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  • Articles  (13,865)
  • 550 - Earth sciences  (7,304)
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  • SPACE SCIENCES
  • Science
  • 2010-2014  (10,451)
  • 1995-1999  (3,414)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ethics and intellectual structures (1995)
    Springer
    AI & society 9 (1995), S. 18-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5655
    Keywords: Ethics ; Science ; Technology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract In the paper, three propositions are put forward. First, that intellectual structures of wide scope commonly lead to conclusions which are ethically unacceptable; secondly that the ethically unacceptable consequences of science arise from one particular presupposition which it adopts, namely that of causality; thirdly, that causality is no essential part of science.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01174476
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    L3T4(CD4)-, Lyt-2(CD8)- and Mac-1(CD11b)-phenotypic leukocytes in murine cryptococcal meningoencephalitis (1995)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 131 (1995), S. 159-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Cryptococcus ; Immunity ; Immunohistology ; Meningoencephalitis ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An immunohistological study of L3T4(CD4)+ and LYT-2(CD8)+ lymphocytes, Mac-1(CD11b)+ monocytes and granulocytes in experimental murine cryptococcal meningoencephalitis was conducted. To assess the concomitant inflammatory reaction in an extracerebral site, livers were examined in parallel. Mice were infected i.v. withCryptococcus neoformans, group A/D, and organs were examined immunohistologically for CD4-, CD8- and monocyteand granulocyte-specific CD11b-phenotypic leukocytes over a period of 60 days. Intracerebrally, agglomerations of cryptococci formed pseudocysts that were surrounded by CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes at the end of the second week post-infection, followed by the invasion of monocytes and granulocytes into the lesions. After the fourth week post-infection, most of the invaded lesions were transformed into glious scars. Meningitis was usually marked and showed a homogenous distribution of CD4-, CD8- and CD11b-phenotypic cells, with a predominance of monocytes and CD4+ lymphocytes. Inflammatory infiltrates in the liver were found already 4 days post-infection. CD4+ lymphocytes and monocytes were distributed homogenously in the infiltrates, with a lower number of CD8+ lymphocytes being located rather in the periphery of the infiltrates. Comparing leukocyte kinetics in brain and liver, an important observation was the delayed immigration of immune cells at the intracerebral cryptococcal lesions as compared with the liver, and the different migration patterns of T-lymphocyte subgroups and macrophages. These results suggest that there are differential leukocyte migration patterns in the liver and brain following disseminated cryptococcosis. The immunological aspects of the observed leukocyte kinetics are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01102895
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluating birth frequencies and embryonic lethality in transgenesis following pronuclear injection of HIV DNA (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of biomedical science 2 (1995), S. 146-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0127
    Keywords: Transgene ; Mice ; Embryogenesis ; HIV ; Toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The likelihood that expression of a foreign gene in a mammalian cell is deleterious to viability is confronted whenever novel transgenic animals are made. A pathological response to transgene expression is even desired in transgenic mouse models of human disease. The derivation of HIV-transgenic mice in our laboratory using multiple recombinant forms of an HIV provirus has resulted in mixed success best explained by the variable toxicity of the different transgenes. Employing a standardized approach to pronuclear injections, experimental variation amongst recombinant HIV transgenes was documented in terms of the percentage of pregnancies following embryo transfer into pseudopregnant mice and the percentage of transplanted embryos leading to term births in these pregnant females (giving rise to an index of birth success, SI). Results compiled over 5 years suggested that the SI reflected transgene toxicity, in this case of HIV gene products early in embryogenesis. These observations have guided the design of productive transgenes for mouse models of HIV-related diseases and may be generally applicable in transgenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02253065
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The perils of peer review in economics and other sciences (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of evolutionary economics 5 (1995), S. 43-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1386
    Keywords: Peer review ; Referees ; Science ; A14
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The quality of researchers' work in economics and other sciences is generally evaluated through a system of peer review. In an experimental test it is shown that the peer review system can be very inefficient by creating a bias towards incremental development of existing methods and against exploration of new methods. Previous studies on this issue have put the blame on biases in individual judgement. Here the inefficiency is shown to occur even when researchers are rational and have perfect information as a result of strategic uncertainty about the extent to which other referees reject new methods. The experiment also shows that the bias generated by peer review can be alleviated by shifting some quality evaluation to non-researchers, even if these are poor at discerning quality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01199669
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Knowledge spillovers in biotechnology: sources and incentives (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of evolutionary economics 9 (1999), S. 97-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1386
    Keywords: Key words: Biotechnology ; Knowledge spillovers ; Science ; Entrepreneurship ; Startups ; JEL-classification: LO; O1; O3
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper sheds light on the questions, Why does knowledge spill over? and How does knowledge spill over? The answer to these questions we suggest lies in the incentives confronting scientists to appropriate the expected value of their knowledge considered in the context of their path-dependent career trajectories. In particular, we focus on the ability of scientists to appropriate the value of knowledge embedded in their human capital along with the incentive structure influencing if and how scientists choose to commercialize their knowledge. We conclude that the spillover of knowledge from the source creating it, such as a university, research institute, or industrial corporation, to a new-firm startup facilitates the appropriation of knowledge for the individual scientist(s) but not necessarily for the organization creating that new knowledge in the first place.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001910050076
