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  • Articles  (70,290)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Über Waldtruthühner in Nordost-Mexiko (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 36 (1990), S. 22-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the Mexican state of Nuevo León a two year freeland investigation of wild turkeys(Meleagris gallopavo) was undertaken. The transition zone between the open woodland formation of the lower slopes and the oak-pine forests of the middle slopes on the luv side of the eastern Sierra Madre Mountains provide an optimum habitat for the turkeys. Data on population density and habitat preferences with the seasonal changes over the course of the year were collected. The results provide an insight into the social and reproductive behaviour of the turkeys as well as a measure of success in brood rearing. Relationships were demonstrated between management for hunting and protection of this species, which is still relatively common in certain areas.
    Abstract: Résumé Dans l'Etat fédéral mexicain Nuevo León, deux années d'étude sur le terrain ont été consacrées au Dindon sauvage(Meleagris gallopavo). Un habitat optimal est constitué par la zone d'interpénétration entre les formations ouvertes du bocage des versants inférieurs et les chênaies (-pineraies) des versants moyens sur le flanc ouest, exposé au vent, de la Sierra Madre. Des données ont été rassemblées sur la densité de population et sur les éco-preferenda saisonniers. Les résultats livrent quelques indications sur le comportement social et sexual de l'espèce ainsi que sur le succès de l'élevage des jeunes. Sont évoquées les relations entre la gestion cynégétique et la protection de ce gallinacé forestier sauvage dont l'abondance, dans certains secteurs tout au moins, n'est pas négligeable.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im mexikanischen Bundesstaat Nuevo León wurde eine zweijährige Freilandstudie an Waldtruthühnern(Meleagris gallopavo) durchgeführt. Einen optimalen Habitat bietet die Verzahnungszone zwischen den offenen Buschwaldformationen der unteren Hanglagen und Eichen-(Kiefern-) Wäldern der mittleren Hanglagen an der Luvseite des östlichen Sierra-Madre-Gebirges. Es wurden Daten über die Populationsdichte und Habitatpräferenz im Wechsel der Jahreszeiten erhoben. Die Ergebnisse eröffnen zugleich Einblicke in das Sozial- und Fortpflanzungsverhalten sowie den Erfolg bei der Jungenaufzucht. Es werden Zusammenhänge zwischen jagdlicher Bewirtschaftung und dem Schutz dieser in Teilgebieten noch recht häufigen Waldhuhnart aufgezeigt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02242436
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Partielle Synostose der Stirnbeine am Schädel eines Rehbockes (Capreolus capreolus L.) (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 36 (1990), S. 57-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Presented is a case of synostosis of the frontals in the folded region of the interfrontal suture in a roe buck, aged five years. The anomaly is interpreted as a result of irritation of the frontal periosteum caused by injuries during butting.
    Abstract: Résumé On décrit une difformité de la voûte crânienne au niveau du repli de la suture interfrontale chez un brocard de 5 ans. On considère que la cause de l'anomalie réside dans une stimulation de l'activité du périoste par suite d'une blessure provoquée par un coup asséné par les bois d'un rival.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Beschrieben wird eine Verwachsung der Stirnbeine im Bereich des Faltteils derSutura interfrontalis bei einem fünfjährigen Rehbock. Als Ursache der Anomalie wird eine Periostreizung infolge Forkelverletzung angenommen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02242439
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Doppelmißbildung der Zehen (Polydactylie) an den Hinterläufen einer Rehgeiß (Capreolus capreolus L. 1758) (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 36 (1990), S. 63-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A two years old doe(Capreolus capreolus) was found with four toes on both hind legs, i.e. a doubling of the Autopodium. We explain it as a teratologic formation/growth.
    Abstract: Résumé Une chevrette(Capreolus capreolus) avec quatre orteils aux deux pattes arrières est décrite, c'est-à-dire avec un dédoublement de l'autopode. On explique ce phénomène par la présence d'une formation tératologique.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei einer 2- bis 3jährigen Rehgeiß(Capreolus capreolus) ist eine beidseitige Vierzehigkeit der Hinterläufe, d.h. Doppelbildung des Autopodiums, nachgewiesen. Sie wird als teratologische Bildung gedeutet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02242441
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deutscher Jagdtourismus in Kanada (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 36 (1990), S. 43-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In 1988 a questionnaire survey was conducted among all German hunters who hunted in Canada in the period 1985 to 1987. The objective was to determine the demographic and psychological characteristics of hunting tourists, the number and species of harvested game as well as to assess the costs. German hunting tourists are primarily middle aged and elderly men with a high social status. The pleasure of purely shooting the game is certainly not the main motivation for German hunters to go to Canada. Rather, the hunting experience in a natural setting, as is not any longer possible in Germany, is of primary importance. Trophy hunting is mainly for horn and antler trophies. Hence, the German hunter in Canada looks for game similar to that in Germany. Hunting and cultural traditions are a major consideration here. The interest in trophies is less among hunters that pursue predators. The hunting of this game fulfils the desire to have unique or exotic hunting experiences. The expenses for this type of hunting are relatively high for the individuals concerned. However, these costs amount to only a negligible fraction of the total hunting expenditures in Canada.
    Abstract: Résumé En 1988, une enquête écrite a été effectuée auprès des chasseurs allemands venus chasser au Canada entre 1985 et 1987. Le but de l'enquête consistait à caractériser le profil démographique et psychologique des touristes-chausseurs, à établir une statistique cynégétique et à faire une évaluation des dépenses exposées à cette occasion. Les chasseurs-touristes sont d'abord des hommes de la cinquantaine, de couches sociales élevées. Le plaisir du tir proprement dit n'est pas, de toute évidence, la motivation principale des touristeschasseurs allemands voyageant au Canada. L'experience cynégétique dans un environnement naturel, inexistant en Allemagne, est primordiale à leurs yeux. La chasse au trophée se concentre essentiellement sur les cervicornes et les cavicornes. Le chasseur allemand recherche donc au Canada des trophées analogues à ceux que l'on trouve en Allemagne. La tradition et la culture cynégétiques jouent ici certainement un rôle déterminant. Pour les amateurs de tableaux de chasse, l'intérêt pour le trophée passe en effet à l'arrière-plan. La chasse de ces espèces-gibier est motivée par une expérience cynégétique inhabituelle et exotique. Les dépenses pour certains touristes-chasseurs sont relativement élevées. Au total, elles ne constituent cependant pas une part significative par rapport à l'ensemble des dépenses liées à la chasse au Canada.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1988 wurde bei deutschen Jägern, die in den Jahren 1985 bis 1987 in Kanada auf der Jagd waren, eine schriftliche Befragung durchgeführt. Ziel war eine demographische und psychologische Charakterisierung der Jagdtouristen, eine Jagdstatistik und die Ermittlung der Kosten. Deutsche Jagdtouristen sind in erster Linie Männer mittleren bis höheren Alters aus hohen sozialen Schichten. Die Lust am reinen Töten ist ganz sicher nicht die Hauptmotivation für deutsche Jagdtouristen, nach Kanada zu fahren. Das Jagderlebnis in einer natürlichen Umgebung, die es in Deutschland nicht mehr gibt, ist ihnen offensichtlich am wichtigsten. Die Trophäenjagd konzentriert sich überwiegend auf Gehörn- und Geweihträger. Der deutsche Jäger in Kanada sucht also nach Trophäen, die denen in Deutschland ähnlich sind. Hier spielen sicherlich Jagdtradition und Jagdkultur eine entscheidende Rolle. Bei Beutegreifern tritt das Trophäeninteresse in den Hintergrund. Bei der Jagd auf diese Wildarten spielt die Motivation, außergewöhnliche oder exotische Jagderlebnisse zu haben, eine wesentlich größere Rolle. Die Aufwendungen sind für den einzelnen Jagdtouristen relativ hoch. Insgesamt bilden sie aber keinen nennenswerten Anteil an den Gesamtaufwendungen für die Jagd in Kanada.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02242438
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetische Variabilität beim Mufflon(Ovis ammon musimon) (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 36 (1990), S. 95-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In order to determine the biochemical-genetic variability among European Mouflon(Ovis ammon musimon) 31 isoenzyme systems were investigated using starch gel electrophoresis and enzyme specific analyses. A total of 34 animals from 4 different populations were used in the investigation. Only one genetic polymorphism(Es-2) was demonstrated out of 46 testable gene loci. With an average polymorphic rate of 2.2 % and an average heterozygotic rate of 1.1 %, the European wild sheep is one of the least biochemical-genetically variable species among large mammals investigated. The probable cause for this low variability could well be the small number of animals introduced into the European mainland which provided the basis for present populations. However, other possibilities influencing variability such as the pre-historical population history of the species and the cladogenesis of the Caprini are discussed.
    Abstract: Résumé Afin de déterminer la variabilité génétique au niveau biochimique chez le Mouflon(Ovis ammon musimon), 31 systèmes d'iso-enzymes, provenant d'un total de 34 animaux issus de 4 populations différentes, ont été analysés par électrophorèse horizontale au gel d'amidon et par des méthodes spécifiques aux analyses enzymatiques. Parmi 46 loci analysables un seul(Es-2) révéla un polymorphisme génétique. Avec un taux moyen de polymorphisme de 2,2 % et un taux moyen d'hétérozygotie de 1,1 %, le Mouflon fait partie des espèces montrant la variabilité génétique biochimique la plus faible parmi les grands mammifères étudiés jusqu'ici. Comme explication la plus vraisemblable de cette constatation, on invoque une acclimatation sur le continent européen ayant procédé au moyen d'un nombre réduit d'individus; d'autres influences déterminantes sont cependant avancées comme le développement des effectifs de l'espèce au cours de la préhistoire ainsi que la cladogenèse des Caprins.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Um die biochemisch-genetische Variabilität beim Mufflon(Ovis ammon musimon) zu ermitteln, wurden bei insgesamt 34 Tieren aus 4 verschiedenen Beständen 31 Isoenzymsysteme mittels horizontaler Stärkegelelektrophorese und enzymspezifischer Nachweismethoden untersucht. Von 46 auswertbaren Genloci zeigte sich nur an einem(Es-2) ein genetischer Polymorphismus. Mit einer durchschnittlichen Polymorphierate von 2,2 % und einer durchschnittlichen Heterozygotierate von 1,1 % gehört das Muffelwild unter den bisher untersuchten Großsäugern zu den Arten mit der geringsten biochemisch-genetischen Variabilität. Als wahrscheinlichste Ursache für diesen Befund wird die von geringen Individuenzahlen ausgehende Einbürgerung dieses Wildschafes auf dem europäischen Festland vermutet; es werden jedoch auch andere mögliche Einflußgrößen, wie die prähistorische Bestandesgeschichte der Art und die Kladogenese der Caprini diskutiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02241806
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    2. Arbeitstreffen von Caprinae-Experten in Reno, Nevada (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 36 (1990), S. 271-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02242404
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elektrophoretische Untersuchungen der Superoxiddismutase-Isoenzyme beim hessischen Rotwild (Cervus elaphus L.) (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 37 (1991), S. 35-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD, E.C. 1.15.1.1.) was investigated electrophoretically in 196 muscle-, heart- and liver samples of red deer from the forest Reinhardswald, a game preserve in Hessen, Western Germany. The banding patterns in the electropherograms can be interpreted as products of two loci, one of them coding for an enzyme of dimeric quarternary structure. The observed genotypic distribution does not fit Hardy-Weinberg expectations. An excess of heterozygotes is observed. This phenomenon is explained by a sample bias caused by deer management. This study is the basis for further wide ranging investigations, intended to evaluate consequences of wildlife management on the genetic structure of this deer population.
    Abstract: Résumé L'enzyme Superoxiddismutase (SOD, E.C. 1.15.1.1.) a été étudié par électrophorèse continue et focalisation isoélectrique de 196 échantillons d'organes de cerfs provenant de la Réserve cynégétique de la Reinhardswald en Hesse. Les bandes électrophorétiques-types peuvent être interprétées comme étant le résultat de l'action de deux loci, le locus 1 codant un enzyme avec structure quaternaire dimérique. Un test de χ2 révèle que les fréquences observées du génotype s'écartent significativement des fréquences attendues, avec un excédent des hétérozygotes. Cette situation s'explique par le lâcher de cerfs hongrois dans la population autochtone avec, à chaque fois, des fréquences alléliques opposées et un tir sélectif. Ces recherches serviront à fonder des recherches ultérieures sur cette population en faisant appel à d'autres iso-enzymes afin de suivre les effets de la gestion cynégétique sur des paramètres génétiques.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Enzym Superoxiddismutase (SOD, E.C. 1.15.1.1.) wurde mittels der kontinuierlichen Elektrophorese und der isoelektrischen Fokussierung anhand von 196 Rotwild-Organproben aus dem Wildschutzgebiet Reinhardswald/Hessen untersucht. Das Bandenmuster im Elektropherogramm kann als das Produkt zweier Loci interpretiert werden, wobei Genort-1 ein Enzym mit dimerer Quartärstruktur codiert. Im Chi2-Test zeigt sich eine signifikante Abweichung der beobachteten von den erwarteten Genotyphäufigkeiten, ein Überschuß an Heterozygoten wurde beobachtet. Dieser Zustand ist durch das Aussetzen von ungarischem Rotwild in die autochthone Population mit jeweils entgegengerichteten Allelfrequenzen und selektivem Abschuß erklärbar. Die Untersuchungen dienen als Grundstein für nachfolgende Untersuchungen an dieser Population unter Verwendung weiterer Isoenzyme, um Auswirkungen des jagdlichen Managements auf genetische Parameter zu verfolgen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02241645
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    IV. Referate (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 37 (1991), S. 67-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02241651
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Untersuchungen zur genetischen Situation des Damwildes in Nordrhein-Westfalen (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 37 (1991), S. 69-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In order to determine the genetic variability of fallow deer in hunting districts in Northrhine-Westphalia, 6 isoenzyme systems from liver tissue of 56 sample animals were analyzed using gel electrophoresis. Of the 11 gene loci studied, 8 were monomorphic. The average heterozygotic rate of all populations was 1.4 %, the average number of alleles per gene loci was 1.37. No significant differences were found among the populations. Measures concerning the management of fallow deer for hunting are discussed.
    Abstract: Résumé Afin d'établir la variabilité génétique du Daim(Dama dama) sur le plan biochimique dans des territoires de Rhénanie-Westphalie, on a anlysé sur un ensemble de 56 individus six systèmes d'isoenzymes du tissu hépatique par électrophorèse. Des 11 loci géniques recensés, 8 étaient monomorphes. Le taux moyen d'hétérozygotie de toutes les populations s'élevait à 1,4 %, le nombre moyen d'allèles par locus génique à 1,37. Aucune différence significative ne fut décelée entre les populations. Une discussion porte sur les mesures de gestion cynégétique du Daim.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Um die biochemisch erfaßbare genetische Variabilität von Damwild (Dama dama) in Revieren in Nordrhein-Westfalen zu ermitteln, wurden bei insgesamt 56 Individuen sechs Isoenzymsysteme aus Lebergewebe gelelektrophoretisch analysiert. Von den erfaßten 11 Genorten waren 8 monomorph. Die durchschnittliche Heterozygotierate aller Populationen betrug 1,4 %, die durchschnittliche Anzahl Allele pro Genort 1,37. Es fanden sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den Populationen. Maßnahmen zur jagdlichen Bewirtschaftung des Damwildes werden diskutiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02241671
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bonner Jägertage 1992 (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 38 (1992), S. 283-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02242850
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cost-effective network design for groundwater flow monitoring (1990)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 27-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Groundwater monitoring networks ; Information reliability ; Information scales ; Kalman filtering in groundwater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The extensive use of groundwater resources has increased the need for developing cost-effective monitoring networks to provide an indication of the degree to which the subsurface environment has been affected by human activities. This study presents a cost-effective approach to the design of groundwater flow monitoring networks. The groundwater network design is formulated with two problem formats: maximizing the statistical monitoring power for specified budget constraint and minimizing monitoring cost for statistical power requirement. The statistical monitoring power constraint is introduced with an information reliability threshold value. A branch and bound technique is employed to select the optimal solution from a discrete set of possible network alternatives. The method is tested to the design of groundwater flow monitoring problem in the Pomona County, California.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01547730
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Probabilistic modeling of aerated lagoons: A comparison of methodologies (1990)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 65-81 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Lagoons ; Ponds ; Facultative ; First-order kinetics ; Complete mixing ; Probabilistic ; Uncertainty ; Environmental ; Stochastic differential equations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Two stochastic models are developed to describe the BOD output (i.e. effluent) variation of facultative aerated lagoons in series. One of the models uses the uncertainty analysis (UA) technique and the other is based on the moment equation solution methodology of stochastic differential equations (SDE's). The former considers a second-order approximation of the expectation (SOAE) and a first-order approximation of the variance (FOAV). The SDE model considers that output variability is accounted for by random variations in the rate coefficient. Comparisons are provided. Calibration and verification of the two models are aciieved by using field observations from two different lagoon systems in series. The predictive performances of the two models are compared with each other and with another SDE model, presented in a previous paper, that considers input randomness. The three methods show similar predictive performances and provide good predictions of the mean and standard deviation of the lagoon effluent BOD concentrations and thus are considered as appropriate methodologies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01547733
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Estimation of the annual maximum distribution from samples of maxima in separate seasons (1990)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 89-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: maximum precipitation depths ; extreme-value distributions ; seasonal variation ; partial duration series ; model misspecification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Quantile estimates of the annual maximum distribution can be obtained by fitting theoretical distributions to the maxima in separate seasons, e.g. to the monthly maxima. In this paper, asymptotic expressions for the bias and the variance of such estimates are derived for the case that the seasonal maxima follow a Gumbel distribution. Results from these expressions are presented for a situation with no seasonal variation and for maximum precipitation depths at Uccle/Ukkel (Belgium). It is shown that the bias is often negligible and that the variance reduction by using seasonal maxima instead of just the annual maxima strongly depends on the seasonal variation in the data. A comparison is made between the asymptotic standard error of quantile estimates from monthlymaxima with those from a partial duration series. Much attention is paid to the effect of model misspecification on the resulting quantile estimates of the annual maximum distribution. The use of seasonal maxima should be viewed with caution when the upper tail of this distribution is of interest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543284
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parameter identification in tidal models with uncertain boundary conditions (1990)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 193-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic tidal modeling ; parameter identification ; model calibration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In this paper a parameter estimation algorithm is developed to estimate uncertain parameters in two dimensional shallow water flow models. Since in practice the open boundary conditions of these models are usually not known accurately, the uncertainty of these boundary conditions has to be taken into account to prevent that boundary errors are interpreted by the estimation procedure as parameter fluctuations. Therefore the open boundary conditions are embedded into a stochastic environment and a constant gain extended Kalman filter is employed to identify the state of the system. Defining a error functional that measures the differences between the filtered state of the system and the measurements, a quasi Newton method is employed to determine the minimum of this functional. To reduce the computational burden, the gradient of the criterium that is required using the quasi Newton method is determined by solving the adjoint system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543083
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    On the distribution of flood volume in partial duration series analysis of flood phenomena (1990)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 217-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Exponential distribution ; bivariate exponential distribution ; distribution of flood volume ; partial duration series
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A methodology based on the theory of stochastic processes is applied to the analysis of floods. The approach will be based on some results of the theory of extreme values over a threshold. In this paper, we focus on the estimation of the distribution of the flood volume in partial duration series analysis of flood phenomena, by using a bivariate exponential distribution of discharge exceedances and durations over a base level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543085
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Editorial note (1990)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 254-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01544080
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    Rehabilitation and replacement of water distribution system components considering uncertainties (1990)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 277-294 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Water distribution ; optimization ; nonlinear programming ; integer programming ; chance constraints ; rehabilation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents the mathematical development of an integer — nonlinear programming chance — constrained optimization model for the minimum cost rehabilitation/replacement of water distribution system components. Particular attention is given to the handling of uncertainties in the roughness factors and the loading conditions including both the random demand and preassure head requirements. The advantages of the proposed model include the ability to: 1) handle the optimal timing of rehabilitation/replacement for water distribution system components; 2) link a mixed-integer linear program solver, a nonlinear program solver, and a hydraulic simulator into an optimization framework; 3) handle the uncertainties of some of the variables; 4) incorporate various kinds of cost functions; and 5) handle multiple loading conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01544082
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    Assessment of reliability in water distribution networks using entropy based measures (1990)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 309-320 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Entropy ; reliability ; redundancy ; water distribution networks ; nodal pair reliability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Entropy based expressions for measurement of reliability and redundancy have recently been reported. These measures approach assessment of the reliability of the distribution network from the intrinsic redundancy of the network layout. The paper extends earlier work on entropy functions by including a more explicit statement of the alternate paths available in the network and by recognizing that under certain circumstances, e.g., failure of some part of the network work, an outflow link from a node under normal working condition may become an inflow link to the same node. The measures are assessed by comparison with parameters measuring Nodal Pair Reliability and percentage of flow supplied at adequate pressure for a range of networks and link failure conditions in this networks. The entropy measures are shown to reflect changes in the network reliability, as measured by these two comparative parameters, very well.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01544084
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    Evaluation of risk concepts in partial duration series (1991)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 5 (1991), S. 1-16 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Partial duration series ; unbiased risk ; Bayesian risk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Conventional design practice aims at obtaining optimal estimates of floods with specified exceedance probabilities. Such estimates are, however, known on the average to be exceeded more frequently than expected. Alternatively, methods focusing on the expected exceedance probability can be used. Two different methods are considered here; the first is based on the sample distribution of true exceedance probabilities. The second is a Bayesian analogue using the likelihood function and a noninformative prior to describe the variability of exceedance probabilities. Appropriate analytical solutions are presented in both cases using the partial duration series approach.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01544174
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    Derivation of bivariate probability density functions with exponential marginals (1991)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 5 (1991), S. 55-68 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Bivariate probability distribution ; random variables ; zero marginals ; Finch-Groblicki method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A vivariate probability density function (pdf),f(x 1,x 2), admissible for two random variables (X 1,X 2), is of the form $$f(x_1 x_2 ) = f_1 (x_1 )f_2 (x_2 )[1 + \rho \{ F_1 (x_1 ),F_2 (x_2 )\} ]$$ where ρ(u, v) (u=F 1(x 1),v=F 2(x 2)) is any function on the unit square that is 0-marginal and bounded below by−1 andF 1(x 1) andF 2(x 2) are cumulative distribution functions (cdf) of marginal probability density functionsf 1(x 1) andf 2(x 2). The purpose of this study is to determinef(x 1,x 2) for different forms of ρ(u,v). By considering the rainfall intensity and the corresponding depths as dependent random variables, observed and computed probability distributionsF 1(x 1),F(x 1/x 2),F 2(x 2), andF(x 2/x 1) are compared for various forms of ρ(u,v). Subsequently, the best form of ρ(u,v) is specified.
