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  • Rat  (476)
  • Coleoptera  (268)
  • Springer  (744)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science
  • 2010-2014
  • 1985-1989  (456)
  • 1980-1984  (288)
  • 1925-1929
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  • Springer  (744)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (5)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of brain tumours in rats using laser-induced fluorescence and haematoporphyrin derivative (1989)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 241-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Brain tumour ; Rat ; Detection ; Fluorescence ; Laser ; Haematoporphyrin derivative
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Laser-induced fluorescence has been used for the identification of brain tumours in rats, which have been previously given tumour-seeking haematoporphyrin derivative. A pulsed nitrogen laser (λ=337 nm) was used in conjunction with an optical multichannel analyzer. For both inoculated RG-2 and TCVC rat-brain-tumour models, the blue autofluorescence was strongly reduced in the tumour compared with normal brain tissue, and at the same time the characteristic red-drug signal increased. The contrast between tumour and normal tissue was strongly enhanced by forming the ratio between the two signals. Implications for possible improvement of tumour delineation in brain tumour surgery are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032454
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Host plant recognition in monophagous weevils: specificity in feeding responses of Ceutorhynchus constrictus and the variable effect of sinigrin (1989)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 53 (1989), S. 157-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Ceutorhynchus constrictus ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Ceutorhynchinae ; Alliaria petiolata ; garlic mustard ; Brassicaceae ; Cruciferae ; glucosinolates ; sinigrin ; host plant selection ; monophagous ; feeding stimulants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ceutorhynchus constrictus Marsh. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Ceutorhynchinae) ist ein monophager Rüsselkäfer, der an Knoblauchhederich frisst. Das Wirtswahl-Verhalten dieses Käfers ist im Labor untersucht worden. Die meisten Crucifiren waren im Wahlversuche nicht akzeptiert, wenn Knoblauchhederich als Vergleichspflanze vorhanden war. Von Brassica nigra, Sinapis alba, und Thlaspi arvense wurden im Vergleich gleiche Mengen verzehrt wie von der Wirtspflanze. Blühende Descurainia sophia Pflanzen wurden, im Gegensatz zu Jungpflanzen der gleichen Art, angenommen. Die wichtichsten Phagostimulanten in Extrakten von Knoblauchhederich-Blättern waren ungeladene, wasserlösliche Substanzen. Das häufigste Glukosinolat im Knoblauchhederich, Sinigrin, war auch ein Phagostimulant. Doch war die phagostimulierende Wirkung von Sinigrin nur in Kombinationen mit noch nicht identifizierten, ungeladenen Substanzen aus Knoblauchhederich-Blätter nachweisbar. Wirtspfanzen-Beziehungen von monophagen Insekten werden diskutiert im Zusammenhang mit der Eigenart des Glukosinolat-Inhaltes ihrer Wirtspflanzen.
    Notes: Abstract Host plant relations of the monophagous weevil Ceutorhynchus constrictus Marsh. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Ceutorhynchinae) feeding on garlic mustard, Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara & Grande (Cruciferae) were studied in the laboratory. Most other crucifers were rejected in choice tests using garlic mustard as a reference plant, but Brassica nigra, Sinapis alba and Thlaspi arvense were as acceptable as the host plant. Flowering plants of Descurainia sophia were acceptable while young plants of this species were not. The most important feeding stimulants in extracts of garlic mustard were uncharged, water soluble compounds. The most abundant glucosinolate in garlic mustard, sinigrin, was a feeding stimulant, too. However, the feeding stimulatory activity of sinigrin was only expressed in the presence of still unidentified uncharged compounds from garlic mustard leaves. Host plant relations in monophagous crucifer-feeding insects is discussed in relation to the distinctness of glucosinolate patterns found in their host plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187997
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanism of egg recognition by the cowpea weevil Callosobruchus maculatus (1985)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 37 (1985), S. 241-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; Callosobruchus ; cowpea weevil ; egg recognition ; oviposition deterrents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Plusieurs expériences ont été réalisées pour déterminer pour quelles raisons les femelles de Callosobruchus maculatus évitent de pondre sur les graines portant des oeufs. La répulsion a été associée à l'oeuf lui-même et non à une autre activité de l'adulte sur la graine. Des stimuli tant chimiques que physiques (tactiles) ont semblé impliqués dans la découverte des oeufs; la substance répulsive était plus soluble dans le méthanol que dans l'éther ou l'eau. Contrairement à des études antérieures sur C. chinensis, nous avons observé que les femelles n'étaient pas dissuadées de pondre sur des graines exposées préalablement à de fortes densités de mâles.
    Notes: Abstract Several experiments were conducted to determine the mechanism by which ovipositing cowpea weevils, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), avoid egg-laden seeds. Deterrence was associated with the egg itself and not with other adult activities on the host. Both chemical and physical (tactile) stimuli appear to be involved in egg recognition; the chemical deterrent was more soluble in methanol than in ether or water. Contrary to a previous study using C. chinensis (L.), we found that females were not deterred from ovipositing on seeds that had been exposed to high densities of males.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00191655
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pitfall-trap catches of the carabid beetle Pterostichus melanarius, in relation to gut contents and prey densities, in insecticide treated and untreated spring barley (1984)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 36 (1984), S. 23-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Pterostichus melanarius ; Coleoptera ; Carabidae ; pitfall traps ; insecticides ; prey ; hunger ; activity ; Rhopalosiphum padi ; Fenitrothion ; Sumicidin (Fenvalerate) ; spring barley
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Au cours d'essais à grande échelle, effectués en 1981 et 1982, sur orge de printemps, pour évaleur l'effet des insecticides Fenitrothion et Sumicidine (fenvalerate) sur les arthropodes utiles, un accroissement significatif des captures, dans des trappes pièges de Barber, de Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger) a été observé plusierus semaines après le traitement dans les lots traités par rapport aux lots témoins. Significativement plus de femelles de P. melanarius ont été capturées dans les parcelles traitées pendant cette période d'accroissement après traitement. Une diminution correspondante dans les populations de proies a été observée à la suite des traitements. Chaque femelle de P. melanarius des parcelles traitées avait une fraction significativement moins importance de son intestin remplie d'aliments solides (arthropodes) que celles des parcelles non traitées. Des auteurs précédents avaient observé des taux de capture plus rapides dans les trappes et ne plus grande mobilité des carabes affamés. La réduction des populations proies par l'application d'insecticides affamerait les carabes dont l'activité serait par suite plus élevée. Comme le taux de captures dans les trappes est dû à la fois à la taille de la population et à son activité, on en déduit que la capture par trappes seule ne peut donner une image exacte de l'effet des insecticides sur les populations de carabes dans les champs.
    Notes: Abstract During large-scale field experiments in 1981 and 1982, designed to assess the effects of the insecticides Fenitrothion and Sumicidin (Fenvalerate) on beneficial arthropods in spring barley, significant increases in pitfall-trap catches of Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger) were observed in treated plots compared to untreated controls, several weeks after treatment. Significantly more female P. melanarius were caught in treated plots during these post-treatment increases. Corresponding decreases were observed in prey populations following treatments. Individual female P. melanarius from treated plots had significantly fewer of their gut areas full of solid (arthropod) food when compared to those from untreated control plots. Earlier workers observed both faster recapture rates in pitfalls and higher mobility in hungry carabid beetles. The following hypothesis is suggested: reducing prey populations by the application of insecticides results in hungrier carabid beetles with consequently higher activity. Since pitfall-trap catch is determined not only by population size but also activity, it is argued that pitfall-trap catches alone cannot give a true measure of the effects of insecticides on carabid populations in the field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00345200
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Egg guarding and its significance in the heterocerid beetle,Dampfius collaris (Kies.) (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 2 (1989), S. 139-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Heteroceridae ; egg guarding ; parental care ; predation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01053624
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Energetic costs of mating in a flightless female firefly,Photinus collustrans (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 2 (1989), S. 841-847 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: cost of mating ; semelparous ; Photinus collustrans ; Coleoptera ; Lampyridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049405
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Responses of flying maleAnobium punctatum (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) to Female sex pheromone in a wind tunnel (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 1 (1988), S. 111-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Anobiidae ; Anobium punctatum ; sex pheromone ; flying beetles ; wind tunnel ; Stegobium paniceum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01052507
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Effects of induced chemical changes on interpretation of feeding preference tests (1985)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 39 (1985), S. 81-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: induced change ; induced resistance ; chemical change ; feeding ; herbivore ; feeding tests ; feeding preferences ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les choix alimentaires d'un groupe de chrysoméles spécialistes ou généralistes a été étudié en utilisant 3 méthodes: plantes entières, feuilles coupées, rondelles de feuilles. Les méthodes utilisées out eu un effet très significatif sur les préférences relatives des chrysomèles du maïs, du haricot et de la courge. Dans quelques cas le seuil de signification statistique pour un choix particulier a été modifié par la méthode utilisée et dans d'autres cas l'ordre de préférence a été totalement inversé. Les choix alimentaires des spécialistes ont été moins affectés par la méthode utilisée que pour les espèces les plus généralistes. Il y a eu aussi un effet plus important des différences entre les méthodes rondelle de feuilles et feuille entière qu'entre feuille entière et plante entière. Les changements chimiques induits dans les plantes par les dégâts sont probablement très répandus et les chercheurs devraient en tenir compte quand ils programment et interprètent des expériences sur les préférences alimentaires.
    Notes: Abstract Feeding preferences of a group of specialist and generalist chrysomelid beetles were examined using three test methods: whole plants, excised leaves and leaf discs. Method of testing had a very significant effect on relative preferences of the beetles for corn, bean and squash. In some cases the level of statistical significance for a particular preference was affected by test methodology and in other cases the direction of preference was reversed altogether. The feeding preferences of the specialist beetle species were less affected by test method than were the more generalist species. There was also a much greater effect of the difference in test method between the disc test and whole leaf test than between the whole leaf test and whole plant test. Chemical changes in plants induced by damage are probably quite widespread in plants and investigators should take this into account when designing and interpreting tests of insect feeding preference.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00338527
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of the enantiomeric composition of (R*,S*)-1-ethylpropyl 2-methyl-3-hydroxypentanoate, the male-produced aggregation pheromone of Sitophilus granarius (1989)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 51 (1989), S. 149-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Aggregation pheromone ; sitophilate ; 1-ethylpropyl 2-methyl-3-hydroxypentanoate ; stereoisomers ; enantiomers ; Sitophilus granarius ; granary weevil ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé S. granarius L. est un déprédateur important des grains stockés. Le (R*,S*)-1-éthylpropyl 2-méthyl-3-hydroxypentanoate a été identifié en 1987 comme le principal composé du sitophilate, la phéromone mâle d'agrégation de S. granarius. La composition énantiométrique du sitophilate a été déterminée par 3 méthodes: 1) tests biologiques des énantiomères synthétiques (2S,3R) et (2R,3S) du diastéréomère actif (R*,S*); 2) spectrométrie RMN 1H des esters Mosher dérivés de la phéromone naturelle et des sitophilates de synthèse (2S*,3R*)-et (2R*,3S*); 3) comparaison en capillarité GLC des temps de rétention des dérivés naturels de la phéromone et des 2 éniantiomères de synthèse. La combinaison des 3 méthodes confirme que le (2S,3R) énantiomère est la forme active du sitophilate. Le mâle produit 〉96% de l'énantiomère (2S,3R). Il n'y a pas eu attraction de S. granarius par le (2R,3S) sitophilate. S. oryzae L. et S. zeamais Motsch n'ont pas été attirés par le (2S,3R)-sitophilate. L'utilisation du (2S,3R)-1-éthylpropyl 2-méthyl-3-hydroxypentanoate dans les pièges devrait permettre une détection précoce de la présence de S. granarius dans des stocks de grains.
    Notes: Abstract The enantiomeric composition of sitophilate, the granary weevil [Sitophilus granarius (L.)] male-produced aggregation pheromone [(R*,S*)-1-ethylpropyl 2-methyl-3-hydroxypentanoate)], was determined by three methods: (1) bioassaying the synthetic (2S,3R) and (2R,3S) enantiomers of the active (R*,S*) diastereomer; (2) 1H NMR spectroscopy of Mosher ester derivatives of the natural pheromone and synthetic (2S,3R)-and (2R,3S)-sitophilate; and (3) capillary GLC comparisons of the retention times of derivatized natural pheromone and the two synthetic enantiomers. The combined methods confirmed the (2S,3R) enantiomer as the active form of sitophilate. Male granary weevils were shown to produce 〉96% (2S,3R)-sitophilate. No significant attraction of S. granarius by the (2R,3S) enantiomer was observed. Rice and maize weevils [S. oryzae (L.) and S. zeamais Motschulsky] were not attracted by (2S,3R)-sitophilate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00186732
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  • 10
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    Glandular trichomes of Solanum berthaultii and resistance to the Colorado potato beetle (1989)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 51 (1989), S. 133-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Colorado potato beetle ; Solanaceae ; Solanum berthaultii ; potato ; plant resistance ; glandular trichomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les mécanismes de défense de la pomme de terre sauvage, S. berthaultii Hawkes, aux larves de Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, ont été étudiés par ablation sélective des trichomes glandulaires et par l'élimination de leur exsudat des folioles, et par comparaison avec S. tuberosum L. qui a perdu les trichomes glandulaires défensifs A et B. L'ablation des trichomes A a augmenté la proportion de larves ayant consommé S. berthaultii. L'élimination de l'exsudat des trichomes B a augmenté la proportion de consommatrices et réduit la mortalité. Les principaux composés actifs de l'exsudat B, c'est-à-dire des esters d'acides gras de sucrose, n'étaient actifs qu'en présence de trichomes A. Les esters de sucrose n'ont pas modifié la consommation larvaire sur folioles de S. tuberosum, ou sur disques de feuilles de S. berthaultii dont les trichomes A avaient été enlevés. La croissance des larves survivantes n'a pas été modifiée significativement par l'ablation des trichomes A ou l'élimination de l'exsudat de B. La croissance des larves a été significativement augmentée quand les folioles de S. berthaultii ont été incorporés dans l'aliment artificiel après élimination de la barrière physique due aux pédoncules B. La croissance a été de même importance sur aliments artificiels contenant des feuilles (fraiches ou en poudre lyophylisée) de S. berthaultii ou de S. tuberosum, mais plus faible que sur folioles de S. tuberosum. La présence de trichomes A est indispensable à la résistance de S. berthaultii aux L, de L. decemlineata. Les gouttelettes de type B contenant des esters de sucrose augmentent l'expression de la résistance en présence d'une défense active par trichomes A.
    Notes: Abstract The defensive mechanisms of the wild potato, solanum berthaultii Hawkes, to larvae of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), were studied by selective removal of glandular trichomes and trichome exudates from leaflets, and by comparing performance on S. berthaultii and on the cultivated potato, S. tuberosum L., which lacks defensively active type A and B glandular trichomes. Removal of type A trichomes increased the proportion of larvae that fed on S. berthaultii. Removal of the exudate from type B trichomes increased the proportion of larvae that fed and led to a decrease in mortality. The predominant active compounds in type B exudate, i.e. fatty acid esters of sucrose, were only effective in the presence of type A trichomes. Sucrose esters did not affect larval feeding on S. tuberosum leaflets or on S. berthaultii leaf discs from which the type A trichomes had been removed. Growth of surviving larvae was not significantly affected by removing type A trichomes or type B exudate. Growth of larvae was significantly increased when S. berthaultii leaflets were presented in artificial diet which eliminated the physical barrier of the type B stalks. Growth was no different on artificial diet containing either S. berthaultii or S. tuberosum leaf material (fresh or lyophilized powder) but was poorer on these diets than on S. tuberosum leaflets. The presence of type A trichomes is a fundamental requirement for expression of S. berthaultii resistance to L1 L. decemlineata. Type B droplets containing sucrose esters increase the expression of resistance in the presence of defensively-active type A trichomes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00186730
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Corticotropin releasing factor increases the adrenocortical responsiveness to adrenocorticotropin (1984)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 1004-1006 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Rat ; adrenocortical responsiveness ; ACTH ; plasma ; corticosterone ; plasma ; corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the course of studying the plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone responses to synthetic corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), we noted some disparity in the responses. A higher dose (20 μg compared with 5 μg per rat i.a.) produced an equal plasma ACTH but greater plasma corticosterone response in adult male rats. Thus, we examined the possibility that CRF increases adrenocortical responsiveness to ACTH. CRF significantly (p〈0.0005) increased the plasma corticosterone response to ACTH in rats pretreated with dexamethasone. Thus, synthetic CRF increases corticosterone secretion in rats not only by stimulating ACTH secretion, but also by increasing the adrenocortical responsiveness to ACTH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01946481
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  • 12
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    Influence of hydrochlorothiazide on the pain threshold and on the antinociceptive activity of morphine, in rats (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 265-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Rat ; hydrochlorothiazide ; pain threshold ; antinociceptive activity ; analgesic activity ; morphine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Hydrochlorothiazide, acutely injected in rats, has a weak analgesic activity per se and potentiates and prolongs the antinociceptive effect of morphine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02002628
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  • 13
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    Do prostaglandins mediate the somatostatin preventive effect on gastric lesion? (1984)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 974-975 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Rat ; prostaglandins ; gastric lesion ; intragastric distension model ; stress model ; indomethacin ; somatostatin preventive effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The inhibition of endogenous prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin treatment blocks the somatostatin preventive effect on the gastric lesions induced in a stress model and has no preventive effect on an intragastric distension model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01946466
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  • 14
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    Defensive alkaloid in blood of Mexican bean beetle (Epilachna varivestis) (1986)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 204-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; chemical defense ; feeding deterrent ; alkaloid ; homotropane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The blood of the Mexican bean beetle (Epilachna varivestis) contains a homotropane alkaloid, euphococcinine (1). The beetles ‘reflex bleed’ when disturbed, thereby deploying the alkaloid, which is provenly deterrent to spiders and ants. Newly emerged adults lack the alkaloid, but the compound builds up to deterrent levels in their blood within days. Eggs and larvae ofEpilachna are devoid of the compound.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01952471
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  • 15
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    Ecdysteroids during pupal development of female Xyleborus ferrugineus (1981)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 30 (1981), S. 151-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Xyleborus ferrugineus ; pupae ; ecdysteroids ; pharate adult ; radioimmunoassay ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Ecdysteroidtiter weiblicher Puppen von Xyleborus ferrugineus (Fabr.) wurde geschätzt, indem ganze Tiere homogenisiert und radioimmunologisch untersucht wurden. Ein ausgeprägtes Maximum an Ecdysteroiden wurde bei 36 Stunden Puppenent-wicklung beobachtet (743 pg/mg Körpergewicht). Der Titer nahm ab auf 299 pg/mg im Pharatstadium und auf 193 pg/mg unmittelbar vor Schlüpfen der Adulten. Qualitative Studien mit HPLC ergaben in frischen Puppen ein Verhältnis von 3:1 Ecdyson zu 20-Hydrooxyecdyson. Pharatstadien enthielten vor allem 20-Hydrooxyecdyson. Das beobachtete einzige Maximum im Titer stimmt überein mit den Resultaten bei andern untersuchten Coleopteren.
