ALBERT

Note: Aus dem Russischen übersetzt

Note: In niederländischer Sprache

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Dissertation, University of Colorado, 1995

Note: Table of Contents Preface List of Participants Foreword Introduction Education and training in remote sensing Chapter 1 Background - the physical basis of remote sensing Chapter 2 The EARTHNET data acquisition, processing and distribution faculty Chapter 3 METEOSAT, Europe's contribution to the global weather observing system Chapter 4 Remote sensing from space: review of future plans and prospects Chapter 5 Guide to the design and specification of a primary user receiving station for meteorological and oceanographic satellite data Chapter 6 The design and implementation of DIBIAS, a digital interactive image processing system Chapter 7 A low-cost image data display system for teaching use Chapter 8 Elementary ideas of optical image processing Chapter 9 Geometrical aspects of remote sensing, space cartography Chapter 10 Statistical methods: a selective tutorial survey Chapter 11 The atmospheric correction of remotely sensed data and the quantitative determination of suspended matter in marine water surface layers Chapter 12 Remote sensing of a complex surface Chapter 13 Some legal aspects of remote sensing Chapter 14 Airborne remote sensing experiments with a fluorescent tracer Chapter 15 Remote sensing of pollution Chapter 16 Studies of dust storms from satellites Chapter 17 The use of remote sensing in hydrology in Norway Chapter 18 Radio echo sounding of ice masses: principles and applications Chapter 19 Examples of applications of digital image processing of remotely sensed phenomena Chapter 20 Sea surface fronts and temperatures Chapter 21 Remote sensing of ocean waves, currents and surface winds by dekametric radar Chapter 22 The SEASAT-1 synthetic aperture radar: introduction data reception and processing Chapter 23 Microwave radiometry and applications Chapter 24 Meteorological models and climatological data sets Chapter 25 Use of satellite images and derived meteorological parameters for weather analysis and forecast Chapter 26 The use of cinematographic methods for the presentation of atmospheric motions as revealed by remote sensing techniques from satellites Notes on Field Trips FT1 A field assessment of various forms of remote sensing imagery on theTay Estuary tidal flats FT2 Notes for field work on sea truth measurement for remote sensing verification Worksheets for Laboratory Exercises WS1 Example of an exercise in aerial photograph interpretation WS2 A case study of mid-latitude frontal cyclone structure using TIROS-N upper-air and surface observations WS3 A climatological archive from meteorological satellite data - the problems involved WS4 Interpretation of aerial infrared survey data WS5 Simple spatial filtering experiments WS6 Portable LANDSAT-type radiometer and classification of a LANDSAT scene of the Dundee area WS7 Estimation of the forest area in the County of Norfolk from LANDSAT MSS images WS8 Classification and temporal variation in Wessex using LANDSAT MSS images WS9 Mapping of the Abertay Sands using LANDSAT MSS digital data WS 10 Estimation of snow cover in the Scottish highlands from LANDSAT imagery WS 11 Snow cover determination from TIROS-N and NOAA-6 AVHRR data Index

Note: Freiberg, Bergakad., Diss., 1978

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Research setting Objectives Materials, mixture designs, and tests Materials Mixture design tests Brazil test Resilient modulus test Data analysis Marshall tests Asphalt grade Compactive effort Aggregate type Data analysis Brazil tests Indirect tensile strength Tensile strain Vertical deformation Summary of Brazil test results Data analysis-resilIient modulus. Comparison of mixture susceptibility to temperature cracking General asphalt concrete stiffness Thermal cracking. Influence of asphalt cement properties Summary Comparison of mixture susceptibility to traftic-load-associated distress Stress/strain analysis Fatigue damage analysis Rutting analysis Strength correlations Marshall stability and indirect tensile strength Indirect tensile strength and resilient modulus Summary Summary and conclusions Recapitulation of investigations Summary of results Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Asphalt adggregate mixture properties by Marshall method Appendix B: Equations for calculating specimen properties from Brazil tests Appendix C: Calculated displacements, strains and stresses

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Data sources and literature review Canada Alaska Data tabulation Station selection Description of tabulated data Station location and ice measurement site descriptions Review of previous studies on maximum ice in North America Maximum ice thickness maps Date of maximum ice Plotting of the ice decay curves General procedures Categories of water bodies Ice decay at sea ice locations Envelope curves Average curves Snow-ice formation Ice decay at lake ice locations Average curves Regional variations and similarities Ice decay at river ice locations Variations in ice thickness Rapid ice clearance Comparison between Alaskan and Canadian river ice decay curves Incremental extraction of ice decay data for analysis purposes Selection of ice decay intervals Preliminary evaluation of the methodology Further considerations of the methodology Relationships between ice decay and thawing air temperatures Average daily vs maximum daily air temperature 10-day increments vs accumulated values Total years vs year-to-year analysis Evaluation of use of 0°C as a base Final format of the relationship between ice decay and ATDD Evaluation of the final form Possible causes for variations in slope values Decreasing sea ice thickness and thawing air temperatures Factors affecting sea ice decay Relationship between ATDD and sea ice decay Influence of solar radiation and wind on sea ice decay Literature cited Selected bibliography Appendix A. Ice thickness measurements and other related (or associated) observations for stations in Canada and Alaska Appendix B. Maps of least and greatest ice thickness observed at the time of maximum growth, and average date of occurrence Appendix C. Annual ice decay curves for stations in Canada and Alaska

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Part I. Unsteady suppression of river ice by fully mixed thermal effluents Introduction Governing equations Outline of analysis Location of ice edge Numerical simulation Uncertainties and Imitations Literature cited Part II. Effect of transverse mixing on ice suppression Introduction Analysis of dispersion and heat loss Analysis of ice thickening and melting Numerical simulation Example simulations Field comparison Uncertainties and limitations Literature Cited Appendix A: Computer program for unsteady fully mixed ice suppression Appendix B: Computer program for unsteady lateral mixing ice suppression