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    Entropy estimation of hydrological extremes (1991)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 5 (1991), S. 77-87 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Flood ; random ; distribution ; estimation ; probability ; entropy ; fractile constraints
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The method of Relative Entropy with Fractile constraints (REF method) is explained and applied to model extreme compound hydrological phenomena, such as extreme sea levels under storm conditions. Also presented is a simple method of Tail Entropy Approximation (TEA), which amounts to a correction of traditional statistical estimates for extreme observations. Distribution assumptions are necessary but downplayed in the REF method, relegating the prior distribution to the role of an extrapolation function. The estimates are objective in an information-theoretical sense. They also satisfy a strict requirement of self-consistency that is generally not satisfied by standard statistical methods: invariance under monotonic transformations of the random variable. Historical records of storm surge levels in the Netherlands and annual maximum tidal heights for Sheerness, UK, are used as examples. Comparison is made with distributions obtained using other methods. It is concluded that the tail entropy approximation provides simple, objective estimates of extremes in the tail beyond the range of observations.
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    On the use of Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis in the simulation of random fields (1991)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 5 (1991), S. 125-134 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis ; random fields ; simulation ; non-homogeneous fields
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In several fields of Geophysics, such as Hydrology, Meteorology or Oceanography, it is often useful to generate random fields, displaying the same variabilitity as the observed variables. Usually, these synthetic data are used as forcing fields into numerical models, to test the sensitivity of their outputs to the variability of the inputs. Examples can be found in subsurface or surface Hydrology and in Meteorology with General Circulation Models (GCM). Different techniques have already been proposed, often based on the spectral representation of the random process, with, usually, assumptions of stationarity. This paper suggests that Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis, which leads to the decomposition of the covariance kernel on the set of its eigen-functions, is a possible answer to this problem. The convergence and accuracy of the method are shown to depend mainly on the number of EOFs retained in the expansion of the covariance kemel. This result is confirmed by a comparison with the turning band method and a matrix technique. Furthermore, a synthetic example of non-homogencous fields shows the interest of EOF analysis in the direct simulation of such fields.
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    A univariate model for long-term streamflow forecasting (1991)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 5 (1991), S. 173-188 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Entropy ; spectral analysis ; streamflow forecasting ; univariate model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper, the first in a series of two, employs the principle of maximum entropy (POME) via maximum entropy spectral analysis (MESA) to develop a univariate model for long-term streamflow forecasting. Three cases of streamflow forecasting are investigated: forward forecasting, backward forecasting (or reconstruction) and intermittent forecasting (or filling in missing records). Application of the model is discussed in the second paper.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01544056
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    Modeling kinetic non-equilibrium using the first two moments of the residence time distribution (1991)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 5 (1991), S. 155-171 
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    Keywords: Kinetic non-equilibrium ; residence time ; spatially variable chemical reactions
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A method for simulating field scale transport of kinetically adsorbing solutes is described. The non-equilibrium adsorption is modeled as a birth and death process and is coupled with the particle tracking approach using the first two moments of the distribution of the particle residence time, i.e., the time that a solute particle stays in the liquid phase. A single residence time distribution, regardless of the initial and final phase, is demonstrated to yield an accurate description of chemical kinetics in the vast majority of field scale problems. The first two moments of the residence time distribution are derived as a function of chemical reaction rates and the transport time interval Δt. It is shown that the first moment of the residence time represents a measure of the speed of the chemical reaction relative to the transport time scale Δt which is chosen depending on the velocity field. The second moment of the residence time reflects the relative importance of the chemical kinetics versus local equilibrium conditions for the given transport time step Δt. The simulated spatial moments of the contaminant plume are compared in the one-dimensional case with available analytical solutions to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed technique. A two-dimensional case for stratified formations is presented to study the transport behavior for heterogeneous velocity fields and variable distribution coefficient, hypothesized as being negatively correlated with hydraulic conductivity. The results show that the enhanced plume spreading and the statistics of the arrival time distribution appear to be more sensitive to the spatially variable distribution coefficient than to the kinetics alone. In fact, the second spatial moment was almost doubled in the case of spatially variable distribution coefficient.
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    Stochastic partial differential equations in groundwater hydrology (1991)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 5 (1991), S. 239-251 
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    Keywords: Parameter estimation ; maximum likelihood estimation ; stochastic partial differential equation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Part I of this series of two papers (Unny, 1989) dealt with the theoretical derivation of the moment equations for the stochastic partial differential equation in the water table depth forced by stochastic rainfall input. Part I also developed a maximum likelihood estimation procedure for parameter determination. The primary aim of the present manuscript is the application of the parameter estimation procedure to the Borden aquifer, an aquifer designated as an experimental site, where extensive field measurements have been carried out. Estimates of hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity for the Borden aquifer, derived from the maximum likelihood algorithm, have been compared with estimates obtained by “traditional” procedures. The paper also presents the simulated solution of the governing differential equation in the one dimensional problem applied to the Borden aquifer.
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    Technical reports (1991)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 5 (1991), S. 280-294 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543136
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    Drought monitoring (1991)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 5 (1991), S. 261-266 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Drought ; drought indices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Drought detection, monitoring and indices are closely related to its definition. The specific definition chosen for a particular drought analysis will affect the procedures one uses in drought detection and monitoring. The traditional Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) has been proven to be ineffective in regions of predominantly irrigated agriculture. The recently developed ALERT (Automated Local Evaluation in Real Time) system is proposed for use in monitoring the spatial and temporal variations of drought in real time. The ALERT system uses standardized instruments, radio frequencies, software and hardware. It was originally developed as a flash flood waming system by local flood control districts and the National Weather Service. However, now it has expanded to over 100 other uses in the areas of natural and man-made disaster detection and warning. The successful ALERT system indicates the need for the continued development of a national drought monitoring index that is applicable to a wide range of climate, hydrologic and water resource environments.
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    In memory of Professor T. E. Unny (1992)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 6 (1992), S. 1-2 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581670
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    On the control of an infinite capacity storage system (1993)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 7 (1993), S. 195-204 
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    Keywords: Infinite dam ; resolvent operator ; Lévy process ; integrated Markov chain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We consider an infinite-capacity storage system. The cumulative input to the system is assumed to be either (a) a non-decreasing Lévy process or (b) an integrated continuous-time Markov chain. Reward accumulates at a rate depending on the instantaneous release rate. The objective is to choose the release rule in such a way as to maximize the expected total discounted return. In this note we show how to determine the expected discounted return when the release rate is either constant or a linear function of the content.
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    Stochastic perturbation analysis of groundwater flow. Spatially variable soils, semi-infinite domains and large fluctuations (1993)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 7 (1993), S. 213-239 
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    Keywords: Stochastic hydrology ; perturbation ; random fields ; graph theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract As is well known, a complete stochastic solution of the stochastic differential equation governing saturated groundwater flow leads to an infinite hierarchy of equations in terms of higher-order moments. Perturbation techniques are commonly used to close this hierarchy, using power-series expansions. These methods are applied by truncating the series after a finite number of terms, and products of random gradients of conductivity and head potential are neglected. Uncertainty regarding the number or terms required to yield a sufficiently accurate result is a significant drawback with the application of power series-based perturbation methods for such problems. Low-order series truncation may be incapable of representing fundamental characteristics of flow and can lead to physically unreasonable and inaccurate solutions of the stochastic flow equation. To support this argument, one-dimensional, steady-state, saturated groundwater flow is examined, for the case of a spatially distributed hydraulic conductivity field. An ordinary power-series perturbation method is used to approximate the mean head, using second-order statistics to characterize the conductivity field. Then an interactive perturbation approach is introduced, which yields improved results compared to low-order, power-series perturbation methods for situations where strong interactions exist between terms in such approximations. The interactive perturbation concept is further developed using Feynman-type diagrams and graph theory, which reduce the original stochastic flow problem to a closed set of equations for the mean and the covariance functions. Both theoretical and practical advantages of diagrammatic solutions are discussed; these include the study of bounded domains and large fluctuations.
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    Operator and integro-differential representations of conditional and unconditional stochastic subsurface flow (1994)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 157-172 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Operator representations of stochastic subsurface flow equations allow writing their solutions implicitly or explicitly in terms of integro-differential expressions. Most of these representations involve Neumann series that must be truncated or otherwise approximated to become operational. It is often claimed that truncated Neumann series allow solving groundwater flow problems in the presence of arbitrarily large heterogeneities. Such claims have so far not been backed by convincing computational examples, and we present an analysis which suggests that they may not be justified on theoretical grounds. We describe an alternative operator representation due to Neuman and Orr (1993) which avoids the use of Neumann series yet accomplishes a similar purpose. It leads to a compact integro-differential form which provides considerable new insight into the nature of the solution. When written in terms of conditional moments, our new representation contains local and nonlocal effective parameters that depend on scale and information. As such, these parameters are not unique material properties but may change as more is learned about the flow system.
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    Groundwater contaminant transport including adsorption and first order decay (1994)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 185-205 
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    Keywords: Contaminant transport ; adsorption ; decay ; random walk ; killing ; Kolmogorov equations ; contamination of a well
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This study deals with the transport of a contaminant in groundwater. The contaminant is subject to first order decay or linear adsorption. Its displacement can be modeled by a random walk process in which particles are killed at exponentially distributed times. Dirichlet problems are derived for the rate and mean time at which contaminated particles reach a particular part of the boundary of a certain domain. These Dirichlet problems are solved asymptotically for two types of 2D-flow patterns: flow parallel to the boundary of a domain and arbitrary flow towards a well in an aquifer.
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    Nonequilibrium statistical mechanical derivation of a nonlocal Darcy's Law for unsaturated/saturated flow (1994)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 109-116 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Unsaturated ; nonlocal ; memory ; statistical physics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract As illustrated variously by wetting and drying scanning curves, flow in unsaturated porous media is inherently nonlocal. This nonlocality is also manifest in hysteresis in the classical Darcy conductivity. It is the authors' belief that most current theories of unsaturated/saturated flow are often inadequate, as they do not account for spatial nonlocality and memory. Here we provide a fundamental theory in which nonlocality of the flow constitutive theory is a natural consequence of force balances. The results are derived from general principles in statistical physics and under appropriate limiting conditions, the classical Darcy's Law is recovered for saturated flow. A notable departure in this theory from other nonlocal flow theories is that a classical Darcy type equation on a small scale need not exist.
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    Inverse methods for subsurface flow: A critical review of stochastic techniques (1990)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 1-26 
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    Keywords: Inverse ; calibration ; estimation ; groundwater flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The development of stochastic methods for groundwater flow representation has undergone enormous expansion in recent years. The calibration of groundwater models, the inverse problem, has lately received comparable attention especially and almost exclusively from the stochastic perspective. In this review we trace the evolution of the methods to date with a specific view toward identifying the most important issues involved in the usefulness of the approaches. The methods are critiqued regarding practical usefulness, and future directions for requisite study are discussed.
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    Bayes estimate of the probability of exceedance of annual floods (1990)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 55-64 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Predictive distribution ; Bayesian approximation ; parameter uncertainty ; non-informative prior ; method of moments ; Gumbel distribution ; maximum likelihood estimates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In this paper Lindley's Bayesian approximation procedure is used to obtain the Bayes estimate of the probability of exceedence of a flood discharge. The Bayes estimates of the probability of exceedence has been shown by S.K. Sinha to be equivalent to the estimate of the probability of exceedence from the predictive or Bayesian disribution, of a future flood discharge. The evaluation of complex ratios of multiple integrals common in a Bayesian analysis is not necessary using Lindley's procedure. The Bayes estimates are compared to those obtained by the method of maximum likelihood and the method of moments. The results show that Bayes estimates of the probability of exceedence are larger as expected, but have smaller posterior standard deviations.
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    Identification of wind stress on shallow water surfaces by optimal smoothing (1990)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 105-119 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Kalman filtering ; Optimal smoothing ; Shallow water equations ; Wind stress ; On-line prediction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Using the state space approach, an on-line filter procedure for combined wind stress identification and tidal flow forecasting is developed. The stochastic dynamic approach is based on the linear twodimensional shallow water equations. Using a finite difference scheme, a system representation of the model is obtained. To account for uncertainties, the system is embedded into a stochastic environment. By employing a Kalman filter, the on-line measurements of the water-level available can be used to identify and predict the shallow water flow. Because it takes a certain time before a fluctuation in the wind stress can be noticed in the water-level measurements, an optimal fixed-lag smoother is used to identify the stress.
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    Advanced use into rainfall prediction of three-dimensionally scanning radar (1990)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 135-150 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Radar ; rainfall prediction ; real-time prediction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A computational method for the determination of rainfall distribution for applications in short term rainfall prediction is presented here. The method is strongly influenced by the experience gained from the observation and analysis of data gathered on a heavy rainfall event in 1986 that occurred during the Baiu Season in Japan. The method is based on the concept that rainfall occurs as an interaction between an instability field, appropriately modeled, and a field of water vapor under the influence of topography. The results from this computational method showed good agreement with the temporal variation in the rainband that moved across the observation field in 1986. Towards determination of the parameters in the computational model, another method for the determination of the rainfield is also developed. This second method determines the rainfall distribution from estimation of the conversion rate of water vapor to liquid water through use of data from a three dimensional scanning radar. The results are consistent with those obtained from the first method.
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    Development of the instantaneous unit hydrograph using stochastic differential equations (1990)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 151-160 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph ; Conceptual models ; Stochastic differential equations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Recognizing that simple watershed conceptual models such as the Nash cascade ofn equal linear reservoirs continue to be reasonable means to approximate the Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (IUH), it is natural to accept that random errors generated by climatological variability of data used in fitting an imprecise conceptual model will produce an IUH which is random itself. It is desirable to define the random properties of the IUH in a watershed in order to have a more realistic hydrologic application of this important function. Since in this case the IUH results from a series of differential equations where one or more of the uncertain parameters is treated in stochastic terms, then the statistical properties of the IUH are best described by the solution of the corresponding Stochastic Differential Equations (SDE's). This article attempts to present a methodology to derive the IUH in a small watershed by combining a classical conceptual model with the theory of SDE's. The procedure is illustrated with the application to the Middle Thames River, Ontario, Canada, and the model is verified by the comparison of the simulated statistical measures of the IUH with the corresponding observed ones with good agreement.
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    An exact solution of solute transport by one-dimensional random velocity fields (1991)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 5 (1991), S. 45-54 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Solute transport ; random velocity ; Lagrangian description ; travel time ; nonlinear effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The problem of one-dimensional transport of passive solute by a random steady velocity field is investigated. This problem is representative of solute movement in porous media, for example, in vertical flow through a horizontally stratified formation of variable porosity with a constant flux at the soil surface. Relating moments of particle travel time and displacement, exact expressions for the advection and dispersion coefficients in the Focker-Planck equation are compared with the perturbation results for large distances. The first- and second-order approximations for the dispersion coefficient are robust for a lognormal velocity field. The mean Lagrangian velocity is the harmonic mean of the Eulerian velocity for large distances. This is an artifact of one-dimensional flow where the continuity equation provides for a divergence free fluid flux, rather than a divergence free fluid velocity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01544177
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    Stochastic overland flows (1991)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 5 (1991), S. 89-104 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Overland flows ; nonlinear SPDE ; evolutionary probability distributions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A theoretical solution framework to the nonlinear stochastic partial differential equations (SPDE) of the kinematic wave and diffusion wave models of overland flows under stochastic inflows/outflows, stochastic surface roughness field and stochastic state of flows was obtained. This development was realized by means of an eigenfunction representation of the time-space overland flow depths, and by transforming the problem into the phase space. By using Van Kampen's lemma and the cumulant expansion theory of Kubo-Van Kampen-Fox, the deterministic partial differential equation (PDE) for the evolutionary probability density function (pdf) of overland flow depths was finally obtained. Once this deterministic PDE is solved for the time-varying pdf of overland flow depths, then the time-space varying pdf of overland flow depths can be obtained by a transformation given in the text. In this solution framework it is possible to incorporate the stochastic dynamic behavior of the parameters and of the forcing functions of the overland flow process. For example, not only the individual rainfall duration and fluctuating rain intensity characteristics but also the sequential behavior of rainfall patterns is incorporated into the evolutionary probability density function of overland flow depths.
