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  • Atmosphere-ocean system
  • Salinity
  • Springer  (28)
  • American Meteorological Society  (2)
  • Springer Nature
  • 2005-2009  (2)
  • 1995-1999  (19)
  • 1975-1979  (9)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Propylene oxide-ethylene oxide block copolymers as demulsifiers for water-in-oil emulsions, II. Effects of temperature, salinity,pH-value, and solvents on the demulsification efficiency (1996)
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Chemie 127 (1996), S. 1239-1245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Demulsifiers ; Temperature ; pH Value ; Salinity ; Solvents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Einflüsse von Temperatur, NaCl-Konzentration,pH-Wert und Lösungsmitteln auf die Fähigkeit von Propylenoxid-Ethylenoxid-Blockcopolymeren (PO-EO), durch Asphalte stabilisierte Wasser-in-Benzol-Emulsionen zu brechen, wurden eingehend studiert. Die Wirksamkeit der untersuchten polymeren oberflächenaktiven Substanzen steigt mit steigender Temperatur und sinkendem Salzgehalt der wäßrigen Phase. Am besten verläuft die Demulsifikation bei neutralempH-Wert. Wasser und vergleichbare Lösungsmittel eignen sich am besten zur Erzielung einer hohen Wirksamkeit der verwendeten Emulsionsbrecher.
    Notes: Summary The effects of temperature, NaCl concentration (salinity),pH value, and solvents on the demulsification efficiency of propylene oxide (PO)-ethylene oxide (EO) block copolymers in the breaking of synthetic water-in-benzene emulsions stabilized by petroleum asphaltenes have been thoroughly investigated. The demulsification efficiency of the studied polymeric surfactants was found to increase with increasing temperature and decreasing salinity of the aqueous phase. A neutralpH value of the aqueous phase of the emulsion was found to be optimat for efficient demulsification. Water and water compatible solvents were found to be the best solvents for the prepared demulsifiers with respect to demulsification properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00807790
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NaCl-induced changes of NAD(P) malic enzyme activities in Eucalyptus citriodora leaves (1997)
    Springer
    Trees 12 (1997), S. 66-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Eucalyptus citriodora ; Salinity ; Malate ; NAD(P) malic enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Three-month-old plants of Eucalyptus citriodora were grown in a greenhouse in a culture medium adjusted either to 50 or 100 mM NaCl. Sodium was rapidly absorbed by the plants and as early as 3 weeks after treatment, an increased Na+ level was observed in shoots of 50 mM NaCl plants. At this stage of treatment, the growth of plants was not reduced but the malate metabolism was modified. The malate content decreased in leaves while the specific activities of NAD and NADP-malic enzymes increased. The stimulation in enzyme activity was more pronounced for NADP-malic enzyme but for both enzymes, enzyme activity diminished as early as 5 weeks after treatment. The immunological study showed that the higher activity of NAD-malic enzyme was linked to an increase in the protein amount. By contrast, a more active form of the NADP-malic enzyme mainly accounted for the higher activity of this enzyme without involving modification in the electrophoretic mobility of the protein. The 100 mM NaCl treatment also induced changes in the malic enzyme behaviour, the magnitude of the response however being less than for the 50 mM treatment. These results are discussed, mainly considering the role of these enzymes in the reducing power of the leaf cell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009699
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Drought effects on photosynthesis of the mangrove, Avicennia germinans, under contrasting salinities (1999)
    Springer
    Trees 13 (1999), S. 125-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words A. germinans ; Fluorescence ; Photosynthesis ; Salinity ; Water use efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Drought effects on leaf photosynthesis of A. germinans growing under two contrasting salinities were studied in a Venezuelan fringe mangrove. During both wet and dry seasons, severe chronic-photoinhibition at predawn was not observed but strong down regulation occurred at midday during both seasons. Carbon assimilation rates (A, μmol CO2 m−2 s−1) declined during the dry season from 11.9±1.8 to 7.0±1.5 and from 9.6±2.0 to 4.7±2.5 in plants from low and high salinity sites, respectively. Changes in carbon assimilation per unit of chlorophyll (A/Chl, mmol CO2 mol−1 Chl) were from 31.6±4.7 to 20.5±4.3 and from 21.9±4.7 to 15.2±8.2 in the low and high salinity plants, respectively. Therefore, neither changes in Chl nor seasonal differences in photoprotective down regulation could account fully for the decrease in leaf photosynthesis during drought. A reduction in CO2 diffusion due to lowered stomatal conductance was not large enough to explain such a dramatic effect of drought on leaf photosynthesis. Stomatal response could be mitigated by the capability of A. germinans for osmotic adjustment under high salinity and/or drought. However, this intracellular salt accumulation may reduce carbon assimilation capacity further by decreasing the metabolism of leaf cells, increasing dark respiration and/or photorespiration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009744
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Salinity effects on the leaf water relations components and ion accumulation patterns in Avicennia germinans (L.) L. seedlings (1998)