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis Die Rolle des sozialistischen Rechts im Prozeß der planmäßigen Gestaltung einer sozialistischen Landeskultur unter Mitwirkung gesellschaftlicher Kräfte / Günther Boccarius 1. Das sozialistische Recht als Hauptmethode der staatlichen Leitung 2. Die Erhöhung der Wirksamkeit des sozialistischen Rechts ; wichtige Voraussetzung für die planmäßige Gestaltung der sozialistischen Landeskultur 3. Die Entwicklung einer sozialistischen Gemeinschaftsarbeit zwischen Staatsorganen, Betrieben, Kombinaten, staatlichen Einrichtungen und gesellschaftlichen Kräften des Territoriums - unentbehrliches Element der planmäßigen und effektiven Gestaltung der sozialistischen Landeskultur 4. Zusammenfassung 5. Quellenangaben HEINZ WERNER Die Eindämmung von Staub und Lärm beim Umschlag und Transport fester Brennstoffe, ein wichtiger Beitrag zur Verbesserung des Umweltschutzes / Heinz Werner 1. Einleitung 2. Aufgaben des VEB Kohlehandels 3. Umweltprobleme im Kohlehandel 4. Lösungswege zur Verminderung von Staub und Lärm 4.1. Leitungs- und Planungsprozeß 4.2. Technisch-organisatorische Maßnahmen 4.3. Entwicklungskonzeption 5. Schlußfolgerungen 6. Zusammenfassung Übersicht über das Produktionsprogramm des VEB Entstaubungstechnik "Edgar André", Magdeburg, unter Berücksichtigung der perspektivischen Aufgaben des Betriebes / Gerhard Nindelt und Ulf Richter 1. Einleitung 2. Grundlagen der Entstaubungstechnik 3. Verschiedene Entstaubungsapparate 4. Typische Anwendungsfälle 5. Entwicklungstendenzen 5.1. Anlagengrößen 5.2. Verfahrenstechnik 5.3. Investitionsgeschehen 6. Aufgaben des VEB Entstaubungstechnik zur Erzielung der Anwenderforderungen 7. Zusammenfassung 8. Quellenangaben Aufbau, Inhalt und Form der Ausrüstungs-und Berechnungskataloge der Luft-und Kältetechnik, speziell der Entstaubungstechnik / Fritz Hockun 1. Einleitung 2. Ergebnisse der Analyse der Projektierungstätigkeit 3. Darstellung des Projektierungskataloges "Entstaubungstechnik" 3.1. Forderungen an Projektierungskataloge 3.2. Inhalt des Ausrüstungskataloges "Entstaubungstechnik" 3.3. Inhalt des Berechnungskataloges "Entstaubungstechnik" 3.4. Inhalt des Programmkataloges "Entstaubungstechnik" 4. Schlußfolgerungen 5. Zusammenfassung Lufthygienische Probleme in petrolchemischen Anlagen / Erhard Kaufmann, Lothar Eremit und Herbert Mohry 1. Einleitung 2. Petrolchemische Ausgangs-, Zwischen- und Endprodukte 2.1. Aufzählung und Darstellung der Wertsteigerung 2.2. Wichtige petrolchemische Ausgangsprodukte 2.3. Petrolchemische Reaktionen 2.3.1. Ungesättigte Kohlenwasserstoffe 2.3.2. Aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe 2.3.3. Gesättigte Kohlenwasserstoffe 3. Petrolchemische Verfahren der DDR 3.1. Allgemeines 3.2. Technologie und Emissionen petrolchemischer Anlagen der DDR 3.2.1. Äthyleneneugung 3.2.2. Polyäthylenerzeugung 3.2.3. Butadieriextraktion 3.2.4. Acrylnitrilerzeugung 3.2.5. Terephtalsäureerzeugung 3.2.6, Kalkammonsalpetererzeugung 4. Zusammenfassung 5. Quellenangabe Lufthygienische Aspekte beim Erdgaseinsatz im Bezirk Magdeburg / Alfred Hellwig und Reinhard Hiller 1. Einleitung 2. Senkung der Schwefeldioxidemission durch Erdgaseinsatz im Bezirk Magdeburg 2.1. Methodik der Ermittlung 2.2. Berechnungsergebnisse 2.2.1. Territoriale Schwerpunkte 2.2.2. Verhältnis Emission-Immission 3. Stickoxidemission erdgasgefeuerter Anlagen 3.1. Chemismus der Bildung der Stickoxide 3.2. Quellen der Stickoxide 3.3. Berechnung der Stickoxide 3.3.1. Formel nach I. J. Sigal 3.3.2. Praktische Erfahrungen mit der Formel von I. J. Sigal 3.4.NOx-Emissionsmessungen an ausgewählten Dampferzeugern 4.4.Schlußfolgerungen 5. Zusammenfassung 6. Quellenangaben Luftreinhaltung und Gesundheitsschutz in der DDR / Karlwilhelm Horn, Armin Knauer und Peter Loderitz 1. Einleitung 2. Aufgaben der Kommunalhygiene 3. Anwendung von Begrenzungsvorschriften 4. Epidemiologische Untersuchungen 5. Soziologische Studien 6. Zusammenfassung Krebsverhütung durch Umweltschutz / Tilo Schramm Theoretische und experimentelle Grundlagen für Maßnahmen zur primären Krebsprophylaxe 1. Krebsursachen bei Mensch und Tier 2. Chemische Karzinogene als Krebsursache 3. Wirkungsweisen chemischer Karzinogene 4. Zur Frage der Irreversibilität der Wirkungen chemischer Karzinogene 5. Möglichkeiten zum Nachweis karzinogener Eigenschaften chemischer Substanzen 6. Zusammenfassung 7. Quellenangaben Notwendigkeit und Aufgabenstellung der präventiven Krebsforschung / Wolfgang Gibel 1. Einleitung 2. Neue Kenntnisse über kanzerogene Umweltfaktoren 3. Vordringliche Aufgaben der präventiven Onkologie 4. Zusammenfassung 5. Quellenangaben Neuere Ergebnisse zur umweltbedingten Kontamination von Lebensmitteln mit krebserregenden Kohlenwasserstoffen / Walter Fritz und Rudolf Engst 1. Einleitung 2. Methodik 3. Ergebnisse 3.1. Bodenkontamination 3.2. Kontamination von Erntegütern 3.3. Übergang aus kontaminierten Böden in Erntegüter 3.4. Übergang aus kontaminiertem Boden in Trinkwasser 4. Schlußfolgerungen 5. Zusammenfassung 6. Quellenangaben