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    Analysis of macrodispersion through volume-averaging: Moment equations (1992)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 6 (1992), S. 5-25 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Solute transport ; Heterogeneity ; Dispersion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Macrodispersion is spreading of a substance induced by spatial variations in local advective velocity at field scales. Consider the case that the steady-state seepage velocity and the local dispersion coefficients in a heterogeneous formation may be modeled as periodic in all directions in an unbounded domain. The equations satisfied by the first two spatial moments of the concentration are derived for the case of a conservative non-reacting solute. It is shown that the moments can be calculated from the solution of well-defined deterministic boundary value problems. Then, it is described how the rate of increase of the first two moments can be calculated at large times using a Taylor-Aris analysis as generalized by Brenner. It is demonstrated that the second-order tensor of macrodispersion (or effective dispersion) can be computed through the solution of steady-state boundary-value problems followed by the determination of volume averages. The analysis is based solely on volume averaging and is not limited by the assumption that the fluctuations are small. The large-time results are valid when the system is in a form of equilibrium in which a tagged particle samples all locations in an appropriately defined “phase space” with equal probability.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581672
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    A theory of efficiency of storage-treatment systems (1992)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 6 (1992), S. 89-101 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Detention storage ; Pollution control ; Non-point pollutant runoff
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A simple expression is presented on the capability of storage-treatment systems to reduce non-point pollutant runoff load to natural waters. Their efficiency depends on the capacities of the facilities and probabilistic properties of runoff, such as interval, duration, volume, and concentration of runoff events. Assuming the compound Poisson process for runoff time series, the exact expressions of the ratio of treated load in terms of storage and treatment capacities are theoretically derived on the neighbourhoods of all boundaries of the domain on which the problem is defined. Then, an approximate expression over the whole domain is presented, of which the value and the first-order derivative coincide with those of the exact derived expressions near the boundaries. Accuracy is checked by Monte Carlo simulations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01591332
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    On the generation of drought events using an alternating renewal-reward model (1992)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 6 (1992), S. 55-68 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Drought severity ; Drought duration ; Renewal-reward process
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This research study focused on the hypothesis that extreme drought and high streamflow events come from different independent populations with different probability distributions which need to be studied separately, rather than considering the streamflow population as a whole. The inability of traditional streamflow generator models to consistently reproduce the frequency of occurrence of severe droughts observed in the historical record has been questioned by many researchers. Our study focused on the development of astochastic event generator model which would be capable of doing so. This was accomplished in a two-step process by first generating the drought event, and then deriving the streamflows which comprised that event. The model considered for this analysis was an alternating renewal-reward procedure that cycles between eventon andoff times, and is representative of drought or high streamflow event duration. The reward gained while the event ison oroff represents drought severity or high streamflow surplus. Geometric and gamma distributions were considered for drought duration and deficit respectively. Model validation was performed using calculated required capacities from the sequent peak algorithm.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581675
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    Probabilistic sensitivity and modeling of two-dimensional transport in porous media (1992)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 6 (1992), S. 103-121 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Probabilistic model ; Sensitivity ; Contaminant transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A reliability approach is used to develop a probabilistic model of two-dimensional non-reactive and reactive contaminant transport in porous media. The reliability approach provides two important quantitative results: an estimate of the probability that contaminant concentration is exceeded at some location and time, and measures of the sensitivity of the probabilistic outcome to likely changes in the uncertain variables. The method requires that each uncertain variable be assigned at least a mean and variance; in this work we also incorporate and investigate the influence of marginal probability distributions. Uncertain variables includex andy components of average groundwater flow velocity,x andy components of dispersivity, diffusion coefficient, distribution coefficient, porosity and bulk density. The objective is to examine the relative importance of each uncertain variable, the marginal distribution assigned to each variable, and possible correlation between the variables. Results utilizing a two-dimensional analytical solution indicate that the probabilistic outcome is generally very sensitive to likely changes in the uncertain flow velocity. Uncertainty associated with dispersivity and diffusion coefficient is often not a significant issue with respect to the probabilistic analysis; therefore, dispersivity and diffusion coefficient can often be treated for practical analysis as deterministic constants. The probabilistic outcome is sensitive to the uncertainty of the reaction terms for early times in the flow event. At later times, when source contaminants are released at constant rate throughout the study period, the probabilistic outcome may not be sensitive to changes in the reaction terms. These results, although limited at present by assumptions and conceptual restrictions inherent to the closed-form analytical solution, provide insight into the critical issues to consider in a probabilistic analysis of contaminant transport. Such information concerning the most important uncertain parameters can be used to guide field and laboratory investigations.
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    Contamination of a well in a uniform background flow (1992)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 6 (1992), S. 191-207 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Hydrodynamic dispersion ; Fokker-Planck equation ; backward equation ; boundary layer ; complex potential function ; fraction of contaminated particles that enter a well
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we describe the transport of pollution in groundwater in the neighbourhood of a well in a uniform background flow. We compute the rate at which contaminated particles reach the well as a function of the place of the source of pollution. The motion of a particle in a dispersive flow is seen as a random walk process. The Fokker-Planck equation for the random motion of a particle is transformed using the complex potential for the advective flow field. The resulting equation is solved asymptotically after a stretching transformation. Finally, the analytical solution is compared with results from Monte Carlo simulations with the random walk model. The method can be extended to arbitrary flow fields. Then by a numerical coordinate transformation the analytical results can still be employed.
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    Generation of runoff series at ungauged locations using empirical orthogonal functions in combination with kriging (1992)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 6 (1992), S. 255-269 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Emprical Orthogonal Functions ; interpolating runoff ; kriging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The method of Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF method) is combined with an objective interpolation technique, kriging, to generate runoff series at ungauged locations. In a case study the results are compared to series interpolated by a combination of EOF analysis and regression using catchment characteristics as independent variables. The results are also compared to linear weighting of an existing runoff series, a commonly used method for spatial interpolation. The influence of altitude on the runoff is studied comparing kriging based on 2 and 3 coordinates. The study showed that the capacity of EOF analysis combined with kriging is as good as the traditionally used linear weighting. The results, when altitude is included in the kriging, are improved.
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    Estimation of periodicities in hydrologic data (1992)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 6 (1992), S. 270-288 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Periodicities ; hydraulic cycle ; spectral methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Periodicites in hydrologic data are frequently estimated and studied. In some cases the periodic components are subtracted from the data to obtain the stochastic components. In other cases the physical reasons for the occurrence of these periodicities are investigated. Apart from the annual cycle in the hydrologic data, periods corresponding to the 11 year sunspot cycle, the Hale cycle and others have been detected. The conclusions from most of these studies depend on the reliability and robustness of the methods used to detect these periodicities. Several spectral analysis methods have been proposed to investigate periodicities in time series data. Several of these have been compared to each other. The methods by Siddiqui and Wang and by Damsleth and Spjotvoll, which are stepwise procedures of spectrum estimation, have not been evaluated. Two of the methods of spectral analysis proposed by Siddiqui and Wang and by Damsleth and Spjotvoll are investigated in this study by using generated and observed data. Siddiqui and Wang's method is found to be superior to the Damsleth and Spjotvoll's method.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581621
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    On the shot-noise streamflow model and its applications (1992)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 6 (1992), S. 289-303 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stream flow series ; shot-noise model ; sadolle-point approximation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we consider the shot-noise model of streamflow series. We show how design discharge can be obtained by the stochastic intensity of thinned Poisson processes describing the peaks over a threshold. The main result concerns the stationary distribution of peaks. We derive an explicit expression for this limit distribution in terms of its Laplace transform. Approximation formulas are developed making use of the saddle point method for the asymptotic evaluation of contour integrals and the Post-Widder formula for inversion of Laplace transforms. We illustrate this methods on the case of Gamma-distributed shots. The stationary peak distribution is used to approximate the maximum value distribution for larger time intervals.
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    Verhaltensanalyse bei Eßstörungen (1990)
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    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 13-20 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Verhaltensbedingungen undFunktionsanalyse als Basis fürVerhaltensmodifikation undVerhaltensänderung ; analyses ofbehavior ; behavioralconditionssymptoms ; behavioralmodification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Modification of behavior is based on an analysis of behavior. An investigation of behavioral disturbances with respect to conditions, trigger mechanisms, causes, as well as functions and effects on the patient is necessary.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Verhaltensanalyse ist die Basis für eine Verhaltensmodifikation und Verhaltensänderung. Darüber hinaus ist es dringend notwendig, eine Bedingungs- und Funktionsanalyse zu erstellen. Zu fragen ist nach den Bedingungen, Auslösern, Voraussetzungen und Ursachen des Krankheitsverhaltens sowie seine Funktionen, Auswirkungen und Rückwirkungen für den Patienten.
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    Buchbesprechungen (1990)
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    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 74-75 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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    Untersuchung von Basisdaten an Weight-Watchers-Gruppen als Parameter für Langzeiterfolge der Gewichtsreduktion (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 97-111 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Gewichtsreduktion ; Weight Watchers ; Effizienz ; weight reduction ; Weight Watchers ; efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The available data of members of Weight Watchers groups were statistically evaluated and their efficiency is discussed with respect to the underlying therapeutic concept. As a result of the data evaluation and the discussion of the literature it can be concluded: 1. The time of active membership in the group correlates with the weight loss. 2. Dropouts can be expected at the beginning of the therapy and have usually a greater obesity than other members. An early motivation has to consider the slower success in those people with a high degree of obesity. 3. A continuous motivation and re-motivation is of greatest importance to prevent any weight gain after the end of group therapy. This remotivation program should be established within the group; members who succeeded in losing weight should return for meetings at regular intervals.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei Mitgliedern von Weight-Watchers-Gruppen werden die verfügbaren soziodemographischen Daten statistisch ausgewertet und auf ihre Aussagekraft bezüglich des zugrundeliegenden Therapiekonzeptes beurteilt. Aus den Untersuchungen und der vergleichenden Literaturdiskussion ergibt sich: 1. Die Dauer der aktiven Teilnahme in einer Gruppe entscheidet über das Ausmaß des erzielten Gewichtsverlustes. 2. Vorzeitige Aussteiger — Dropouts — sind zu Beginn der Therapie zu erwarten und haben meist ein höheres relatives Übergewicht als die übrigen Teilnehmer. Eine frühzeitige Motivation muß daher den bei stark Übergewichtigen sich nur langsam einstellenden Erfolg berücksichtigen. 3. Wesentliche Bedeutung für einen Langzeiterfolg hat die regelmäßige Nachsorge, d.h. Remotivation, wenn das Zielgewicht erreicht ist. Diese Nachsorge sollte weiterhin innerhalb der Gruppe in regelmäßigen Abständen erfolgen.
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    Cow's milk protein allergy — Results of skin-prick test with purified milk proteins (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 122-128 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: cow's milk proteinallergy ; purifiedmilkproteins ; skin-prick test ; main allergen ; Kuhmilchproteinallergie ; gereinigte Milchproteine ; Hauttest ; Hauptallergen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Diagnose von Milchproteinallergien ist schwierig. Aus diesem Grunde wurden hochgereinigte Hauptproteine der Kuhmilch (α-Lactalbumin, β-Lactoglobulin A + B, αs-Casein, β-Casein, κ-Casein) unter Anwendung des Hautpricktestes für die Differentialdiagnose bei Allergikern eingesetzt. Hierbei zeigte sich, daß Milchproteine bei Erwachsenen mit unklarer Anamnese nur selten Hautreaktionen auslösten, während bei 11 von 13 Kindern mit starkem Verdacht auf Milchproteinallergie deutliche Hautreaktionen beobachtet wurden. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung waren α-Lactalbumin und β-Lactoglobulin die Hauptallergene, weil sie mit höchster Prävalenz und Intensität Hautreaktionen auslösten. Reaktionen auf α- und κ-Casein erfolgten mit deutlich geringerer Häufigkeit und Intensität. In zwei Fällen wurde eine ausschließliche Reaktion auf α-Lactalbumin beobachtet.
    Notes: Summary The diagnosis of milk-protein allergies is difficult. Therefore, the main cow's milk proteins (α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin A + B, αs-casein, β-casein, κ-casein), purified to the highest available standards, were used for differential diagnosis of allergic individuals by applying skin-prick test. In the case of adults with uncertain medical history, milk proteins rarely caused skin reactions, while distinct skin reactions were observed in 11 of 13 children with strongly suspected milk-protein allergy. In the presented study α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin B were the main allergens, because skin reactions to these proteins were provoked with highest prevalence and intensity. Intensity and prevalence of reactions to α- and κ-casein were significantly less. In two cases skin reactions to α-lactalbumin were observed exclusively.
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    Einflüsse purinreicher Ernährung auf Gewichtsentwicklung, Kataboliten im Blutplasma und den Harnsäuretransport von Erythrozyten — eine Modellstudie an Hunden (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 135-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: purinreiche Nahrung ; Wachstum ; Metaboliten ; Harnsäuretransport ; Hund ; purine-rich diet ; growth ; metabolites ; uric acid transport ; dog
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In a nutritional tolerance study 36 young dogs were fed over 52 weeks high or low purine diets at an average paired feeding intake of 0.6 and 80 mg purine-N/MJ per day. The high purine diet resulted in a significant decrease of growth rate by −23 % (Beagles) and −38 % (Dalmatians) and of feed efficiency (−29 and −42 %). The fasting levels of allantoin, uric acid and uracil in blood plasma were significantly increased. During the experiment a metabolic adaptation to the high purine diet decreased the plasma concentrations of uric acid, uracil and in part of allantoin. The high purine diet effected a significant increase of Km (2.5-fold) and of Vmax (1.6-fold) of uric transport through the erythrocyte membrane. The results documented disadvantageous effects of high purine nutrition during juvenile development.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einer Verträglichkeitsstudie erhielten 36 junge Hunde über 52 Wochen eine purinreiche oder purinarme Diät mit durchschnittlich 6 bzw. 80 mg Purin-N/MJ pro Tag bei gruppengleicher Aufnahme („paired feeding“). Die Hochpurin-Diät führte zu einer signifikanten Verminderung der Gewichtsentwicklung um −23% (Beagles) bzw. −38% (Dalmatiner) und der Futterverwertung (−29 bzw. −42%) sowie zu einer signifikanten Erhöhung der Nüchternwerte von Allantoin, Harnsäure und Uracil im Blutplasma. Während der Versuchsdauer machte sich eine metabolische Adaptation an die Hochpurin-Diät mit signifikanter Erniedrigung von Harnsäure, Uracil und teils auch Allantoin im Plasma bemerkbar. Die Hochpurin-Diät bewirkte eine signifikante Zunahme der Km (2,6fach) und Vmax (1,6fach) des Harnsäuretransports durch die Erythrozytenmembran. Die Ergebnisse belegen nachteilige Effekte purinreicher Ernährung während der Jugendentwicklung.
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    Effects of short chain fatty acids and K on absorption of Mg and other cations by the colon and caecum (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 162-168 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Mg absorption ; Na absorption ; K absorption ; short chain fatty acids ; colon ; caecum ; Mg-Absorption ; Na-Absorption ; K-Absorption ; kurzkettige Fettsäuren ; Kolon ; Zäkum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im distalen Kolon und Zäkum der Ratte wurde der Einfluß von kurzkettigen Fettsäuren (SCFA) auf die Mg-, Na- und Wasserabsorption mittels luminaler Perfusion der Darmsegmente in vivo untersucht. Der Effekt kurzkettiger Fettsäuren auf die K-Absorption im distalen Kolon sowie von K auf die Mg-Absorption im distalen Kolon und Zäkum wurde ebenfalls geprüft. Butyrat (60 mmol/l) sowie eine Mischung von SCFA (60 mmol/l Azetat, 20 mmol/l Propionat, 10 mmol/l Butyrat) stimulierten die Mg- und K-Absorption im distalen Kolon, während die Na- und Wasserabsorption unbeeinflußt blieben. Der Effekt auf die Mg-Absorption war pH-abhängig. Im Zäkum steigerte Butyrat die Na- und Wasserabsorption, nicht jedoch die Mg-Absorption. Azetat (60 mmol/l) beeinflußte die Elektrolytabsorption in beiden Darmsegmenten nicht. K (30 mmol/l) hemmte die Mg-Absorption im distalen Kolon, nicht jedoch im Zäkum. Aus diesen Befunden wird geschlossen, daß die bei der Fermentation von Kohlenhydraten im Dickdarm anfallenden kurzkettigen Fettsäuren die Mg-, K- und Na-Absorption durch Bereitstellung von Protonen für die in der apikalen Membran des Epithels lokalisierten Mg++/H+-, K+/H+- und Na+/H+-Austauscher stimulieren. K scheint im Kolon die Absorption von Mg durch Beeinträchtigung eines Mechanismus zu hemmen, der nicht auf kurzkettige Fettsäuren anspricht.
    Notes: Summary The influence of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) on Mg, Na, and water absorption was studied in the rat distal colon and caecum using an in vivo luminal perfusion technique. The effect of SCFA on K absorption by the distal colon and the effect of K on Mg absorption by the distal colon and caecum were also investigated. Butyrate (60 mmol/l) or a mixture of SCFA (60 mmol/l acetate, 20 mmol/l propionate, 10 mmol/l butyrate) stimulated Mg and K absorption by the distal colon, while Na and water absorption was not affected. The effect on Mg absorption was pH-dependent. In the caecum, butyrate enhanced Na and water absorption, but not Mg absorption. Acetate (60 mmol/l) did not influence electrolyte absorption by either intestinal segment. K (30 mmol/l) inhibited Mg absorption by the distal colon, but not by the caecum. It is concluded from these findings that SCFA deriving from fermentation of carbohydrates in the large intestine stimulate Mg, K, and Na absorption by delivering protons to Mg++/H+, K+/H+ and Na+/H+ exchangers located in the apical membrane of the epithelium. K seems to inhibit Mg absorption in the colon by affecting a mechanism which does not respond to SCFA.