    Notes: Abstract Ecdysteroid titers were estimated on the whole body homogenates of Xyleborus ferrugineus (Fabr.) female pupae during development by radioimmunoassay. A distinct peak of ecdysteroids was observed at 36-hr pupal development (743 pg/mg body wt). Titer declined to 299 pg/mg by the pharate adult stage and to 193 pg/mg body wt just before adult emergence. Qualitative studies by HPLC revealed a ratio of 3:1 ecdysone to 20-hydroxyecdysone in the initial pupal stage. Pharate adults had mainly 20-hydroxyecdysone. The observed single peak in ecdysteroid titer agrees with findings in other studied coleopteran species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300880
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  • 16
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    Discrimination of alfalfa weevil strains by allozyme analysis (1985)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 37 (1985), S. 113-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hypera postica ; alfalfa weevil ; allozyme analysis ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les allozymes d'Hypera de l'est des USA (Beltsville, Maryland; Washington Co., Illinois), de l'ouest des USA (Logan et St Georges, Utah) et ‘égyptiens’ (Yuma, Arizona; Westmorland, Californie) ont été analysés par électrophorèse sur gel d'acrylamide. L'étude a porté sur 22 loci de 12 enzymes (ACPH, ADH, AMY, AO, EST, GOT, G-6PDH, MDH, ME, SOD, TYR, XDH). L'hétérozygotie moyenne de la population était 0.231, avec une moyenne de loci polymorphes de 0.536. La distance génétique moyenne de l'ensemble des populations était de 0.033 et l'indice de fixation de 0.024. Des loci caractéristiques ont été trouvés qui pourraient permettre de distinguer les Hypera occidentaux des orientaux et des ‘égyptiens’. La faible distance génétique entre les Hypera orientaux et ‘égyptiens’ suggère qu'ils appartiennent à la même souche et sont certainement différents des occidentaux. A partir de cela et d'autres éléments, nous concluons que tous les Hypera des USA sont H. postica Gyllenhal et que l'utilisation d'H. brunneipennis Boheman pour désigner les Hypera ‘égyptiens’ d'Amérique du Nord doit être abandonnée.
    Notes: Abstract Allozyme profiles of eastern weevils (Beltsville, Maryland; Washington Co., Illinois), western weevils (Logan and St. George, Utah), and Egyptian weevils (Yuma, Arizona; Westmorland, California) were compiled by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-two gene loci from 12 enzymes (ACPH, ADH, AMY, AO, EST, GOT, G-6PDH, MDH, ME, SOD, TYR, XDH) were analyzed. Mean heterozygosity of these populations was 0.231, with an average proportion of polymorphic loci of 0.536. The mean genetic distance of all weevil populations was 0.033 and the fixation index was 0.024. Diagnostic loci were found which could distinguish western weevils from eastern and Egyptian weevils. The small genetic distance between the eastern and Egyptian weevils suggests that they may be the same strain and are certainly different from the western weevil strain. Based on this and other evidence, we conclude that all weevil strains in the United States are Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), and that the use of H. brunneipennis (Boheman) for the Egyptian alfalfa weevil of North America should be discontinued.
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    The feeding characteristics and development of larvae of a salvinia weevil Cyrtobagous sp. (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 291-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Cyrtobagous ; Salvinia weevil ; Feeding characteristics of larvae ; Development of larvae ; Plant nutrition ; Temperature effects on development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Après leur naissance, les larves de Cyrtobagous sp. passent de 1 à 4 jours à brouter les racines, et de 0 à 9 jours dans les bourgeons de la plante hôte, Salvinia molesta, avant d'y creuser une galerie dans le rhizome. Bien que les larves aient été capables de survivre jusqu'à 38 jours en broutant les racines, quant elles furent privées de rhizome, elle ne purent achever leur développement. Quand les galeries furent commencées, le développement larvaire, entre 21° et 31°, dépendit de la température et de la teneur en azote de l'hôte. Les larves ne se développèrent pas à 17°. Une haute valeur nutritive de l'aliment consommé par les larves réduisit la durée du développement, mais n'influença pas la durée ultérieure de leur développement nymphal. Les lieux de prise de nourriture et les dégâts produits par des larves isolées furent précisés.
    Notes: Abstract Newly-emerged larvae of a salvinia weevil, Cyrtobagous sp. spent from 1–4 days browsing on the roots and from 0–9 days in the buds of the host plant, Salvinia molesta, prior to tunnelling into the rhizome of this aquatic weed. Although larvae were able to survive up to 38 days browsing on roots when rhizomes were withheld, they were unable to complete development. After tunnelling began, larval development between 21° and 31° was dependent on temperature and nitrogen levels in the host. Larvae failed to develop at 17°. High nutritional intake by the larvae reduced larval development time but did not influence duration of their subsequent pupal development. The feeding sites and plant damage produced by individual larvae were assessed.
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    Inheritance of a vestigial wing mutation in the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (1985)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 37 (1985), S. 229-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: alfalfa weevil ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Hypera postica ; mutation ; vestigial-wing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des H. postica aux ailes postérieures vestigiales ont été découverts dans une population de Wageningen (Pays Bas) et deux des USA—une lignée orientale de Beltsville (Maryland) et une lignée de H. brunneipennis d'Atascadero (Californie). Ce mutant était absent de 23 autres populations examinées aux USA: 3 de l'est, 7 de l'ouest et 13 de H. brunneipennis. Cette mutation est due à un gène dominant antosomal avec aile normale comme récessif. Le gêne mutant peut être transféré des lignées orientales aux lignées occidentales. Le caractère aile courte peut être pratique pour les manipulations génétiques destinées à maîtriser les populations d'H. postica.
    Notes: Abstract Alfalfa weevils (Hypera postica (Gyllenhal)) with vestigial hind wings were discovered in a population from Wageningen, the Netherlands, and two populations from the United States—an eastern weevil strain from Beltsville, Maryland and an Egyptian weevil strain from Atascadero, California. Such a mutant was absent from 23 other populations surveyed in the United States—three from eastern, seven from western, and 13 from Egyptian weevil strains. This mutation is due to a dominant autosomal gene with normal-wing individuals as recessive. The mutant gene can be transferred from eastern weevil to the western weevil strain. The short-wing trait may be useful for genetic manipulation to control the alfalfa weevil.
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    Emigration and spatial dispersion of the gypsy moth predator Calosoma sycophanta (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 187-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Calosoma sycophanta ; Carabidae ; Coleoptera ; emigration ; gypsy moth ; Lymantria dispar ; spatial dispersion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude par capture-recapture de Calosoma sycophanta L. (Carabidae) a été effectuée dans deux parcelles de 4 ha en utilisant des pièges distribués sur une grille de 10 sur 10. Pendant la première année d'échantillonnage, Lymantria dispar L. (Lymantriidae) était abondant et les calosomes se sont reproduits, tandis que la seconde année les papillons étaient beaucoup moins nombreux. La distribution des larves de carabes a été examinée aussi pendant la première année sur l'une des stations, et celle des chenilles pendant les deux années avec des toiles d'emballage sur l'autre station. Les dispersions des adultes et larves de calosomes et des chenilles de Lymantria ont été calculées en utilisant la régression du logarithme naturel de la variance de l'échantillon sur le logarithme naturel de la moyenne (méthode de Taylor) et la régression de l'indice de Lloyd d'agrégation moyenne sur la moyenne (méthode d'Iwao). La méthode de Taylor a donné les résultats les plus logiques, et les pentes ont servi à mesurer le degré d'agrégation. Les recaptures de calosomes adultes ont été analysées par les méthodes de Fisher-Ford et Jolly-Seber, associées à la méthode de Jackson pour séparer survie et migration. De même, une nouvelle méthode pour déterminer directement la migration en découvrant combien d'insectes recapturés ont abandonné les microparcelles s'est révélée comme la plus cohérente avec le procédé Fisher-Ford-Jackson. La tendance à l'agrégation est plus forte chez les mâles (d'après la pente du logarithme de la moyenne par rapport au logarithm e de la variance de l'échantillon). La migration et le degré d'agrégation paraissent varier ensemble dans une station, tandis que dans l'autre une telle relation n'apparaît pas clairement. Les femelles malgré des taux de migration variés mais généralement faibles, n'ont jamais pr'esenté de tendance significative à l'agrégation. A l'opposé, les larves de calosomes et de Lymantria ont presenté des distributions agrégatives.
    Notes: Abstract Mark-release studies of Calosoma sycophanta L. (Carabidae) in two 40000 m2 areas were done using traps deployed in 10 by 10 grids. In both areas, gypsy moths, Lymantria dispar L. (Lymantriidae), were abundant the first but not the second year of sampling. The distribution of carabid larvae was also investigated in the first year at one of the sites and the distribution of gypsy moth larvae found under burlap bands determined for 2 years at the other site. Dispersions of beetles and prey were evaluated by Taylor's logarithmic meanvariance method and Iwao's mean-mean crowding method. Taylor's method gave the most consistent results, and the slopes of the regression lines were used to determine degree of clumping. To evaluate dispersal of adult beetles, recapture data were analysed using the Fisher-Ford and Jolly-Seber methods in conjunction with Jackson's method for separating survival and emigration. A new method for estimating emigration was found to be most consistent with the Fisher-Ford-Jackson procedure. The tendency of the beetles to aggregate (measured via Taylor's method) was generally highest for males. In one site, emigration and degree of aggregation for males appeared to vary together, while at the other site no relationship was evident. Females showed few tendencies to aggregate. Both beetle larvae and gypsy moth larvae had clumped distributions.
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    Determination of sex in living adults of small carabid species (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 45 (1987), S. 102-104 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Carabidae ; Bembidion ; Trechus ; Agonum ; sex determination ; adhesion ; male setae ; tarsomere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343631
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    The daily onset of flight in the crepuscular dung beetle Onitis alexis (1985)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 39 (1985), S. 223-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Onitis alexis ; Coleoptera ; Scarabaeinae ; dung beetle ; crepuscular flight ; superposition eyes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'examen a porté sur le rôle de l'intensité lumineuse et de la température sur l'incitation au vol chez Onitis alexis. Le vol en lumière naturelle est fortement synchronisé, avec les deux tiers des adultes qui s'envolent en 10–12 min. Sur six vols pour différents jours, le moment moyen d'envol variait de 13 min, mais l'envol moyen avait lieu à une intensité lumineuse déterminée. La valeur absolue de l'intensité lumineuse paraît ainsi un signal crucial dans la détermination et l'incitation au vol. Le moment d'envol se maintient à cette intensité quand le crépuscule est artificiellement avancé jusqu'à 8 min environ. Cependant, quand le crépuscule est rendu encore plus précoce, l'envol moyen se produit à des intensités plus basses et est étalé. Ceci peut être interprété comme un chevauchement de la période des intensités lumineuses favorables à l'envol avec le rythme circadien qui conduit les bousiers à la surface. Aucun adulte ne vole quand il y a maintien de lumière constante ou d'obscurité à l'heure du crépuscule. En présence de crépuscule constant, les réponses sont hétérogènes, et, bien que le moment médian d'envol ne soit retardé que de 3 min, par rapport aux témoins, l'incitation à l'envol est étalée sur une période plus longue. Avec des températures au sol de 20–22 °C, plus de 90% des adultes s'envolent. Le pourcentage diminue avec la température, et moins de 10% s'envolent à 16–17 °C.
    Notes: Abstract The role of light intensity and temperature in determining the onset of flight in the crepuscular dung beetle Onitis alexis Klug (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) was examined. Flight under natural light was highly synchronized, with two-thirds of the beetles that flew flying over a period of 10–12 min. In six flights on different days, the mean time of onset varied by up to 13 min, but mean onset occurred at fixed light intensity. Absolute light intensity therefore appears to be a vital cue in determining flight onset. Mean onset remained at this intensity when dusk was advanced artificially by up to about 8 min. However, when dusk was brought further forward, mean flight occurred at lower intensities and onset of flight took place over a longer period. This is interpreted as an overlapping of the period of light intensities suitable for flight with the circadian rhythm that brings the beetles to the surface. No beetles flew when kept under constant bright light or in the dark during the dusk period. Under conditions of constant dusk, the beetles appeared uncoordinated and, although the median time of onset of flight was only 3 min later than in the control flight, onset of flight was spread out over a much longer period. At soil temperatures of 20–22 °C, over 90% of the beetles flew. This percentage decreased with decreasing temperature, and less than 10% flew at temperatures of 16–17 °C.
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    A model for the temperature and density dependent reemergence of the bark beetle Ips typographus (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 40 (1986), S. 81-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Ips typographus ; spruce bark beetle ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; model ; reemergence ; density dependent ; temperature dependent ; degree-days ; poikilotherm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Ce modèle décrit la réémergence d'adultes d'I. typographus L. (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) en fonction de la densité et de la température. Les résultats obtenus en laboratoire à des températures constantes fournissent la distribution des réémergences et pour les dates de réémergence moyenne les différentes combinaisons de température de seuil et de degré de jour (°D). De toutes ces combinaisons, 167.71 °D au-dessus de 7,5 °C fournit la meilleure concordance entre les prévisions du modèle et les observations dans la nature à partir d'arbres fortement attaqués. Le modèle a montré un bon accord avec la réémergence observée dans deux groupes de branches attaquées dans différentes conditions de la température quand il a été ajusté aux faibles densités d'élevage. La discussion examine les possibilités d'application du modèle à l'étude de la biologie de la reproduction d'I. typographus et à l'aménagement forestier. La méthode utilisée pour construire le modèle pourrait être employée pour en développer d'autres chez des poikilothermes.
    Notes: Abstract A model is presented that describes the reemergence of parent spruce bark beetles, Ips typographus, based on breeding density and temperature conditions. Laboratory data obtained at one constant temperature provide the distribution of reemergence time and different combinations of threshold temperatures and degreedays (°D) at mean reemergence. Of these combinations, 167.71 °D above 7.5 °C gave the best correspondence between model prediction and field data obtained from densely infested standing trees. The model was in good agreement with the reemergence pattern found for two groups of infested logs under different temperature conditions when adjusted for the lower breeding density. The applicability of the model in the study of bark beetle reproductive biology and in forest management is discussed. The method used to construct the model should be useful in developing other models for poikilothermic processes.
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    Searching behaviour and cereal aphid consumption by Bembidion lampros and Pterostichus cupreus, in relation to temperature and prey density (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 47 (1988), S. 173-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Bembidion lampros ; Pterostichus cupreus ; Carabidae ; Coleoptera ; behaviour ; temperature ; searching ; consumption ; cereal aphid ; Rhopalosiphum padi ; prey ; density ; barley
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les taux maximum de consommation de R. padi L. à différentes températures ont été déterminés au laboratoire chez deux carabes, B. lampros Herbstet P. cupreus L. La consommation moyenne a augmenté avec la température chez les deux espèces, B. lampros consommant un maximum de 15,9 larves des stades 1 à 3 et 9,1 pucerons adultes aptères, à 25°C. P. cupreus a été particulièrement vorace et a consommé 125,3 adultes aptères par jour à 20°C. Le comportement des deux espèces a été observé en filmant en vidéo des carabes à jeun, maintenus à différentes températures constantes, dans des enceintes semées en orge de printemps. Des éléments du comportement, communs aux deux espèces, ont été définis: 1) immabilité, 2) marche et course, 3) recherche, 4) affrontement. P. cupreus a été plus actif à toutes les températures, B. lamprosa été inactif au-dessous de 10°C. La part de temps consacrée à la recherche, le nombre de plantes prospectées, et la vitesse ont augmenté avec la température chez les deux espèces. Dans des enceintes similaires colonisées par R. padi, P. cupreus a significativement augmenté le temps consacré à la recherche dans les enceintes, parallèlement à l'augmentation de la densité des pucerons. Après la découverte d'une colonie de pucerons, P. cupreus escalade et prospecte la plante et ses voisines immédiates; tandis que les plantes des enceintes sans pucerons sont rarement escaladées. B. lampros n'a pas été observé escaladant des plantes d'enceintes avec ou sans pucerons, et il n'a pas accru son temps de prospection en fonction de la densité de pucerons. Les quelques B. lampros qui ont capturé des pucerons l'ont fait lorsque ceux-ci marchaient sur la surface du sol. La discussion a porté sur l'efficacité relative des deux carabes comme prédateurs de R. padi, et les résultats ont été comparés à ceux d'études du même type, menées ailleurs, avec des prédateurs de Sitobion avenae sur blé d'hiver.
    Notes: Abstract Maximum consumption rates were determined for two carabids, Bembidion lampros Herbst. and Pterostichus cupreus L., feeding on the cereal aphid Rhopalosiphum padi L. at different temperatures in the laboratory. Mean daily consumption increased with increasing temperature for both species, B. lampros consuming a maximum of 16 1–3 instar nymphs and 9 apterous adult aphids at 25°C. P. cupreus was particularly voracious and consumed 125 apterous adult R. padi per day at 20°C. The behaviour of both species was analysed by video filming starved beetles, maintained at different constant temperatures, in arenas sown with spring barley. The behavioural components (1) still; (2) run/walk; (3) search and (4) confrontation were identified and were common to both species. P. cupreus was more active over the temperature range tested; B. lampros was inactive under 10°C. The proportion of time spent searching, number of plants searched, and velocity increased with increasing temperature for both species. When observed in similar arenas seeded with R. padi colonies, individuals of P. cupreus significantly increased their time spent searching in arenas with increasing aphid density. Following discovery of an aphid colony, individuals climbed and searched the host plant and its nearest neighbours. Plants in aphid free arenas were rarely climbed. B. lampros was not observed climbing in either aphid free arenas or in arenas with increasing aphid densities, and did not significantly increase its time spent searching in response to increased prey density. The few B. lampros that found aphids caught them walking on the soil surface. The relative efficiences of these two carabids as predators of R. padi are discussed, and the results are compared with similar studies elsewhere with predators of Sitobion avenae on winter wheat.