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Contents Preface CHAPTER 1. AIR TEMPERATURE AND SENSIBLE HEAT TRANSFER 1.1. Methods of temperature measurement 1.2. Sources of error in temperature measurement 1.3. Sensor thermal inertia Experiment I. Thermal inertia of a thermometer Experiment II. Measurement of the heat transfer coefficient for a plane surface 1.4. The effect of radiation on temperature sensors Experiment III. Effect of radiation on shielded thermometers 1.5. Electrical resistance thermometers Experiment IV. The dissipation of heat from a resistance thermometer 1.6, A ventilated shield for resistance thermometers CHAPTER 2. SOLAR AND TERRESTRIAL RADIATION 2.1. Specific intensity and radiant flux density 2.2. Radiation scales 2.3. The fluxes of solar and terrestrial radiation Experiment V. The measurement of radiation by a thermometric method 2.4. Radiation instruments Experiment VI. Calibration of a pyranometer against a pyrheliometer 2.5. Lambert's or the Cosine Law Experiment VII. Cosine response of a radiometer 2.6. Direct beam and diffuse calibrations for a radiometer Experiment VIII. Dependence of albedo on solar elevation 2. 7. Radiation measurements over finite plane surfaces Experiment IX. Measurement of the albedo over finite surfaces Experiment X. The measurement of long- and short-wave radiation fluxes Experiment XI. A basic pyrheliometer 2.8. The extra-terrestrial solar flux Experiment XII. Determination of the solar constant CHAPTER 3. AIR AND WATER VAPOUR PRESSURE 3.1. Atmospheric pressure 3.2. Liquid column barometers Experiment XIII. A short water barometer 3.3. Aneroid barometers Experiment XIV. The isothermal atmosphere 3.4. Atmospheric humidity 3.5. Parameters specifying humidity 3.6. The mEasurement of humidity Experiment XV. Observation of the dew point Experiment XVI. The hair hygrometer 3.7. Ory- and wet-bulb thermometry and the psychrometer Experiment XVII. The ventilated wet-bulb thermometer Experiment XVIII. Measurement of the Bowen ratio CHAPTER 4. WIND VELOCITY AND TURBULENT TRANSFER 4.1. Methods of wind speed measurement Experiment XIX. The comparison of anemometers 4.2. The wind velocity profile in the atmospheric boundary layer Experiment XX. Observation of the mean wind profile Experiment XXI. The effect of obstructions on the wind profile Experiment XXII. Determination of momentum transfer by the eddy correlation method 4.3. The scale of turbulence Experiment XXIII. The time scale of turbulent fluctuations 4.4. Turbulent transfer Experiment XXIV. Turbulent transfer of heat and water vapour CHAPTER 5. GROUND TEMPERATURE AND HEAT CONDUCTION 5.1. Methods of ground temperature measurement 5.2. Thermo-electric effects 5.3. The theory of ground heat conduction Experiment XXV. Determination of thermal diffusivity from temperature profile observation Experiment XXVI. Diurnal temperature and heat flux waves in the ground 5.4. Heat flux meters 5.5. Thermopiles Experiment XXVII. Calibration of a heat flux meter Experiment XXVIII. Comparison of temperature and heat flux waves CHAPTER 6. ELECTRICAL ANALOGUE MODELLING OF THERMAL PROCESSES 6.1. Steady state heat conduction 6.2. The performance of a heat flux meter Experiment XXIX. Analysis of the steady state response of a heat flux meter - using conducting paper 6.3. Thermal diffusion Experiment XXX. Modelling of temperature waves in the ground 6.4. Simulation of latent heat processes Experiment XXXI. The growth of ice floating on water 6.5. Sensible heat transfer in the atmospheric boundary layer 6.6. Long-wave radiation transfer simulation Experiment XXXII. A micro-meteorological model REFERENCES INDEX

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Objectives Conclusions Introduction Background Previous cooperative investigations Project rationale and coordination Approach Landsat imagery Interpretation techniques Part I. Use of Landsat imagery in mapping the drainage network, lakes, glaciers and snowfields (Lawrence W. Gatto) Objective Methods Results Conclusions Part II. Use of Landsat imagery in mapping and evaluating geologiclineaments and possible faults (Carolyn J. Merry) Objective Geologic structure Methods Results Conclusions Part Ill. Use of Landsat imagery in mapping surficial materials Section A. Landsat mapping (Harlan L. McKim) Objective Methods Results Section B. Field evaluation (Daniel E. Lawson) Objectives Methods Results Discussion Section C. Conclusions (Daniel E. Lawson and Harlan L. McKim) Literature cited Glossary

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Literature review Experimental design Climate Results and discussion Nutrient sources Mulches Soil fertility Cost analysis Summary and conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature I. Introduction II. A constitutive law for snow and balance principles III. Compatibility laws and jump equations for stress waves IV. Steady shock waves in snow V. Comparison of steady-wave theory with experimental results VI. A numerical solution to the nonsteady wave problem VII. Jump equations for nonsteady shock waves VIII. Reduced jump equations Discussion and conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Theory Experimental apparatus and procedure Results Discussion Concluding remarks Selected bibliography Appendix A. Mosotti type field on core of cylindrical cavity

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Obiectives and procedures Ground electrical resistivity in permafrost regions Electromagnetic techniques General Magnetic induction method Surface impedance fradiowave method Direct current method General description of field sites Results Site 1 CRREL permafrost station, Fairbanks, Alaska Site 2 Planned road cut for Steese Highway near Fox, Alaska Site 3 Relic floodplain near Fairbanks, Alaska Site 4 Pingos, Prudhoe Bay, Alaska Site 5 Ice wedges, Prudhoe Bay, Alaska Comparisons between the surface impedance and magnetic induction methods Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Discussion of the depth of sensitivity of the magnetic induction method using two- and three-layer apparent resistivity curves

Note: pt. 1. Foundational data integration techniques -- pt. 2. Integration with extended data representations -- pt. 3. Novel integration architectures

Note: Zugl.: Erlangen-Nürnberg, Univ., Diss., 2013 , Komplexität von GeschäftsprozessenInner- und überbetriebliche Informationsintegration -- Interdisziplinäre Kollaboration..