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    Parenteral β-carotene administration to cows: effect on plasma levels, lipoprotein distribution and secretion in the milk (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 184-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: β-Carotin ; Vitamin A ; Lipoproteine ; Milch ; Rind ; β-carotene ; vitamin A ; lipoproteins ; milk ; bovine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung β-Carotin besitzt beim Rind sehr wahrscheinlich eine Bedeutung im Fruchtbarkeitsgeschehen. Es wurde deshalb an Kühen die Auswirkung einer parenteralen (intramuskulär und intravenös) Verabreichung von β-Carotin auf den β-Carotin-Blutspiegel und die Verteilung auf die Serumlipoproteinfraktionen sowie die Ausscheidung mit der Milch untersucht. Die parenterale Verabreichung von β-Carotin führte zu einem deutlichen Anstieg des β-Carotin-Blutspiegels. Zunächst kam es zu einem raschen Anstieg von β-Carotin in der „Very-low“- und der „Low-density“-Lipoproteinfraktion, deren Gehalt dann im weiteren Verlauf weitgehend konstant blieb. Der an die „High-density“-Lipoproteinfraktion gebundene Anteil stieg parallel zur Plasmakonzentration langsam kontinuierlich an. Die Verabreichung von β-Carotin hatte keinen Einfluß auf die Vitamin-A-Plasmawerte, führte aber zu einem Anstieg von β-Carotin und Vitamin A in der Milch. Es konnte damit gezeigt werden, daß die parenterale Gabe von β-Carotin nicht nur zu einem deutlich anhaltenden Anstieg des β-Carotin-Blutspiegels führte, sondern daß das injizierte β-Carotin auch von den physiologischen Trägerproteinen im Blut — den Lipoproteinen — transportiert wird und so in gleicher Weise für die peripheren Gewebe zur Verfügung steht wie über den Darmtrakt zugeführtes β-Carotin. Für die Verfügbarkeit von β-Carotin für die peripheren Gewebe spricht auch der Anstieg von β-Carotin und Vitamin A in der Milch. Der Anstieg von Vitamin A weist auf eine lokale Umwandlung von β-Carotin in Vitamin A in der Milchdrüse hin.
    Notes: Summary β-carotene has been considered to have a positive effect on fertility. Therefore the effect of a parenteral administration (intravenous or intramuscular) of β-carotene on plasma levels, its distribution among the lipoprotein fractions and its secretion in the milk was investigated in cows. A single parenteral administration of β-carotene resulted in a marked increase in total β-carotene in the blood. Low density lipoprotein (LDL)-bound β-carotene increased rapidly in the initial phase and then remained rather constant. The proportion bound to the high density fraction (HDL), however, increased continuously, reaching maximum levels parallel to the total plasma concentration. β-carotene administration had no effect on vitamin A levels in plasma, but caused an increase of β-carotene and vitamin A in milk. The results show that the parenteral administration of β-carotene is not only an effective way to increase its blood plasma level but also results in a binding of β-carotene to its physiological carrier — the lipoproteins. β-carotene is therefore supplied to peripheral target tissue by the same carriers as those when β-carotene is administered orally. The availability of β-carotene for peripheral tissues is further supported by the increase in β-carotene in milk, as well as by the increase in vitamin A in milk which points to a local conversion of β-carotene into vitamin A in the mammary gland.
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    Role of vitamin D metabolites in the prevention of the osteopenia induced by ovariectomy in the axial and appendicular skeleton of the rat (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 229-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: ovariectomy ; quantitativebonehistomorphometry ; bonemineralization ; osteopenia ; vitamin D ; Ovariektomie ; quantitative Knochenhistomorphometrie ; Knochenmineralisation ; Osteopenie ; Vitamin D
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 40 Fischer-344-Ratten (10 Wochen alt, 130 g KG) wurden entweder beidseitig ovariektomiert (OVX) oder scheinoperiert (SHAM). Die Ratten wurden in folgende Gruppen eingeteilt: SHAM; OVX; OVX + 15 ng 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2)D3]/Tier/Tag (d); OVX + 30 ng 1α,24R,25-Trihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,24,25(OH)3D3]/Tier/d; OVX + 15 ng 1,25(OH)2)D3/Tier/d + 30 ng 1,24,25(OH)3D3/ Tier/d. 4 Wochen post Operationem wurde mit der oralen Verabreichung der Vitamin-D-Metaboliten begonnen. Urin- und Blutproben wurden mehrfach während des Experiments entnommen. 21 Wochen post Operationem wurden alle Ratten getötet und die proximale Tibia sowie der erste Lendenwirbelkörper für eine statische histomorphometrische Auswertung unentkalkt eingebettet. Die Ovariektomie verursachte eine Abnahme der trabekulären Knochenmasse um 40% im Lendenwirbelkörper und um 69% in der Tibiametaphyse. Verglichen mit den scheinoperierten Tieren, ging der Knochenverlust bei OVX-Ratten mit mä\ig erhöhten biochemischen und histomorphometrischen Parametern der Knochenformation und -resorption einher. Die Behandlung der OVX-Ratten mit 1,25(OH)2)D3, 1,24,25(OH)3D3 oder der Metabolitkombination verhinderte die durch die Ovariektomie induzierte Osteopenie im trabekulären Knochen des Lendenwirbels und teilweise auch der Tibiametaphyse, wobei diese Wirkung durch eine Hemmung der Knochenresorption zustande kam. Die mit 1,25(OH)2)D3 allein oder in Kombination mit 1,24,25(OH)3D3 behandelten Ratten zeigten jedoch eine Hyperkalzämie, Hyperphosphatämie, Hyperkalzurie und eine gestörte Knochenmineralisation. Andererseits führte die Behandlung von OVX-Ratten mit 1,24,25(OH)3D3 allein nur zu einer leichten Zunahme des Serumkalziumspiegels und erzeugte keine Störung der Knochenmineralisation. Weiterhin wirkte 1,24,25(OH)3D3 in Kombination mit 1,25(OH)2)D3 den ungünstigen Effekten von 1,25(OH)2)D3 auf die Knochenmineralisation teilweise entgegen. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, da\ sich die Wirkungen von 1,24,25(OH)3D3 auf den Knochenstoffwechsel möglicherweise von denen des 1,25(OH)2)D3 unterscheiden und da\ 1,25(OH)2)D3 und insbesondere 1,24,25(OH)3D3 eventuell auch für eine wirksame Prophylaxe der postmenopausalen Osteoporose geeignet wären.
    Notes: Summary Forty Fischer-344 rats (10 weeks old, 130 g BW) were either bilaterally ovariectomized (OVX) or sham-operated (SHAM). The rats were allocated to the following groups: SHAM; OVX; OVX + 15 ng 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3]/rat/d; OVX + 30 ng 1α,24R,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,24,25(OH)3D3]/ rat/d; OVX + 15 ng 1,25(OH)2D3/rat/d + 30 ng 1,24,25(OH)3D3/rat/d. The vitamin D metabolites were fed orally starting 4 weeks after surgery. Urine and blood samples were taken at several time points during the experiment. Twenty-one weeks after surgery all rats were sacrificed, and the proximal tibiae and the first lumbar vertebrae were processed undecalcified for static bone histomorphometry. Ovariectomy induced a 40% reduction in vertebral cancellous bone area, and a 69% reduction in tibial cancellous bone area. This bone loss in OVX rats was associated with moderately increased biochemical and histomorphometric indices of bone formation and resorption as compared to values in sham-operated animals. Through inhibition of bone resorption, treatment of OVX rats with 1,25(OH)2D3, 1,24,25(OH)3D3, and the metabolite combination prevented the ovariectomyinduced osteopenia in the lumbar vertebra, and partially prevented cancellous bone osteopenia in the tibial metaphysis. However, OVX rats receiving 1,25(OH)2D3 alone or in combination with 1,24,25(OH)3D3 exhibited hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypercalciuria, and impaired bone mineralization. Treatment of OVX rats with 1,24,25(OH)3D3 alone, on the other hand, only slightly increased serum calcium levels and did not impair bone mineralization. Furthermore, the inclusion of 1,24,25(OH)3D3 with 1,25(OH)2D3 partially antagonized the untoward effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on bone mineralization. These data suggest that the actions of 1,24,25(OH)3D3 on bone metabolism might differ from that of 1,25(OH)2D3, and that 1,25(OH)2D3 and, particularly, 1,24,25(OH)3D3 may be potentially effective agents for the prophylaxis of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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    Vitamin A status in different stages of schistosomal cases and the effectiveness of oral vitamin A therapy (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 249-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: bilharzial patients ; vitamin A status ; serum retinol level ; night blindness ; oral vitamin A therapy ; Bilharziose ; Vitamin-A-Status ; Retinol-Serum-Spiegel ; Nachtblindheit ; orale Vitamin-A-Therapie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Drei\ig an Bilharzie erkrankte Patienten wurden auf ihren Vitamin-A-Status hin untersucht. 30% dieser Patienten hatten nüchtern gemessen einen sehr niedrigen Retinol-Serum-Spiegel, der noch unterhalb der Toleranzgrenze von 20 Μg/dl lag. Ferner litt ein Drittel dieser Patienten an Nachtblindheit. Innerhalb dieser Patientengruppe erwies sich die orale Vitamin-A-Therapie als sehr effektiv, um den Vitamin-A-Mangel auszugleichen.
    Notes: Summary Thirty bilharzial patients were studied for their vitamin A status. Of the patients, 30% were found to have low-fasting serum retinol level below the acceptable level of 20 Μg/dl and one-third were presented with night blindness. Oral vitamin A therapy was effective in correcting the vitamin A deficiency among this group of patients.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02023081
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    Untersuchungen über den Metabolismus von Panthenol bei Patienten mit postoperativer Darmatonie (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 270-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Panthenol (Dexpanthenol) ; Pantothensäure ; Metabolismus ; postoperative Darmatonie ; D-pantothenyl alcohol ; pantothenic acid ; metabolism ; postoperativeintestinalatony
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The aim of this study was the examination of the metabolism and mechanism of action of D-pantothenyl alcohol in patients with postoperative intestinal atony. Seven metabolically healthy patients were examined on the 4th day following colorectal surgery, before bowel activity had started. Increased urinary excretion of the vitamin pantothenic acid was noted following the intravenous application of 2 gm of D-pantothenyl alcohol. Ten to 30% of the administered dose D-pantothenyl alcohol is excreted in the urine as pantothenic acid within 24 h. Simultaneously, the urinary excretion of Β-alanine, a pantothenic acid component, is increased. D-pantothenyl alcohol was metabolized to pantothenic acid in all the patients examined. Pantothenic acid is a component of coenzyme A, a key substance in the intermediary pathway of metabolism. Coenzyme A plays a role in the synthesis of acetylcholine from choline (a co-enzyme of Cholinacetylase). Peristalsis induced by D-pantothenyl alcohol may be due to the increased synthesis of coenzyme A and acetylcholine in the autonomic nerve plexus of the intestinal tract.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ziel der Untersuchungen war es, den Metabolismus und den Wirkungsmechanismus von Panthenol (Dexpanthenol, Bepanthen®) bei Patienten mit postoperativer Darmatonie zu ermitteln. Es wurden 7 stoffwechselgesunde Patienten am 4. postoperativen Tag nach elektiven kolorektalen Operationen untersucht, die postoperativ noch nicht abgeführt hatten. Nach intravenöser Applikation von 2,0 g Panthenol kommt es bei allen Patienten zu einer signifikant vermehrten Ausscheidung des Vitamins Pantothensäure (Vitamin-B-Komplex) im Urin. Zwischen 10 und 30% der verabreichten Panthenolmenge werden innerhalb von 24 Stunden als Pantothensäure im Urin ausgeschieden. Gleichzeitig wird der Pantothensäurebestandteil Β-Alanin vermehrt im Urin ausgeschieden. Panthenol wird demnach bei allen untersuchten Patienten zu Pantothensäure metabolisiert. Pantothensäure ist ein Bestandteil des Coenzyms A, einer der Schlüsselsubstanzen des Intermediärstoffwechsels. Das Coenzym A ist auch an der Synthese von Acetylcholin aus Cholin beteiligt (als Coenzym der Cholinacetylase). Der peristaltikanregende Effekt des Panthenols könnte durch eine vermehrte Synthese von Coenzym A und Acetylcholin in den autonomen Nervenplexus des Intestinaltraktes erklärt werden.
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    Wirkung von Maillard-Produkten und Lysinoalanin auf die Bioverfügbarkeit von Eisen, Kupfer und Zink (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 30 (1991), S. 50-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Maillard-Produkte ; LAL ; Bioverfügbarkeit ; Eisen ; Kupfer ; Zink ; Maillard products ; LAL ; bioavailability ; iron ; copper ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Bioavailability of iron, copper, and zinc was investigated in suckling rats. The essential trace elements were given once either with several isolated Maillard products and with LAL, respectively, or with differently heat-treated formula diets. The isolated substances revealed effects on bioavailability of all the elements tested, either on the preresorptive or on the postresorptive level. The formula diets affected only the bioavailability of copper — even when fed for several weeks.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Bioverfügbarkeit von Eisen, Kupfer und Zink untersucht, wenn diese essentiellen Spurenelemente 1. mit einigen isolierten Maillard-Produkten bzw. LAL, oder 2. mit thermisch unterschiedlich belasteten Testnahrungen einmalig an Säuglingsratten verabreicht wurden. Durch die isolierten Testsubstanzen ließen sich bei allen drei Elementen Effekte auf der präresorptiven und/oder postresorptiven Ebene erzielen. Die Testnahrungen beeinflußten — auch wenn sie fünf Wochen lang verfüttert wurden — nur die Bioverfügbarkeit des Kupfers.
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    Ankündigungen/Ausschreibungen (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 30 (1991), S. 73-74 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01910736
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    Function of vitamin E in physical exercise: a review (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 30 (1991), S. 89-97 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Vitamin E ; antioxidant ; free radicalmuscle damage ; exercise ; Vitamin E ; Antioxidans ; Muskelschädigung ; Ausdauertraining
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ältere Studien haben gezeigt, daß Vitamin E die sportliche Leistungsfähigkeit bei Schwimmern nicht zu steigern vermag. Trotzdem ist das Vitamin für die Skelettmuskulatur der Sportler wichtig: Als das bedeutendste lipidlösliche Antioxidans in Zellmembranen schützt Vitamin E das Muskelgewebe bei aeroben physischen Belastungen, bei denen der Energiestoffwechsel stark beschleunigt ist, vor übermäßiger Peroxidation von ungesättigten Fettsäuren in Zellmembranen. In verschiedenen Labors führte Ausdauertraining von Versuchstieren zu denselben oxidativen Muskelschädigungen wie Vitamin-E-Mangel: Die Peroxidationsprodukte Pentan und Malondialdehyd waren erhöht, und Muskelenzyme waren vermehrt ins Plasma gelangt. Bei Tieren mit Vitamin-E-Mangel werden die Muskelschäden durch Ausdauertraining verstärkt, während sie durch Vitamin-E-Supplementierung vermindert werden. Präliminäre Studien am Menschen weisen ebenfalls auf eine antioxidative Schutzwirkung von Vitamin E gegen Muskelschädigung hin. Das zeigt sich in reduzierter Bildung von Pentan und in vermindertem Übertritt von Muskelenzymen ins Plasma nach Ausdauertraining. Bei einer Expedition von Bergsteigern ins Himalajagebiet stellten die Autoren ebenfalls eine signifikante Schutzwirkung von Vitamin-E-Supplementierung fest. Diese äußerte sich in einer erhöhten anaeroben Schwelle und in reduzierter Pentankonzentration im Atem bei Belastung.
    Notes: Summary Even though vitamin E may not improve physical achievements in sports competitions, as shown in several swimming experiments, it is important for the health of skeletal muscle: in its role as the major lipid-soluble chainbreaking antioxidant in lipid cell membranes, vitamin E protects muscle tissue in aerobic exercise, in which oxygen metabolism and, consequently, free radical production are greatly accelerated. Animal studies in several laboratories have shown that endurance exercise results in the same type of oxidative muscle damage as does vitamin E deficiency: there is an increase in the peroxidation products pentance and malondialdehyde and in enzymes leaked from muscles to plasma. Oxidative tissue damage in vitamin-Edeficient animals is exacerbated by endurance training and, conversely, it is reduced by high-dose vitamin E supplementation; also, preliminary studies in humans have demonstrated antioxidant protection by high-dose vitamin E supplementation. After endurance exercise leakage of enzymes into the plasma and output of pentane in the breath were significantly reduced. During a high-altitude expedition in the Himalayas, protection was shown to be significantly better in the supplemented group than in the placebo group, as determined by anaerobic threshold and pentane exhalation.
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    Verdaulichkeit, intestinale Passagezeit und Energiewert von Weizenkleie im Modellversuch an Sauen (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 30 (1991), S. 118-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Verdaulichkeit ; Passagerate ; Ballaststoffe ; Weizenkleie ; energetischer Nährwert ; digestibility ; rate of passage ; dietary fiber ; wheat bran ; energy value
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An energy metabolism trial was conducted with four sows allocated to each of four levels of wheat bran (7, 14, 21 or 28 g/kg body weight0.75 · day). During 2-week experimental periods half the number of animals received increasing levels of the wheat bran supplementation, the other sows were fed in decreasing order. The basal diet was given constantly at a level of 36 g/kg Bw0.75. Total digestibility of energy was determined by the collection method. For partioning the digestible energy into a prececal and postileal component the diet was supplemented with 0,3 % Cr2O3, and samples of digesta taken by means of a cecum cannula were analyzed for this marker. The rate of passage of food was evaluated by using plastic pellets fed orally as well as inserted into the cecum. During each experimental period a complete energy balance was performed according to the methods of indirect calorimetry. The digestibility and metabolizability of wheat bran energy over the total alimentary tract was 60 % and 57 %, respectively. As a percentage of the total digestible energy, 70 % were found in the prececal site of the digestive tract, and 30 % in the hindgut fermentation. The efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy (ME) for energy retention was 66.2 %. Utilization of hindgut energy was lower by about a quarter than utilization of energy digested in the small intestine. The mean contents of ME of wheat bran amounted to 10.1 kJ/g dry matter. The ME of the wheat bran fiber (non-starch poly-saccharides) was calculated to be 5 kJ/g. The excretion of short-chain fatty acids in the feces was only 1–2 % of fecal energy. The rate of passage of food decreased from 78 h (basal diet alone) to 52 h with the highest wheat bran supplementation. The prececal retention time was only 20 % of the total rate of passage through the alimentary tract.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einem Gesamtstoffwechselversuch erhielten vier Sauen in jeweils zweiwöchiger Periode eine tägliche Zulage von 7, 14, 21 bzw. 28 g Weizenkleie pro kg Lebendmasse0,75. Die Grundration wurde in einer konstanten Menge von 36 g/kg LM0,75 und Tag gefüttert. Zur Messung der präzäkalen Verdaulichkeit wurden dem Futter 0,3 % Cr2O3 zugemischt und Zäkumsaft den kanülierten Tieren entnommen. Die Passagerate des Futters wurde mit Hilfe von peroral und intrazäkal applizierten Kunststoffmarkern erfaßt. In allen Versuchsperioden wurde von jedem Einzeltier eine komplette Energiebilanz erstellt. Die Verdaulichkeit der Energie aus Kleie betrug im gesamten Verdauungstrakt 60 %, die Umsetzbarkeit der Energie 57 %. Davon beliefen sich der präzäkale Anteil auf 70 % und der postileale Anteil auf 30 %. Die energetische Verwertung der umsetzbaren Energie für den Energieansatz betrug 66,2 %. Die postileal abgebaute Kleie wurde um rund ein Viertel schlechter verwertet als die im Dünndarm zur Resorption vorliegende Kleieenergie. Der Gehalt an umsetzbarer Energie in der Kleie errechnete sich auf 10,1 kJ/g Trockenmasse. Der energetische Wert von Ballaststoffen in der Weizenkleie ist auf 5 kJ/g zu beziffern. Die Ausscheidung von kurzkettigen Fettsäuren im Kot war mit 1–2 % der Kotenergie sehr gering. Die Passagezeit des Futters im gesamten Verdauungstrakt verringerte sich von 78 h ohne Kleiezulage auf 52 h in Kleiestufe 28. Die präzäkale Aufenthaltsdauer des Markers betrug nur ein Fünftel der gesamten Passagezeit.