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    Mandible wear in the carabid beetle Pterostichus melanarius in relation to diet and burrowing behaviour (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 48 (1988), S. 43-50 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Carabidae ; Pterostichus ; mandible size ; wear pattern ; feeding behaviour ; burrowing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'analyse de l'influence de la texture des aliments et du fouissage, sur l'usure des mandibules a été effectuée en nourrissant P. melanarius avec des aliments de différentes duretés dans des récipients contenant ou non du sol. Les aliments durs seuls usent moins le bord incisif (extrémité de la mandibule) et la surface coupante, que leur association avec le fouissage. En présence exclusive d'aliments durs, les femelles avaient érodé plus vite leurs mandibules que les mâles, tandis que chez ceux-ci le fouissage seul les avaient usé plus vite que chez les femelles. Des femelles récoltées dans un champ de céréales contenaient plus d'aliments durs que les mâles. Les différences de comportement avaient provoqué apparemment des types d'usure différents suivant les sexes. Les adultes usent leurs mandibules au cours de leur première année de vie imaginale. Cependant, la taille des mandibules des femelles échantillonnées dans la nature correspondait mieux à celle des femelles (de même âge) provenant des expériences ayant provoqué une forte usure (aliment dur et fouissage du sol). Les mandibules des mâles échantillonnés présentaient seulement une usure modérée et ressemblaient à celles des mâles ayant consommé soit des aliments durs, soit foui le sol. La discussion a traité des relations entre l'usure des mandibules, la fécondité et la longévité de P. melanarius et d'autres espèces de carabes.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of food texture and burrowing on mandible wear in the predatory carabid beetle Pterostichus melanarius Illiger were investigated by feeding adults soft or hard food in jars with or without soil. Both the incisor cusp (mandible tip) and cutting surface of the mandibles erode more in response to the combination of hard food and burrowing than to hard food alone. Females were found to erode their mandibles more than males in the hard-food-only treatment, whereas males wore down their mandibles more than females in the soil-only treatment. Female P. melanarius collected in a cereal field contained signficantly more solid food items compared with males. Differences in behaviour apparently resulted in differential wear patterns between the sexes. It is shown that the process of mandible wear in P. melanarius will result in worn mandibles in their first year as adults. However, mandible size of field-sampled females were found to be best correlated with females (of similar age) in the experiment exhibiting extensive wear (foraged hard food and burrowed in soil). The mandibles of field-sampled males were similar to those of males in the hard-food-only and the soil-only treatments, which showed only slight to moderate wear. The influence of mandible wear on fecundity and survival in P. melanarius as well as in other carabid species is discussed.
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    Joint effects of temperature, food quality, and season on the development of the cerambycid Morimus funereus under laboratory conditions (1989)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 51 (1989), S. 261-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Cerambycidae ; Morimus funereus ; development ; laboratory conditions ; food quality ; temperature ; season
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude a porté sur les effets d'une température constante (23 °C), de la qualité de l'aliment,-B = aliment naturel, c'est-à-dire de l'écorce de chêne pulvérisée; B+C = aliment naturel enrichi avec de la poudre de biscuits sucrés-, et de la saison sur le développement larvaire de M. funereus L. La température de 23 °C a été défavorable aux larves récoltées en septembre dans des souches de chênes et élevées sur aliment B: les larves étaient mortes en 30 jours. Avec aliment B+C, l'effet défavorable a été neutralisé et le poids des larves augmenté de 543%, 897% et 1179% en 1, 2 et 3 mois. Des larves néonates d'été ou d'hiver se sont bien développées sur B+C, mais toutes les larves d'hiver étaient mortes sur B en 40 j. Des larves de mêmes parents, écloses à différentes époques de l'année, ont présenté des différences saisonnières du taux de survie et de la vitesse de développement lors de leur élevage à 23 °C sur B+C. Le développement le plus rapide et la meilleure survie ont été obtenus avec des larves écloses au début ou au milieu de l'été; tandis que le développement le plus lent et la plus mauvaise survie ont été obtenus avec les larves écloses à la fin de l'été. Les changements saisonniers synchrones des adultes et de leurs descendants, exprimés à différents niveaux d'organisation biologique, suggèrent l'existence d'un rythme annuel endogène qui dépend de l'expression de différents gènes au cours du cycle annuel.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of constant temperature (23 °C), food quality (B, natural diet i.e. powdered oak bark; B+C, natural diet enriched with powdered sweet crackers) and season on larval development of the cerambycid Morimus funereus L. were studied. The temperature of 23 °C exerted an unfavourable effect on larvae collected from oak stumps in September and bred on B; i.e. the larvae died within 30 days. When the larvae consumed B+C the unfavourable effect of temperature was abolished and the larvae increased their weight by 543%, 897% and 1179% in 1, 2 and 3 months, respectively. Newly hatched summerand winter-larvae developed successfully on B+C, while all the winter-larvae died within 40 days on B. Larvae of an identical parentage hatched in different phases of the annual cycle and showed seasonal differences in the rate of development and survival when reared on B+C at 23 °C. The fastest development and the highest survival rate were observed in larvae which emerged in early- and midsummer, whereas the slowest development and the lowest survival rate were in those hatched in late summer. The synchronized seasonal changes of adults and their offspring, as expressed at different levels of biological organization, suggest the existence of an endogenous annual rhythm which is dependent upon the expression of different genes in the course of the annual cycle.
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    Behavioral responses of Diabrotica adults to plant-derived semiochemicals encapsulated in a starch borate matrix (1989)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 53 (1989), S. 219-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Diabrotica spp. ; corn rootworms ; Chrysomelidae ; Coleoptera ; plant-derived semiochemicals ; starch matrix ; encapsulation ; controlled release
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le programme expérimental de 1987 était destiné à déterminer: 1) si les substances dérivées de végétaux et attractives pour Diabrotica pouvaient être encapsulées dans de l'amidon additionné d'acide borique; 2) si différentes formules attireraient les différentes espèces de Diabrotica dans un champ de maïs. L'indol, l'estragol, le vératrol, le phénylacétaldéhyde et le trans-anéthol n'ont pas été retenus, tandis que le trans-cinnamaldéhyde, la \-ionone, le 1,2,4-triméthobenzène, l'eugénol et l'isœugénol ont été encapsulés avec succès dans des pièges attachés à des pieds de maïs (les détails techniques sont fournis). Les pièges ont été relevés tous les 4 jours du 11 juillet au 8 septembre. Les résultats montrent que les substances allélochimiques sont conservées dans la capsule pendant des durées variables et libérées à des concentrations attractives pour les Diabrotica adultes. Un mélange de trans-cinnamaldéhyde et de 1,2,4,-triméthoxybenzène a été la formule la plus efficace, à l'exception des périodes de formation des barbes et du pollen, où aucune formule n'a été attractive. Bien que la variation saisonnière des réactions de Diabrotica limite l'utilisation des substances allélochimiques d'origine végétale, la capsule d'amidon peut être employée pour libérer des substances allélochimiques et constitue un outil potentiel pour la mise au point d'une méthode plus rationnelle de lutte contre Diabrotica.
    Notes: Abstract The concept of encapsulating semiochemicals into a starch matrix is being studied for potential use in corn rootworm (CRW) management programs. During 1987, experiments were conducted to determine: 1) If volatile plant-derived Diabrotica spp. attractants could be encapsulated in a starch borate matrix (SBM), and 2) If various SBM-semiochemical formulations would attract Diabrotica species over time in field corn. Chemical analyses of fresh SBM formulations indicated that indole, estragole, veratrole, phenylacetaldehyde, and trans-anethole were not retained during formulation but trans-cinnamaldehyde, Beta-ionone, 1,2,4,-trimethoxybenzene, eugenol and isœugenol were successfully encapsulated. Encapsulated semiochemical formulations were made into 20 mesh granules, placed in Pherocon ® 1C traps that were tied to corn plants, and sampled for CRW adults every 4 days from 11 July to 8 September. Field data indicated that encapsulated semiochemicals were retained in the SBM for varying lengths of time and were released at rates attractive to CRW adults. A two-component mixture of trans-cinnamaldehyde and 1,2,4-trimethoxybenzene was the most effective formulation tested; however, no formulation was effective during corn silking and pollination. Although seasonal variation in CRW response could limit the usefulness of some plant-derived semiochemicals, the starch matrix concept may be useful as a delivery system for semiochemicals and may have potential as a tool that could be used in the development of new more biorational CRW management programs.
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    Flight activity of Diabrotica spp. at the borders of cornfields and its relation to ovarian stage in D. barberi (1989)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 50 (1989), S. 61-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; northern corn rootworm ; western corn rootworm ; dispersal ; malaise trap ; habitat selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les activités de vol de D. barberi (NCR) et D. virgifera virgifera (WCR) ont été contrôlées par l'utilisation de pièges ‘malais’ placés en lisière de deux petits champs de maïs. Les populations de ces coléoptères sont maximales quand le maïs fleurit, mais leurs captures sont restées faibles jusqu'à ce que les barbes du maïs aient été sèches. Les captures de NCR et, dans une plus faible mesure, celles de WCR ont alors augmenté et sont restées importantes pendant toute la saison. Les pièges ‘malais’ ont été conçus pour que les adultes pénétrant par les côtés opposés soient récoltés séparément. Les femelles de NCR capturées face au champ de maïs avaient tendance à contenir moins d'ovocytes mûrs que celles capturées du côté opposé. Ces observations appuient l'hypothèse que les femelles NCR émigrent des champs de maïs pour s'alimenter, quand les barbes et le pollen de maïs, aliments préférés, deviennent indisponibles, mais que les femelles NCR pleines d'ovocytes mûrs recherchent le maïs quand elles sont en quête de lieux de ponte.
    Notes: Abstract Flight activity of corn rootworm beetles, the northern (NCR), Diabrotica barberi (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), and western (WCR), D. virgifera virgifera, was monitored using malaise traps placed at the edges of two small cornfields. Populations of beetles in the fields peaked while corn was flowering, but capture in malaise traps remained low until silks had dried. Capture of NCR and (to a lesser extent) WCR then increased and remained high through the season. Malaise traps were constructed to permit separate collections of beetles that entered on each of two opposite sides. Female NCR that were captured in sides that faced toward corn tended to contain fewer mature eggs than those in sides facing away from corn. These findings support the hypothesis that female NCR emigrate from cornfields to feed when fresh silk and corn pollen (favored foods) become unavailable, but that egg-laden NCR actively seek corn when searching for oviposition sites.
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    Distribution of proteinases and carbohydrases in the midgut of larvae of the sweetpotato weevilCylas formicarius elegantulus and response of proteinases to inhibitors from sweet potato (1984)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 36 (1984), S. 97-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Cylas formicarius elegantulus ; sweetpotato weevil ; sweet potato ; digestion ; enzyme distribution ; trypsin-inhibitors ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'activité endoprotéinase était limitée au liquide de la lumière des régions ventriculaires antérieure et postérieure de l'intestin moyen des larves deCylas formicarius elegantulus Summers. Les aminopeptidases ont été trouvées dans le liquide de la lumière (18%), mais étaient principalement associées avec les fractions insolubles des cellules du ventricule postérieur (82%). Suivant le substrat, l'activité carboxypeptidase était à peu près également répartie entre le liquide de la lumière et les fractions insolubles des cellules du ventricule postérieur. L'amylase, enzyme secrétée, a été observée à la fois dans la lumière antérieure et postérieure. Cinq bandes d'activité amylase ont été révélées sur zymogrammes d'amidon après électrophorèse d'intestins moyens entiers. Trois des bandes d'amylase pouvaient provenir de la plante. Il y avait au moins 2 α-glucosidases, une secrétée et une liée aux cellules du ventricule antérieur. L'activite β-glucosidase était liée aux cellules du ventricule antérieur, fandis que l'activité α-galactosidase était limitée au fluide de la lumière. Les activités β-galactosidase et cellulase ont été trouvées à la fois dans le liquide de la lumière et dans la fraction cellulaire insoluble. Ainsi, la digestion initiale des grosses protéines et des polymères de carbohydrates se produit dans le liquide de la lumière dans les régions ventriculaires antérieure et postérieure. Cependant, l'achèvement de la digestion des oligopeptides se produit principalement dans le ventricule postérieur, tandis que la fin de la digestion des oligosaccharides se produit dans le ventricule antérieur. Les concentrations en inhibiteurs de trypsine de 5 cultivars d'I. batatas L. diffèrent de 1 à 20. Les endoprotéinases deC. formicarius elegantulus ont été inhibées par des extraits de cultivars, mais les cultivars avec des concentrations relativement élevées d'inhibiteur avainent antérieurement montré être susceptibles d'être attaqués par le coléoptère dans des essais en champs.
    Notes: Abstract Endoproteinase activity was confined to luminal fluid from anterior and posterior ventricular regions of midguts of larvae of the sweetpotato weevil,Cylas formicarius elegantulus (Summers). Aminopeptidase was found in luminal fluid (18%) but was primarily associated with insoluble fractions from cells of the posterior ventriculus (82%). Depending on substrate, carboxypeptidase activity was about equally distributed between luminal fluid and insoluble fractions from posterior ventriculus cells. Amylase was found in luminal fluid in both the anterior and posterior ventriculus. Five bands of amylase activity were detected on starch zymograms following electrophoresis of whole midgut samples. Three of the amylase bands may be plant-derived. At least two α-glucosidases were present, one secreted and one bound to anterior ventriculus cells. β-Glucosidase activity was bound to anterior ventriculus cells whereas α-galactosidase activity was confined to luminal fluid. β-Galactosidase and cellulase activities were found in both luminal fluid and the insoluble cell fraction. Thus, initial digestion of large protein and carbohydrate polymers occurs in luminal fluid in both anterior and posterior ventriculus regions. However, terminal digestion of oligopeptides occurs primarily in the posterior ventriculus while terminal digestion of oligosaccharides occurs in the anterior ventriculus. A 20-fold difference in trypsin-inhibitor concentration was found among five sweetpotato cultivars. Endoproteinases from sweetpotato weevil larvae were inhibited by extracts from the cultivars but cultivars with relatively high concentrations of inhibitor were previously shown to be susceptible to weevil attack in field trials.
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    Digestion rate in relation to starvation in the larva of a carabid predator, Poecilus cupreus (1985)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 37 (1985), S. 123-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Carabidae ; Poecilus cupreus ; larva ; starvation ; digestion ; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit eine quantitativen enzymabhängigen Immunoabsorptionstest wurde immunoreaktives Material aus Beutetieren als Eiweissgehalt (IRM/P) in Larven eines polyphagen räuberischen Carabiden, Poecilus cupreus, bestimmt. Wir bestimmten den Beuteverzehr und die Geschwindigkeit des IRM/P Abbaus bei Larven, die während verschiedener Zeit gehungert hatten. Der Beuteverzehr nahm exponentiell zu über 7 Tage Hunger. Die Geschwindigkeit des Beute- IRM/P Abbaus schien logarithmisch. Die Beuteaufnahme nahm fast zwanzigfach zu über 7 Tage Hunger von 2.7 ng auf 50.2 ng IRM/P/10 Mikroliter Larvenextrakt. Der grösste Teil der Verdauung erfolgte am zweiten bis dritten Tag nach der Nahrungsaufnahme, unabhängig von der verdauten Menge. Das Niveau 4 Tage nach der Fütterung zeigte, dass Larven, die vorgängig 7 Tage gehungert hatten, 5.0 ng IRM/P/10 Microliter Extrakt zurückhielten; dies war mehr als die Aufnahmemenge nichthungernder Larven. Die Verdauungsgeschwindigleit nahm zu mit der Dauer des Hungerns, doch wurde auch mehr Beute im Nahrungskanal zurückgehalten.
    Notes: Abstract Prey antigen levels were determined by a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in larvae of a carabid predator, Poecilus cupreus L. under laboratory conditions. We determined prey consumption and rate of prey protein decay in larvae having starved for different periods. Prey consumption increased exponentially over 7 days of starvation. The rate of prey immunoreactive material decay seemed to be logarithmic, similar in larvae which had starved for different periods. Most of the digestion took place in the first 3 days period after feeding, irrespective of the amounts ingested. The rate of decay increased with increasing period of starvation. There were also signs of food retention in the alimentary canal in larvae which starved longer.
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    Genetic variation in adaptation to foodplants among populations of the southern cowpea weevil,Callosobruchus maculatus: Evolution of oviposition preference (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 42 (1986), S. 201-212 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Callosobruchus maculatus ; Bruchidae ; Coleoptera ; behavior ; evolution ; genetic variation ; insect-plant interactions ; oviposition preference
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Vingt-deux lignées deC. maculatus Fab., liées à 6 plantes-hôtes, ont été examinées quant à leurs préférences — sans choix—parmi les graines de 9 légumineuses. Ces préférences se sont révél'ees semblables à celles observées lors de choix binaires; 3 paramètres ont donné les mêmes résultats: nombre moyen d'oeufs pondus par l'ensemble des femelles, nombre moyen d'oeufs émis par l'ensemble de celles acceptant la plante, fréquence des femelles acceptant la plante. L'analyse en composantes principales des préférences pour les 9 plantes a révélé que la majorité des mesures se situe sur les 2 premiers axes, qui ont rendu compte de 89% de la variation. Les performances des lignées sur le premier axe suggèrent qu'il s'agit d'un critère général de préférence. La classification automatique des plantes a montré un aspect général semblable à celui des composantes principales. Par ces 2 méthodes, les plantes ne se sont pas classées nettement selon leurs affinités taxonomiques. Bien que la classification automatique n'ait pas mis en évidence une similarité de comportement chez les insectes liés au même hôte, ceci était apparemment le cas. Les lignées liées à des hôtes présentant de fortes — ou à l'opoosé — de faibles préférences, ont montré différents seuils d'acceptation pour les 9 substrats de ponte. A l'opposé, il n'y a aucune preuve d'altération évolutive de la hiérarchie de préférences. On en a déduit que ces insectes étaient motivés par un petit nombre de stimulus, tels que les allélochimiques et al texture de tégument, pour déceler l'adéquation des substrats potentiels. (La microscopie électronique a suggéré une corrélation entre la texture du tégument et la hiérarchie des préférences de ces populations). La confiance dans les stimulus recueillis contribue à limiter les stratégies évolutives disponibles pour la population. A partir de là, la sélection en faveur —ou contre — des plantes, à l'origine, faiblement préférées, peut conduire, dans la niche de ponte, à l'incorporation — ou à l'exclusion — d'un groupe d'espèces taxonomiquemment éloignées, mais phénétiquement semblables. La probabilité d'altérations importantes de la hiérarchie des préférences paraît extrémement faible.