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-term restricted index selection in mice designed to change fat content without changing body size (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 340-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Selection index ; Restricted index ; Fat ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to determine if low secondary selection differentials, caused by selecting within full-sib families, may have accounted for the failure of an intended restricted selection index to reduce epididymal fat pad weight (EF) without changing body weight (BW) in mice. Replicate lines that had been selected within full-sib families for high (HE) or low (LE) EF, while holding BW constant, were crossed. After two generations of random mating, two replicates were sampled and selection initiated for the same restricted index criteria except that mass selection was used to increase the selection differentials. In both phases of selection the HE restricted index selection, designed to increase EF without altering BW, was in agreement with expectation. In contrast, the LE index, designed to decrease EF without changing BW, did not agree with theory since BW increased while EF decreased only slightly. Therefore, reduced selection differentials could not explain the deviation from theory. A possible explanation may reside in the restricted selection index being more sensitive to changes in genetic parameters due to shifts in gene frequency as a consequence of the selection applied. However, linkage disequilibrium and genetic drift can not be ruled out as contributing factors to the asymmetry of response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220897
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Retarded myogenic cell replication in regenerating skeletal muscles of old mice: an autoradiographic study in young and old BALBc and SJL/J mice (1995)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 280 (1995), S. 277-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Skeletal muscle ; Regeneration ; Ageing ; Strain-specific muscle precursor replication ; Autoradiography ; Mice ; BALBc (SJL/J)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The patterns of skeletal muscle precursor cell replication after crush injury were compared by the use of autoradiographic techniques, in young (4-week-old) and old (39-week-old) BALBc and SJL/J mice. Similar comparisons were made between cut and crush lesions in old BALBc muscle. Muscle precursor cell replication commenced at 18–24 h after injury in both young and old muscles from both strains of mice. In young BALBc muscle the peak of myogenic activity at 60 h was 36 h earlier than in old mice. SJL/J muscle responded more rapidly than did BALBc: in young SJL/J the peak myogenic activity was at 46 h (14 h earlier than in young BALBc muscle), and in old SJL/J muscle the peak activity at 72 h was 24 h earlier than in old BALBc muscle. In all mice (both young and old) myogenic cell replication was substantially reduced by 120 h after injury. A comparison of the timing of muscle precursor cell replication in cut and crush lesions in old BALBc mice revealed a more rapid response in the cut lesion; this difference between the lesions is comparable with data from identical lesions in 6–8-week-old BALBc mice (McGeachie and Grounds 1987). However, the peak of myogenic replication in the older mice in the present study was some 26–36 h later than in the younger 6–8-week-old mice. These experiments show that, whilst muscle precursor cell replication commences at approximately the same time (about 24 h) after injury in young and old mice, the peak level of activity is delayed by some 24–36 h in old mice. In addition, the SJL/J mouse strain responds more rapidly and prolifically to muscle injury than does the BALBc strain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307799
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computer Technology, Science Education, and Students with Learning Disabilities (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of science education and technology 6 (1997), S. 155-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1839
    Keywords: Science ; learning disability ; computer technology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The ways computer technology could be used to teach science to students with learning disabilities (LD) are explored. Science is for all students and that includes students with LD. Learning science has both cognitive and affective implications for students with LD. In this context, computer technology provides cognitively engaging and motivating instructional tools for individualizing the mode of delivery; developing expert tutors; anchoring instruction; integrating science with other subjects; reducing cognitive load on working memory; and motivating students to stay on task. These applications are discussed with implications for teaching science to students with LD.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1025622116227
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Issues in the genetics of social behavior: Revisited (1996)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 26 (1996), S. 463-470 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Mice ; agonistic behavior ; aggression ; homogeneous set ; standard tester ; social behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Though social behavior has not been overlooked by behavior geneticists, the number of studies is small when compared to those on individual traits. One reason for the neglect may be the difficulty of making connections between genes and social behaviors, which by definition involve the interaction of two or more organisms. Fuller and Hahn (1976) addressed this issue and described three means of establishing social groups that would facilitate genetic analysis. We survey the literature on agonistic behavior in mice from 1976 through 1994 and describe interesting uses of those three methods. One of those methods (the standard tester design) often employs a “noninteractive” social partner. We present data showing that the standard tester design may be more valuable when using an evocative and interactive standard tester.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02359750
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zweikernige Tripod-Cobalt-Komplexe mit verbrückenden 1,4,5,8-Tetraoxonaphthalin und 1,4,9,10-Tetraoxoanthracen-Liganden: Strukturen, spektroskopische, magnetische und elektrochemische EigenschaftenHerrn Prof. Dr. R. Gleiter zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet. (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 129 (1996), S. 1115-1122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Tripod ligands ; Dinuclear cobalt complexes ; Dihydroxynaphthoquinones ; Dihydroxyanthraquinones ; Magnetism ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dinuclear Tripod Cobalt Complexes with Bridging 1,4,5,8-Tetraoxonaphthalene and 1,4,9,10-Tetraoxoanthracene Ligands: Structures, Spectroscopic, Magnetic, and Electrochemical PropertiesThe syntheses, structures, optical, magnetic, and redox properties of dinuclear tripodcobalt(II) complexes [tripod = CH3C(CH2PPh2)3] with briding 1,4,5,8-tetraoxonaphthalene 12- and 1,4,9,10-tetraoxoanthracene 22- are described. UV/Vis/NIR spectroscopy indicates interaction between the ligand and the metal orbitals. The magnetic interactions involving the two cobalt(II) centers and the bridging ligand are characterized by EPR spectroscopy and magnetic measurements and are analyzed in terms of qualitative Molecular Orbital calculations. The redox chemistry of these complexes is investigated by cyclic voltammetry and interpreted as metal-based oxidations and ligand-based reductions.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19961290922
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