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    Ribonucleosides as minor milk constituents (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 30 (1991), S. 138-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Ribonucleosides ; RNAcatabolism ; bovinemilk ; goatmilk ; colostral phase ; lactation period ; minor milkconstituents ; buttersera ; intrinsicindicators ; differentiation ofbutter types ; HPLC ; Ribonucleoside ; RNA-Katabolismus ; Kuhmilch ; Ziegenmilch ; Kolostralphase ; Laktationsperiode ; minore Milchinhaltsstoffe ; Butterseren ; intrinsische Indikatoren ; Differenzierung von Buttersorten ; HPLC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ribonucleoside gehören zu den minoren Inhaltsstoffen der Milch und zeigen ein tierartentypisches Ribonucleosidmuster. Neben den unmodifizierten Komponenten Adenosin, Cytidin, Guanosin, Inosin und Uridin wurden modifizierte Verbindungen wie N1-Methyladenosin und N6-Carbamoylthreonyladenosin, die aus dem Transfer RNA-Katabolismus stammen, in Einzel- und Sammelmilchen einer kleinen Herde Deutscher Schwarzbunter nachgewiesen und quantitativ über eine gesamte Laktation bestimmt. Die Verlaufsstudie hat gezeigt, daß die Konzentrationsspiegel dieser minoren Komponenten mit Ausnahme der Kolostralphase über die gesamte Laktationsperiode nur einer geringen Schwankungsbreite unterliegen. Ribonucleosidmuster sind deshalb zur Kennzeichnung von Milchen verschiedener Herkunft und Verarbeitung geeignet. Beispielhaft wurden deshalb Ribonucleoside im Verlaufe des Butterungsprozesses bilanziert und gezeigt, daß diesen minoren Komponenten „finger-print“-Eigenschaften zukommen, die zur Differenzierung der von der Butterverordnung definierten drei Buttersorten geeignet sind.
    Notes: Summary Ribonucleosides are minor milk constituents and show a typical pattern which is assumed to be species-specific. As well as the unmodified components adenosine, cytidine, guanosine, inosine, and uridine, modified compounds such as N1-methyladenosine and N6-carbamoylthreonyladenosine — products of the transfer RNA catabolism — have been identified and quantified in individual and bulk herd (race: German black pied) milk samples throughout a whole lactation period. The results of our longitudinal study have shown that — with the exception of the colostral phase — the levels of these minor constituents vary only slightly throughout lactation. These findings imply that ribonucleosides are useful for characterizing milk of different species and technological treatment. Ribonucleosides were determined and balanced, for example, in the course of the churning process, showing that the pattern of these minor milk constituents is useful as a “fingerprint” that allows differentiation between the three butter types defined in the German Federal Butter Ordinance.
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    In-vitro-Untersuchungen zum Einfluß verschiedener Mischungsverhältnisse an ω-3-und ω-6-Fettsäuren auf die Thrombozytenaggregation und Thromboxansynthese in Humanthrombozyten (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 30 (1991), S. 192-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Eicosapentaensäure ; Docosahexaensäure ; Linolsäure ; Thrombozytenaggregation ; Thromboxan-B- und Prostaglandin-E-Synthese ; eicosapentaenoicacid ; docosahexaenoicacid ; linoleicacid ; plateletaggregation ; thromboxane B andprostaglandin Esynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In order to estimate the influence of the tested fatty acids on platelet aggregation, synthesis of prostaglandin E and thromboxane B in vitro, platelet rich plasma (PRP) was incubated with the ω-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), with linoleic acid as representative of the ω-6 fatty acids, as well as with mixtures of EPA and DHA and all fatty acids, resp., with and without addition of α-tocopherol. For the determinations, platelets were prepared from blood of young adult male volunteers (age 26.6±8 years). Platelet aggregation and synthesis of thromboxane were measured after 30 and 60 min of incubation. Smoking habits were not regarded. The incubation of platelets with DHA and EPA itself, as well as the mixture of fatty acids dominated by ω-3 fatty acids (ω-3/ω-6 = 15/1) caused a significant decrease (p〈0.05) of collagen-induced platelet aggregation. Tocopherol, linoleic acid, and the linoleic-acid-rich mixtures (ω-3/ω-6 = 1/4) caused only a slight inhibition of platelet aggregation. No uniform influence of ω-3 fatty acids could be observed that showed their influence on synthesis of thromboxane to be of importance for the promotion of platelet aggregation. EPA and the mixture of EPA and DHA did decrease thromboxane synthesis significantly (p〈0.05). On the other hand, single incubation with DHA as well as with linoleic acid rich mixtures caused a statistically not significant increase of rate of the synthesis, which did not increase the aggregation. This observation indicates the formation of less effective TXA3. An influence of tocopherol could also not be observed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Durch Inkubation plättchenreichen Plasmas (PRP) mit gleichen molaren Mengen an Eicosapentaen-, Docosahexaensäure (EPA, DHA) als wichtigsten Vertretern der ω-3-Fettsäuren (FS) und Linolsäure als Vertreter der ω-6-FS sowie Mischungen aus zwei bzw. den drei Fettsäuren mit und ohne Tocopherolzusatz sollte der Einfluß der getesteten Fettsäuren auf die Thrombozytenaggregation und die Thromboxan-B- bzw. Prostaglandin-E-Synthese untersucht werden. Die Untersuchungen wurden mit Thrombozyten von jungen, erwachsenen Männern (Durchschnittsalter 26,6±8 Jahre) durchgeführt. Die Messung der Aggregation und der Thromboxansynthese erfolgte nach 30- und 60minütiger Inkubation. Das Rauchverhalten wurde nicht berücksichtigt. Bei Inkubation der Thrombozyten mit DHA und EPA jeweils allein sowie mit einer FS-Mischung, in der die ω-3-FS dominierten (ω-3/ω-6 = 15/1), war ein significanter Rückgang (p〈0,05) der kollageninduzierten Thrombozytenaggregation zu beobachten. Tocopherol, Linolsäure und die linolsäurereichen Medien (ω-3/ω-6 = 1/4) inhibierten die Aggregation nur geringfügig. Bei der Thromboxansynthese, die bei der Anregung der Thrombozyten zur Aggregation eine wichtige Rolle spielt, konnte kein einheitlicher Einfluß der ω-3-FS gefunden werden. EPA und die Mischung aus EPA und DHA senkten die TXB-Synthese signifikant (p〈0,05). Die alleinige Inkubation mit DHA sowie die linolsäurereichen Medien führten dagegen zu einem tendenziellen Anstieg der Syntheserate, der jedoch die Aggregation nicht steigerte. Diese Beobachtung weist auf die Bildung des weniger aggregatorisch wirkenden TXA3 hin. Ein Einfluß von Tocopherol war auch hier nicht festzustellen.
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    Heat-induced changes in casein-derived phosphopeptides (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 30 (1991), S. 227-232 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: phosphopeptides ; casein ; heating ; dephosphorylation ; nutritive value of proteins ; Phosphopeptide ; Casein ; Erhitzung ; Dephosphorylierung ; nutritive Proteinqualität
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Phosphopeptide können als Carrier für Calcium und Spurenelemente dienen. Im Hinblick auf diese spezifischen nutritiven Effekte wurden die hitzeinduzierten Veränderungen tryptischer Phosphopeptide untersucht, die aus Natrium-Caseinat als Modellsystem freisetzbar waren. Sowohl die Mikrowellen als auch die Backofenerhitzung führte zu einer deutlichen Verringerung an peptidgebundenem Phosphor (Dephosphorylierung) und Abnahme der im tryptischen Hydrolysat gelösten Caseinophosphopeptide. Es wird die Schlußfolgerung gezogen, daß die Hydrolyse von Phosphoseryl- zu Serylresten der vorherrschende Abbauweg zu löslichen Proteolyseprodukten war, während Lysinoalanyl-Casein offensichtlich nur im pH-4.6-unlöslichen Anteil des tryptischen Hydrolysates vorlag.
    Notes: Summary Phosphopeptides derived from casein may function as carriers for calcium and trace elements. In regard to such specific nutritive effects, the heat-induced changes in tryptic phosphopeptides liberated from bovine sodium caseinate as a model system were investigated. Both microwave and oven heating resulted in a marked loss of peptide-bound phosphorous (dephosphorylation) and a decrease of caseinophosphopeptides in the soluble part of the tryptic hydrolysate. It is concluded that hydrolysis of phosphoseryl to seryl residues was the prevailing degradation step to soluble proteolytic products, whereas lysinoalanyl-casein is claimed to be present almost exclusively in the pH 4.6-insoluble part of the tryptic digest.
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    Bioavailabilities of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium from whey mineral complex in growing male rats (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 258-268 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Whey minerals ; Ca availability ; P utilization ; bone ; Molkenminerale ; Ca-Verfügbarkeit ; P-Nutzung ; Knochen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die biologische Verfügbarkeit von Ca, P und Mg aus dem Mineralkomplex der Molke (WMC) wurde in bezug auf die Mineralbilanz und Knochenbeschaffenheit an wachsenden männlichen Ratten untersucht und mit Rinderknochenasche (BBA) und CaCO3 verglichen. Der Einfluß der Ca-Quelle auf die Futteraufnahme, Körpergewichtszunahme und Futterverwertung war nicht signifikant (p〉0,05). Bei einer Zulage von 0,3 % Ca in Form von WMC war das Trockengewicht der Rattenfemora erheblich höher als bei den mit BBA gefütterten. Die Femora von Ratten, welche 0,3 % Ca in Form von WMC erhielten, speicherten signifikant mehr P als die der mit BBA bzw. CaCO3 gefütterten, der Energieaufwand bis zum Femurbruch der mit WMC gefütterten Ratten war bedeutend höher als bei den Ratten, die mit 0,2 bzw. 0,3 % Ca als BBA gefüttert wurden. Die bezüglich der Bruchfestigkeit festgestellte Tendenz traf auch auf die Knochendichte zu. Unter den drei Rattengruppen wurden keine bedeutenden quantitativen Unterschiede in der Ca-Bilanz festgestellt; bei den mit WMC gefütterten Ratten zeigte sich jedoch eine signifikant höhere P-Retention als bei den anderen Gruppen. Die Konsequenzen für die biologische Verfügbarkeit von Ca aus WMC und deren Auswirkungen auf die Nutzung von P und Mg werden besprochen.
    Notes: Summary The bioavailabilities of Ca, P and Mg from whey mineral complex (WMC) were studied from the viewpoint of the mineral balance and bone properties in growing male rats and compared with bovine bone ash (BBA) and CaCO3. Ca source showed no significant effect on feed intake, body weight gain or feed efficiency (p〈0.05). When the dietary Ca level was 0.3 %, the dry weight of the femur in rats fed WMC was significantly higher than that in rats fed BBA. The femur P content of rats fed 0.3 % Ca as WMC was significantly higher than that of rats fed BBA or CaCo3. The breaking energy of the femur from rats fed WMC was significantly higher than that from rats fed BBA at a Ca level of 0.2 % or 0.3 %. There was the same tendency in bone densities as was observed in breaking properties. There was no significant difference in quantitative values for Ca balance among three groups of rats, whereas those rats fed WMC had a significantly higher P retention than other groups. Ca bioavailability from WMC and the effect on the utilization of P and Mg were discussed.
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    Buchbesprechungen (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 300-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01610078
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    Untersuchungen zur Hitzeschädigung von Weizengluten: Ermittlung des intermediären Lysinabbaus bei Küken mittels Isotopentechnik (14C-U-L-Lysin-Oxidation) (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 283-299 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Lysin ; Hitzeschädigung ; Weizengluten ; 14C-Lysinoxidation ; Masthähnchenküken ; Lysine ; heat modification ; wheat gluten ; 14C-lysine-oxidation ; broiler chickens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The aim of our experiments was to identify a restricted lysine bioavailability after heating of wheat gluten by estimating a reduced metabolic14C-lysine degradation. In two trials, male broiler chickens were fed with six diets based on wheat and wheat gluten (gluten untreated or heated), but differing in lysine content according to lysine supplementation. In trial 1 animals were fed restrictively, in trial 2 they were fed ad libitum. For estimation of metabolic lysine degradation all animals received an additional i.v. injection of14C-U-L-lysine 3 weeks posthatching, followed by hourly collection of14CO2 up to 3 h after injection. There were no differences between groups receiving untreated or heated gluten concerning weight gain and N-balance if the lysine supplementation was medium or high. When applying a lysine supply close to the requirement level or above the requirement the lysine degradation to14CO2 (% of the dose) and the specific radioactivity of CO2 in animals receiving heated gluten was significantly lower compared to the corresponding group with untreated gluten. It can be concluded that reduced bioavailability of lysine due to heat treatment of gluten might be indicated by means of weight gain or N-balance only at lysine supply levels below the requirement. In contrast, measurements of lysine degradation by means of14CO2-excretion after i.v. lysine injection indicate the heat-damaging effect, especially at lysine levels close to the requirement.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Ziel der hier dargestellten Versuche war die Beantwortung der Frage, ob die verminderte biologische Verwerbarkeit von Lysin nach Hitzeschädigung von Weizengluten durch einen verminderten intermediären14C-Lysinabbau bei Küken nachweisbar ist. In 2 Versuchen erhielten Masthähnchenküken Diäten auf der Basis von Weizen und Weizengluten (unbehandelt oder erhitzt), die sich weiterhin durch die Höhe der Lysinzulage unterschieden. In Versuch 1 wurde restriktiv gefüttert, in Versuch 2 ad libitum. Zur Bestimmung des intermediären Lysinabbaus wurde allen Tieren in der 3. Lebenswoche zusätzlich eine i.v. Injektion von14C-U-L-Lysin verabfolgt und anschließend die14CO2-Ausscheidung bis zur 3. Stunde nach der Injektion gemessen. Bei mittleren oder hohen Lysinzulagen bestanden hinsichtlich der Lebendmassezunahme und der N-Bilanz keine Differenzen zwischen den Gruppen. Bei einer Lysinversorgung um und oberhalb des Bedarfswerts waren der Lysinabbau zu14CO2 (in % der verabreichten Dosis) und die spezifische Radioaktivität des CO2 bei den Tieren, die erhitztes Gluten erhielten, signifikant geringer als bei der entsprechenden Gruppe mit unbehandeltem Gluten. Es wird geschlußfolgert, daß die verminderte biologische Verwertbarkeit des Lysins durch die Hitzebehandlung des Glutens sich in der Lebendmassezunahme und N-Bilanz nur bei einer Lysinversorgung unter dem Bedarf niederschlägt. Im Gegensatz dazu war mittels14CO2-Ausscheidung der Effekt der Hitzeschädigung speziell bei einer Lysinzufuhr um den Bedarfswert nachweisbar.
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    Comparative absorption of ferrous and heme-iron with meals in normal and iron deficient subjects (1993)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 32 (1993), S. 67-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Iron-absorption ; heme-iron ; Eisen-Resorption ; Haem-Eisen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die relative intestinale Resorption von Haem- und Nichthaem-Eisen in Verbindung mit einer standardisierten Testmahlzeit wurde bei fertilen Frauen sowohl bei normalen Versuchspersonen als auch bei Frauen im Eisenmangel gemessen. Im Eisenmangel wurde das Haem-Eisen deutlich besser resorbiert (16.13%±S.D. 8.0 gegenüber 4.59±3.4, p〈0.01, sowie 22.03±8.9 gegenüber 9.45±7.8, p〈0.05). Für die gezielte Prophylaxe eines Eisenmangels mit kleinen, nebeneffektfreien Dosierungen ist Haem-Eisen daher eine wertvolle Komponente, welche die Resorption um 40% steigert. Haem-Eisen verursacht keine hohen Konzentrationen freier Radikale im intestinalen Lumen, die möglicherweise schädlich wirkendes zweiwertiges Eisen induziert.
    Notes: Summary The relative intestinal absorption of heme- and non heme-iron in connection with a standardized test meal was studied in a group of fertile women given 16 mg Fe in the form of FeSO4 and 2 mg Fe in the form of hemoglobin. Both in normal subjects and in women with iron deficiency, the heme-iron was significantly better absorbed (16.13%±S.D. 8.0 vs 4.59±3.4, p〈0.01 and 22.03±8.9 vs 9.45±7.8, p〈0.05). For targeted prophylaxis of iron deficiency with small, side-effect-free doses, heme-iron is thus a valuable component which increases the absorption by about 40%. Heme-iron does not cause high concentrations in the intestinal lumen of free radical inducing, possibly harmful ferric iron.