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Zero superheat Constant phase change rate Zero sensible heat Finite sensible heat Finite superheat Quasi-steady solution Heat balance integral solution Approximate methods Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Introduction STARMET Test description Test results PLANEWAVE II Test description Test results DATEX II Test description Test results HANDEC II Test description Test results ROCKTEST II Test description Test results Summary and discussion Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Preface Conversion factors Introduction Estimates and field measurements of ice forces on structures General Indirect estimates Direct measurements Small-scale and laboratory studies Instrumentation plan for measuring ice loads on the Yukon River Bridge Load cell development The single reaction beam system Performance of a single reaction beam load cell The double reation beam load cell Reaction beam design Stress in the beam Deflection Axial tensile stress in the reaction beam Measurement techniques Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Finding load magnitude and location with a single reaction beam device Appendix B. Finding load magnitude and location on a double reaction beam device

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Experimental apparatus Experimental procedures Analysis of forces Experimental results Analysis of data Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Anisotropy and sea ice macrostructure Anisotropy and sea ice microstructure A theory of anisotropic radar return from sea ice Anisotropic electric flux penetration into brine layers Implications of normal exclusion, tangential penetration, and brine layer geometry for dielectric behavior of sea ice Modeling of electromagnetic reflection from a stratified, anisotropic, inhomogeneous lossy medium Calculation of mixture complex dielectric constants Calculation of interfacial power reflection coefficients Calculation of bulk power reflection coefficients Calculation of attenuated power reflection coefficients Beam spread Results Anisotropic bottom reflections Anisotropic complex dielectric constants Sensitivity of parameters Internal reflection: the bumps Discussion Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction One-dimensional equations of simultaneous heat and moisture flux Moisture transport Heat transport Phase change Coupling effects Frost heave algorithm Development of computer model Finite difference vs finite element method Finite element formulation Time domain solution Evaluation of the mathematical model Heat flux Moisture flux Numerical dispersion Frost heave of homogeneous laboratory samples Conclusions Recommended studies to refine the model Literature cited Appendix A. Work plan, staffing and instrumentation requirements for correlating results oflaboratory frost susceptibility tests with field performance Appendix B. Proposed investigation of thaw weakening of subgrade soil and granular unboundbase course Appendix C. Derivation of finite element system matrices

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Field program Results and discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix: Data analysis procedures

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Velocity problem Heat and mass transfer problem - A single drop Heat and mass transfer - A system of drops Literature cited Appendix A: FORTRAN IV program to calculate final drop temperature, air temperatureand humidity

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Chapter 1. The road and its environment Introduction General physiography Regional climate Surficial and bedrock geology Permafrost and ground ice General biota Vegetation Floristic survey Vegetation mapping Soils and mapping Chapter 2. Roadbed performance and associated investigations Roadbed investigations Roadbed performance Performance of drainage features Performance of sideslopes Conclusions from road, drainage and sideslope performance studies Fuel gas line construction Chapter 3. Distribution and properties of road dust along the northern portion of the Haul Road Introduction Methods Results of wind direction and velocity measurements Dust load and distribution Particle size analyses of dust Chemical composition properties of dust and related samples Soil cation composition Dust impacts on vegetation Discussion and conclusions Chapter 4. Revegetation and restoration investigations Introduction Revegetation approaches Alyeska erosion control and revegetation program Weeds and weedy plants Performance of revegetation Alyeska willow cutting program CRREL restoration experiments Conclusions Revegetation recommendations General report recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: General environmental guidelines applicable to subarctic and arctic road construction Appendix B: University-based studies along the Yukon River-Prudhoe Bay Haul Road Appendix C: CRREL maps of Haul Road showing locations of all study Sites Appendix D: Additional Haul Road cross-sectional profiles Appendix E: Clay mineralogy of road-related materials Appendix F: List of reports in the Joint State/Federal Fish and Wildlife Ad­visory Team series

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction History of snow and ice roads Classification of snow and ice roads Snow pads used by Alyeska during the winter of 1975-1976 The Globe Creek snow pad The Toolik snow pad The gasline snow pad Summary and conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Introduction Literature review Objectives Materials and methods Results Observations Distribution and environmental tolerances Discussion Morphology Distribution Habitat Summary Conclusions Recommendations for future work Literature cited Appendix A Type descriptions of Acanthoecidae collected from the Weddell Sea

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Introduction Field measurement and analysis of transient heat flow A closer look at handling the constraints Random change Step change Ramp change Application of theory Literature cited Appendix A. Percentage error from a step input Appendix B. Time constraints of sample walls Appendix C. Percentage error from a ramp input Appendix D. Percentage error from a sinusoidal input Appendix E. Percentage error programs for a Hewlett-Packard HP-25 calculator Appendix F. Experimental determination of time constants Appendix G. Derivation of time constant formula for multiple layers

Note: Contents Abstract Preface lntroduction Experimental Sample preparation Testing procedure Results General features Commercial Ice Notched commercial ice Sanded commercial ice Pure ice Single crystal ice Snow-ice Colloidal alumina-dispersed ice Colloidal silica.dispersed ice NH4F doped ice HF doped ice Discussion Literature cited