    Notes: Abstract A survey of 22 strains ofCallosobruchus maculatus associated with six different leguminous hosts indicates extensive genetic differentiation for oviposition preference. Female behavior suggests the existence of two distinct host preference groups among the nine oviposition substrates tested. Strains associated with plants in these two groups show distinct preference profiles. Genetic differentiation of oviposition preference is due to evolutionary modification of the threshold of acceptance of host plants, not to alteration of the preference hierarchy. From principal components analysis of these results, it is likely that very few independent plant traits govern oviposition preference.
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    Analyse, en olfactomètre tubulaire, de l'influence de différents stimulus olfactifs dans la recherche du partenaire sexuel par Zabrotes subfasciatus (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 45 (1987), S. 23-27 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coléoptère ; Bruchidae ; Olfactométrie ; phéromone sexuelle ; plante hôte ; régulation de la réproduction ; Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; olfactometer ; sex pheromone ; host plant ; reproductive regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In order to meet its sexual partner, Zabrotes subfasciatus must rely on the olfactory signals emitted either by the female or the male insect. The attractiveness of male and female odours were therefore studied and compared in an olfactometer. The behaviour of virgin and inseminated females and males, left in contact with the host plant's seeds or not, was studied in terms of the age of the imagos. In all cases examined, male odours did not attract female insects. Virgin females kept without seeds of the host plant did not attract males. On the other hand, the odour of virgin females left in contact with bean seeds significantly attracted virgin males. The females' attractive power varied according to their age: older females released a chemical cue that was more attractive for the males. Emission of the sex-pheromone stops after insemination of the females but begins again after a certain period of time. Results are discussed in terms of what is known on the reproductive regulation of this bruchid.
    Notes: Abstract Pour rechercher son partenaire sexuel Zabrotes subfasciatus doit utiliser les signaux olfactifs émis soit par les mâles ou par les femelles. Le pouvoir attractif de l'odeur des mâles et des femelles sont donc étudiés et comparés par olfactométrie. Le comportement de mâles et de femelles vierges et inséminées, mis en contact des graines de la plante hôte ou non, est observé en fonction de l'âge des imagos. En aucun cas, les odeurs des mâles n'exercent une attraction sur les femelles. Les femelles vierges en absence de graines de haricot (Phaseolus vulgaris) n'exercent pas d'attraction sur les mâles vierges. Par contre les odeurs des femelles vierges mises en contact avec les graines de haricot sont très attractives pour les mâles vierges et varie en fonction de l'âge: il est plus affirmé chez les femelles plus âgées. L'émission de la phéromone sexuelle est interrompue après l'insémination des femelles mais reprend au bout d'un certain temps après celle-ci.
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    Age-specific flight behavior in relation to body weight and lipid content of Ips calligraphus reared in slash pine bolts with thick or thin inner bark (phloem) (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 40 (1986), S. 197-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: body weight ; flight ; Ips calligraphus ; lipid ; longevity ; phloem ; pine ; Scolytidae ; Coleoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le comportement de vol d'Ips calligraphus GERMAR (Scolytidae) a été examiné au laboratoire par une technique de vol captif. La génération parentale avait été artificiellement introduite, suivant la taille des adultes (1,6 à 2,1 mm) dans des morceaux de Pinus elliottii Engelm. variété elliottii au phloeme épais (TK=2,5 à 3,5 mm) ou fin (TN=0,5 à 1,5 mm) les larves se sont développées dans ces morceaux de pin. Le poids et la teneur en lipide des adultes obtenus à partir de TN étaient significativement inférieure à ceux de TK. Le poids des mâles les plus gros a été plus réduit que celui des femelles; les mâles les plus petits semblaient être moins efficaces dans l'initiation des attaques sur les arbres, et les femelles les plus petites ont eu une fécondité réduite. Les durées de vol quotidiennes pendant la vie des mâles TK vierges étaient en moyenne deux fois plus longues que celles des mâles TN. Les durées de vol quotidiennes étaient très variables: en moyenne moins de 20 minutes, mais la plus longue a été de 173 mn. En moyennes les adultes TN et TK ont commencé à voler, et volaient en plus grand nombre, le premier et le second jour après l'émergence. Ensuite la fréquence d'adultes volants et le pourcentage de surviveants, ont graduellement diminué jusqu'à tomber à zéro le neuvième jour. Les mâles TN et TK avaient des vols quotidiens plus longs et volaient environ 1 jour de plus que les femelles. L'activité de vol accrue des mâles reflète leur besoin de trouver dans la nature des arbres convenables; les vols des femelles peuvent généralement être plus brefs, étant plus directement orientés comme une réponse aux phéromones mâles. Les voiliers ont vécu environ 2 fois plus longtemps que les non-voiliers. Parmi les voiliers TK et TN il y avait une corrélation positive étroite entre le poids du corps et la durée totale des vols. Il n'y en a qu'une faible corrélation entre cette durée totale des vols et la longévité, suggérant un faible coût physiologique du vol. L'influence de cette durée des vols et du prélèvement consécutif de lipides sur la fécondité n'a pas été examinée. L'initiation au vol chez les individus fécondés a été sérieusement retardée (maximum le sixième jour) par rapport aux vierges, ce qui suggère un dégénérescence des muscles du vol associée à la reproduction, suivie d'une régénération importante, comme cela a été signalé chez d'autres Scolytes. Ces résultats contribuent à notre compréhension des facteurs conditionnant le comportement de vol et d'autres aspects fondamentaux de la biologie des insectes des pins. Une telle connaissance est nécessaire au développement d'une politique efficace de protection.
    Notes: Abstract Rearing larvae of Ips calligraphus (Germar) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in bolts of typical slash pine, Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii, with ‘thin’ (TN; 0.5–1.5 mm) phloem (inner bark) relative to adult beetle body width significantly reduced body weight and lipid content of emerging adults compared with ‘thick’ (TK; 2.5–3.5 mm) phloem-reared adults. Unmated (pre-nuptial) TK beetles averaged 2-fold longer daily and life-time flight duration than TN beetles. Daily flights were highly variable, averaging 〈20 min (longest daily flight=173 min). TK and TN beetles initiated flight, and the greatest number flew, on the first or second day after emergence form their rearing bolt; % of beetles flying and survival gradually declined to zero by day 9. Males (both TK and TN) averaged 2.5 days of flight, ca. 1 day longer than females. Fliers lived ca. 2-fold longer than non-fliers. Among TK and TN fliers, significant but weak positive correlations occurred between body weight and lifetime flight duration. Poor correlation between lifetime flight duration and longevity suggests little physiological cost to flight, but effects on fecundity were not assessed. Flight by mated, egg-laying (post-nuptial) beetles was substantially delayed (peaking on day 6), suggesting degeneration and subsequent regeneration of flight muscles.
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    The contribution of prehatch and posthatch development to protandry in the chrysomelid Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 205-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Diabrotica virgifera ; corn rootworms ; prehatch development ; posthatch development ; protandry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'observation, au laboratoire, pendant une période d'éclosion de dix jours, des oeufs de D. v. virgifera LeConte, a montré que les oeufs mâles prédominent les deux premiers jours d'éclosion, que les oeufs des deux sexes, avec des fréquences 0,5/0,5, ont éclos les troisième et quatrième jours, et que les oeufs éclos du cinquième au dixième jour étaient presque tous femelles. Globalement, les oeufs femelles ont éclos en moyenne 2,9 jours plus tard que les oeufs mâles. De plus, la durée du développement post-embryonnaire des femelles a demandé 1,8 jour en plus. Une éclosion plus tardive et un développement post-embryonnaire plus long ont entrainé une émergence des femelles en moyenne 4,7 jours après les mâles. La période d'émergence des adultes s'est étalée sur 14 jours; les mâles ayant dominé pendant les 5 premiers jours et les femelles pendant les 9 derniers. Les mâles de D. v. virgifera semblent avoir évolué vers la protandrie en acquerant, tant une diapause post-embryonnaire que des stades de développements larvaire et nymphal plus brefs.
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory tests with eggs of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte showed that during a 10-day hatching period, hatch of male eggs predominated on the first and second days, eggs of mixed sex, with ca. 1:1 ratio, hatched on the third and fourth days, and eggs hatching from the fifth to the tenth days were nearly all female. Overall, female eggs hatched a mean of 2.9 days later than male eggs. Not only did female eggs hatch later, but the time for posthatch development to the adult stage was 1.8 days longer for females. The later egg hatch and longer posthatch development for females resulted in female adults emerging a mean of 4.7 days later than male adults. Total adult emergence lasted 14 days; of this, males predominated during the first 5 days, and females predominated during the last 9 days. Males of D. v. virgifera appear to have evolved protandry (the tendency for males to emerge before females) by developing both a postdiapause embryonic stage and a combined larval and pupal stage of shorter duration.
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    Vibrations mediate prudent resource exploitation by competing larvae of the bruchid bean weevil Callosobruchus maculatus (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 15-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Callosobruchus maculatus ; Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; intraspecific competition ; oviposition strategies ; resource exploitation ; vibrations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Lors de la compétition, les larves réagissent l'une par rapport à l'autre, même lorsque leurs galeries sont séparées. L'une est inhibée, tandis que l'autre se comporte comme si elle était seule. Le signal provoquant ces réactions, qui peut traverser du papier métallique, est dû vraisemblablement aux vibrations de mastication des larves; ces dernières perçoivent ces signaux tout au long de leur vie active. La larve la plus âgée ne l'emporte pas obligatoirement, ce qui signifie que le signal indique plus que l'âge. Les conditions expérimentales peuvent inverser les réponses des unes et des autres, bien que la larve la plus âgée puisse souvent mourir de ces conditions anormales de compétition. L'avantage potentiel associé à l'inhibition du futur perdant est mis en évidence en collant ensemble des graines. Quand la larve dominante se nymphose, la larve inhibée recommence à s'alimenter et achève son développement. En ayant eu son alimentation interrompue et en restant dans une galerie superficielle, la larve inhibée évite les affrontements et peut se développer lorsque la larve dominante meurt ou se nymphose, puisque la galerie de la larve inhibée n'avait pas été sectionnée. La stratégie de ponte réduit la fréquence de la compétition en uniformisant la distribution des oeufs; elle augmente les chances de survie des larves vaincues avec l'addition des oeufs sur les graines les plus grosses quand les disponibilités sont limitées. L'étude de l'évolution de ces adaptations a été possible puisque, comme on le sait, C. maculatus est génétiquement polymorphe pour les caractères déterminant le comportement de ponte des femelles et la compétition larvaire.
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of the bean weevil C. maculatus feeding in a single bean apparently respond to vibrations from each other's chewing: one larva feeds normally, the other is inhibited. If the burrows of the larvae intersect, the inhibited larva dies. If the dominant larva pupates or dies without the burrows intersecting, the inhibited larvae then feeds and matures if enough food remains. Since females add second eggs to the largest beans after most beans carry a single egg, competition is most common in the largest available beans, precisely where inhibited larvae can benefit from avoiding a contest.
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    A new, X-linked body colour mutation in Tribolium confusum (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 124-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Negret ; Melanic mutant ; X-linked mutation ; Flour Beetle ; Tribolium confusum ; Coleoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300913
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    Responses of Prostephanus truncatus to components of the aggregation pheromone of Rhyzopertha dominica in the laboratory and field (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 266-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Storage pests ; Coleoptera ; Bostrichidae ; Prostephanus truncatus ; (±)-1-methylbutyl (E)-2-methyl-2-pentenoate ; Rhyzopertha dominica ; (±)-1-methyl-butyl (E)-2,4-dimethyl-2-pentenoate ; Dominicalure ; Aggregation pheromone ; Monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les réponses de Prostephanus truncatus Horn (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) à deux constituants de la phéromone d'agrégation de Rhyzopertha dominica Fabricius (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), le (±)-1-méthylbutyl (E)-2-méthyl-2-penténoate et le (±)-1-méthylbutyl (E)-2,4-diméthyl-2-pentéoate, connus comme “Dominicalure 1” et “Dominicalure 2”, ont été étudiées au laboratoire et au champ. Auslaboratoire ces composés ont été essayés individuellement et en mélange 1:2. Une membrane de caoutchouc imprégnée de phéromone a été utilisée comme émetteur lent, et une courbe de réponse en fonction de la dose a été établie. P. truncatus répondait plus vigoureusement à la Dominicalure 2 seule. Tous ces traitements ont été comparés dans un essai aux champs en Tanzanie, dans lesquels des pièges en carton ondulé contenant des diffuseurs de phéromone étaient placés dans des entrepôts de maïs dans les fermes. La Dominicalure 1 et le mélange de 1 et 2 étaient tous deux efficaces pour piéger R. dominica. La Dominicalure 2 a piégé plus de P. truncatus que les autres traitements et était à peu près aussi efficace que le contrôle visuel pour détecter la présence de cet insecte dans les stocks. On peut envisager que la Dominicalure 2 pourrait servir de base à un programme pour lutter contre P. truncatus en Afrique de l'Est.
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory and field studies have been made of the responses of Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) to two components of the aggregation pheromone of Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) — (±)-1-methylbutyl (E)-2-methyl-2-pentenoate and (±)-1-methylbutyl (E)-2,4-dimethyl-2-pentenoate, known as “Dominicalure 1” and “Dominicalure 2” respectively. In the laboratory, these compounds were tested individually and as a 1:2 mixture; P. truncatus responded most strongly to Dominicalure 2 alone. All three treatments were compared in a field trial in Tanzania to monitor both R. dominica and P. truncatus in farm stores. Dominicalure 1 or a mixture of 1 and 2 were both highly effective for trapping R. dominica. In contrast, Dominicalure 2 trapped more P. truncatus than the other treatments and was about as effective as visual inspection at demonstrating the presence of the beetle in stores. Dominicalure 2 could form the basis of a monitoring programme for P. truncatus in East Africa.
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    Influence des inflorescences de la plante hôte (Vigna unguiculata) sur la levée de la diapause reproductrice de Bruchidius atrolineatus (1985)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 39 (1985), S. 35-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; diapause reproductrice ; inflorescence ; Vigna unguiculata ; activité sexuelle mâle ; ovogenèse ; ponte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Bruchidius atrolineatus (Pic) is a widely distributed bruchid in the Sahelian zone which shows a reproductive diapause during the dry season and part of the rainy season. Diapausing females do not produce vitellogenin and their ovaries are reduced to the germarium. Spermatogenesis is very much reduced and male accessory glands are inactive. When these insects were placed in the presence of inflorescences of Vigna unguiculata which were renewed daily, the reproductive diapause of both males and females was interrupted after 15–20 days. Vitellogenesis occurred in the females and spermatogenesis increased in the males whilst their accessory glands became functional. When diapausing bruchids, found in stores of on V. unguiculata seeds during the dry season, were placed near the host plant's inflorescences, diapause was also terminated. In all cases, diapause was not interrupted when the insects were offered dry pods of V. unguiculata in a water-saturated atmosphere. The pollen, which is hardly eaten by this bruchid, did not seem to stimulate termination of diapause. Sensory stimulations derived from the flowers or/and nutritional factors may be the cause of the development of the reproductive organs. After termination of the diapause the males showed normal sexual activity whereas female fecundity was rather low, at least in our experimental conditions. This type of reproductive regulation allows this sahelian bruchid to resume its sexual activity when the host plant's flowers appear in the field at the end of the rainy season. Then the beetles lay their eggs on the pods as soon as the pods are developed.
    Notes: Abstract Bruchidius atrolineatus (Pic) présente en zone sahélienne une diapause reproductrice durant la saison sèche et une partie de la saison des pluies. Les femelles diapausantes ne produisent pas de vitellogénine et le germarium des ovarioles est seul développé. Chez les mâles la spermatogenèse est très ralentie et les glandes annexes sont inactives. Lorsque les insectes diapausants sont placés en présence d'inflorescences de Vigna unguiculata Walp, leurs organes reproducteurs deviennent fonctionnels après un temps de latence de 15 à 20 jours. Il n'y a par contre aucune levée de la diapause chez des bruches placées en présence de gousses sèches de V. unguiculata dans une atmosphère saturée. Des informations sensorielles issues des pièces florales ou (et) des facteurs nutritionnels sans doute liés a la consommation de nectar semblent être à l'origine de cette levée de la diapause. Le pollen fort peu consommé n'a par contre aucun rôle. Cette régulation du cycle reproducteur de B. atrolineatus par les inflorescences de V. unguiculata permet l'émission des oeufs dès que les gousses commencent à se former à la fin de la saison des pluies.