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    Kongreßankündigungen/Ausschreibungen (1993)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 32 (1993), S. 76-78 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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    Studies on the metabolism of metallothionein and alkaline phosphatase of adult rat primary hepatocyte cultures: role of fetal calf serum and agonists of the phosphoinositide cascade (1993)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 32 (1993), S. 176-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Rats ; hepatocytes ; phosphoinositide cascade ; zinc ; metallothionein ; alkaline phosphatase ; Ratten ; Hepatocyten ; Phosphoinositol-Effektorsystem ; Zink ; Metallothionein ; alkalische Phosphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Am Modell primärer Rattenhepatocytenkulturen wurde die Beteiligung von Agonisten des Phosphoinositol-Effektorsystems am Metabolismus von Metallothionein (MT) und alkalischer Phosphatase (ALP) untersucht. Alle Experimente wurden in DMEM/F12 (Ham)-Medium sowohl nach 24stündiger Vorinkubation mit foetalem Kälberserum (FCS) als auch nach Vorinkubation mit Rinderserumalbumin (BSA) durchgeführt. Die Versuche an den Hepatocytenkulturen wurden mit Dexamethason (DEX), Zink (Zn) und den Agonisten des Phosphoinositol-Effektorsystems, der Calciumionophore A 23187, 1,2-Dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol (DiC8), 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetat (TPA), Angiotensin II (AT), Platelet Activating Factor (PAF) und Arg8-Vasopressin (VP), durchgeführt. Als Parameter wurden die Konzentrationen an MT und die Aktivität der ALP im Zellmaterial bestimmt. Die Vitalität der Kulturen wurde über die Freisetzung der Aktivität der Laktatdehydrogenase (LDH) ins Kulturmedium, der Induzierbarkeit der Tyrosinaminotransferase (TAT) durch DEX und der Anfärbbarkeit der Zellen mit Trypanblau nachgewiesen. Die Zellvitalität wurde durch die FCS-Vorinkubation und DEX-Supplementierung insgesamt verbessert. Unabhängig davon, ob die Zellen mit FCS oder BSA vorinkubiert wurden, stieg der MT-Gehalt der Zellen durch Zn und DEX, als aus der Literatur bekannte direkte Induktoren von MT, um ein Mehrfaches an. Nach FCS-Vorbehandlung war ein moderater Anstieg der ALP-Aktivität nachzuweisen, der jedoch als Vitalitätseffekt interpretiert werden kann. DEX und Zn führten zu keinen Veränderungen der ALP-Aktivität. Alle getesteten Agonisten des Phosphoinositol-Effektorsystems konnten weder MT noch ALP induzieren. Lediglich A 23187 führte zu einer signifikanten konzentrationsabhängigen Reduktion der beiden Parameter. Diese Beobachtung wurde, durch den Anstieg der LDH-Aktivität im Medium und der Zunahme mit Trypanblau anfärbbaren Zellen, auf einen cytotoxischen Effekt von A 23187 zurückgeführt. Die vorliegende Untersuchung zeigt, daß Agonisten des Phosphoinositol-Effektorsystems nicht in der Lage sind, den Metabolismus von MT und ALP primärer Rattenhepatocyten zu verändern. Die Ergebnisse früherer in vivo Experimente, in denen Agonisten des Phosphoinositol-Effektorsystems den Zn-Stoffwechsel der Leber modulierten, können somit als indirekter systemischer Effekt gedeutet werden.
    Notes: Summary Adult rat primary hepatocytes maintained in DMEM/F12 (Ham) media were used as a model system for studying the role of fetal calf serum (FCS) and agonists of the phosphoinositide cascade in the metabolism of metallothionein (MT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Experiments were performed both after a 24 h preincubation with FCS and with bovine serum albumin (BSA). Hepatocytes were treated with dexamethasone (DEX), zinc (Zn) and with the agonists of the phosphoinositide cascade A 23187, 1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol (DiC8), 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), angiotensin II (AT), platelet activating factor (PAF), Arg8-vasopressin (VP) and were analyzed for MT and ALP activity in cell homogenates. Cell viability was evaluated by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) liberation into culture medium, induction of tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) through DEX and by trypan blue exclusion. Overall, cell viability was improved by the FCS pretreatment and by DEX. Exposure of hepatocytes to the established direct inducers Zn and DEX of MT resulted in a manifold increase in MT, independent of whether the cultures were FCS pretreated or not. The FCS preincubation produced a moderate elevation of ALP activity by stimulating cell viability. However, ALP was unaltered in response to Zn and DEX. None of the experiments conducted with agonists of the phosphoinositide cascade led to an elevation of MT and ALP. Only the incubation of hepatocytes with A 23187 resulted in a concentration dependent significant decrease of MT and ALP. This observation was due to a cytotoxic effect of A 23187, displayed by LDH leakage and an increase in the number of cells stained with trypan blue. In conclusion, in primary hepatocyte cultures agonists of the phosphoinositide did not have an effect on the metabolism of MT and ALP. Previous in vivo results indicating alterations of Zn metabolism in liver, therefore seem to be caused by indirect systemic responses.
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    Impact of some commonly used Egyptian diets on plasma lipids profils of rats (1993)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 32 (1993), S. 229-236 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Fibers ; rats ; Plasma lipids ; Ratten ; Plasmalipide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An hyperlipämischen Ratten wurde der Einfluß von 7 üblichen ägyptischen Kostformen geprüft. Die Ernährung bestand aus weißen Bohnen und Weizenvollkornbrot (Diät 1), Kohl und Erbsen (2), Spinat und Karotten (3), Weizenvollkornbrot und Bohnensprossen (4), Weizenvollkornbrot, weißen Bohnen und Erbsen (5), weißen Bohnen und Karotten (6) und schließlich Erbsen und Karotten (7). Die Versuche dauerten 5 Wochen, danach wurden verschiedene Plasmalipide und biologische Parameter mit hyperlipämischen Kontrolltieren verglichen. Das Gesamtplasmacholesterol war in allen Versuchsgruppen erniedrigt; eine Ausnahme machte Diät 6, hier gab es keine Senkung. Erniedrigt waren die Gesamtplasmalipide in Gruppe 5. Plasmaphospholipide stiegen an in den Gruppen 3 und 7. In Gruppe 3 war das HDL-Cholesterol erniedrigt. Die Gewichtszunahmen in den Gruppen 1, 2 und 3 waren reduziert. Ein verminderter Futterverzehr wurde in den Gruppen 1 und 6 beobachtet. Die Futterverwertung sank in den Gruppen 1, 5 und 6. In allen 7 Gruppen war das Gewicht der Faeces erhöht.
    Notes: Summary Seven types of diets commonly consumed in Egypt were studied in hyperlipemic rats. Each of the seven diets were fed to a group of hyperlipemic rats. The diets contain white beans and whole wheat bread (Diet 1); cabbage and peas (2); spinach and carrots (3); whole wheat bread and bean sprouts (4); whole wheat bread, white beans and peas (5); white beans and carrots (6) and the last diet contains peas and carrots (7). The experiment continued for 5 weeks, at the the of which different plasma lipids and biological parameters were compared to hyperlipemic rats fed the control diet for 5 weeks. Results showed that plasma total cholesterol of rats of all groups showed significant decrease, except in rats fed diet 6 in which no significant change was noticed. Plasma total lipids of rats fed diet 5 decreased significantly. Plasma phospholipids of rats fed diets 3 and 7 increased significantly. Rats fed diet 3 showed decreased levels of plasma high density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Body weight gain of rats fed diets 1, 2 and 3 decreased significantly. Total food intake was noticed to decrease on feeding diets 1 and 6. Significant decrease was produced in food efficiency ratio of rats fed diets 1, 5 and 6. Feeding any type of the previous seven diets produced significant increase of feces weight.
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    Glycerin als Futterkomponente und14C-Glycerinumsatz bei Ratten (1993)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 32 (1993), S. 270-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Glycerinverfütterung ; 14C-Glycerinumsatz ; Ratten ; Feeding of glycerol ; 14C-glycerol metabolism ; rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Male Wistar rats (initial weight 58 g) received in four groups (10 animals per group) 0.0, 10.6, 21.3, and 31.8% glycerol in the dry matter of the diet (groups 1 to 4). The live weight gain of the animals was, after a feeding time of 3 weeks in the groups 1 to 4, 2.01, 2.49, 2.57, and 2.52 g, respectively, per animal and day. The higher gain in the glycerol groups resulted from the higher feed intake in these groups. Four rats per group received on the 22nd day of the experiment, 1 h after the morning meal, an intraperitoneal injection of carrier-free14C-glycerol. The14C-excretion in the respiration air and in the urine was measured in the following 10 h. The14C-excretion in the14CO2 of the respiration air was in % of the injected14C-glycerol dosis in the groups 1 to 4=45.4, 44.2, 39.0, and 33.2, respectively. The14C-excretion in the urine was 17.0, 18.1, 25.1, and 32.3%, respectively. The higher values in groups 3 and 4 resulted from the high excretion of free glycerol in the urine. In groups 3 and 4 the glycerol content of the blood plasma was 1.9- and 1.5-fold higher than in groups 1 and 2. It was concluded that up to 40 mg glycerol per hour and animal (100 g LW) was metabolized in a physiological way in group 2. As a feeding component glycerol can constitute up to 10% of the diet-DM in monogastric animals.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 40 männliche Wistarratten mit einer Anfangsmasse von 58 g, in 4 Gruppen zu je 10 Tieren aufgeteilt, erhielten 0,0, 10,6, 21,3 und 31,8% Glycerin in der Diät-Trockensubstanz (Gruppen 1–4). Die durchschnittliche Lebendmassezunahme pro Tier und Tag betrug während einer 3wöchigen Fütterungsperiode in den Gruppen 1–4=2,01, 2,49, 2,57 und 2,52 g. Die höhere Zunahme in den Glyceringruppen resultierte aus der höheren Futteraufnahme. Im Anschluß an den Fütterungsversuch erhielten 4 Tiere pro Gruppe eine Stunde nach der Morgenfütterung trägerfreies14C-Glycerin intraperitoneal injiziert. Die14C-Ausscheidung über die Respirationsluft und über den Harn wurden in den nachfolgenden 10 Stunden gemessen. Die14C-Ausscheidung über das CO2 der Atmungsluft betrug in den Gruppen 1–4=45,4, 44,2, 39,0 und 37,2% der injizierten14C-Glycerindosis. Die14C-Menge im Harn betrug 17,0, 18,1, 25,1 und 32,3% der14C-Injektionsdosis. Die höhere Ausscheidung im Harn in den Gruppen 3 und 4 ergibt sich aus der Exkretion von freiem Glycerin über den Harn. Die Glycerinkonzentration im Blutplasma war in den Gruppen 3 und 4=1,9 bzw. 1,5fach höher als in den Gruppen 1 und 2. Es wird geschlußfolgert, daß bis zu 40 mg Glycerin pro Stunde und Tier (100 g LM) auf physiologischem Wege verstoffwechselt werden (Gruppe 2) können. Glycerin kann bis zu einer Höhe von 10% der Diät-Trockensubstanz bei Monogastriern als Futtermittel eingesetzt werden.
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    Helmut Haenel — in memoriam (1993)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 32 (1993), S. 321-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01611171
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    Elektronen-Spin-Resonanz-Messungen an Trockenfrüchten (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 258-266 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: ESR ; HPLC ; Lebensmittelbestrahlung ; Trockenfrüchte ; Kohlenhydrate ; ESR ; HPLC ; food irradiation ; dried fruits ; sugars
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary While in a previous work the ESR spectroscopic detection of irradiated dried fruits was reported, in this paper liquid chromatographic determination of the carbohydrate fraction of these fruits is introduced and connected with the ESR results. After irradiation of dried fruits three different types of ESR spectra are observed. In most cases the dried fruits can be attached to these various types by means of their sugar composition. It was also found that the ESR spectra observed for sucrose-rich fruits are very similar to that of pure sucrose. The structure of the ESR spectra can change with storage. Probably, radical rearrangement reactions in the samples are responsible for these changes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nachdem in einer früheren Arbeit der ESR-spektroskopische Nachweis von strahlenbehandelten Trockenfrüchten besprochen wurde, wird in diesem Bericht die flüssigchromatographische Bestimmung der Kohlenhydratfraktion dieser Früchte vorgestellt und ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Zuckerzusammensetzung und den ESR-Signalstrukturen nachgewiesen. Die bei der Bestrahlung von Trockenfrüchten beobachteten ESR-Spektren lassen sich in 3 Typen unterteilen. Die Zuordnung der Trockenfrüchte zu den einzelnen Typen anhand ihrer Kohlenhydratzusammensetzung gelingt in einer überwiegenden Zahl der untersuchten Proben. Weiterhin wird festgestellt, daß die beobachteten ESR-Signale in ihrem Habitus denen der reinen bestrahlten Mono- und Disaccharide ähnlich sind. Dies trifft besonders für saccharosereiche Früchte und Saccharose zu. Die Struktur der ESR-Spektren strahlenbehandelter Trockenfrüchte kann sich über einen längeren Zeitraum ändern. Für die Veränderung werden radikalische Umwandlungen in der Probenmatrix verantwortlich gemacht.
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    Nährstoffzufuhr bei Dauernachtschicht-Arbeitern (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 299-309 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Nährstoffzufuhr ; Nachtschicht ; Arbeiter ; Mahlzeiten ; Werktage ; Wochenende ; Nutrient intake ; nightshift ; worker ; meals ; weekdays ; weekend days
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary By means of a modified weight record technique, total dietary intake was obtained in 24 permanent nightshift workers during a period of 7 consecutive days; intake data were attached to eight defined meals. As a control, 25 shift workers of the same company were investigated during the morning shift. Mean daily energy intake was 2866±616 kcal (12.0±2.6 MJ) including 14% protein, 39.5% fat, 37.8% carbohydrates, and 8.7% alcohol. Statistically significant differences between groups were found for vitamin E and polyunsaturated fatty acids. In both groups intake data for vitamin A, D, zinc and dietary fiber did not meet 3/4 of the recommandations of the German Nutrition Society. In contrast to controls, nutrient intake of the permanent nightshift workers was slightly less during weekend days; mean meal frequency decreased from 5.4 (weekday) to 4.3. The distribution of total daily nutrient intake to different meals partly did not agree with existing recommendations; however, the deviation seems reasonable. Regarding the risks for accidents as well as the working capacity, the relatively high alcohol intake during working hours has to be criticized.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei 24 Dauernachtschicht-Arbeitern eines metallverarbeitenden Betriebs in Bayern wurde über einen Zeitraum von 7 aufeinanderfolgenden Tagen der gesamte Verzehr mit Hilfe der vereinfachten Wiegemethode erfaßt und 8 definierten Mahlzeiten zugeordnet. Als Kontrollgruppe dienten 25 Wechselschicht-Arbeiter in der Frühschicht desselben Betriebs. Eiweiß lieferte 14%, Fett 39,5%, Kohlenhydrate 37,8% und Alkohol 8,7% der durchschnittlichen täglichen Energiezufuhr in Höhe von 2866±616 kcal (12,0±2,6 MJ). Statistisch signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen bestanden für Vitamin E und mehrfach ungesättigte Fettsäuren. In beiden Gruppen erreichte die Aufnahme an Vitamin A, D, Zink und Ballaststoffen nicht 3/4 der Empfehlungen der DGE. Im Gegensatz zur Kontrollgruppe führten die Dauernachtschicht-Arbeiter an den Wochenenden geringfügig weniger Nährstoffe zu als an Werktagen; die durchschnittliche Mahlzeitenzahl verringerte sich von 5,4 (Werktag) auf 4,3. Die Verteilung der täglichen Nährstoffzufuhr auf einzelne Mahlzeiten an den Werktagen wich teilweise von bestehenden Empfehlungen ab, erscheint aber sinnvoll. Im Hinblick auf Unfallgefahren und Leistungsfähigkeit ist der relativ hohe Alkoholkonsum während der Arbeitszeit zu kritisieren.
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    Characterization of guinea pigs adapted to differently high vitamin C supplies 1. Blood-levels of cholesterol, glucose, triacylglycerides and hemoglobin (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 21-26 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: guinea pigs ; bloodlevels ofcholesterol ; glucose ; triacylglycerides andhemoglobin ; adaptation to different vitaminC supplies ; Meerschweinchen ; Blutspiegel anCholesterin ; Glucose ; Triacylglyceride undHämoglobin ; Adaptation an unterschiedliche Vitamin-C-Gehalte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Meerschweinchen, die an geringe Vitamin-C-Gehalte im Futter adaptiert worden sind (6–10 Wochen), zeigen im Vergleich zu Tieren, die an mittlere und hohe Gehalte adaptiert sind, Tendenzen zu erhöhten Blutspiegeln an Cholesterin und Triacylglyceriden und zu erniedrigten Gehalten an Hämoglobin und an Glucose.
    Notes: Summary Guinea pigs adapted (6–10 weeks) to low supply with vitamin C in the food show the tendency to increased levels of cholesterol and triacylglycerides in the blood and to decreased levels of hemoglobin and of glucose in comparison to guinea pigs adapted to medium and high supply.
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    Vitamin E status in Sudanese children with protein-energy malnutrition (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 47-53 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: protein-energymalnutrition ; vitaminE status ; children ; Sudan ; developingcountries ; Protein-Energie-Mangelernährung ; Vitamin-E-Status ; Kinder ; Sudan ; Entwicklungsländer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Gesamttocopherol und alpha-Tocopherol wurden im Plasma von Kindern mit schwerer Mangelernährung (14 Maramus; 11 marantischer kwashiorkor; 5 kwashiorkor) bestimmt und auf die Gesamtlipide des Plasmas und auf die verschiedenen Plasmalipidklassen bezogen. Wenn die reinen Plasmakonzentrationen als ein Index des Vitamin-E-Status genommen würden, so wären 5 Kinder mit Marasmus, 5 Kinder mit marantischem kwashiorkor und 2 Kinder mit kwashiorkor als defizitär (〈500 μg/dl) anzusehen. Werden jedoch Gesamttocopherol und alpha-Tocopherol auf die Gesamtlipide bezogen, so zeigten alle mangelernährten Kinder — bis auf eines — Werte, die innerhalb der Grenzen lagen, die für gesunde amerikanische Kinder gefunden wurden. Die Studie zeigt, daß niedrige Tocopherol-Lipid-Verhältnisse kein konstantes Merkmal bei schwer mangelernährten Kindern sind.
    Notes: Summary Total tocopherols and alpha-tocopherols were estimated in the plasma of children with severe malnutrition (14 marasmus; 11 marasmic kwashiorkor; five kwashiorkor) and related to the total plasma lipids and different plasma lipid classes. If the mere plasma concentrations were taken as an index of the vitamin E status, five children with marasmus, five children with marasmic kwashiorkor, and two children with kwashiorkor would have been regarded as deficient (〈500 μg/dl). However, if total tocopherols and alpha-tocopherols were related to the total plasma lipids, all malnourished children — except one — showed values within the limits found in healthy American children. The study shows that low tocopherol/lipid ratios are not a constant feature in severely malnourished children.