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: CONTENTS Preface CONFERENCE SUMMARY / A. L. Fymat TEMPERATURE SOUNDING INVERSION METHODS AND THE OBSOLESCENCE OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS FOR SPECIFYING PHYSICAL OBSERVABLES / J. I. F. King SOME EXPERIMENTS ON THE EFFECT OF REMOTE SOUNDING TEMPERATURES UPON WEATHER FORECASTING / M. Halem, M. Ghil and R. Atlas NONLINEAR INVERSION: THEORY AND PRAXIS / J. I. F. King A NEW TREATMENT OF THE BOUNDARY TERM IN THE INVERSION OF THE RADIATIVE TRANSFER EQUATION / H. E. Fleming and D. S. Crosby EVALUATION OF ERRORS IN DERIVED CLEAR COLUMN RADIANCES / L. McMillin RECURSIVE FILTERING OF RADIANCE DATA FROM NIMBUS-E SATELLITE / I. A. Ismail DEPENDENCE OF THE TEMPERATURE DEVIATION OF THE OCEAN SURFACE AS MEASURED BY SATELLITE ON THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF AEROSOLS / T. Takashima THE DETERMINATION OF ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE PROFILES FROM INFRARED INTERFEROMETER MEASUREMENTS ON BOARD OF METEOR-25 / V. A. Golovko and D. Spänkuch COMPOSITION SOUNDING GLOBAL TOTAL OZONE DETERMINATION FROM NIMBUS 4 BUV SPACECRAFT DATA / A. J. Fleig, R. S. Fraser, B. W. Guenther, D. F. Heath, E. Hilsenrath, L. V. Novak, V. G. Kaveeshwar, R. D. McPeters, C. L. Mateer and A. G. Miller INFORMATION CONTENT AND RESULTS OF NON-LINEAR INVERSION OF NIMBUS 6 LIMB RADIANCE INVERSION RADIOMETER DATA / J. C. Gille and P. L. Bailey AN APPROXIMATE METHOD FOR NONLINEAR INVERSION OF LIMB RADIANCE OBSERVATIONS / P. L. Bailey and J. C. Gille A NONLINEAR TECHNIQUE FOR INVERTING LIMB ABSORPTION PROFILES / J. D. Mill and S. R. Drayson SENSITIVITY OF THE INVERSION OF LIMB RADIANCE MEASUREMENTS IN THE 6.3μm WATER VAPOR BAND / H. Fischer AN ANALYSIS OF NIMBUS-V THIR 6-7 μm OBSERVATIONS OVER THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA / M. Roulleau MICROWAVE GROUND-BASED DETERMINATION OF ATMOSPHERIC TOTAL WATER CONTENT / G. G. Shchukin and L. P. Bobylev A SOLAR HETERODYNE RADIOMETER FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE ALTITUDINAL PROFILES OF ATMOSPHERIC GASES / V. I. Astakhov, N. V. Vanin, V. V. Galaktionov, V. M. Dorokhov, V. M. Zakharovand V. U. Khattatov PASSIVE REMOTE SENSING IN THE PRESENCE OF MULTIPLE SCATTERING: A NUMERICAL INVERSION METHOD / B. R. Barkstrom PARTICULATE SOUNDING RECONSTRUCTING THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF SPHERICAL PARTICLES FROM ANGULAR FORWARD SCATTERING DATA / A. L. Fymat and K. D. Mease COMPLEX REFRACTIVE INDEX OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS: A SIZE DISTRIBUTION INDEPENDENT RETRIEVAL APPROACH USING MULTISPECTRAL TRANSMISSION RATIOS / A. L. Fymat and K. D. Mease THE METHOD OF MULTIFREQUENCY LASER SOUNDING OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL MICROSTRUCTURE / V. E. Zuev and I. E. Naats LASER SOUNDING OF THE ATMOSPHERE USING AEROSOL SCATTERING / V. E. Zuev STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOL LAYERS MONITORED BY LIDAR / R. Reiter, H. Jaeger, W. Carnuth and M. Littfass LIDAR DETECTION OF ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINANTS BY RAMAN SCATTERING AND FLUORESCENCE SPECTRA / V. M. Zakharov and V. A. Torgovichev REMOTE SENSING OF CLOUD PROPERTIES FROM NIMBUS 5 / D. J. McCleese THE ATMOSPHERIC BLURRING EFFECT OF REMOTELY SENSED EARTH IMAGERY / S. Ueno, Y. Haba, Y. Kawata, T. Kusaka and Y. Terashita Author Index Subject Index