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    Response of walking spruce bark beetles Ips typographus to pheromone produced in different attack phases (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 41 (1986), S. 219-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Ips typographus ; Y-tube olfactometer ; bioassay ; pheromone ; attack phase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un olfactomètre à tube en Y, dont la description est donnée, a été utilisé pour examiner les réactions d'I. typographus L. par la marche à la présence de phéromones de congénères creusant des galeries dans des bûches d'Epicéa (Picea abies L.). Les insectes dans les bûches ont été répartis en 7 classes séquentielles, depuis l'élaboration de la chambre nuptiale par le mâle (phases 1–3), l'accouplement (4), et la ponte jusqu'à ce que les galeries de ponte aient 5 cm (5–7). Les mâles dans les phases précoces (1–2) étaient attractifs pour les 2 sexes dès 0,5 à 2,5 h après leur introduction, et ils le restaient pendant plus de 2 semaines. Les femelles qui se déplacent par la marche ont préféré nettement les bûches avec des mâles vierges à des bûches non habitées. De même elles ont préféré des bûches avec des mâles unis aux femelles à des bûches sans Ips. Ayant à choisir entre des bûches infestées par des mâles vierges ou expérimentés, les femelles ont préféré nettement les mâles vierges. Les mâle ont présenté une plus faible attraction aussi bien pour les bûches avec mâles vierges qu'avec mâles expérimentés, ils n'ont pas manifesté de préférence entre les 2. Les résultats sont interprétés comme des réponses adaptatives des 2 sexes aux variations dans la libération de phéromones par les insectes pendant les phases successives d'attaque et de colonisation de l'hôte.
    Notes: Abstract A Y-tube olfactometer is described which was used to assay the response of walking Ips typographus (L.) towards the pheromone from beetles excavating galleries in logs of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Beetles in the logs were categorized into seven sequential attack phases. Males in the early attack phases were attractive as early as 0.5 to 2.5 h after their introduction. These logs remained attractive for more than 2 weeks. Walking females strongly preferred logs with unmated males over uninfested logs and over logs containing males and females. They also preferred logs with males and females over uninfested logs. Responding males showed a weaker attraction than females to logs with unmated males. The results are interpreted as adaptive responses of the sexes to variation of pheromone release from beetles in the host during subsequent phases of attack and colonization.
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    Toxicity of the insect growth regulator diflubenzuron to the rove beetle Aleochara bilineata, a parasitoid and predator of the cabbage maggot Delia radicum (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 42 (1986), S. 179-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Aleochara bilineata ; Staphylinidae ; Coleoptera ; Delia radicum ; carbofuran ; diflubenzuron ; Dimilin ; Furadan ; insect growth regulator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Lorsqu' appliqué dans des concentrations efficaces contre la mouche du chou Delia radicum L. (0.1, 0.01, 0.001% p/v dans de l'eau distillée), le Dimilin (diflubenzuron), un régulateur de croissance des insectes, n'a pas affecté l'éclosion des oeufs de Aleochara bilineata Gyllenhal, un staphylin prédateur et parasite. En application externe, à la plus forte concentration (0.1% p/v dans de l'eau distillée), cet inhibiteur de synthèse de la chitine s'est avéré non toxique pour les larves du premier stade, les stades larvaires qui se développent à l'intérieur du puparium de l'hôte, et les adultes. Le traitement au Dimilin n'a pas affecté la fertilité des staphylins adultes. Cependant, lorsque le diflubenzuron était dissous dans du diméthylsulfoxyde et appliqué sur l'exosquelette du puparium de l'hôte, l'émergence des adultes de A. bilineata était éliminée. L'insecticide conventionnel Furadan (carbofurane), à une concentration égale à la plus faible concentration de Dimilin utilisée (0.001% p/v dans de l'eau distillée), s'est avéré toxique à la fois pour les oeufs et pour les larves de A. bilineata.
    Notes: Abstract The insect growth regulator Dimilin®, common name: diflubenzuron, applied at concentrations effective against the cabbage maggot Delia radicum L., did not affect the hatching of eggs of the staphylinid predator and parasite, Aleochara bilineata Gyllenhal. Applied externally in distilled water, Dimilin was non-toxic to first instar larvae, to larval instars developing within host puparia, and to adults. When Dimilin was dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide, then applied to the exoskeleton of host puparia, emergence of A. bilineata adults was suppressed. The conventional insecticide Furadan, at a concentration (0.001% in distilled water) equal to the lowest concentration of Dimilin used, was toxic to both eggs and larvae of A. bilineata.
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    Dietary modulation of α-amylase activity in eight geographical strains of Sitophilus oryzae and Sitophilus zeamais (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 46 (1988), S. 47-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Sitophilus ; S. oryzae ; S. zeamais ; rice weevil ; maize weevil ; geographical strains ; digestion ; amylase ; diet ; barley ; corn ; maize ; rice ; wheat ; amylase inhibitors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La transformation de rang des valeur d'activité spécifique de l'α-amylase de 4 souches de S. oryzae et de 4 souches de S. zeamais montre que les niveaux les plus élevés de ces enzymes prédominantes s'observent chez les adultes nourris d'orge mondé ou de riz brun á grains longs. Des niveaux intermédiaires d'activité ont été obtenus chez les insectes élevés sur maïs jaune, et les niveaux les plus faibles chez ceux élevés sur blé. Bien que les extraits préparés à partir d'orge présentent une activité inhibitrice de deux isoamylases purifiées de S. oryzae, les niveaux des inhibiteurs naturels α-amylase de ces deux enzymes sont environ respectivement 2,2 et 6,1 fois plus concentrés dans le blé. L'ingestion de ces inhibiteurs d'amylase et la formation d'un complexe enzyme inactive/inhibiteur avec l'amylase secrétée antérieurement, peut rendre compte de la plus faible activité de l'amylase chez les charançons consommant du blé. Le niveau d'amylase de S. oryzae est 2 fois plus élevé que celui de S. zeamais pour toutes les souches élevées sur un régime donné. Des niveaux d'activité significativement différents ont été trouvés suivant les souches pour chacune des deux espèces. Puisque l'amylase est la principale hydrolase digestive de ces espèces, l'intensité de la modification des teneurs en amylase par la consommation de céréales peut indiquer leur adéquation comme hôtes potentiels.
    Notes: Abstract Rank transformation of specific activity values of α-amylase across four strains of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and four strains of S. zeamais Motschulsky indicates that levels of these predominant enzymes are highest in adults feeding on hulled barley or long-grain brown rice. Intermediate activity levels are found in weevils feeding on yellow corn (maize) and lowest levels are found in wheat-fed weevils. Although extracts prepared from barley contain inhibitory activity against two purified isoamylases from S. oryzae, levels of the naturally-occurring α-amylase inhibitors against these two enzymes are about 2.2-fold and 6.1-fold, respectively, more concentrated in wheat. Ingestion of these amylase inhibitors and formation of an inactive enzyme:inhibitor complex with previously secreted amylase may account for the lower activity of amylase in weevils of both species feeding on wheat. Amylase levels across all strains feeding on a given diet are about 2-fold higher in S. oryzae than in S. zeamais. Significant differences in activity levels were also found between strains in both species. Since α-amylase is a predominant digestive hydrolase in these species, the degree to which cereal diets affect amylase levels may indicate their suitability as potential hosts.
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    Attraction of the bark beetle Tomicus piniperda to Scots pine trees in relation to tree vigor and attack density (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 53-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Tomicus piniperda ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; host recognition ; host volatiles ; attraction ; low vigor trees ; attacked trees
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Anflug von Tomicus piniperda (L.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) an Kiefern in schlechtem oder besserem Gesundheitszustand, mit oder ohne vorherigen Befall, wurde mit Hilfe von Leimfallen untersucht. An Bäumen in schlechtem Zustand wurden etwas mehr Käfer gefangen als an Bäumen in besserem Gesundheitszustand. Das deutet auf Unterschiede in Geruchsreizen zwischen den beiden Klassen des Baumzustands hin. An Kiefern, die von T. piniperda befallen waren oder simulierte Einbohrungen (von Hand gebohrte Löcher) hatten, wurden viel mehr Käfer gefangen als an Kontrollbäumen ohne oder mit sehr geringem Befall. Der starke Anflug von Käfern an befallene Bäume wird gedeutet als Reaktion auf Duftstoffe des Wirts, die aus den Borkenkäfergängen abgegeben werden.
    Notes: Abstract The attraction of Tomicus piniperda (L.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to Scots pine trees of low and higher vigor with and without previous attacks was monitored with sticky traps. Somewhat higher numbers of beetles were caught on low vigor trees than on trees of higher vigor, indicating differences in olfactory stimuly between the two classes of trees. Many more beetles were caught on trees attacked by T. piniperda and on trees with simulated bark beetle galleries (manually drilled holes) than on control trees with no or only a few attacks. The strong attraction of beetles to attacked trees is attributed to the beetles responding to host volatiles released from the galleries.
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    Feeding by adult sweet potato weevils, Cylas formicarius elegantulus, on sweet potato leaves (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 48 (1988), S. 157-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: sweet potato weevil ; Cylas formicarius elegantulus ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; sweet potato ; Ipomoea batatas ; feeding ; host-plant preference ; leaf surface chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude a porté sur la consommation pendant 12 h, en boîtes de Pétri de diamètre 9 cm, de rondelles de 2 cm de diamètre de feuilles de 4 cultivars,—Centennial, Jewel, Resisto, Regal—, d'I. batatas par C. formicarius elegantulus. Les charançons ont consommé le long des nervures, préférant la face inférieure à la face supérieure des feuilles. Un index de consommation a été calculé en fonction de la longueur de nervure ayant servi à la consommation, rapportée à la longueur totale des nervures de la surface exposée. Les niveaux de consommation des mâles et des femelles étaient semblables. En présence de choix binaires, le cultivar Centennial a été le plus consommé, et le cultivar Resisto, le moins, par les femelles. De telles préférences n'ont pas été observées en l'absence de choix. La composition chimique de la surface de la feuille a été analysée par chromatographie en phase gazeuse. 8 pics principaux identiques ont été observés chez les 4 cultivars, mais ils avaient différentes hauteurs.
    Notes: Abstract A bioassay was developed to quantify the feeding of adult sweet potato weevils, Cylas formicarius elegantulus (Summers) (Coleoptera; Curculionidae) on the foliage of four cultivars (Centennial, Jewel, Resisto and Regal) of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) (Convolvulaceae). Weevils fed along the leaf veins, preferring the lower to the upper leaf surface. Males and females had similar levels of feeding. Different levels of feeding by female weevils were observed between cultivars in dual-choice bioassays with Centennial, a susceptible cultivar in field-plot experiments, being most preferred and Resisto least preferred. However, these feeding differences were not observed in no-choice bioassays. Little difference was observed in the leaf surface chemistry of the four cultivars.
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    Immunological homologies between yeast ribosomal protein L2 and rat liver ribosomal proteins L4 and L24 (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 13 (1988), S. 235-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Ribosomal protein ; Immunological homology ; Yeast ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Polyclonal antibodies raised against ribosomal protein (r-protein) L2 of Schizosaccharomyces pombe were used to check for cross-reaktions with total r-proteins of rat liver. Using this procedure, the rat liver r-proteins, L4 and L24, were identified as being immunologically related to yeast L2. In addtional, homologies between rat liver L4 and L24 were detected. The possible implications for the regulation of r-protein synthesis are discussed.
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    Intra- and interspecies analyses of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene family reveal independent evolution in primates and rodents (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 29 (1989), S. 126-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Carcinoembryonic antigen ; Evolution ; Gene family ; Human ; Rat ; Synonymous substitutions ; Silent molecular clock ; Evolutionary trees
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Various rodent and primate DNAs exhibit a stronger intra- than interspecies cross-hybridization with probes derived from the N-terminal domain exons of human and rat carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-like genes. Southern analyses also reveal that the human and rat CEA gene families are of similar complexity. We counted at least 10 different genes per human haploid genome. In the rat, approximately seven to nine different N-terminal domain exons that presumably represent different genes appear to be present. We were able to assign the corresponding genomic restriction endonuclease fragments to already isolated CEA gene family members of both human and rat. Highly similar subgroups, as found within the human CEA gene family, seem to be absent from the rat genome. Hybridization with an intron probe from the human nonspecific cross-reacting antigen (NCA) gene and analysis of DNA sequence data indicate the conservation of noncoding regions among CEA-like genes within primates, implicating that whole gene units may have been duplicated. With the help of a computer program and by calculating the rate of synonymous substitutions, evolutionary trees have been derived. From this, we propose that an independent parallel evolution, leading to different CEA gene families, must have taken place in, at least, the primate and rodent orders.
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    Qualitative and quantitative variability in different classes of proteins: Comparison of mouse and rat (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 24 (1987), S. 260-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Mouse ; Rat ; Two-dimensional electrophoresis ; Quantitative variability of proteins ; Qualitative variability of proteins ; Protein classes ; Membrane proteins ; Organ-specific proteins ; Regulatory genes ; Speciation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Proteins of membranes and cytosols were extracted from the livers and brains of mice (inbred strain DBA/6J) and rats (inbred strain DA/Han) and separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). The 2-DE patterns were compared with regard to qualitative (spot position) and quantitative (spot intensity) characteristics of the proteins of these two species. The following results were obtained: (1) Brain had more (higher percentage) conservative proteins (proteins found in both mice and rats) than liver; (2) plasma membranes had more conservative proteins than the cytosols; (3) organ-unspecific proteins contained more conservative proteins than relatively organ-specific proteins; (4) the pattern of distribution of genetic variability among different classes of proteins represented by findings 1–3 was the same for the qualitative and quantative characteristics of the proteins; and (5) some observations indicated that quantitative variability occurred more frequently among proteins than did qualitative variability. Our conclusion is that regulatory sequences in the DNA (regulatory genes) are subjected to functional constraints that differ in strength among different classes of proteins by the same ratios as the constraints acting on the structural genes. The overall effect of the selective pressure is, however, less stringent for regulatory genes than for structural genes. The results obtained here by comparing two different species are very similar to previous results we obtained by studying different subspecies (inbred strains of the mouse). From this finding arises a new concept: the study of molecular evolution on the basis of different classes of proteins. Our results were compared with data from the literature that were obtained in part from studies on cultured cells. The comparison suggested that cultured cells have lost their tissue-specific proteins, and so generate predominantly extremely conservative proteins.
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    Distribution of vitamin A in various organs of rats in relation to the quality and the quantity of dietary proteins (1987)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 26 (1987), S. 43-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Dietary protein ; Vitamin A ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde der Einfluß von Qualität und Quantität von Nahrungsproteinen auf die Verteilung einer einzigen massiven Dosis von Vitamin A in verschiedenen Organen wachsender Wistar-Ratten untersucht. Die Untersuchungen wurden mit Casein- und Bengal-Gram-Diäten mit 20 % und 10 % Proteingehalt und auch mit radioaktiv markiertem Retinylacetat durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Leberspeicherung sowohl von Vitamin A aus der Nahrung als auch die einer einzigen starken Vitamin-A-Gabe (20 000 I.U.) stark herabgesetzt war bei Ratten, die nach der Bengal-Gram-Diät gefüttert wurden, verglichen mit Ratten, die auf Casein-Diät gesetzt waren. Im Gegensatz zur Leberspeicherung ist das Vitamin-A-Niveau im Plasma in allen Gruppen vergleichbar. Füttern niedriger Protein-Qualität reduzierte die Gewebeverteilung von [3H]-Retinylacetat sowohl bei Kontrollratten als auch bei solchen, denen eine massive Dosis Vitamin A gegeben wurde. Diese Untersuchung läßt vermuten, daß sowohl schlechte Qualität als auch unzureichende Mengen von Nahrungsproteinen nachteilige Einflüsse auf den Vitamin-A-Zustand wachsender Ratten haben.
    Notes: Summary The influence of the quality and the quantity of dietary proteins on the distribution of a single massive dose of vitamin A in various organs of growing Wistar strain rats has been studied by using casein and bengal gram diets at 20 % and 10 % protein levels. The distribution of [3H]-retinyl acetate in various tissues was also investigated in these dietary conditions. The results show that the hepatic storage of dietary as well as a single massive dose (20,000 I.U.) of vitamin A was profoundly decreased in the rats fed on bengal gram diets as compared to those fed on casein diets. Regardless of hepatic stores, the plasma vitamin A levels were comparable in all the groups. Feeding of low quality of protein reduced the tissue distribution of [3H]-retinyl acetate in control as well as rats given a massive dose of vitamin A. This study suggests that both the poor quality and the inadequate quantity of dietary protein are detrimental influences on the vitamin A status of the growing rats.
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    Tall gut formation in the rat embryo (1985)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 429-432 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Tail bud ; Tail gut ; Gut ; Organogenesis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The formation of the tail portion of the primitive gut was investigated by light and electron microscopy in 10- and 11-day rat embryos. The observations permit the conclusion that the tail gut does not form as a posterior extension of the hindgut but originates from the tail bud mesenchyme by mechanism analogous to the secondary neurulation. It includes cell condensation, aquisition of apicobasal polarity and the radial, rosette-like arrangement around a central cavity. These cells bear the cytological characteristics of both the absorptive epithelial cells and the mesenchymal cells at their apical (adluminal) and abluminal ends respectively.
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    Intracerebroventricular injection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from a patient with congenital indifference to pain induces analgesia in rats (1984)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 1365-1366 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Rat ; cerebrospinal fluid, human ; analgesia ; naloxone ; pain indifference, congenital ; opiates, endogenous
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary CSF from a patient with congential indifference to pain was found to produce analgesia in the rat following intracerebroventricular injections. The analgesic effect was attenuated by pretreatment with naloxone suggesting the involvement of hyperactive endogenous opiate mechanisms in this patient.
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    15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase and hexokinase in spontaneously hypertensive rat kidney (1984)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 1368-1369 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Rat ; kidney ; hypertensive ; prostaglandin dehydrogenase ; hexokinase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) surged in hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive (WKY) rat kidney at 8 days of age, is greatest in SHR. Hexokinase fell in SHR at 17 days of age, but thereafter was similar to WKY. This suggests multisystem enzymatic abnormalities in SHR kidney during development of hypertension.
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    Changes in brush-border enzyme activities of intestinal epithelial cells isolated from the villus-crypt axis during the early phase of alloxan diabetes in rats (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 482-484 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Rat ; alloxan diabetes ; intestinal villus ; alkaline phosphatase ; sucrase ; epithelial cells ; villus-crypt axis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The sucrase activity in enterocytes isolated from the villus crypt axis was found to increase in all regions of the villus from day 2 after induction of diabetes, and the increase continued until day 4. In contrast, alkaline phosphatase activity increased mainly in the apical one-third of the villus-crypt column, and the increase occurred abruptly on day 4 with increase in food intake.