    Springer
    Oecologia 114 (1998), S. 299-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key wordsAvicennia germinans ; Cell elasticity ; Ion accumulation ; Osmotic potential ; Salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Physiological traits involved in leaf water relations were evaluated in Avicennia germinans (L.) L. seedlings growing at different salinities in the field. Analysis of pressure-volume (P-V) curves and sap osmometry were combined to evaluate osmotic adjustment and cell elasticity, and the contribution of accumulated inorganic ions to osmotic potential was estimated. Seedlings growing in soils with interstitial water salinity above that of normal sea water showed a modification of the relationship between water potential and relative water content. Thus, their leaf osmotic potential at maximum turgor (Ψπ( max )) and at zero turgor (Ψπ(0)) was 1.41 and 1.82 MPa lower respectively, than that of the seedlings from the low salinity site. Volumetric moduli of elasticity () were between 17 and 23 MPa. Thus, ɛ was about 6 MPa lower in high-salinity plants indicating that their cells were slightly more elastic. Ionic concentration analysis showed that Σ [anions] and Σ [cations] were higher in the high-salinity site (22–35%) while the water content per unit dry mass was only 12–17% lower. Reduction in water content was insufficient to explain the increase in ion concentration. Ion concentration explained 73 and 66% of the osmotic potential estimated by P-V curves for leaves from low- and high-salinity sites, respectively. In conclusion, this study provided evidence that leaves of A. germinans seedlings adapt to hypersaline soils by increasing solute concentration by 52% and cell elasticity by 26%. Both processes allow leaf water uptake and turgor maintenance over a large range of soil water potential.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050451
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Predawn disequilibrium between plant and soil water potentials in two cold-desert shrubs (1999)
    Springer
    Oecologia 120 (1999), S. 209-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Apoplast ; Chrysothamnus ; Nighttime stomatal conductance ; Salinity ; Sarcobatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Classical water relations theory predicts that predawn plant water potential should be in equilibrium with soil water potential (soil Ψw) around roots, and many interpretations of plant water status in natural populations are based on this expectation. We examined this expectation for two salt-tolerant, cold-desert shrub species in glasshouse experiments where frequent watering assured homogeneity in soil Ψw and soil-root hydraulic continuity and where NaCl controlled soil Ψw. Plant water potentials were measured with a pressure chamber (xylem Ψp) and thermocouple psychrometers (leaf Ψw). Soil Ψw was measured with in situ thermocouple psychrometers. Predawn leaf Ψw and xylem Ψp were significantly more negative than soil Ψw, for many treatments, indicating large predawn soil-plant Ψw disequilibria: up to 1.2 MPa for Chrysothamnus nauseosus (0 and 100 mm NaCl) and 1.8 MPa for Sarcobatus vermiculatus (0, 100, 300, and 600 mm NaCl). Significant nighttime canopy water loss was one mechanism contributing to predawn disequilibrium, assessed by comparison of xylem Ψp for bagged (to minimize transpiration) and unbagged canopies, and by gas exchange measurements. However, nighttime transpiration accounted for only part of the predawn disequilibrium. Other mechanisms that could act with nighttime transpiration to generate large predawn disequilibria are described and include a model of how leaf apoplastic solutes could contribute to the phenomenon. This study is among the first to conclusively document such large departures from the expectation of predawn soil-plant equilibrium for C3 shrubs, and provides a general framework for considering relative contributions of nighttime transpiration and other plant-related mechanisms to predawn disequilibrium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050850
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbial biomass reflects a nitrogen and phosphorous economy of halophytes grown in salty desert soil (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 21 (1996), S. 128-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial biomass N ; Microbial biomass P ; Halophytes ; Desert ; Salinity ; Zygophyllum dumosum ; Reaumuria negevensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seasonal variations in soil salinity were recorded under the canopy of two halophyte shrubs typical of the hot, dry Negev desert, Zygophyllum dumosum and Reaumuria negevensis. The effects of the fluctuating soil salinity levels on total soluble N and on microbial biomass N and P were also monitored. The microhabitat of the shrubs showed differences in trend and magnitude of soil mineral N, the NO inf3 sup- :NH 4 + ratio, and microbial N and P. The trends were assumed to be governed by the various mechanisms operating in the shrubs in order to survive salty environments. Data from the current study are discussed in terms of the assumption that the halophyte has developed ecophysiological strategies that force microbial communities coexisting in its microhabitat towards adaptation aimed at withstanding a fluctuating environment, and hence towards a beneficial plant-microorganism relationship.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336004
