative study of the Kasmere Lake—Whiskey Jack Lake area, NW Manitoba. Each of 33 geological map units (Archean and Aphebian igneous and metamorphic rocks)have a fairly distinct multivariate geochemical and geophysical signal, as shown by discriminant analysis which is able to “recover” the geological map from the geophysical and geochemical data. Autocorrelation analysis of the geochemical variables, after removing a quadratic trend, indicate that copper, nickel, uranium, and cobait have a zone of influence from 15 to 30 km or more, with a marked anisotropy parallel to geological, geophysical, and structural trends which run NE-SW, parallel to the Wollaston fold belt. The observed uranium autocorrelation coefficients are modeled as a two-dimensional exponential function with elliptical contours. A trend-signal-noise model is applied to the lake-sediment uranium using kriging on residuals from the quadratic trend. A map comparing the resulting lake-sediment uranium signal with radiometric uranium/thorium patterns indicates considerable overlap and a generally good prediction of known uranium occurrences. In areas with a strong lake-sediment uranium signal, Aphebian metasediments have a somewhat different multivariate geochemical character from Archean and Hudsonian igneous and metamorphic rocks, suggesting a method of removing areas from the signal underlain by granites that may be economically uninteresting. Logistic and stepwise regression experiments based on a control area which includes most of the presently reported occurrences are used to predict areas favorable for uranium exploration.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01030074
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    Kriging in a global neighborhood (1984)
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 16 (1984), S. 249-265 
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    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: kriging ; moving neighborhood ; global neighborhood ; geostatistics ; automatic contouring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The kriging estimator is usually computed in a moving neighborhood; only the data near the point to be estimated are used. This moving neighborhood approach creates discontinuities in mapping applications. An alternative approach is presented here, whereby all points are estimated using all the available data. To solve the resulting large linear system the kriging estimator is expressed in terms of the inverse of the covariance matrix. The covariance matrix has the advantage of being positive definite and the size of system which can be solved without encountering numerical instability is substantially increased. Because the kriging matrix does not change, the estimator can be written in terms of scalar products, thus avoiding the more time-consuming matrix multiplications of the standard approach. In the particular case of a covariance which is zero for distances greater than a fixed value (the range), the resulting banded structure of the covariance matrix is shown to lead to substantial computational savings in both run time and storage space. In this case the calculation time for the kriging variance is also substantially reduced. The present method is extended to the nonstationary case.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01032690
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    Application of fuzzy clustering and fuzzy classification to evaluate the provenance of glacial till (1984)
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 16 (1984), S. 283-301 
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    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: Bayesian classifiers ; classification ; cluster analysis ; cluster validity ; fuzzyc means ; fuzzyc varieties ; fuzzy covariances ; geochemical prospecting ; glacial till ; kriging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract To evaluate the provenance of glacial till, the trace element content of magnetite was used. Magnetite was present in all known rock types and all till samples in the area investigated. By using fuzzy-set theory it was possible to group samples of magnetite taken from bedrock into relatively homogeneous and geologically meaningful groups and also, by fuzzy classification, to relate the till samples to the rocks in such a way that the relative contribution of each rock type to the till is estimated. Each rock and till sample is assigned a membership value between 0 and 1 for each rock type. The membership values, for a certain rock type in the till, are then interpolated by kriging onto maps. Magnetites from skarns associated with sulfide ores especially are rather distinct, and so a map of such membership values for till unveils all known ore deposits some 1–5 km “downstream”in the general direction of the ice flow. Other anomalies show up which cannot be related to hitherto known ores or mineralizations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01032692
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    Robustness of variograms and conditioning of kriging matrices (1984)
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 16 (1984), S. 809-822 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: variogram ; robustness ; kriging ; conditioning number
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Current ideas of robustness in geostatistics concentrate upon estimation of the experimental variogram. However, predictive algorithms can be very sensitive to small perturbations in data or in the variogram model as well. To quantify this notion of robustness, nearness of variogram models is defined. Closeness of two variogram models is reflected in the sensitivity of their corresponding kriging estimators. The condition number of kriging matrices is shown to play a central role. Various examples are given. The ideas are used to analyze more complex universal kriging systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01036706
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    The Aegean Sea (Greece) earthquake sequence of 25 March 1986: An application of the ν-value method for earthquake prediction (1984)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 2 (1984), S. 105-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Earthquake prediction ; seismicity changes ; ν-value
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A technique based on the ν-value, which is defined by % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSGbaeaaca% GGOaGafqiXdqNbaebacaGGPaWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaaGcbaWa% a0aaaeaacqaHepaDdaahaaWcbeqaaiaaikdaaaaaaaaaaaa!3CEB!\[{{(\bar \tau )^2 } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{(\bar \tau )^2 } {\overline {\tau ^2 } }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\overline {\tau ^2 } }}\], where τ is the time interval between two adjacent earthquakes and indicates the pattern of time sequences of earthquakes, has been applied to the 25 March 1986 Aegean Sea (Greece) earthquake (M L = 5.2) in an attempt to discover temporal changes in seismicity. The analysis of several earthquake sequences revealed that low ν-values preceded the occurrence of relatively large earthquakes. The ν-value technique may be used for monitoring the seismicity changes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00141385
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