Note: Contents Introduction PART I. PHYSICS OF UNDERGROUND ICE FORMATION Chapter 1. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER AND ICE 1.1. Water 1.2. Crystalline structure of ice 1.3. Thermodynamics of water state and phase transitions 1.4. Latent heat of water phase transitions 1.5. Evaporation and sublimation of ice 1.6. Thermal characteristics of ice 1.7. Mechanical properties and temperature of ice Chapter 2. FORMATION OF THE CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE OF CONGELATION ICE 2.1. Nucleation and growth of ice crystals 2.2. Petrogenesis of underground ice 2.3. Influence of crystal habit and volume on the ice structure 2.4. Influence of solid surface on the ice structure 2.5. Influence of impurities in crystallizing water on the ice structure 2.6. Influence of the thermal conditions of water crystallization on the ice structure Chapter 3. DYNAMOMETAMORPHISM OF ICE 3.1. General principles of ice dynamometamorphism 3.2. Structural changes caused by ice deformation 3.3. Influence of impurities on structural changes caused by ice deformation 3.4. Structural peculiarities of glacial ice Chapter 4. METHODS OF STRUCTURE-GENETIC ANALYSIS OF UNDERGROUND ICE 4.1. Description of ice structure 4.2. Processing of petrographical data 4.3. Analysis and interpretation of structural data PART II. GENETIC TYPES OF UNDERGROUND ICE Chapter 5. ICE WEDGES 5.1. The theory of ice wedge genesis 5.2. Elementary ice veinlets and forms of ice wedge growth 5.3. Elementary ice veinlets and method of reconstruction of thermal ice formation conditions 5.4. Epigenetic ice wedges 5.5. Syngenetic ice wedges Chapter 6. SEGREGATED ICE Chapter 7. INJECTED ICE Chapter 8. BURIAL GLACIAL (MASSIVE) ICE 8.1. The theory of massive-ice genesis 8.2. Massive-ice bedding and structure 8.3. Basic-moraine ice (Ust'-PortVillage region) 8.4. Buried ice of terminal moraines (Ermakovo Village region) 8.5. Buried ice offluvioglacial sediments (Gydan Peninsula) 8.6. Buried ice of submarine sediments (Yamal Peninsula) 8.7. Typomorphic structural features of massive ice 8.8. General regularities of surface ice conservation in permafrost zone 8.9. Conclusions PART III. OXYGEN ISOTOPE COMPOSITION OF UNDERGROUND ICE Chapter 9. OXYGEN ISOTOPE COMPOSITION OF NATURAL WATERS 9.1. Oxygen isotopes in natural waters 9.2. Fractionation of oxygen isotopes in water 9.3. Oxygen isotope composition of atmospheric water 9.4. Seasonal variations in the oxygen isotope composition of atmospheric precipitation 9.5. Oxygen isotope composition of snow 9.6. Oxygen isotope composition of surface waters 9.7. Oxygen isotope composition of groundwaters Chapter 10. OXYGEN ISOTOPE COMPOSITION OF ICE WEDGES 10.1. Oxygen isotope composition ofrecent alluvial ice wedges 10.2. Oxygen isotope composition of recent bog-lacustrine ice wedges 10.3. Oxygen isotope composition of recent offshore ice wedges 10.4. Fractionation of oxygen isotopes during water freezing in frozen cracks 10.5. Changes in the oxygen isotope composition of ice wedges caused by diffusion, sublimation, and condensation 10.6. Dependence of the oxygen isotope composition of recent ice wedges on winter temperature 10.7. Conservation of oxygen isotopes in ancient ice wedges 10.8. Representative oxygen isotope data obtained by analysis of ice samples from natural permafrost exposures 10.9. Oxygen isotope dating of ancient syngenetic ice wedges 10.10. Reconstruction of winter paleotemperatures from the oxygen isotope composition ofancient ice wedges of the Kolyma River lowland 10.11. Reconstruction ofpaleotemperatures from the oxygen isotope composition of key-section ice wedges of the Kolyma River lowland Chapter 11. OXYGEN ISOTOPE COMPOSITION OF MASSIVE ICE 11.1. State of the art and problems of study of the oxygen isotope composition of massive ice 11.2. Results of study of the oxygen isotope composition of massive ice and their interpretation 11.3. Reconstruction of the paleogeography of massive-ice formation 11.4. Regional changes in the oxygen isotope composition of massive ice Chapter 12. OXYGEN ISOTOPE COMPOSITION OF TEXTURE-FORMING ICE 12.1. Regularities of formation of the oxygen isotope composition oftextureforming ice in a seasonally thawed layer 12.2. Zonal and climatic factors of variations in the oxygen isotope composition of ice in a seasonally thawed layer 12.3. Geomorphologic and cryolithologic factors 12.4. Oxygen isotope composition of syngenetic segregated ice 12.5. Oxygen isotope composition of epigenetic segregated ice. PART IV. SPATIOTEMPORAL STRUCTURE OF UNDERGROUND ICE Chapter 13. SYSTEMATICS OF UNDERGROUND GLACIAL ROCKS 13.1. Underground ice and cryosphere 13.2. Underground ice and cryogenesis 13.3. Underground ice as a rock Chapter 14. PALEOGEOGRAPHY OF UNDERGROUND GLACIATION Chapter 15. ZONAL AND CLIMATIC STRUCTURE OF UNDERGROUND ICE 15.1. Principles of the spatiotemporal distribution ofunderground ice 15.2. Section structure of underground ice 15.3. Zonation of underground ice 15.4. Zone-regional scheme of underground ice PART V. GEOECOLOGY OF UNDERGROUND GLACIATION TERRITORY Chapter 16. GEOECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF PERMAFROST ZONE 16.1. Geoecologic pecularities of underground glaciation 16.2. Geoecology and underground ice of the Arctic Region Chapter 17. PRINCIPLES OF STABILIZATION OF CRYOSYSTEMS AND THEIR EVOLUTION PROGNOSIS 17.1. Factors of cryosystem destruction 17.2. Experience of short-term geoecological prognosis of the Bovanenkovo gas field development (Yamal Peninsula) Conclusions References , Содержание Введение ЧАСТЬ 1. ФИЗИКА ПОДЗЕМНОГО ЛЬДООБРАЗОВАНИЯ Глава 1. ФИЗИЧЕСКИЕ СВОЙСТВА ВОДЫ И ЛЬДА 1.1. Вода 1.2. Кристаллическая структура льда 1.3. Термодинамика состояния и фазовых переходов воды 1.4. Скрытая теплота фазовых превращений воды 1.5. Испарение и сублимация льда 1.6. Теплофизические характеристики льда 1.7. Механические свойства и температура льда Глава 2. ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ КРИСТАЛЛИЧЕСКОЙ СТРУКТУРЫ КОНЖЕЛЯЦИОННЫХ ЛЬДОВ 2.1. Зарождение и рост кристаллов льда 2.2. Петрогенез подземных льдов 2.3. Структурообразующая роль формы и объема кристаллизации 2.4. Структурообразующая роль твердой поверхности 2.5. Структурообразующая роль примесей в кристаллизующейся воде 2.6. Структурообразующая роль термических условий кристаллизации Глава 3. ДИНАМОМЕТАМОРФИЗМ ЛЬДА 3.1. Общие принципы динамометаморфизма льда 3.2. Структурные изменения в ходе деформации льда 3.3. Влияние примесей на структурные изменения в ходе деформации льда 3.4. Структурные особенности глетчерных льдов Глава 4. МЕТОДЫ СТРУКТУРНО-ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКОГО АНАЛИЗА ПОДЗЕМНЫХ ЛЬДОВ 4.1. Описание структуры льда 4.2. Обработка петрографических данных 4.3. Анализ и интерпретация структурных данных ЧАСТЬ 11. ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКИЕ ТИПЫ ПОДЗЕМНОГО ЛЬДА Глава 5. ЖИЛЬНЫЕ ЛЬДЫ 5.1. Состояние проблемы генезиса жильных льдов 5.2. Элементарные жилки и изначальные формы роста ледяных жил 5.3. Элементарные жилки и метод реконструкции температурных условий льдообразования 5.4. Эпигенетические жильные льды 5.5. Сингенетические жильные льды Глава 6. СЕГРЕГАЦИОННЫЕ ЛЬДЫ Глава 7. ИНЪЕКЦИОННЫЕ ЛЬДЫ Глава 8. ПОГРЕБЕННЫЕ ГЛЕТЧЕРНЫЕ (ПЛАСТОВЫЕ) ЛЬДЫ 8.1. Состояние проблемы генезиса пластовых льдов 8.2. Условия залегания и строение пластовых льдов 8.3. Льды основных морен (район пос. Усть-Порт) 8.4. Погребенные льды конечных морен (район пос. Ермакова) 8.5. Погребенные льды флювиогляциальных отложений (Гыданский полуостров) 8.6. Погребенные льды субаквальных отложений (полуостров Ямал) 8.7. Типоморфные особенности строения пластовых льдов 8.8. Общие закономерности консервации поверхностных льдов в криолитозоне 8.9. Выводы ЧАСТЬ III. ИЗОТОПНО-КИСЛОРОДНЫЙ СОСТАВ ПОДЗЕМНЫХ ЛЬДОВ Глава 9. ИЗОТОПНО-КИСЛОРОДНЫЙ СОСТАВ ПРИРОДНЫХ ВОД 9.1. Изотопные компоненты природных вод 9.2. Фракционирование изотопного состава воды 9.3. Изотопный состав атмосферной влаги 9.4. Сезонные вариации изотопного состава атмосферных осадков 9.5. Изотопный состав снежного покрова 9.6. Изотопный состав поверхностных вод 9.7. Изотопный состав грунтовых вод Глава 10. ИЗОТОПНО-КИСЛОРОДНЫЙ СОСТАВ ЖИЛЬНЫХ ЛЬДОВ 10.1. Изотопно-кислородный состав современных жильных льдов аллювиальных отложений 10.2. Изотопно-кислородный состав современных жильных льдов озерно-болотных отложений 10.3. Изотопно-кислородный состав современных полигонально-жильных льдов прибрежно-морских отложений 10.4. Фракционирование изотопов кислорода при замерзании воды в морозобойной трещине 10.5. Изменение первичного изотопного состава жильных льдов под влиянием процессов диффузии, сублимации и конденсации льда 10.6. Зависимость изотопно-кислородного состава современных рост-ков жильного льда от зимней температуры воздуха 10.7. Сохранность изотопно-кислородной информации в древних жильных льдах 10.8. Представительность изотопно-кислородной информации, полученной при анализе образцов льда из естественных обнажений мерзлых пород 10.9. Датирование изотопно-кислородной информации древних синге-нетических жил льда 10.10. Реконструкция зимних палеотемператур воздуха по изотопии древних ледяных жил Колымской низменности 10.11. Реконструкция палеотемператур воздуха по изотопии жильных льдов опорных разрезов Колымской низменности Глава 11. ИЗОТОПНО-КИСЛОРОДНЫЙ СОСТАВ ПЛАСТОВЫХ ЛЬДОВ 11.1. Состояние и задачи исследований изотопно-кислородного состава пластовых льдов 11.2. Результаты опробования изотопно-кислородного состава пласто-вых льдов и их интерпретация 11.3. Реконструкция палеогеографических условий формирования изотопно-кислородного состава пластовых льдов 11.4. Региональные изменения изотопно-кислородного состава пласто-вых льдов Глава 12. ИЗОТОПНО-КИСЛОРОДНЫЙ СОСТАВ ТЕКСТУРООБРАЗУЮЩИХ ЛЬДОВ 12.1. Закономерности формирования изотопно-кислородного состава текстурообразующих льдов сезонноталого слоя 12.2. Зонально-климатические факторы вариаций изотопно-кислородного состава льда сезоннооттаивающего слоя 12.3. Геоморфологические и криолитогенные факторы 12.4. Изотопно-кислородный состав текстурообразующих льдов синкриогенных отложений 12.5. Изотопно-кислородный состав текстурообразующих льдов эпикриогенных отложений ЧАСТЬ IV. ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННО-ВРЕМЕННАЯ СТРУКТУРА ПОДЗЕМНОГО ОЛЕДЕНЕНИЯ Глава 13. СИСТЕМАТИКА ПОДЗЕМНЫХ ЛЕДЯНЫХ ГОРНЫХ ПОРОД 13.1. Подземные льды и криосфера 13.2. Подземные льды и криолитогенез 13.3. Подземные льды как горная порода Глава 14. ПАЛЕОГЕОГРАФИЯ ПОДЗЕМНОГО ОЛЕДЕНЕНИЯ Глава 15. ЗОНАЛЬНО-КЛИМАТИЧЕСКАЯ СТРУКТУРА ПОДЗЕМНОГО ОЛЕДЕНЕНИЯ 15.1. Принципы формирования пространственно-временной структуры подземного оледенения 15.2. Ярусность подземного льдообразования в разрезе мерзлой толщи 15.3. Зональность подземного оледенения 15.4. Зонально-региональная схема подземного оледенения ЧАСТЬ V. ГЕОЭКОЛОГИЯ ТЕРРИТОРИИ ПОДЗЕМНОГО ОЛЕДЕНЕНИЯ Глава 16. ГЕОЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ КРИОЛИТОЗОНЫ 16.1. Геоэкологическая специфика криолитозоны 16.2. Геоэкология Арктики и подземный лед Глава 17. ПРИНЦИПЫ СТАБИЛИЗАЦИИ И ГЕОЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ПРОГНОЗ ЭВОЛЮЦИИ ГЕОСИСТЕМ КРИОЛИТОЗОНЫ 17.1. Факторы дестабилизации геосистем криолитозоны 17.2. Опыт краткосрочного геоэкологического прогнозирования развития территории Бованенковского газоконденсатного месторождения (полуостров Ямал) Заключение Литература , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Metric conversion table Introduction Roughness and friction measurements Level plate ice performance Brash ice performance Ramming icebreaking performance Analysis of the data Propulsion efficiency in ice Regression analysis Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited