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    Zur toxikologischen Beurteilung der Schwermetallgehalte (Cd, Hg, Pb) in Säuglings- und Kleinkindnahrung (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 54-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Quecksilber ; Blei ; Toxizität ; Säuglingsnahrung ; cadmium ; mercury ; lead ; toxicity ; infantformulas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary There are differences between young and adult organisms regarding toxokinetic aspects and clinical manifestations of heavy metal intoxications. Chronically, toxic Cd intake causes a microcytotic hypochromic anemia in young rats at lower exposure levels and after shorter exposure periods than in adult animals. Cd absorption is increased by co-administration of milk and in conjunction with iron deficiency. After long exposure periods toxic Cd concentrations accumulate in the kidney cortex; this process starts very early in life. In 3-year-old children Cd concentrations in the kidney can reach up to one-third of those found in adults. Hg++ and methyl-Hg can cause Hg encephalopathia, and frequently cause mental retardation in adults. Correspondingly, Hg++ accumulation in the brains of suckling rats is approx. 10 times higher than in grown animals. Milk increases the bioavailability of Hg++. In suckling rats Hg is bound to a greater extent to ligands in the erythrocytes. Methyl-Hg concentrations in breast milk reach 5% of those in maternal plasma and that is a severe hazard for breastfed children of exposed mothers. Toxic Pb concentrations can lead to Pb encephalopathia. A high percentage of surviving children have seizures and show signs of mental retardation. Anemia and reduced intelligence scores were recently observed in children after exposure to very low levels of Pb. Pb absorption is increased in children and after co-administration of milk. There are no definite proofs for carcinogenesis or mutagenesis after oral exposure to Cd, Hg, and Pb in man. Heavy metal concentrations were found in the same order of magnitude in commercial infant formulas and in breast milk. When infant formulas are reconstituted with contaminated tap water, however, Pb and Cd concentrations can be much higher. The average heavy metal uptake from such diets exceeds the provisional tolerable weekly intake levels set by the WHO for adults, calculated on the basis of an average food intake and a downscaled body weight. These considerations do not even provide for differences in absorption and distribution or for the increased sensitivity of children to heavy metal exposure. However, dilution effects for essential heavy metals were observed in fast-growing Young children; this effect might be extrapolated to toxic metals. These theoretical considerations are compared with epidemiological evidence. A health statistic from Baltimore shows a decline of Pb intoxications in infants. This observation correlates with a simultaneous decline in exposure to Pb which was due, for example, to decreased use of lead dyes in house paints and the abolition of tin cans for infant food. At the end of the observation period Pb-related infant mortality had decreased to zero. Maximum admissible Pb exposure from infant formulas in the USA has now been further reduced but the calculated Pb exposures in the example mentioned above are still lower. In conclusion, no hazard can be deducted from the mentioned epidemiological data regarding the present content of Cd, Hg, and Pb in commercially available infant formulas in Germany. Looking at the high toxic potential, however, it seems desirable to keep the content of these three metals in infant formulas as low as the best available technology can achieve.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die klinischen Symptome und die Toxokinetik von Schwermetallintoxikationen zeigen Unterschiede zwischen jungen und ausgewachsenen Organismen. Chronisch toxische Cd-Mengen verursachen eine mikrozytäre hypochrome Anämie, die bei Jungratten nach kürzerer und geringerer Exposition auftritt als bei erwachsenen Tieren. Nach der Resorption, die durch Milch und im Eisenmangel erhöht ist, akkumuliert Cd über Jahre bis zu toxischen Konzentrationen in der Nierenrinde. Dieser Fortgang beginnt im Säuglingsalter und kann in den ersten drei Lebensjahren bis zu 1/3 der Erwachsenenwerte erreichen. Hg++ und Methyl-Hg können u. a. eine Hg-Enzephalopathie hervorrufen, in deren Folge Kinder mehr als Erwachsene geistige Behinderungen zeigten. In Saugratten ist die Hg-Akkumulation im Hirn gegenüber erwachsenen Tieren zehnfach erhöht. Milch steigert die Bioverfügbarkeit von Hg++, das nach der Resorption bei Säuglingen vermehrt in den Erythrozyten gebunden wird. Methyl-Hg erreicht in der Muttermilch 5 % der mütterlichen Plasmakonzentration und führte bei epidemischen Vergiftungen zu schweren Schäden bei Säuglingen. Chronische Pb-Exposition kann Enzephalopathien verursachen, die bei Kindern in einem hohen Prozentsatz Krampfleiden und geistige Behinderungen hinterlassen. Anämien und Intelligenzminderungen werden bei Kindern nach sehr niedrigen Pb-Expositionen beobachtet. Die Pb-Resorption wird durch Milchgabe gesteigert und ist bei Kindern erhöht. Für Cd, Hg und Pb gibt es keine gesicherten Belege für Karzinogenese oder Mutagenese bei Menschen nach oraler Exposition. Der Schwermetallgehalt in kommerzieller Säuglingsnahrung liegt in derselben Größenordnung wie in der Muttermilch. Bei Verwendung von kontaminiertem Zapfwasser zur Rekonstitution von Fertignahrung ist die Belastung mit Pb und Cd jedoch erhöht. Die theoretische Metallaufnahme aus solchen Diäten, berechnet für einen normgewichtigen Säugling und einen repräsentativen Diätplan, übersteigt, bezogen auf das Körpergewicht, die „provisional tolerable weekly intakes“ der WHO für Erwachsene. Dabei führen Unterschiede in Resorption und Verteilung von Cd, Hg und Pb zu einer erhöhten Empfindlichkeit des kindlichen Organismus. Andererseits ergibt sich aus dem schnellen Wachstum von Säuglingen ein Verdünnungseffekt für essentielle Spurenmetalle, der von manchen Autoren auf toxische Metalle extrapoliert wird. Diesen theoretischen Überlegungen stehen epidemiologische Erfahrungen gegenüber. Eine Statistik über kindliche Bleivergiftungen aus Baltimore ist über einen Zeitraum von 13 Jahren stark rückläufig. Die einzelnen Stufen des Rückgangs lassen sich mit einem zeitgleichen Rückgang der kindlichen Pb-Belastung korrelieren, z. B. durch die Meidung von Bleifarben für den Hausanstrich oder die Abschaffung von bleihaltigem Verpackungsmaterial für Babynahrung. Am Ende des Beobachtungszeitraums weist die Mortalitätsstatistik keine einschlägigen Todesfälle mehr auf. In den USA wurde der zulässige Pb-Gehalt in der Säuglingsnahrung seither weiter reduziert. Die im oben genannten Beispiel aus deutschen Werten errechneten Pb-Belastungen liegen deutlich darunter. Zusammenfassend läßt sich aus den genannten epidemiologischen Erfahrungen keine akute Gefährdung durch die gegenwärtigen Cd-, Hg- und Pb-Gehalte in kommerzieller Säuglings- und Kleinkindnahrung ableiten. Das hohe toxische Potential läßt es aber wünschenswert erscheinen, die Gehalte dieser drei Metalle so niedrig zu halten, wie es nach neuestem technischem Stand möglich wäre.
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    Hermann Zucker zum Gedenken (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 151-153 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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    Specific effect of the amount of dietary fat on esterase-1 (ES-1) activity of rat plasma (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 129-134 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: rat ; dietaryfat ; esterase-1 (ES-1) ; plasma ; Ratte ; diätetischesFett ; Esterase-1 (ES-1) ; Plasma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Frage, die sich stellt, ist: Beeinflußt die Zunahme von Nahrungsfett die Esterase-1-Aktivität (ES-1) im Plasma von Ratten mehr als Kohlenhydrate oder Proteine? Es wurde daher bei männlichen Ratten der Effekt auf die Esterase-1-Aktivität durch das Austauschen des Nahrungsfettes mit isokalorischen Mengen an Kohlenhydraten und Proteinen bestimmt. In hoch fetthaltigem Futter erreichte Maisöl höhere Esterase-1-Aktivität im Plasma von Ratten als Kokosnußöl. Die Esterase-1-Aktivität war abnehmend bei erniedrigter Fettaufnahme. Das Austauschen des Nahrungsfettes durch Kohlenhydrate oder Proteine produziert die gleiche Abnahme der Esterase-1-Aktivität im Plasma. Dagegen tritt keine nennenswerte Veränderung der Esterase-1-Aktivität beim Austausch von Kohlenhydraten mit Proteinen auf. Daraus folgt, daß die Höhe des Fettgehalts in der Nahrung die Esterase-1-Aktivität beeinflußt.
    Notes: Summary The question addressed is whether the amount of dietary fat rather than that of carbohydrates or protein affects esterase-1 (ES-1) activity in plasma of rats. For this purpose, the effects on plasma ES-1 activity of replacement of dietary fat, by isocaloric amounts of either carbohydrates or protein were studied in male rats. In rats fed high-fat diets, corn oil induced higher plasma ES-1 activities than coconut fat. Plasma ES-1 activity was decreased by a decrease in fat intake. Replacement of fat by carbohydrates produced a similar decrease of plasma ES-1 activity as did replacement of fat by protein. Replacement of carbohydrates by protein did not significantly change plasma ES-1 activity. It is concluded that the amount of fat in the diet specifically influences ES-1 activity in plasma.
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    The influence of nutritional factors on biopterin excretion in laboratory animals (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 169-177 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Biopterin ; Ratte ; Glukose ; Cellulose ; Fasten ; biopterin ; rats ; glucose ; cellulose ; fasting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ernährungsbedingte Einflüsse auf die Gesamtbiopterinwerte im Urin von Ratte und Schwein wurden untersucht. Während der ersten Nächte in Stoffwechselkäfigen bei gleichzeitigem Futterentzug zeigte sich ein signifikanter Anstieg der Biopterinausscheidung im Urin der Ratte. Dieser konnte entweder durch Fütterung, vorhergehende Gewöhnung an den Futterentzug oder durch orale Glukosegaben gesenkt werden. Bei Futterentzug unter normalen Haltungsbedingungen konnte dieser Anstieg nicht gefunden werden. Der tageszeitliche Rhythmus der Biopterinausscheidung wurde sowohl vom Futterentzug als auch von der Cellulosefütterung beeinflußt. Veränderte Wasseraufnahme und -ausscheidung hatten keine Auswirkung auf die Biopterinausscheidung bezogen auf die Kreatininwerte. Die auffallenden Veränderungen sind eher mit streßbedingten hormonellen Funktionen und Regulationen als mit ernährungsbedingten Faktoren in Zusammenhang zu bringen. Weitere Untersuchungen zu diesen Problemen sind in Bearbeitung.
    Notes: Summary Nutritional influences on urinary total biopterin levels in rats and pigs were investigated. During the first nights in metabolic cages with food deprivation a significant increase in biopterin values was found in rats. This could be diminished either by feeding, adaptation to food deprivation or by oral glucose application. With food deprivation under normal housing conditions, this increase could not be found. Rats that were fed a cellulose preparation without metabolizable energy had no increase in biopterin excretion. The circadian rhythm of biopterin excretion was influenced by food deprivation as well as by cellulose. Alterations in water intake and urinary output had no effect on biopterin levels related to creatinine. Remarkable changes in biopterin excretion are more likely due to hormonal functions and regulations related to stress than to nutritional factors. More investigations into these problems are being performed.
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    Einflüsse purinreicher Ernährung auf die renale und extrarenale Exkretion von Purinkataboliten bei Dalmatiner-Hunden (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 208-218 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: purinreiche Ernährung ; Purinkataboliten ; Exkretionsraten ; Dalmatiner ; high-purine feeding ; purine catabolites ; excretion rates ; Dalmatian dog
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In eight Dalmatian dogs exogenous effects (dietary purine, xylit infusion) on plasma uric acid were examined and relationships between purine intake and excretion were established. Increasing purine intake resulted in a linear increase in renal excretion of urate (r=0.952) and a less steep increase of allantoin (r=0.901). In pairs of two animals with low and high purine intakes the metabolic fluxes in steady state were measured by continuous infusion of (2-14C) urate. The extrarenal excretion rates of urate + allantoin during high-purine and low purine feeding averaged 2.9 % and 8.5 % of entry rates. The results are discussed in comparison with human data and a remarkably good agreement is observed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An 8 Dalmatiner-Hunden werden exogene Einflüsse (Puringehalte der Diät, Xylit-Infusion) auf die Harnsäurekonzentration im Blutplasma sowie Beziehungen zwischen Purinaufnahme und -ausscheidung untersucht. Steigende Purinaufnahme bewirkte einen linearen Anstieg der renalen Exkretion von Harnsäure (r=0,952) und weniger steil von Allantoin (r=0,901). An je 2 Tieren mit niedriger und hoher Purinaufnahme werden mittels Dauerinfusion von (2-14C)-Harnsäure die metabolischen Flüsse im Steady state gemessen. Die extrarenale Exkretionsrate von Harnsäure + Allantoin bei purinarmer und purinreicher Ernährung betrug 2,9 % bzw. 8,5 % der Eintrittsrate. Die Ergebnisse werden vergleichend mit Daten vom Menschen diskutiert und bemerkenswert gute Übereinstimmungen festgestellt.
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    Vergleich der biologischen Aktivität und Stabilität von Menadion und Menadiol bei Hühnerküken (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 219-228 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Vitamin K ; Menadion ; Menadiol ; Bioverfügbarkeit ; Stabilität ; Geflügel ; vitamin K ; menadione ; menadiol ; bioavailability ; stability ; poultry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A bioassay of vitamin K is described, based on the prothrombin clotting time of 3-week-old, vitamin-K-depleted, and cumatetralyl-sensitized male broiler chicks, using a homologous thrombokinase preparation. With this test it could be shown that the diacetate and dibutyrate esters of menadiol are vitamin-K-active. The bioactivity of menadione from these menadiolesters amounted to about 70 % of the standard menadione from a coated menadione sodium bisulfite (Dohyfral). Menadiol seems to be temperature-resistant under such conditions, whereby two uncoated MSB preparations lost about 60 % of their activity.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einem biologischen Testverfahren an Cumatetralyl sensibilisierten Küken konnte in 3 Versuchen anhand des Parameters Thromboplastinzeit mit homologer Thrombokinase gezeigt werden, da\ Menadioldiacetat und Menadioldibutyrat Vitamin-K-wirksam sind. Die biologische Wirksamkeit von Menadion aus diesen Menadiolestern betrug ca. 70 % der Menadionaktivität aus gecoatetem Menadionbisulfit (Dohyfral®). Im Gegensatz zu 2 ungeschützten MSB-Präparationen, welche bei Wärmebelastung ca. 60 % ihrer ursprünglichen Wirkung verloren, waren die Menadiolester temperaturstabil.
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    The effect of some beverage extracts on intestinal iron absorption (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 264-269 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: iron ; absorption ; beverages ; anemia ; anise ; mint ; caraway ; cumin ; tilia ; liquorice ; karkade ; tea ; Eisenresorption ; Getränke ; Anämie ; Anis ; Minze ; Kümmel ; Cumin ; Tilia ; Sü\holz ; Karkade ; Tee
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde der Einflu\ von einigen Getränkeauszügen wie Anis, Minze, Kümmel, Cumin, Tilia, Sü\holz, Karkade und Tee auf die Eisenresorption im Darm von Ratten untersucht. Die Eisenresorptionsrate wurde im Verhältnis zum Resorptionsindex berechnet. Der Tanningehalt so wie der Gehalt an Phytin- und Ascorbinsäure dieser Getränke wurde ermittelt. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse zeigen, da\ Anis, Minze, Kümmel, Cumin, Tilia und Sü\holz in der Reihenfolge ihrer Erwähnung eine abnehmende Wirkung auf die Zunahme der Eisenresorption haben. Karkade hat keinen Einflu\ auf die Eisenresorption, während Tee sie verhindert. Die Ergebnisse werden in bezug zum Tanningehalt und zum Phytin- oder Ascorbinsäuregehalt dieser Getränke diskutiert. Es wird empfohlen, diese Getränke Kindern und Erwachsenen als vorbeugendes Mittel bei Eisenmangelanämie zu geben.
    Notes: Summary The effect of some beverage extracts namely anise, mint, caraway, cumin, tilia, liquorice, karkade and tea, on the absorption of iron was tested in tied-off intestinal segments of rats. The rate of intestinal iron absorption was calculated in terms of an absorption index. The tannin, phytic acid and ascorbic acid contents of these beverages were analysed. The results show that anise, mint, caraway, cumin, tilia, liquorice, arranged in decreasing order of their effect, promoted the absorption of iron. Karkade did not exert an appreciable effect while tea inhibited absorption. The results are discussed in relation to the content of these beverages of tannins, phytic or ascorbic acids. It is recommended to offer these beverages to children and also to adults as a preventive agent to iron deficiency anemia. Also can be used for the preparation of bioavailable medicinal iron.