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    Basal plasma corticosterone level after bilateral selective lesions of thee olfactory pathways in the rat (1986)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 169-171 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Rat ; olfactory pathway selective lesions ; plasma corticosterone ; lactacidemia ; adrenal glands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In comparison to control rats, basal plasma corticosterone level and lactacidemia significantly increased in rats submitted to a bilateral lesion of the lateral olfactory tract and/or the anterior branch of the anterior commissure. Only the anterior branch of the anterior commissure induced hyperglycemia; that of the lateral olfactory tract exerted an opposite effect.
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    Chemical defence in the larvae of the leaf beetleGonioctena viminalis L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (1987)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 458-460 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Defensive secretions ; glands ; Chrysomelidae ; Coleoptera ; phenylethanol ; linalool ; 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one ; 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol ; 2-hexenal ; chemotaxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The leaf beetle larva ofGonioctena (Phytodecta) viminalis L. has been shown to produce five volatile constituents within its paired abdominal defensive gland reservoirs. It is the first time that these compounds have been reported to occur in coleopteran defensive glands (linalool, phenylethanol) and Chrysomelidae larvae (6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol, 2-hexenal). In addition to the gross morphology of theGonioctena gland and its discharge behavior, the natural products found are discussed in terms of chemotaxonomy.
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    Cardenolide biosynthesis in chrysomelid beetles (1987)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 460-462 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Biosynthesis ; cardenolides ; Coleoptera ; chrysomelid beetles ; [23-14C]-cholesterol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Labeling experiments have shown that the chrysomelid beetleChrysolina coerulans is able to biosynthesize its own defensive cardenolides from cholesterol, via a pathway involving a C21 intermediate, as in plants.
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    Ethanol preference in rats with a prior history of acetaldehyde self-administration (1984)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 1008-1010 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Rat ; ethanol preference ; acetaldehyde self-administration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Peripherally self-injected acetaldehyde in interaction with environmental and nutritional variables significantly enhances alcohol drinking in rats and suggests an involvement of acetaldehyde in voluntary alcohol intake.
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    Effects of β-hydroxybutyrate on rat embryos grown in culture (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 273-275 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Rat ; embryo ; embryo ; rat ; β-hydroxybutyrate ; diabetes ; maternal ; fetal malformation ; malformation ; fetal ; ketone bodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to investigate further the relationship between maternal diabetes and fetal malformation, rat embryos were grown in vitro in the presence of β-hydroxybutyrate, one of the ketone bodies produced by diabetics. At 10 mM, β-hydroxybutyrate produced minor abnormalities and at 20 mM it produced major abnormalities in rat embryos.
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    Defensive steroids from a carrion beetle (Silpha americana) (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 516-519 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; chemical defense ; steroids ; pregnanes ; isoprenoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The defensive anal effluent discharged bySilpha americana in response to disturbance contains a mixture of steroids stemming from a glandular annex of the rectum. The compounds have been characterized as 15β-hydroxyprogesterone (1, principal component), 5β-pregnan-15β-ol-3, 20-dione (2), 5β-pregnan-3α, 15β-diol-20-one (3), 5β-pregnan-7β, 15β-diol-3,20-dione (4), 5β-pregnan-3α, 7β, 15β-triol-20-one (5), 5β-pregnan-16α-ol-3,20-dione (6), and 5β-pregnan-3α, 16α-diol-20-one (7), none previously found in insects. Bioassays with jumping spiders showed compounds1 and6 to be feeding deterrents at the 1 μg level.
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    Cantharidin biosynthesis in a blister beetle: Inhibition by 6-fluoromevalonate causes chemical disarmament (1986)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 853-854 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Lytta polita ; chemical defense ; cantharidin ; terpenoids ; fluorine ; metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Biosynthesis of cantharidin in a blister beetle,Lytta polita, is effectively inhibited by 6-fluoromevalonate. Inhibition is attributed specifically to the fluorine substituent. Biochemical inhibition has not been demonstrated previously for an arthropod's defensive substance.
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    Fine structure of fetal rat calvarium; provisional identification of preosteoclasts (1980)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 31 (1980), S. 21-28 
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    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rat ; Calvarium ; Electron microscopy ; Preosteoclasts ; Osteoclasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary This is a study of the fine structure of cells of the 20-day fetal rat calvarium. Special attention is given to identifying and characterizing preosteoclasts. These cells are relatively common and located largely, but not exclusively, at the endocranial bone surface. The preosteoclasts are characterized by abundant mitochondria, an incomplete perinuclear Golgi apparatus, and variable-shaped dense granules. The dense granules are unique in appearance in that they contain an internal dense matrix surrounded by a clear halo. Most granules are circular in shape but some are elongate or tubular in form. Granules with identical appearance are observed in osteoclasts. The preosteoclasts are mononucleate, or occasionally binucleate. It is suggested that because preosteoclasts are morphologically distinctive and relatively abundant, it should be feasible to separate these cells from a heterogeneous cell isolate.
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    Correlation of45Ca incorporation with maturation ameloblast morphology in the rat incisor (1982)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 34 (1982), S. 211-213 
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    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rat ; incisor ; ameloblasts ; enamel ; 45Ca autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Rats were injected with45Ca and horseradish peroxidase to determine the patterns of45Ca incorporation into incisor enamel and the morphological types of the overlying maturation ameloblasts.45Ca autoradiography showed no differences in the patterns of incorporation into enamel between routinely embedded and freeze-dried specimens. Enamel overlaid by ruffle-ended ameloblasts was much more heavily labeled while that overlaid by smooth-ended ameloblasts showed only moderate labeling. The observations lend further support to the hypothesis that the ruffle-ended cells are very active in mineralizing enamel and that the smooth-ended cells are in a passive, restorative phase.
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    Effect of vitamin D deficiency on urinary excretion of connective tissue derivatives (hydroxyproline and glycosaminoglycans) in rats (1981)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 177-180 
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    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Connective Tissue ; Vitamin D deficiency ; Hydroxyproline excretion ; Glycosaminoglycan excretion ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The urinary excretion of two connective tissue metabolites was studied in both control and vitamin D deficient rats. Hydroxyproline (HyPRO) excretion was determined after 2, 13 and 22 months (experiment I). It decreased with aging in animals receiving the control diet. On the contrary, this excretion increased as a function of age in vitamin D deficient animals. At the age of 22 months, HyPRO excretion was respectively 31 and 1708 µg a day in control and deficient animals. HyPRO and glycosaminoglycans (GAG) excretion was measured on a group of both control and vitamin D deficient rats at the age of 21 months (experiment II). These results confirm the high excretion of HyPRO in deficient animals. On the contrary, the GAG excretion was higher in control animals than in deficient ones, the mean excretion being respectively 412 and 234 µg a day.
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    An automatic microspectrophotometric scanning method for the measurement of bone formation rates in vivo (1980)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 32 (1980), S. 63-68 
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    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rat ; Bone formation ; Fluorochrome ; Microphotometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary A method for quantitative studies of the formation rate of bone has been developed. After vital staining with calcein, the fluorescence of a bone section was measured with a microphotometer controlled by a mini computer. After staining the bone structure with alizarin red S in a second step, the section was measured in transmitted light. The two data sets were combined and the shortest distances between the bone surface and the fluorescence lines were computed. With this information the distance distribution and the bone area between the label and the surface could be calculated in two different ways: with the single labeling and the continuous labeling techniques. The advantages and disadvantages of the two methods are discussed and compared with those of other techniques.
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    A quantitative histologic analysis of the growing long bone metaphysis (1980)
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    Calcified tissue international 32 (1980), S. 113-122 
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    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rat ; Bone ; Metaphysis ; Quantitative ; Aging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this work was to analyze the proximal tibial metaphysis of the 170 g rat in a quantitative histologic fashion which would allow some relation to tissue age to be established. Stained 3 µm thick tissue sections were analyzed with the aid of a Merz grid on an eyepiece reticule and a light microscope. Tissue mass and cell distribution were studied in all areas. The rate of change in tissue mass during aging of the metaphysis was calculated. Two regions of the metaphysis were identified. One, corresponding to the primary spongiosa, less than 4.45 days of age, is a region of high turnover of hard tissue and high numbers of osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells. The other, corresponding to the secondary spongiosa, is a region of relatively low net tissue turnover and low numbers of osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells. Osteoclasts were found relatively more uniformly distributed through the metaphysis than were osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells. The rate of bone formation in the primary spongiosa is 50 times that found in the Haversian bone of the rib of 5-year-old humans and about 500 times that found at the cortical-endosteal surface of ribs of 5-year-old humans. It is argued that both cell distribution and tissue distribution in the metaphysis support the concept that osteoblasts and osteoclasts, rather than osteocytes, are responsible for the maturation of the metaphysis. The inhomogeneous distribution of both cells and tissue in the metaphysis has definite meaning for the interpretation of findings concerning the incorporation of radionuclides into the skeleton.
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    Role of growth hormone in experimental phosphorus deprivation in the rat (1980)
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    Calcified tissue international 32 (1980), S. 105-112 
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    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rat ; Hypophysectomy ; Dietary phosphorus deprivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The demands of growth are known to exacerbate the effect of phosphorus deprivation (PD). We examined whether changes associated with PD could be prevented in young rats in which growth and growth hormone (GH) were eliminated by hypophysectomy (HPX) and whether PD in normal intact rats (INT) was associated with increased secretion of GH. INT or thyroxine- and ACTH-replaced HPX rats were fed one of the three diets: 0.31% P (NP); 0.027% P (LP), and 0.31% P, pair-fed with LP-mates (NP-PF). The results indicate that HPX did not qualitatively alter several physiologic responses to PD: (a) serum and urinary phosphorus (P) decreased and urinary calcium (Ca) increased; (b) net intestinal Ca retention fell and duodenal sac uptake of45Ca rose; and (c) external P balance was restored and duodenal sac uptake of32P-phosphate increased. Only the hypercalcemia seen in INT, LP rats was prevented by HPX. In INT rats serum immunoassayable GH levels, measured in single samples, were not different between different dietary groups while pituitary bioassayable GH was reduced in both LP and NP-PF rats when compared to the NP rats. Thus, except for hypercalcemia, the physiologic responses associated with PD are not prevented by the elimination of growth and GH, and the development of these responses in INT rats was not associated with a consistent or specific alteration in GH secretion.
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    Effects of chronic protein deficiency on skeletal development of young rats (1981)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 223-231 
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    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Protein deficiency ; Bone formation ; Skeletal development ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Protein deficiency was produced by freely feeding young rats a 1% lactalbumin diet for 12 weeks in order to study the effects of protein-calorie malnutrition on skeletal development. During the experiment the food and caloric intake and weight of the experimental animals decreased, while those parameters of the control animals progressively increased. However, when gross caloric intake was expressed as a function of the metabolic size of the animal, the caloric consumption was similar for both groups of animals. The protein-deficient animals exhibited micro-radiographic and histological features of an abnormal pattern of endochondral bone formation. Appositional bone growth, as determined by the daily appositional rate and the percentage of endosteal surfaces undergoing active bone formation, was significantly decreased in these animals, as was the percentage of periosteal surfaces exhibiting resorption. Both chemical analyses of the whole bone and electron probe microanalysis in the specific area of actively calcifying bone revealed no significant differences between the mineral content of control and protein-deficient animals. This study distinguishes the effects of protein deficiency from that of combined protein-calorie deprivation and demonstrates that the abnormal skeletal development observed was the result of a decrease in the quantity of bone formed rather than an altered mineral content.
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    Cytochemical studies on the ferritin-containing vesicles of the rat incisor ameloblasts with special reference to the acid phosphatase activity (1981)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 51-55 
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    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rat ; Incisor ; Amelogenesis ; Acid phosphatase ; Ferritin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Acid phosphatase was localized in rat incisor ameloblasts without prior decalcification. Whenβ-glycerophosphate was used as the substrate, an intense reaction was observed in the supranuclear region of the secretory ameloblasts. But the reaction was dramatically reduced at the transitional stage and was very weak in the maturation ameloblasts. Whenp-nitrophenylphosphate was the substrate, the reaction product was consistently seen in the Golgi cisternae and the vesicular components of the ameloblasts at all stages of enamel development. These observations suggest that there are two acid phosphatases in ameloblasts. One is in the secretory ameloblasts and the other in the transition and maturation ameloblasts. X-ray micro-analyses for Fe and Pb showed that Fe and acid phosphatase were in the ferritin-containing vesicles at the later stage of enamel maturation. This evidence suggests that ferritin is digested in these vesicles for the release of the Fe pigment to the enamel. An increase in the number of intercellular bridges between ameloblasts was correlated with the dramatic decrease in height of ameloblasts at the pigment release stage. The ameloblast membranes were acid phosphatase positive at the intercellular bridges whenp-nitrophenylphosphate was the substrate. This activity may be involved in the reduction in the surface area of the ameloblast membranes.
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    Occurrence of actin-like protein in extracellular matrix vesicles (1982)
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    Calcified tissue international 34 (1982), S. 376-381 
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    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Matrix vesicles ; Bone ; Actin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Preliminary indications of the occurrence of actin and myosin in crude matrix vesicle preparations have been reported previously. In the present study extracellular matrix vesicles from rat alveolar bone were isolated. They were further purified by a sucrose density gradient. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified vesicles revealed the presence of a polypeptide with a molecular weight of 43 K daltons and with electrophoretic mobility identical to that of blood platelet actin. The limited proteolysis of both 43 K dalton vesicular polypeptide and actin byStaphylococcus aureus-V8-protease revealed three fragments with identical electrophoretic mobility. In addition, the vesicular preparations inhibited the activity of DNase I, a property typical of actin monomers. Filamentous material extracted from matrix vesicles showed ultrastructural features of F-actin. Reaction of this material with heavy meromyosin resulted in arrowhead formation, which is characteristic of acto-heavy meromyosin. The occurrence of actin in extracellular matrix vesicles may account for their budding from the osteoblastic plasma membrane, their possible motility in the matrix, and maintenance of the spherical shape.
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    Oral 1,25(OH)2D3: An effective prophylactic treatment for glucocorticoid osteopenia in rats (1983)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 35 (1983), S. 107-110 
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    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Glucocorticoid ; Vitamin D ; Osteoporosis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Eighty-eight adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were given a diet with either (a) 0.5% Ca and 0.6% P or (b) 0.01% Ca and 0.6% P. Osteopenia was created by adding prednisolone to the diet. The prophylactic effect of oral 1,25(OH)2D3 on the osteopenia was studied. It was found that prednisolone osteopenia in the rat was associated with defective Ca absorption. By giving an oral dose of 1,25(OH)2D3, it was possible to maintain normal Ca absorption during prednisolone treatment and to prevent the bone loss. No significant hypercalcemia or any kidney calcifications were seen. These results are in contrast to earlier findings, in which subcutaneous administration of 1,25(OH)2D3 failed to prevent prednisolone osteopenia because of its tendency to increase bone resorption.
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    Epilepsy and electromagnetic fields: effects of simulated atmospherics and 100-Hz magnetic fields on audiogenic seizure in rats (1988)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 32 (1988), S. 17-20 
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    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Epilepsy ; Electromagnetic fields ; Rat ; Audiogenic seizure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In order to study the possible association between epileptic seizures and natural electromagnetic fields, 32 female audiogenic seizure (AGS)-susceptible rats were exposed to simulated 10 kHz and 28 kHz atmospherics and to a sinusoidally oscillating magnetic field with a frequency of 100 Hz and field strength of 1 A/m. After the electromagnetic exposure, seizures were induced in the rats with a sound stimulus. The severity of the seizure was determined on an ordinal scale, the audiogenic response score (ARS). The time from the beginning of the sound stimulus to the onset of the seizure (seizure latency) and the duration of the convulsion was measured. No differences from the control experiments were found in the experiments with simulated atmospherics, but the 100 Hz magnetic field increased the seizure latency by about 13% (P〈0.02). The results do not support the hypothesis that natural atmospheric electromagnetic signals could affect the onset of epileptic seizures, but they suggest that AGS-susceptible rats may be a useful model for studying the biological effects of electromagnetic fields.