Note: Preface 1 Introduction 2 Introduction to Equilibrium Thermodynamics Gibbs energy and equilibrium G-x and T-x diagrams Algebraic equilibrium relations Approach 1 Approach 2 General equilibrium relation Worked examples 2 Problems 2 References 3 Activities and Standard States Standard state 1 Standard state 2 Standard state 3 Standard state 4 Summary Worked examples 3 Problems 3 References 4 Thermodynamics of Solids Mole fractions Activity coefficients Worked examples 4 Problems 4 References 5 Thermodynamics of Fluids Aqueous fluids Ions in solution Silicate liquids Worked examples 5 Problems 5 References 6 Equilibrium Thermodynamic Calculations Data Uncertainties Worked examples 6 Problems 6 References 7 Processes 1 Nucleation and growth Mass transfer Temperature-time dependence of rate processes Worked examples 7 References 8 Processes 2 Buffering Metasomatism Fractionation Worked examples 8 Problems 8 References 9 Petrological Topics Worked examples 9 References Appendix A Thermodynamic Properties Introduction Volume Entropy Enthalpy Gibbs energy Simplifications Approximations Volume Heat capacity Entropy and enthalpy Thermodynamic data References Appendix B A Maths Refresher Some formulae and relationships Solving a set of simultaneous equations Appendix C Standard States for Fluids Appendix D Solutions to Problems Appendix E Symbols, Units and Constants Index