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    Effect of casein phosphopeptides on utilization of calcium in minipigs and vitamin-D-deficient rats (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 295-298 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: phosphopeptides ; calcium utilization ; minipig ; rat ; vitamin-D-deficiency ; Phosphopeptide ; Kalzium-Utilisation ; Minischwein ; Ratte ; Vitamin-D-Mangel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02023086
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  • 87
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    Editorial (1991)
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    European journal of nutrition 30 (1991), S. 1-3 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01910727
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  • 88
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    Die Bedeutung der Maillard-Reaktion in der menschlichen Physiologie (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 30 (1991), S. 18-28 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Maillardreaktion ; Pathophysiologie ; Aminoguanidin ; postribosomale Modifikation ; Maillard reaction ; pathophysiology ; advanced glucosylation end products ; aminoguanidine ; postribosomal modification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary More than 50 years after Maillard's original paper describing the reaction of amino acids with glucose it was found that this reaction also occurs under physiological conditions in the human body. Initially, it was discovered that human hemoglobin contains protein-bound Amadori-products that are increased in diabetic patients with elevated blood glucose levels. Measurements of fructosylated hemoglobin are now widely used as an index of glycemia in diabetes. It was soon recognized that this postribosomal modification is common to other proteins in vivo like albumin, lens crystallins, proteins of the clotting cascade, collagens, lipoproteins, proteins of the cell membrane, and others. This may lead to alterations in structure and function of the respective protein. Later, the realization that long-lived proteins become browned, fluorescent, and insoluble with age, and at an accelerated rate in diabetes, suggested that later stages of the Maillard reaction might proceed in vivo and contribute to some of the pathophysiology associated with both aging and diabetes. Although the contribution of the Maillard products to the development of diabetic late complications is not fully understood, attempts are being made to prevent formation of late Maillard product with aminoguanidine, a drug currently under clinical testing.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mehr als 50 Jahre nachdem Maillard (26) die Reaktion von Aminosäuren mit Glucose beschrieben hatte, wurde gefunden, daß diese Reaktion auch unter physiologischen Bedingungen im menschlichen Körper abläuft. Zuerst war entdeckt worden, daß humanes Hämoglobin proteingebundene Amadoriprodukte enthält, die bei Diabetikern mit erhöhten Blutglucosewerten vermehrt waren. Die Bestimmung von fruktosyliertem Hämoglobin ist bereits zur Beurteilung der diabetischen Stoffwechsellage weitverbreitet. Bald darauf wurde nachgewiesen, daß auch andere Proteine wie z.B. Albumin, Linsencrystallin, Proteine der Gerinnungskaskade, Kollagene, Lipoproteine, Zellmembranproteine und andere dieser postribosomalen Modifikation unterliegen, die zu Veränderung von Struktur und Funktion des betreffenden Proteins führen kann. Später wurde erkannt, daß langlebige Proteine altersabhängig braun, fluoreszierend und unlöslich werden. Da diese späten Stadien der Maillardreaktion bei Diabetikern schneller auftreten, wurde vermutet, daß die Maillardreaktion zur Pathophysiologie des Alterns und zur Entstehung der diabetischen Spätschäden beiträgt. Obwohl die ursächliche Beteiligung der Maillardprodukte bei der Entwicklung diabetischer Spätschäden noch nicht verstanden wird, werden bereits klinische Versuche mit dem Medikament Aminoguanidin gemacht, welches die Bildung von späten Maillardprodukten verhindert.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01910729
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    Über die Wirkung von Terephthalsäure und Folien aus Polyterephthalsäureestern auf fettlösliche Vitamine (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 30 (1991), S. 65-71 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Terephthalsäure ; Polyterephthalsäureester ; fettlöslicheVitamine ; terephthalic acid ; polyterephthalic acid ester ; fat-solublevitamin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The effect of terephthalic acid, which is found in foodstuffs as a monomer of fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamin A, D3 and α-tocopherol was examined in model tests of terephthalic acids, and of foils composed of polyterephthalic acid esters. Vitamin A and D3 were stabilized by terephthalic acid (the vitamin content was up to 25 % after adding terephthalic acid, depending on temperature and duration of heating); α-tocopherol was reduced a little faster with terephthalic acid. Heated in the foil the vitamin content was not reduced as much as in the model tests with terephthalic acid.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Wirkung von Terephthalsäure, die als Monomeres aus Polyterephthalsäureestern in Lebensmittel migriert, auf die fettlöslichen Vitamine A, D3 und α-Tocopherol in Modellversuchen unter Zusatz von Terephthalsäure und unter Verwendung einer Folie aus Polyterephthalsäureestern untersucht. Bei den Vitaminen A und D3 kommt es je nach Erhitzungstemperatur und-zeit zu einer Stabilisierung durch Terephthalsäure (bis zu 25 % höhere Rest-Vitaminmengen nach dem Erhitzen unter Zusatz von Terephthalsäure); bei α-Tocopherol hingegen wird der Abbau durch Terephthalsäure etwas beschleunigt. Bei den Tests in der Folie verläuft der Vitaminabbau langsamer als bei den Modellversuchen unter Zusatz von Terephthalsäure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01910734
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    Bildung von IQ-Verbindungen in Fleisch und Fleischprodukten (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 30 (1991), S. 56-64 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Analyse ; IQ-Verbindungen ; Erhitzen ; Fleischextrakt ; Maillard-Reaktion ; Mutagenität ; analysis ; IQ-compounds ; heating ; meat extract ; Maillard reaction ; mutagens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary During meat processing mutagenic imidazoquinolines and imidazoquinoxalines (“IQ-compounds”) may be formed by Maillard reaction of reducing sugars, amino acids, and creatine/creatinine. IQ-compounds isolated from low-moisture model systems and meat extract by liquid-liquid-distribution were fractionated on a cation exchanger and separated on an RP phase. After acetylation the separated compounds were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry based on their characteristic mass fragment ions. During heating the model systems at 100°C the formation of IQ-compounds begins and greatly increases by further raising the temperature. In different amounts IQ-compounds could also be detected in commercially available meat extracts.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei der Herstellung von Fleischprodukten können sich aus den darin enthaltenen reduzierenden Zuckern, Aminosäuren und Kreatin/Kreatinin im Rahmen einer Maillard-Reaktion Imidazochinoline und Imidazochinoxaline („IQ-Verbindungen“) bilden; diese haben sich als mutagen erwiesen. Die aus wasserarmen Modellsystemen und Fleischextrakt mittels Flüssig-Flüssig-Verteilung isolierten IQ-Verbindungen wurden an einer Kationenaustauschersäule vorfraktioniert und anschließend durch HPLC an einer RP-Phase getrennt. Die Identifizierung der vorher acetylierten Verbindungen erfolgte mittels Gaschromatographie/Massenspektrometrie aufgrund der charakteristischen Massenzahlen ihrer Fragmentionen. Bereits beim Erhitzen der Modellsysteme auf 100°C setzt die Bildung von IQ-Verbindungen ein und nimmt bei weiterer Temperaturerhöhung stark zu. Auch in käuflichem Fleischextrakt können IQ-Verbindungen in unterschiedlichen Mengen nachgewiesen werden.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01910733
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    Comments on Report of a joint FAO/WHO expert consultation on protein quality evaluation, Rome 1990 (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 30 (1991), S. 81-88 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Amino acidscore ; amino acid requirements ; digestibility ; amino acidcontent ; recommendations ; dietaryprotein ; Amino Acid Score ; Aminosäurebedarf ; wahre Verdaulichkeit ; Aminosäuregehalt ; Empfehlungen ; Nahrungsprotein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Conclusions The protein digestibility-corrected amino-acid score is considered the most suitable regulatory method for evaluating protein quality of foods and infant formulas. Since this method is based on human amino acid requirements, it is inherently more appropriate than animal assays used for predicting protein quality of foods and the consultation participants therefore recommend that the procedure be adopted as the preferred method of measuring protein values in reference to human nutrition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01610063
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  • 92
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    Leserbriefe (1991)
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    European journal of nutrition 30 (1991), S. 153-154 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01610070
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  • 93
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    Editorial (1991)
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    European journal of nutrition 30 (1991), S. 157-157 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01610338
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  • 94
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    Untersuchungen zur Frage der Nickelfreisetzung aus Edelstahlkochtöpfen (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 30 (1991), S. 181-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Nickelfreisetzung ; Edelstahlkochtöpfe ; säurehaltige Lebensmittel ; Nickelallergie ; nickel release ; stainless steel cooking pots ; acid foods ; nickel allergy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary For three items of foods (rhubarb, spinach, sauerkraut) the possible release of nickel (by means of AAS) was analysed, a release which may be caused by a possible corrosive effect of the concerned (oxalic-, milk-, vinegar-) acids (as well as common salt) within a normal domestic food-preparation. For this analysis stainless steel cooking pots of different manufacturers, various types and in a representative selection and quantity were taken into consideration; the detailled analyses were extended so far that clear statistical evaluations were possible. This method complies regulations for accuracy to determine traces of heavy metal. For all three analysed food-stuffs an identical result was reached that no nickel release from the stainless steel cooking pots into the food was found. Differences of the various stainless steel cooking pots with regard to their surfaces' quality or their origin (manufacturers) were not yielded, either. All detected concentrations of nickel are within the reach of the natural nickel content of the analysed food-stuffs and their amount is even much lower than other food's content of nickel. This leads up to the conclusion that the former view of a possible nickel release of stainless steel cooking pots has to be revised because these assumptions were not confirmed in the presented results of this analysis and therefore have to be regarded as not correct.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Für drei Lebensmittel (Rhabarber, Spinat und Sauerkraut) wurde die mögliche Nickelfreisetzung aus Edelstahlkochtöpfen (mittels AAS) untersucht, die durch eine mögliche korrosive Wirkung der anteiligen (Oxal-, Milch- und Essig-)Säure (sowie Kochsalz) bei haushaltsüblicher Zubereitung verursacht werden kann. In dieser Untersuchung wurden Kochtöpfe verschiedener Hersteller, in unterschiedlicher Ausführung und in repräsentativer Auswahl und Anzahl berücksichtigt. Dabei wurden die Detailuntersuchungen so weit ausgedehnt, daß eindeutige statistische Bewertungen möglich wurden. Die notwendige methodische Absicherung erfolgte nach den für (Schwermetall-)Spurenuntersuchungen üblichen Kriterien. Für die drei untersuchten Lebensmittel konnte übereinstimmend festgestellt werden, daß keine Nickelfreisetzung aus den Kochtöpfen in das darin zubereitete Kochgut feststellbar ist. Es konnten auch keine Unterschiede der verschiedenen Edelstahlkochtöpfe hinsichtlich der Oberflächenqualität oder Herkunft (Hersteller) ermittelt werden. Sämtliche nachgewiesenen Spurenkonzentrationen liegen im Streubereich natürlicher Nickelgehalte der geprüften Lebensmittel und sogar um Zehnerpotenzen niedriger als vergleichbare Nickelgehalte anderer Lebensmittel. Daraus folgt, daß die bisherige Auffassung zur möglichen Nickelfreisetzung bei Edelstahltöpfen revidiert werden sollte, weil entsprechende Annahmen nach den vorgelegten Untersuchungsbefunden nicht bestätigt und als nicht zutreffend angesehen werden müssen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01610341
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    Transport of pteroylglutamic acid into brush border membrane vesicles from rat small intestine is a partially carrier-mediated process (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 30 (1991), S. 201-213 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: pteroylglutamicacid ; brush border membranevesicles ; folate-hydroxyl-antiporter ; diffusion ; Pteroylglutaminsäure ; Bürstensaum-Membranvesikel ; Folat-Hydroxyl-Antiporter ; Diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der transmembranäre Transport von PteGlu wurde mittels BBMV aus Rattendünndarm untersucht. Der Transport war weder an einen spezifischen Kationengradienten gekoppelt noch durch Veränderungen des Membranpotentials zu beeinflussen. In Gegenwart eines transmembranären pH-Gradienten (pHout 〈 pHin) waren die initialen Transportraten signifikant höher als in Versuchen ohne pH-Gradient. Unter diesen Bedingungen war der Transport zu inhibieren, wenn die BBMV mit DIDS, einem Hemmstoff von Anionenaustauschsystemen, vorbehandelt wurden. Die Aufnahme von PteGlu war nicht erhöht, wenn die BBMV mit HPO 4 2− und Cl− vorbeladen wurden. Unter diesen Bedingungen hatte auch DIDS keinen hemmenden Effekt. Studien zur konzentrationsabhängigen Aufnahme ergaben eine duale Transportcharakteristik in Anwesenheit eines pH-Gradienten und eine lineare Aufnahme in Abwesenheit eines pH-Gradienten. Hieraus ist zu schließen, daß die Aufnahme von PteGlu bei niedrigen Substratkonzentrationen mittels eines PteGlu−/OH−-Antiporters vermittelt wird. Bei höheren Konzentrationen oder in Abwesenheit eines pH-Gradienten erfolgt die Aufnahme hingegen durch nichtionische Diffusion. In einer zusätzlichen Versuchsserie konnte gezeigt werden, daß ein Drittel des Substrates nicht transportiert, sondern an die BBM gebunden wird. Die biologische Bedeutung dieser Bindung bleibt unklar.
    Notes: Summary Intestinal transport of PteGlu was studied using BBMV from rat small intestine. Transport was neither coupled to a specific cation gradient nor was it influenced by variations of the membrane potential. In the presence of a transmembrane pH gradient (pHout 〈 pHin) initial transport was significantly higher compared to studies without pH gradient. Under these conditions transport could be inhibited by pretreating the vesicles with DIDS, an inhibitor of anion exchange systems. Uptake of PteGlu could not be enhanced by preloading the BBMV with HPO 4 2− and Cl− and was not sensitive to DIDS under these conditions. Uptake studies using different concentrations of PteGlu revealed dual transport kinetics in the presence of a pH gradient and linear uptake in its absence. It could be concluded that uptake is mediated by a PteGlu−/OH−-antiporter at low substrate concentrations and occurs by non-ionic diffusion at higher concentrations or in the absence of a pH gradient. In an additional series of experiments it could be shown that about one-third of the substrate is bound to the membrane and is not transported. The biological significance of this binding remains unclear.
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    Das Körpermuskelkompartiment und seine Beziehungen zu Nahrungsaufnahme und Blutchemie unter einer extremen Ausdauerbelastung (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 30 (1991), S. 276-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Ausdauersport ; Anthropometrie ; Muskelkompartiment ; Nahrungsaufnahme ; Sportanthropologie ; Sporternährung ; Ultralangstreckenlauf ; endurance sports ; anthropometry ; muscle compartiment ; nutritional intake ; sports anthropology ; sports nutrition ; ultra-long distance running
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The purpose of the study was to examine the changes of the muscle's fat-free compartment and its relation to the corresonding biochemical and nutritional parameters of 42 men and 13 women, the participants of an ultra long-distance run of 1000 km (20 days of daily running 50 km). The muscle-fractions initially increased, decreased in the middle phase, and remained stable for the rest of the run. Significant changes of the fat-free weight were registered from the 11th day on, the LBM decreasing until the middle of the distance; then the lean body mass enlarged. All the muscle-circumferences were reduced with the exception of the thigh, which grew, paralleling the CK/CKMB-concentrations, this phenomenon being due to the high mechanical stress of the lower extremities. The biochemical parameters exhibit a strain-related reaction of adaption within the initial 6 days, the hormones and protein-concentration increasing in the beginning and falling from the third day on, uric acid and CK/CKMB-activity decreasing from the 6th day on. The consecutive parallel reduction of both uric acid, urea, and muscle measurements might be seen as a special endurance-related clearance-mechanism of potential toxicants. The negative relationship between the changes of muscle measurements and the cumulative protein intake and the catabolic constellation of the clinical-chemical values might suggest that the absolute protein intake of 1.7 g/kg body mass should be increased in order to diminish the loss of musculature during an ultra-long distance run.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Untersuchungsgegenstand sind die Veränderungen des anthropometrisch erfaßten Muskelkompartiments und seiner Beziehungen zu den korrelierenden blutchemischen und ernährungsphysiologischen Kenngrößen bei 42 Teilnehmern und 13 Teilnehmerinnen eines 1000-km-Ultralangstreckenlaufs, der in 20 Tagesetappen von jeweils 50 km zu bewältigen war. Differenziert nach Körperfraktionen folgt auf einen initialen Muskelmasseanstieg eine Abflachung bis zum 12. Tag und bleibt dann stabil. Die aktive Körpersubstanz nimmt zunächst geringfügig ab und steigt nach Laufmitte wieder an. Bei Abnahme sämtlicher korrigierter Muskeldurchmesser zeigte lediglich der Oberschenkeldurchmesser eine anabole Entwicklung, dessen hohe mechanische Belastung seinen Ausdruck im parallel erfolgenden CK- und CKMB-Anstiegen fand. Auch bei den klinischchemischen Parametern vollzieht sich die Laufadaptationsreaktion innerhalb der ersten Tage zwischen 1. und 6. Tag: Testosteron-, Kortisol- und Proteinspiegel steigen bei Laufbeginn an und fallen ab dem 3. Lauftag wieder ab, Harnstoffkonzentration und CK/CKMB-Aktivität erst ab dem 6. Tag. Die konsekutive parallele Reduktion von Harnstoff- und Harnsäurespiegeln und vielen Muskelmaßen ist möglicherweise als Clearance-Mechanismus zur Entfernung potentiell toxischer Substanzen zu verstehen. Aus den negativen Korrelationen zwischen kumulativer Proteinzufuhr und Veränderungen von Muskelmaßen sowie der katabolen Stoffwechsellage kann gefolgert werden, daß die absolute Proteinzufuhr von 1,7 g/kg Körpergewicht absolut zu erhöhen ist, um den Muskelsubstanzverlust unter Ultra-Ausdauerbelastung einzudämmen.
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    Ausschreibung (1991)
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    European journal of nutrition 30 (1991), S. 318-318 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01651962
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    Comparative studies of gastrointestinal tolerance and acceptability of milk chocolate containing either sucrose, isomalt or sorbitol in healthy consumers and Type II diabetics (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 40-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: isomalt ; chocolate ; gastrointestinal effect ; acceptability ; Isomalt ; Schokolade ; Magen-Darm-Effekte ; Verträglichkeit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Reaktionen von erwachsenen Verbrauchern bei Konsum von Süßwaren gegenüber Milchschokolade mit Isomalt, Saccharose oder Sorbit sollten verglichen werden. Die Teilnehmer aßen während 7 Tagen die Schokolade daheim in Mengen, die sie selbst gewählt hatten, wobei sie maximal 100 g pro Tag zu sich nehmen sollten. In einem Doppelblind-Crossover-Versuch stellten gesunde Teilnehmer nach dem Genuß von Isomaltschokolade höhere Stuhlhäufigkeit, Gasbildung und Blähungen fest im Vergleich zu Saccharoseschokolade. Die Intensität dieser Magen-Darm-Effekte war jedoch überwiegend gering und somit nicht ausreichend, um die Akzeptanz der Schokoladen in Frage zu stellen. In weiteren Crossover-Versuchen wurden die Reaktionen von Typ-II-Diabetikern auf Isomaltschokolade (n=53) oder Sorbitolschokolade (n=51) mit denen bei Verzicht auf Schokoladekonsum verglichen. Sowohl bei Isomalt- wie auch bei Sorbitschokolade wurden erhöhte Gasbildung und Flatulenz festgestellt; jedoch rief nur die Sorbitschokolade eine höhere Stuhlfrequenz hervor. Wiederum war die Intensität der Magen-Darm-Effekte unerheblich, woraus geschlossen wird, daß Isomalt für den Einsatz in normaler und Diabetikerschokolade geeignet ist.
    Notes: Summary The objective was to compare reaction of adult consumers of confectionery to milk chocolate made with either isomalt, sucrose or sorbitol. Test chocolate was eaten by subjects at home during 7 days in amounts chosen by them up to a maximum of 100 g per day. In a double-blind crossover trial isomalt chocolate was associated in healthy consumers (n=58) with increased motion frequency, wind and flatulence compared with sucrose chocolate. However, the intensity of these gastrointestinal effects was predominantly slight and insufficient to affect acceptability. In separate crossover trials, reactions of Type II diabetic consumers to eating isomalt chocolate (n=53) or sorbitol chocolate (n=51) were compared to reactions when eating no chocolate. Both isomalt and sorbitol chocolate were associated with higher incidence of wind and flatulence than for no chocolate, but only sorbitol chocolate increased motion frequency. Again intensity of gastrointestinal effects was slight. It is concluded that isomalt has potential use in both regular and diabetic chocolate.
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    Kongreßankündigungen/Ausschreibung (1992)
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    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 86-87 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01612556
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    Electronic Resource
    Boiled coffee does not increase serum cholesterol in gerbils and hamsters (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 82-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Hamster ; gerbil ; boiledcoffee ; filteredcoffee ; serumcholesterol ; Hamster ; Gerbilmäuse ; gebrühter Kaffee ; filtrierter Kaffee ; Serumcholesterin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Gegensatz zu filtriertem Kaffee erhöht gebrühter Kaffee den Serumcholesterinspiegel im Menschen. Um die für diesen Effekt verantwortliche(n) Substanz(en) zu identifizieren, wird ein Tiermodell gesucht, das auf gebrühten Kaffee entsprechend reagiert. In dieser Studie wurden an drei Versuchsgruppen zu je 20 Gerbilmäusen und drei Versuchsgruppen zu je 6 Hamstern eine Kontrolldiät und eine Kontrolldiät supplementiert mit entweder gefriergetrocknetem filtiertem Kaffee oder gefriergetrocknetem gebrühtem Kaffee verabreicht. Nach Beendigung der fünfwöchigen Fütterungsperiode konnte kein signifikanter Unterschied in den Serumcholesterinwerten der Gerbilmäuse und der Hamster in den verschiedenen Versuchsgruppen festgestellt werden. Diese Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, daß entweder diese Tiermodelle für diese Studien nicht geeignet sind oder daß die cholesterinerhöhende Substanz im gebrühten Kaffee durch das Gefriertrocknen verlorengeht oder unwirksam wird.
    Notes: Summary In contrast to drip filter coffee, boiled coffee increases the serum cholesterol level in man. To identify the substance(s) responsible for this effect, it is necessary to find an animal model sensitive to boiled coffee. In this study, three groups of 20 male gerbils and three groups of six male hamsters were fed a control diet or a control diet supplemented with either freeze-dried boiled coffee or freeze-dried filtered coffee. At the end of the 5-week feeding period serum cholesterol levels were not different in either species fed the different diets. These results suggest that these animal species are not sensitive to boiled coffee, or that the cholesterol-raising factor in boiled coffee is lost during the process of freeze-drying.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01612555
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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