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    Demonstration of correlations between the 8 and 10 kHz atmospherics and the inflammatory reaction of rats after carrageenan injection (1988)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 32 (1988), S. 201-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Atmospherics ; Carrageenan inflammation ; Rat ; Susceptibility ; Correlations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Between the mean daily density of 28 kHz atmospherics and the onset of epileptic fits there is a highly significant correlation coefficient (r) of 0.30; there is a negative coefficient of −0.20 between the fits and the mean daily density of 10 kHz atmospherics. The onset of heart infarction is correlated with 28 kHz atmospherics (r=0.15). Furthermore, we have discovered that sudden deafness is also correlated with certain configurations of atmospherics. In this paper we report the following correlation coefficients between the inflammatory reaction of rats to a carrageenan injection (rci) into a hind paw and the mean daily pulse rate of atmospherics of the same day:r=0.49 for the 8 kHz atmospherics (P〈0.02) andr=0.44 for the 10 kHz atmospherics (P〈0.04). The correlations between rci reaction and other atmospherics (12 and 28 kHz) are smaller and not significant. By the method of multiple linear regression we found a multipleR=0.54 between rci reaction and the 8 and 10 kHz atmospherics (the regression function for the rci reaction is 0.15+0.004×8 kHz+0.002×10 kHz,P〈0.05).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01045280
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    Melatonin accelerates reentrainment of the circadian rhythm of its own production after an 8-h advance of the light-dark cycle (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 166 (1989), S. 97-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Rat ; Melatonin ; Circadian rhythm ; 5-hydroxytryptophan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rhythm in melatonin production in the rat is driven by a circadian rhythm in the pineal N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity. Rats adapted to an artificial lighting regime of 12 h of light and 12 h of darkness per day were exposed to an 8-h advance of the light-dark regime accomplished by the shortening of one dark period; the effect of melatonin, triazolam and fluoxetine, together with 5-hydroxytryptophan, on the reentrainment of the NAT rhythm was studied. In control rats, the NAT rhythm was abolished during the first 3 cycles following the advance shift. It reappeared during the 4th cycle; however, the phase relationship between the evening rise in activity and the morning decline was still compressed. Melatonin accelerated the NAT rhythm reentrainment. In rats treated chronically with melatonin at the new dark onset, the rhythm had already reappeared during the 3rd cycle, in the middle of the advanced night, and during the 4th cycle, the phase relationship between the evening onset and the morning decline of the NAT activity was the same as before the advance shift. In rats treated chronically with melatonin at the old dark onset or in those treated with melatonin 8 h, 5 h and 2 h after the new dark onset during the 1st, 2nd and 3rd cycle, respectively, following the advance shift, the NAT rhythm reappeared during the 3rd cycle as well but in the last third of the advanced night only. Neither triazolam nor fluoxetine together with 5-hydroxytryptophan administered around the new dark onset facilitated NAT rhythm reentrainment after the 8-h advance of the light-dark cycle.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00190214
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    The species composition and diversity of tree-dwelling beetles in deciduous oak and evergreen forests in central Japan; Relationship between the diversity index and sample size (1986)
    Springer
    Ecological research 1 (1986), S. 269-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Community structure ; Species composition ; Species diversity ; Tree-dwelling beetles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During the period fromlate May through December 1981, tree-dwelling beetles were regularly surveyed at three deciduous oak and two evergreen forests in the vicinity of Gifu City. Chrysomelidae and Curculionidae were abundant in these forests. The species diversity and the seasonal succession of species were most apparent in May and June. The three deciduous oak forests, with many species and high equitability, showed more diverse community structure, but fewer individuals, when compared with the two evergreen forests. Furthermore, the species compositions of the deciduous oak forests were seasonally and spatially more heterogeneous than those of the evergreen forests. A few dominant species, however, had a strong influence on the community structure. The relationship between the diversity index and sample size was examined. The diversity index changed with the sample size, and the range of the variation diminished as the sample size increased. However, equilibrium was not reached even in the largest sample size used in this study (20 samples). There was a significantly high correlation (P〈0.001) in diversity index between the smaller sample sizes (5, 10, 15) and the largest. It was, therefore, shown that community structures can be compared on the basis of the diversity indices from samples of constant size, even when the samples are small.
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    Role of glandular scales of lepidote rhododendrons in insect resistance (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1787-1798 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) ; black vine weevil ; Ericaceae ; Rhododendron ; trichomes ; glandular scales ; essential oils ; volatiles ; plant resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Glandular scales on selected lepidote rhododendron species varied in density from 109 ± 13 to 4180 ± 60/cm2 of leaf surface. Globules contained within the scales stained with Sudan IV, a lipophilic dye. Essential oil contents of the scales varied with species from 24 ± 8 to 151 ± 35 ng/scale. Black vine weevil [(Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.)] feeding on leaves from a sample of rhododendron species was inversely related to leaf essential oil content, and weevil feeding on membrane filters was inhibited by application of essential oil extracts from leaves of most lepidote rhododendrons tested. Results suggest that the glandular scales of the lepidote rhododendrons function, at least in part, in plant defense against insects.
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    Determination of chirality of alcohol or latent alcohol semiochemicals in individual insects (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 1659-1667 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Chiral semiochemicals ; pheromones ; enantiomeric composition ; Ips pini ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Apis mellifera ; Hymenoptera ; apidae ; Cryptolestes Ferrugineus ; Cucujidae ; acetyl lactate diastereoisomers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A method is described for determining the enantiomeric composition of chiral alcohols, lactones, and hydroxy acids in quantities ranging from 25 ng to 10 μg. Derivatization of the substance with chirally pure acetyl lactate, followed by splitless capillary gas chromatography, enables enantiomeric determinations to be made within 1–3% of the actual value. This technique was applied in the determination of semiochemical inIps pini (Say),Apis mellifera (L.), andCryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens). The results indicate that considerable variability exists within populations of some insects in the composition of their chiral semiochemicals, whereas others produce substances of constant composition.
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    Isoflavonoid feeding deterrents forCostelytra zealandica Structure — Activity relationships (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 1713-1735 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Isoflavonoids ; structure-activity relationships ; insect feeding-deterrent activity ; Costelytra zealandica ; Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; stereochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A number of naturally occurring isoflavonoids of differing substitution patterns and oxidation states have been tested for feeding deterrent activity in a bioassay with larvae ofCostelytra zealandica White. The most active deterrents, which reduced feeding significantly at 0.2-1.0 μg/g, are those compounds containing a ring B-fused cycloprenoid moiety. The least active compounds were highly oxidized coumestans and isoflavones. The ring B-fused cyclic isoprenoid moiety and the presence of a 2'-oxy function appear to be structural features important for high activity. It is suggested that the feeding deterrent activity of isoflavonoids relates to their stereochemistry and that the most active compounds have or can adopt a similar nonplanar molecular shape with a similar arrangement of polar and lipophilic groups.
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    Attraction of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to a pheromone trap (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 723-752 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ips typographus ; pheromone ; release ; recapture ; diffusion ; model ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; trap ; marking ; dispersal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The movement of bark beetles near an attractive pheromone source is described in terms of mathematical models of the diffusion type. To test the models, two release experiments involving 47,000 marked spruce bark beetles [Ips typographus (L.)] were performed. The attractive source was a pheromone trap, surrounded by eight concentric rings with eight passive trap stations on each ring. Captures were recorded every 2–10 minutes for the pheromone trap and once for the passive traps. The models were fitted to the distribution in time of the central pheromone trap catch and to the spatial distribution of catch among the passive traps. The first model that gives a reasonable fit consists of two phases: Phase one—After release the beetles move according to a diffusion process with drift towards the pheromone trap. The strength of the drift is inversely proportional to the distance from the traps. Phase two—those beetles attracted to, but not caught by, the pheromone trap are no longer influenced by the pheromone, and their movement is described by a diffusion process without drift. In phase two we work with a loss of beetles, whereas the experiment seems to indicate that the loss of beetles in phase one is negligible. As a second model, the following modification of phase one is considered: After release the beetles move according to a diffusion process without drift, until they start responding to the pheromone (with constant probability per unit time), whereafter they start moving according to a diffusion process with drift. This study, like other release experiments, shows that the efficiency of the pheromone trap is rather low. What is specific for the present investigation is that we try to explain this low efficiency in terms of dynamic models for insect movement. Two factors seem to contribute: Some beetles do not respond to pheromone at all, and some beetles disappear again after having been close to the pheromone trap. It also seems that the motility of the beetles decreased after they ceased responding to the pheromone. Furthermore, the data lend some support to the hypothesis that flight exercise increases the response of the beetles to pheromone.
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    Receptor cells inIps typographus andDendroctonus micans specific to pheromones of the reciprocal genus (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 759-769 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ips typographus ; Dendroctonus micans ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; exo-brevicomin ; (+)-ipsdienol ; single-cell recordings ; interspecific attraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Olfactory receptor cells were studied electrophysiologically inIps typographus andDendroctonus micans. The investigation revealed cells which were keyed to pheromone compounds characteristic of the reciprocal genus. Thus, cells keyed toexo-brevicomin were found inI. typographus, whereas cells keyed to (+)-ipsdienol were present inD. micans. Laboratory behavioral tests indicated an attractive effect of the two compounds on beetles of the reciprocal genus. InI. typographus the effect ofexo-brevicomin predominantly concerned males and enhanced their response to the pheromone “ipslure.” It is suggested thatexo-brevicomin serves as an interspecific attractant forI. typographus, which may be guided by pheromone compounds of the reciprocal genus in finding suitable breeding material. The function of (+)-ipsdienol inD. micans is more uncertain. It may be either a pheromone or an interspecific messenger.
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    Economics of chemical defense in chrysomelinae (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 1189-1203 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Defensive secretion ; egg defense ; allomones ; Salix ; salicin ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; monoterpenes ; salicylaldehyde
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Chemical defense in chrysomelid larvae (subtribe Chrysomelina and Phyllodectina) is reviewed. Most species secrete autogenous monoterpenes. The diversity of their secretion is interpreted as a mechanism to reduce adaptation by predacious arthropods. The consequences of a host plant shift to the Salicacae are explored. Salicin from these host plants is used as a precursor for the salicylaldehyde secreted by the larvae of many species. This offers several advantages. It provides the larvae with an inexpensive and efficient defense. The recovery of the glucose moiety of the salicin contributes significantly to the larval energy budget. Adults sequester salicin in the eggs at concentrations which are toxic to ants. Owing to this maternal provisioning, neonate larvae produce salicylaldehyde from hatching onwards, whereas other species secreting monoterpenes are not protected at hatching. The secretion of salicylaldehyde by different species is considered to be chemical mimicry reinforcing visual aposematic signals.
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    Reinvestigation of anhydroserricornin, (2S,3S)-2,6-diethyl-3,5-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran, as a sex pheromone component for male cigarette beetle (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 179-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; cigarette beetle ; Lasioderma serricorne (F.) ; Coleoptera ; Anobiidae ; serricornin ; 7-hydroxy-4,6-dimethyl-3-nonanone ; anhydroserricornin ; 2,6-diethyl-3,5-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Reinvestigation of the pheromonal activity of anhydroserricornin, (2S,3S)-2,6-diethyl-3,5-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran, showed that the magnitude of its activity was less than 1/103 of that of serricornin, 7-hydroxy-4,6-dimethyl-3-nonanone, the sex pheromone of the cigarette beetleLasioderma serricorne (F.). Neither a synergistic nor an inhibitory effect of anhydroserricornin addition on the action of serricornin was observed.
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    Oviposition deterrent from eggs ofCallosobruchus maculatus: Spacing mechanism or artifact? (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 219-226 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ablation ; egg dispersion ; oviposition deterrent ; foretarsi ; palpi ; antennae ; Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; Callosobruchus maculatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Females ofCallosobruchus maculatus (F.) avoid ovipositing on host seeds already bearing conspecific eggs, and thus distribute eggs evenly among seeds. This behavior was presumed to be mediated by an ether-soluble “oviposition marker” that is deposited with the egg and can be extracted from egg-laden artificial hosts (glass beads). Ablation experiments revealed that the true factors promoting an even dispersion of eggs were perceived by the maxillary and labial palpi. In contrast, receptors on the antennae were largely responsible for avoidance of seeds treated with “oviposition marker.” Taken together, these results suggest that a careful distinction should be drawn between factors that promote spacing of eggs under natural conditions and general oviposition deterrents that may be isolated from both sexes.
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    Interactions of alkaloids with galeal chemosensory cells of colorado potato beetle (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 2009-2022 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Colorado potato beetle ; deterrent receptor ; feeding deterrents ; alkaloids ; sugar receptor ; amino acid receptor ; chemoreception ; steroidal alkaloids ; antifeedants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The galeal chemosensory system of the adult Colorado potato beetle was used as a model to study the effects of alkaloids on insect gustation. Nine alkaloids, representing a wide range of structural types, were used. Their ability to stimulate chemosensory cells when presented in isolation and their ability to interfere with normal chemosensory processes were emphasized. None of the alkaloids stimulated chemosensory cells in a dose-dependent manner, although a few stimulated low-level activity from some cells. There was no evidence for a general “deterrent receptor” in these beetles. Some of the alkaloids had a marked inhibitory effect on normal chemosensory responses. Tomatine, solanine, papaverine, and sparteine significantly inhibited responses to amino acids (represented by GABA) while quinine and papaverine inhibited responses to sucrose. An attempt was made to correlate neurophysiological action of some alkaloids with their effects on feeding behavior. It was clear from this correlation that even a dramatic inhibition of sensory input by an alkaloid does not necessarily lead to measurable effects on behavior. The results are discussed in the context of current theories on the mode of action of alkaloids and other secondary plant compounds which may be involved in host recognition by phytophagous insects.
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    Identification of a volatile attractant forDiabrotica andAcalymma spp. from blossoms ofCucurbita maxima duchesne (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 687-699 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Attractant ; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera ; Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi ; Acalymma vittatum ; indole ; Cucurbita maxima ; electroantennogram ; floral volatile ; Chrysomelidae ; Cucurbitaceae ; Coleoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Fractionation of headspace volatiles fromCucurbita maxima blossoms by high-performance liquid chromatography resulted in the isolation of a single component which was highly active in an electroantennogram bioassay onDiabrotica undecimpunctata howardi antennae. This compound was identified as indole by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Field-trapping bioassays were conducted which indicated that indole is a potent attractant of the western corn rootworm,D. virgifera virgifera, and the striped cucumber beetle,Acalymma vittatum. The southern corn rootworm,D. u. howardi, did not respond, despite its strong EAG response. The sex ratio ofD. v. virgifera found in indole-baited traps varied seasonally. Males were trapped in abundance in late July and later September, 1983, while females were more abundant August and early September. The effectiveness of indole as aD. v. virgifera attractant also varied seasonally. A prolonged period of depressed trap catches occurred in early August 1983, during the silking and tasseling period of the corn in the field where trapping was carried out.
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    Electroantennogram responses by mountain pine beetles,Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, exposed to selected semiochemicals (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 1603-1621 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Mountain pine beetle ; Dendroctonus ponderosae ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; electroantennograms ; pheromones ; kairomones ; inhibitors ; host selection ; aggregation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electroantennograms (EAGs) were obtained forD. ponderosae to the bark beetle pheromonestrans-verbenol,cis-verbenol,exo-brevicomin,endo-brevicomin, frontalin, verbenone; to the kairomones, α-pinene, β-pinene, camphene, Δ-3-carene, limonene, myrcene; to a blend (1∶1∶1) oftrans-verbenol,exo-brevicomin, and myrcene; and to diacetone-alcohol. Male and female responses, in general, did not differ significantly over the whole EAG dose-response curves but differed at a few concentrations on many of the curves. There were more differences noted for pheromones than kairomones. The blend yielded among the largest EAGs in both sexes and appeared to show synergism. Responses of females were lower than those for males in most instances. Significant differences in responses by the two sexes were much fewer for the kairomones than the pheromones. EAG recovery rates tested at only one concentration showed significant differences between males and females for three pheromones,trans-verbenol,cis-verbenol, and verbenone, and two kairomones, camphene and Δ-3-carene. Thresholds were quite low for most of the odorants exceptcis-verbenol, camphene, verbenone, and diacetone-alcohol in females, andcis-verbenol, verbenone, α-pinene, and diacetone-alcohol in males. The results, using at least one EAG parameter, support behavioral and field studies involvingexo-brevicomin,trans-verbenol, frontalin, and the blend.
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    Defensive steroids from a carrion beetle (Silpha novaboracensis) (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 35-38 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Silphidae ; Silpha novaboracensis ; steroids ; pregnanes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two novel steroids, 3α,7β-dihydroxy-14β-pregn-4-en-15,20-dione (1) and 3α,7β, 20ξ-trihydroxy-14β-pregn-4-en-15-one (4), have been characterized from the rectal gland ofSilpha novaboracensis (Coleoptera: Silphidae). Judging from the function of comparable pregnanes in another species ofSilpha, the compounds may play an antipredator role.
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    Growth ofLeptinotarsa decemlineata larvae in response to simultaneous variation in protein and glycoalkaloid concentration (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 39-46 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Solanum ; glycoalkaloid ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; protein ; growth ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; α-tomatine ; α-solamarine ; β-solamarine ; α-solamine ; α-chacomine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Growth of larvae of the Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), as measured by weight gain, was determined when larvae were reared on synthetic diets containing measured quantities of protein and one of fiveSolanum glycoalkaloids. Data were analyzed to determine if growth was affected by these two aspects of phytochemical variation independently, or if there was a significant interaction component in larval weight gain to simultaneous variation in protein and glycoalkaloid concentration. For four of the five glycoalkaloids examined, a bivariate regression model without interaction accurately accounted for growth ofL. decemlineata larvae. For alpha-tomatine, however, a regression model with the addition of a (protein × glycoalkaloid) interaction term more accurately accounted for larval growth. The influence of this interaction was less than either protein or glycoalkaloid concentration alone. The variation in protein concentration accounted for most of the variation in larval growth, and high protein concentrations could more than offset the effect of high concentration of any of the five glycoalkaloids.
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    Responses of parasiteEdovum puttleri to kairomone from eggs of colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 335-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Kairomone ; parasite ; host finding ; host acceptance ; behavior ; Edovum puttleri ; Hymenoptera ; Eulophidae ; Colorado potato beetle ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract When females of the eulophid parasiteEdovum puttleri were exposed to ann-hexane wash of eggs of the Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata, their responses indicated that the eggs contained a kairomone which elicited host-finding and host-acceptance behaviors. The hostfinding responses included an increased amount of time searching glass beads treated with kairomone, and drumming on the beads with the flagellum of the antennae. Host-acceptance responses included grasping of the beads with the legs, raising of the abdomen, and probing the kairomone-treated surface with the ovipositor. None of these responses were noted in females on beads treated only with hexane, or in males exposed to kairomone-treated beads. When kairomone was applied to a flat surface, filter paper disks, few episodes of drumming and no episodes of probing with the ovipositor were noted. Responses ofE.puttleri to eggs of Colorado potato beetle were similar to those on kairomone-treated beads, but females normally drilled into eggs and fed on host fluids after retracting the ovipositor. The kairomone is volatile, and responsiveness was reduced in parasites exposed to beads treated several hours previously.