Note: Preface Acknowledgements 1 Introduction 2 Stress and strain 3 Structural symmetry 4 Structure and stratigraphical succession 5 Structures in brittle rocks: tension fractures and shear zones 6 Rock cleavage and schistosity: generalities 7 Fracture cleavage and strain-slip cleavage 8 Flow cleavage, schistosity and lineation 9 Boudinage 10 Drag-folds and parasitic folds 11 Mullion and rodding structures 12 Superposed minor structures 13 Minor structures and large-scale tectonics 14 Conclusions Bibliography Index

Note: 1 Energetic basis General relations Equations of state and chemical potential of pure gases, liquids, and solids Phases of variable composition Reactions and equations of equilibrium The Gibbs phase rule Effect of gravitational field Kinetics 2 Equilibrium of mineral systems One-component transitions Univariant transformations of solids Univariant reactions involving gases The system CaO-MgO-CO₂ Exchange equilibria The distribution of minor elements Coupled equilibria involving solid solutions and gases Intrinsic and extrinsic stability Ionic processes Crystal-melt equilibria 3 Kinetics of mineral systems General Quasiequilibrium processes in a temperature gradient Quasiequilibrium processes under isothermal conditions Crystal kinetics Kinetics of dissociation Kinetics of complex heterogeneous reactions Kinetics of rock deformation 4 Classifications of rocks Chemical classification Mineral facies classification Relation between bulk chemistry and mineral composition 5 Chemical and petrogenetic processes in space Solids in space The problem of the origin of the solar system Condensation from a gas of solar composition The effect of nonequilibrium ionization System O-Si-Mg-Fe-Ni-P 6 Meteorites General characteristics The dating of events in meteorite history Classification schemes Mineralogy Petrography of the chondrites Bulk chemical characteristics Prior's rules Oxidation and hydration states of meteorites Carbon reactions in meteorites Reactions involving sulfur and phosphorus compounds in meteorites Element distributions in meteorites Mechanisms of liquidus crystallization for the chondrites Origin of the metallic components of chondrites Pressure of formation of meteorites Origin of meteorites : a critique of theories and hypotheses 7 The terrestrial planets Gross physical and chemical characteristics Origin and evolution Chemistry and petrology of Venus The atmosphere and surface of Mercury Mars The Moon Comparative planetology 8 Metamorphism and metamorphic mechanisms Introduction Origin of microstructures and textures Kinetic aspects of crystallization Rates of metamorphic reactions Mineral orientation Origin of macrostructures Origin of compositional variations Summary 9 Metamorphic minerals Experimental appraisal of the stability of minerals Theoretical analysis of stabilities of crystalline solutions 10 Metamorphic mineral facies Diagenesis and metamorphism; the zeolite and lawsonite facies Greenschist facies Amphibolite facies Granulite facies 11 Experimental and theoretical study of metamorphic systems Geometric analysis of phase equilibria Method of interpreting metamorphic assemblages The system K₂O-MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-H₂O Assemblages with staurolite The system SiO₂-K₂O-Al₂O₃-FeO-MgO-H₂O in transition from amphibolite to granulite facies Anthophyllite-gedrite pelitic rocks The system CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-H₂O Assemblages with cordierite in the granulite facies The charnockite assemblage Magnesian, calcic, and carbonate rocks Metamorphism of ultramafic rocks The iron formations Rocks of high pressure and controversial origin 12 Properties, origin, and environment of magmas Structures of silicate melts Solubilities of volatile components Densities of magmas Viscosities of magmas Liquid Immiscibility Origin of magmas General features of the occurence of magmatic rocks 13 Differentiation and crystallization of magmas The existence of rock series and their meaning Homogeneous differentiation Heterogeneous differentiation by separation of a fluid phase Separation of a fluid phase in a crystallizing magma Crystallization and heterogeneous differentiation in magmas Subtraction and variation diagrams 14 Igneous plutons: Their physical chemistry and mode of occurence The compositional fields of igneous rocks General factors in the differentiation of basaltic magmas Differentiated gabbroic complexes Large calc-alkali plutonic complexes The physical chemistry of calc-alkaline-type differentiation Origin of calc-alkali magmas Alkaline rocks Assimilation and alteration of inclusions Structural environment and mode of emplacement of igneous plutons Plutonic rocks of complex origin 15 Volcanism and volcanic fluids Introduction Volcanic and hypabyssal mineralogy Volcanoes and volcanic deposits Volcanic fluids References Subject Index Author Index