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Halophilic-blue-green algae (1976)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 107 (1976), S. 109-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Halophilism ; Blue-green alga ; Cyanobacteria ; Aphanotece halophytica ; Salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The isolation of a halophilic blue-green alga, Aphanothece halophytica, from Great Salt Lake is described. The organism was cultured from waters with salinities up to saturated NaCl (about 30% w/v). It has an optimum salinity for growth of about 16% NaCl, but can grow very slowly even in saturated NaCl. Based on the study of the Great Salt Lake organism, and on a review of the earlier literature, it is concluded that despite recent reports to the contrary, true halophilic blue-green algae do exist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427875
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phenotypic changes in the chemistry of Aspergillus nidulans: Influence of culture conditions on mycelial composition (1979)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 123 (1979), S. 151-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Phenotypic variation ; Aspergillus nidulans ; Chemical composition ; Chemostat culture ; Dilution rate ; Temperature ; Hydrogen ion concentration ; Salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A quantitative study was made of macromolecular (nucleic acids, protein), carbohydrate and mineral (magnesium, potassium and phosphorus) components of Aspergillus nidulans in glucose limited chemostat cultures, under varying conditions of dilution rate, temperature, pH and NaCl concentration. The overall mineral content showed greatest variation in response to changes in culture salinity, which also affected the mycelial carbohydrate content. Concomitant and opposite changes in the conent of cations and carbohydrates under conditions of increasing salinity may be interpreted in terms of mycelial osmoregulation. Slight variations in DNA content but gross fluctuations in the level of RNA were noted under the different cultural conditions examined. Co-ordinate changes in RNA and Mg2+ contents were evident only under certain conditions: dilution rate from 0.05–0.07 h-1 or temperature from 22–30° C. The constant molar stoichiometry between RNA and Mg2+ characteristic of unicellular microorganisms was not a feature of fungal growth. The protein content was most affected by shifts of temperature and reached minimal values at 25 and 50° C. The growth environment had a marked influence on the protein synthesising activity of RNA, which increased eightfold as the dilution rate was increased from 0.02–0.175 h-1, doubled within the temperature range 20–30° C and fell by 50% between 40 and 50° C. These observations are discussed in the context of the constant ribosomal efficiency in protein synthesis hypothesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00446814
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Combined effects of temperature and salinity on development and survival of Atlantic halibut larvae (1998)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 6 (1998), S. 103-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: Abnormal development ; Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) ; Marine fish larvae ; Mortality ; Salinity ; Temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of different combinations of temperature and salinity on development and survival of Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus (L.), larvae were studied in two experiments. In the period from 57 to 120 d° post hatching, approximately 38% of the larvae died: in both experiments, mortality was significantly related to temperature, but there was no relationship to salinity. Cumulative, chronic mortality during the yolk-sac stage (until 210 d°) was related to salinity. High mortality was observed in both experiments when high salinity (〉34%) was combined with incubation at either high (9 °C) or low (3 °C) temperature. The development of head lesions was significantly related to temperature, and for larvae kept at high salinity, increased mortality may have been a result of salinity stress in the injured larvae. Abnormal development of the caudal notochord, sometimes resulting in a 90-degree bend of the tail, occurred during incubation of early yolk-sac larvae in high-salinity water. The occurrence of larvae with locked jaws, and larvae with oedema in the yolk-sac sinus and pericardium, was significantly related to temperature. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009234122861
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of temperature and salinity on length and yolk utilization of striped bass larvae (1996)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 4 (1996), S. 89-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: Salinity ; Striped bass (Morone saxatilis) ; Temperature ; Yolk utilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of temperature and salinity on yolk utilization and growth of larval striped bass (Morone soxatilis) from Canadian maritime stocks were studied to determine optimal rearing conditions. Larval length increased during yolk utilization and maximum length (Lmax) was attained at about 70 degree-days post-hatch. Dry weight declined during yolk utilization, whereas, larval wet weight was relatively constant and only declined when yolk was depleted. Temperature and salinity significantly affected the Lmax. Temperatures exceeding 18
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00140591
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