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    Olfaction in the boll weevil,Anthonomus grandis Boh. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): Electroantennogram studies (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1759-1785 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cotton boll weevil ; Anthonomus grandis ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; pheromone ; kairomone ; plant odor ; olfaction ; electroantennogram ; attractant ; host plant ; green leaf volatiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electroantennogram (EAG) techniques were utilized to measure the antennal olfactory responsiveness of adult boll weevils,Anthonomus grandis Boh. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), to 38 odorants, including both insect and host plant (Gossypium hirsutum L.) volatiles. EAGs of both sexes were indicative of at least two receptor populations: one receptor population primarily responsive to pheromone components and related compounds, the other receptor population primarily responsive to plant odors. Similar responses to male aggregation pheromone components (i.e., compounds I, II, and III + IV) were obtained from both sexes, but females were slightly more sensitive to I. Both sexes were highly responsive to components of the “green leaf volatile complex,” especially the six-carbon saturated and monounsaturated primary alcohols. Heptanal was the most active aldehyde tested. More acceptors responded to oxygenated monoterpenes than to monoterpene hydrocarbons. β-Bisabolol, the major volatile of cotton, was the most active sesquiterpene. In general, males, which are responsible for host selection and pheromone production, were more sensitive to plant odors than were females. In fact, males were as sensitive to β-bisabolol and heptanal as to aggregation pheromone components. Electrophysiological data are discussed with regard to the role of insect and host plant volatiles in host selection and aggregation behavior of the boll weevil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987360
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    Antennal olfactory responsiveness of three sympatricIps species [Ips avulsus (Eichhoff),Ips calligraphus (Germar),Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff)], to intra- and interspecific behavioral chemicals (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1289-1304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Electroantennogram ; pheromone ; bark beetles ; Ips, Dendroctonus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; olfactory receptors ; intraspecific ; interspecific ; electrophysiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electroantennograms (EAGs) from male and femaleIps avulsus, I. calligraphus, andI. grandicollis to their pheromones and selected host odorants or kairomones verified the presence of antennal olfactory receptors in both sexes of each species capable of detecting ipsdienol, ipsenol,cis- andtrans-verbenol,endo-brevicomin α-pinene, frontalin, and verbenone. Each species possesses receptors with lower thresholds and in greater abundance for the compounds they produce and to which they are behaviorally most responsive. Detection of bothIps andDendroctonus pheromones by the three cohabiting species provides a sensory basis for olfactory interactions among the species. Differences in both threshold and saturation levels for EAGs for the various behavioral chemicals could denote differences in specific behavioral roles for each compound.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01019353
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    Quantitative variation of pheromone components in the spruce bark beetleIps typographus from different attack phases (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1029-1055 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ips typographus ; spruce bark beetle ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol ; ipsenol ; cis-verbenol ; ipsdienol ; trans-verbenol ; verbenone ; myrtenol ; trans-myrtanol ; 2-phenylethanol ; ß-isophorone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ips typographus beetles were collected in the field, separated into eight attack phases (from beetles walking on the trunk of a tree under attack to those excavating gallery systems with a mother gallery longer than 4 cm), and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol,cis- andtrans-verbenol, verbenone, myrtenol, trans-myrtanol, ipsenol, ipsdienol, and 2-phenylethanol were quantified from excised hindguts against an internal standard, heptyl acetate, in the extraction solvent. Methylbutenol, the pinene alcohols, and 2-phenylethanol showed the same pattern of variation between attack phases in males, with the largest amounts present before accepting females and then a fast decline. Ipsenol and ipsdienol were not detected in males before the females were accepted, and the amounts increased when the females start their egg laying. Verbenone occurred only in trace amounts. The beetles were sampled from five Norway spruce trees (Picea abies) of differing resin flow. The correlations between the nine pheromone components and five major host monoterpenes in the gut showed that the variation in the amount of methyl-butenol, ipsenol, and ipsdienol could not be explained by the variation in the amounts of host monoterpenes. In contrast over 80% of the quantitative variation ofcis-verbenol,trans-verbenol, and myrtenol was explained by the amount of α-pinene. The nine pheromone components from 36 individual males were also quantified. Both methylbutenol andcis-verbenol showed a large variation in both amounts and proportions. Females containedtrans-verbenol and traces of most other components found in males. When accepted by the male, they also contained a female-specific compound, β-isophorone. Behavioral and biosynthetic implications of the results are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987511
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    Chemical communication in cucujid grain beetles (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 2071-2098 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Grain beetles ; Coleoptera ; Cucujidae ; Cathartus quadricollis ; Cryptolestes ferrugineus ; C. pusillus ; C. turcicus ; Oryzaephilus mercator ; O. surinamensis ; macrolide aggregation pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Males of five sympatric species of economically damaging cucujid grain beetles,Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens),C. pusillus (Schönhen),C. turcicus (Grouvelle),Oryzaephilus mercator (Fauvel), andO. surinamensis (L.), produce macrolide aggregation pheromones especially in the presence of food. Work leading to the isolation, identification, and establishment of biological activity of these semiochemicals is reviewed. The trivial name “cucujolide” is proposed and used to identify these compounds that are characteristic of the Cucujidae. The twoOryzaephilus share species share a common cucujolide pheromone, whileCryptolestes species use cucujolides that are either enantiomeric, unique to the genus, or released in trace quantities byOryzaephilus spp. and not used as pheromones by the latter species. The major mechanisms for species specificity in chemical communication are: (1) presence of a unique pheromone (C. ferrugineus andC. pusillus); (2) use of pheromones that are inactive alone but synergize response to cucujolides unique to a species (C. pusillus, C. turcicus, andO. surinamensis); (3) response to only one enantiomer of a pheromone (C. ferrugineus, O. surinamensis, andO. mercator); and (4) synergism between enantiomers of a pheromone (C. turcicus). The only species for which cross-attraction was evident wasO. mercator toO. surinamensis. Both sexes ofOryzaephilus spp. produce (R)-1-octen-3-ol, which highly synergizes response to the cucujolide pheromones. Similar synergism occurs between hexanal, octanal, and nonanal and the cucujolide pheromones ofOryzaephilus spp. The males of a sixth cucujid species,Cathartus quadricollis (Guér) produce a different aggregation pheromone, (3R,6E)-7-methyl-6-nonen-3-yl acetate. Trapping ofCryptolestes andOryzaephilus spp. in cardboard traps baited with pheromones is efficient in environments mimicking food-storage areas. Pheromone-baited plastic probe traps are the most efficient at capturing these species in infested grain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01014251
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    Aggregation pheromone of square-necked grain beetle,Cathartus quadricollis (Guér.) (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 2169-2184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cathartus quadricollis (Guér.) ; square-necked grain beetle ; Coleoptera ; Cucujidae ; aggregation pheromone ; (3R,6E)-7-methyl-6-nonen-3-yl acetate ; (E)-7-methyl-6-nonen-3-one ; (E)-7-methyl-6-nonen-3-ol ; (6E)-7-methyl-3-propyl-2,6-nonadienyl acetate ; 1-octen-3-ol ; repellent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract When feeding on rolled oats, male square-necked grain beetles,Cathartus quadricollis (Guér.), produced the aggregation pheromone (3R,6E)-7-methyl-6-nonen-3-yl acetate, for which the trival name “quadrilure” is proposed. The pheromone was highly attractive to both sexes in a two-choice, pitfall olfactometer modified to retain responding beetles by placing a food stimulus (an oat flake) in the glass vials containing the experimental and control stimuli. TheS enantiomer of the pheromone was inactive. Males also produced small amounts of (E)-7-methyl-6-nonen-3-one, (E)-7-methyl-6-nonen-3-ol, and (6E)-7-methyl-3-propyl-2,6-nonadienyl acetate, but these compounds were inactive in the laboratory bioassay. Segregated males and females both produced (R)-(−)-1-octen-3-ol, which by itself was repellent to both sexes but did not diminish beetle response to the aggregation pheromone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01014023
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    Partial inhibition of pheromone production inDendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) by polysubstrate monooxygenase inhibitors (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 529-536 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dendroctonus ponderosae ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; pheromones ; trans-verbenol ; ipsdienol ; allelochemicals ; mixed-function oxidases ; monooxygenase inhibitors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Female and male mountain pine beetles,Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, were treated topically with piperonyl butoxide or sesame oil, both of which are known to inhibit poly substrate monooxygenase activity. Beetles then exposed to vapors of the host monoterpenes α-pinene and myrcene were found to contain reduced levels of the pheromonestrans-verbenol and ipsdienol, as well as a buildup of monoterpene precursors. Polysubstrate monooxygenase enzymes appear to be at least partially responsible for the detoxification of host monoterpenes and for the production of terpene alcohol pheromones in this species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01013904
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    Attraction of adultDiabrotica (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to corn silks and analysis of the host-finding response (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 635-651 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Rootworm adults ; Diabrotica spp. ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; attraction ; corn ; flight tunnel ; ethograms ; host finding ; bioassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Volatile chemicals from corn silks attractedDiabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte andD. barberi (Smith and Lawrence). The behavioral response of both species of beetles to the host plant was typified by four distinct phases: perception, random movement, orientation to the source, and search with reorientation. The perception phase was composed of stationary behaviors, while the random, orientation, and search phases were composed of directed and nondirected movements. Each of the movement phases had a characteristic response pattern composed of the ratio of upwind, lateral, and downwind walking and flight movements, which affected net displacement of the beetle in the flight tunnel. The perception phase occurred within and between the other phases and was responsible for initiating changes from one movement phase to another (based on the presence or absence of volatiles from corn silks). Host finding was flexible, and the response pattern fit a flow-chart type of response, rather than a single stereotyped sequence of behaviors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01013912
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    Attraction of adult sweet potato weevils,Cylas formicarius elegantulus (Summers), (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), to sweet potato leaf and root volatiles (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1095-1106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sweet potato weevil ; Cylas formicarius elegantulus ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Ipomoea batatas ; sweet potato volatiles ; sesquiterpenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A dual-choice olfactometer was developed to study the responses of sweet potato weevils,Cylas formicarius elegantulus (Summers), to volatiles from the sweet potato,Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. Both males and females were attracted by volatiles from sweet potato leaves and a methylene chloride leaf extract. Females, but not males, responded to volatiles from storage roots and a methylene chloride root extract. Leaves and storage roots from four sweet potato cultivars (Centennial, Jewel, Resisto, and Regal) were attractive to female weevils; however, the attractant response varied with cultivar. GC profiles from leaf and root extracts, and GC-MS analysis of leaf extract, for Jewel cultivar enabled the volatile peaks to be identified as sesquiterpenes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01015202
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    Field responses of certain forest Coleoptera to conifer monoterpenes and ethanol (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1729-1745 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Kairomones ; host attraction ; monoterpenes ; ethanol synergism ; turpentine ; trapping ; Cerambycidae ; Scolytidae ; Curculionidae ; Cleridae ; Buprestidae ; Dryocetes autographus ; Monochamus scutellatus ; Hylobius pales ; Coleoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments using baited sticky stovepipe traps and Lindgren multiple funnel traps were done near Chalk River, Ontario, Canada, to determine the effects of conifer monoterpenes (α-pinene, β-pinene, myrcene, limonene, camphene and carene) and ethanol on the number of beetles captured. Several species of conifer-feeding beetles were attracted to the monoterpenes or to monoterpenes and ethanol, including species in the families Cerambycidae (Asemum striatum, Acmaeops proteus, Xylotrechus undulatus, Monochamus scutellatus), Curculionidae (Pissodes strobi, Hylobius pales), and Scolytidae (Dryocetes autographus, Ips grandicollis). Species of Buprestidae generally did not respond to the monoterpenes or to ethanol. Species of Cleridae (Thanasimus dubius, Enoclerus nigripes rufiventris, Enoclerus nigrifrons gerhardi) which are predators of conifer bark beetles were attracted to the monoterpenes. Synergism between monoterpenes and ethanol was evident forM. scutellatus, H. pales, andD. autographus. While α-pinene was the most potent attractant for most beetle species, monoterpenes other than α-pinene synergized attraction to ethanol forD. autographus. Attraction of beetles to commercial turpentine and ethanol did not differ significantly from attraction to a pure monoterpene blend and ethanol.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012261
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    Pygidial secretions ofPasimachus subsulcatus (Coleoptera: Carabidae) deter predation byEumeces inexpectatus (Squamata: Scincidae) (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1033-1044 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Defensive mechanism ; avoidance response ; Eumeces inexpectatus ; Pasimachus subsulcatus ; Coleoptera ; Carabidae ; lizard ecology ; lizard predation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The carabid beetlePasimachus subsulcatus is an abundant ground-dwelling insect in west central Florida that exudes a powerful mucous membrane irritant when disturbed. This secretion can be sprayed over 10 cm from the abdominal tip. The southeastern five-lined skink,Eumeces inexpectatus, is an abundant insectivorous lizard sympatric withPasimachus. We assessed the availability ofPasimachus toEumeces and found it to be within the foraging microenvironment of the lizard. Analysis ofEumeces gut contents and field feeding trials indicate thatPasimachus are not ingested by the lizard, yet arthropods of comparable size and exoskeletal thickness are ingested. The movement response ofEumeces to isolatedPasimachus secretion constituents, conducted in a modified Y-maze laboratory experiment, was used to assess the repellent capabilities of the secretion.Eumeces are consistently repelled byPasimachus secretion constituents, indicating that the beetle is protected chemically from the lizard.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01015197
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    Structure-activity studies on aggregation pheromone components ofPityogenes chalcographus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 685-695 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Synergism ; aggregation pheromone ; Pityogenes chalcographus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; chalcogran ; methyl (2E,4Z)-2,4-decadienoate ; enantiomers ; isomers ; stereoisomers ; synthesis ; bioassay ; structure-activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Syntheses of all four Stereoisomers (2S,5S; 2S,5R;2R,5R; and2R,5S) of chalcogran, a major component of the aggregation pheromone ofPityogenes chalcographus, and of all four isomers (2Z,4Z; 2Z,4E; 2E,4E; and 2E,4Z) of methyl 2,4-decadienoate (MD), the second major pheromone component, are briefly described. Attraction responses of walking beetles of both sexes were tested to mixtures of the synergistic pheromone components or analogs. These bioassays showed that theE,Z isomer of MD is the most active when tested with chalcogran. When tested with (E,Z)-MD, (2S,5R)-chalcogran was the most active stereoisomer, while 2R,5R and 2R,5S isomers had intermediate activities, and the 2S,5S isomer was inactive. There was no evidence that the relatively less active Stereoisomers of chalcogran inhibited or promoted attraction to (2S,5R)-chalcogran with (E,Z)-MD. Male beetles only produce the activeE,Z isomer of MD (inactive alone) and their hindguts contain the most active (2S,5R)- and least active (2S,5S)-chalcogran. A mixture of all MD isomers with racemic chalcogran was not significantly different in attractivity compared to (E,Z)-MD with racemic chalcogran, indicating no synergistic or inhibitory effects of the inactive isomers of MD.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01014711
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    Host plant iridoid-based chemical defense of an aphid,Acyrthosiphon nipponicus, against ladybird beetles (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1837-1845 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Defense ; deterrent ; sequestration ; iridoid glycoside ; paederoside ; Acyrthosiphon nipponicus ; Homoptera ; aphid ; Aphididae ; Harmonia axyridis ; Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae ; Paederia scandens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A Rubiaceae-feeding aphid,Acyrthosiphon nipponicus, is seldom attacked by the ladybird beetle,Harmonia axyridis. A potent deterrent against the beetle was isolated from the aphid and identified as paederoside, an iridoid glycoside originating in the aphid's host,Paederia scandens. The iridoid content was as high as 2% of the intact body weight, and a large portion was found in the cornicle secretion.
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    Saw-toothed grain beetleOryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1015-1031 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Saw-toothed grain beetle ; Oryzaephilus surinamensis ; Coleoptera ; Silvanidae ; aggregation pheromone ; electroantennogram ; behavioral bioassay ; blend ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The antennal and behavioral responses of the saw-toothed grain beetle,Oryzaephilus surinamensis, to the three components of its male-produced aggregation pheromone were investigated. EAG recordings showed no differences between the responses of the two sexes to the synthetic pheromone components. In contrast, laboratory behavioral assays demonstrated marked differences between the sexes. More females than males were consistently attracted to mixtures of the synthetic components, and this bias appeared to be caused by one component in the blend. Altering the blend ratio resulted in changes in the ratio of the sexes attracted. Thus, if, as suggested by preliminary work, males vary the blend produced, this should alter the relative response of the sexes to the aggregation pheromone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01015196
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    Interactions of pheromone component odor plumes of western pine beetle (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 2143-2157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dendroctonus brevicomis ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; pheromone ; synergism ; plumes ; exo-brevicomin ; frontalin ; myrcene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The relationships between catch ofD. brevicomis LeC. at sources of the synergistic pheromone components,exo-brevicomin (E) and frontalin (F), and increasing distance of separation of sources were investigated in the forest. The two components were each released with the host monoterpene, myrcene (M), in trap pairs. The traps of each pair were spaced apart at various distances (0–16 m) in either horizontal or vertical lines that were perpendicular to the mean wind direction. Both sexes were most strongly attracted when the two components were released from the same source, and increasing distance of separation between components caused exponential decreases in trap catch for all trap configurations. Males were significantly more attracted to traps with E, M alone than to corresponding traps with F, M alone, while females exhibited a preference for F, M. The theoretical relationships and properties of two coalescing plumes of individual components and their intersecting “active space” are presented and discussed. It is proposed that “confusion” or “communication disruption” techniques for insect control may be more successful if components are released individually from many points rather than released similarly in blends.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012563
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    Field response of spruce bark beetle,Ips typographus, to aggregation pheromone candidates (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 701-716 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol ; cis-verbenol ; trans-verbenol ; myrtenol ; trans-myrtanol ; 2-phenylethanol ; ipsdienol ; subtractive assay ; Ips typographus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Picea abies ; host volatiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Six compounds previously identified from hindguts of unmated maleIps typographus (L.) during host colonization: 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MB),cis-verbenol (cV),trans-verbenol (tV), myrtenol (Mt),trans-myrtanol (tM), and 2-phenylethanol (PE), were tested for their attractivity in the field with a subtractive method. The amounts of MB and cV released from a pipe trap were similar to those given off from the commercial bait Ipslure as well as that from a Norway spruce tree,Picea abies (L.) Karst., under mass attack. The blend of the compounds became nonattractive when either MB or cV was subtracted, while subtraction of any of the other four compounds had no effect. Addition of ipsdienol (Id) to the blend did not significantly increase the attraction. In a second comparative test, the addition of three compounds as a group (tV + Mt + PE) to MB + cV again had no effect on the attraction, but the addition of Id increased the catch somewhat. Addition of host logs to a bait releasing MB + cV at a rate lower than in previous experiments did not influence the attraction to pipe traps. Sticky traps containing natural pheromone sources (50 males in a log), which released 1–5 mg/day of MB as determined by aerations with deuterated MB as internal standard, were less attractive than a synthetic source releasing similar amounts of MB.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020153
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