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  • 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring  (44)
  • American Geophysical Union  (27)
  • Springer  (15)
  • European Geosciences Union  (2)
  • Nature Publishing Group
  • 2010-2014  (44)
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  • 1
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    Geochemistry of volcanic fluids : A special issue of the Bulletin of Volcanology in honour of Yuri A. Taran (2011)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-17
    Description: This special issue is dedicated to Yuri Taran's outstanding contributions to gas geochemistry that began in the early 1980s with his work on deuterium and 18O compositions of geothermal waters in the Mutnovsky (Kamchatka) region and continues to this day with work on the Kamchatka volcanic volatile budget, carbon isotopes of hydrocarbons, and new insights into the geochemistry of El Chichón volcano, Chiapas. Yuri has contributed greatly to the field of volcanic gas geochemistry and was the first to recognize the distinct deuterium and oxygen isotopic composition of fumarole condensates from volcanoes in Kamchatka (Taran et al. 1987a). The shift in δD and δ18O to significantly heavier values compared to local meteoric water led Yuri to introduce the term “andesitic water” (Taran et al. 1989a, b) which has since been recognized at subduction zone volcanoes globally. This distinct isotopic composition is evidence that volcanoes release water that ultimately originates as subducted seawater and is recycled through the mantle wedge back to the earth's surface. Yuri's early work on the gas emissions from Kamchatka and Kurile Islands volcanoes also included the development and testing of gas geothermometers (Taran 1986) and investigating hydrothermal alteration using isotopic data (Taran et al. 1987b). His curiosity remained focused on the isotope systematics of volcanic gases discharging from Kamchatka and the Kuriles through the late 1980s and 1990s with publications on the gas compositions of Klyuchevskoi (Taran et al. 1991), Mutnovsky (Taran et al. 1992), Avachinsky and Koryaksky (Taran et al. 1997). Yuri was involved in the discovery of a pure and unique rhenium mineral on Kudryavy volcano (Korzhinsky et al. 1994) and provided one of the most detailed chemical studies of high temperature (up to 950°C) fumaroles to date of any volcano (Taran et al. 1995). His 1995 paper on Kudryavy remains highly cited and provides the highest quality volcanic gas data which also include trace elements from a subduction zone. Such data are crucial when we attempt to interpret lower temperature volcanic gas compositions or calculate rare metal fluxes from volcanoes worldwide. His most recent publication on Kamchatka-Kurile volcanic emissions provides a detailed analysis of the total gas flux from these volcanoes (Taran 2009).
    Description: Published
    Description: 369-371
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 2.4. TTC - Laboratori di geochimica dei fluidi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Fluids Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 2
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    An unloading foam model to constrain Etna’s 11–13 January 2011 lava fountaining episode (2011)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-09
    Description: The 11–13 January 2011 eruptive episode at Etna volcano occurred after several months of increasing ash emissions from the summit craters, and was heralded by increasing SO2 output, which peaked at ∼5000 megagrams/day several hours before the start of the eruptive activity. The eruptive episode began with a phase of Strombolian activity from a pit crater on the eastern flank of the SE‐Crater. Explosions became more intense with time and eventually became transitional between Strombolian and fountaining, before moving into a lava fountaining phase. Fountaining was accompanied by lava output from the lower rim of the pit crater. Emplacement of the resulting lava flow field, as well as associated lava fountain‐ and Strombolian‐phases, was tracked using a remote sensing network comprising both thermal and visible cameras. Thermal surveys completed once the eruptive episode had ended also allowed us to reconstruct the emplacement of the lava flow field. Using a high temporal resolution geostationary satellite data we were also able to construct a detailed record of the heat flux during the fountain‐fed flow phase and its subsequent cooling. The dense rock volume of erupted lava obtained from the satellite data was 1.2 × 106 m3; this was emplaced over a period of about 6 h to give a mean output rate of ∼55 m3 s−1. By comparison, geologic data allowed us to estimate dense rock volumes of ∼0.85 × 106 m3 for the pyroclastics erupted during the lava fountain phase, and 0.84–1.7 × 106 m3 for lavas erupted during the effusive phase, resulting in a total erupted dense rock volume of 1.7–2.5 × 106 m3 and a mean output rate of 78–117 m3 s−1. The sequence of events and quantitative results presented here shed light on the shallow feeding system of the volcano.
    Description: Published
    Description: B11207
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Etna ; lava fountains ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
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    A year of lava fountaining at Etna: Volumes from SEVIRI (2012)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-09
    Description: We present a new method that uses cooling curves, apparent in high temporal resolution thermal data acquired by geostationary sensors, to estimate erupted volumes and mean output rates during short lava fountaining events. The 15 minute temporal resolution of the data allows phases of waxing and peak activity to be identified during short (150-to- 810 minute-long) events. Cooling curves, which decay over 8-to-21 hour-periods following the fountaining event, can also be identified. Application to 19 fountaining events recorded at Etna by MSG’s SEVIRI sensor between 10 January 2011 and 9 January 2012, yields a total erupted dense rock lava volume of 28 106 m3, with a maximum intensity of 227 m3 s 1 being obtained for the 12 August 2011 event. The timeaveraged output over the year was 0.9 m3 s 1, this being the same as the rate that has characterized Etna’s effusive activity for the last 40 years.
    Description: We are grateful to EUMETSAT for SEVIRI data.
    Description: Published
    Description: L06305
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: satellite ; lava fountains ; Etna ; erupted volume ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    Evolution of an active lava flow field using a multitemporal LIDAR acquisition (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-03
    Description: Application of light detection and ranging (LIDAR) technology in volcanology has 7 developed rapidly over the past few years, being extremely useful for the generation 8 of high‐spatial‐resolution digital elevation models and for mapping eruption products. 9 However, LIDAR can also be used to yield detailed information about the dynamics of 10 lava movement, emplacement processes occuring across an active lava flow field, and the 11 volumes involved. Here we present the results of a multitemporal airborne LIDAR survey 12 flown to acquire data for an active flow field separated by time intervals ranging from 13 15 min to 25 h. Overflights were carried out over 2 d during the 2006 eruption of Mt. Etna, 14 Italy, coincident with lava emission from three ephemeral vent zones to feed lava flow in 15 six channels. In total 53 LIDAR images were collected, allowing us to track the volumetric 16 evolution of the entire flow field with temporal resolutions as low as ∼15 min and at a 17 spatial resolution of 〈1 m. This, together with accurate correction for systematic errors, 18 finely tuned DEM‐to‐DEM coregistration and an accurate residual error assessment, 19 permitted the quantification of the volumetric changes occuring across the flow field. We 20 record a characteristic flow emplacement mode, whereby flow front advance and channel 21 construction is fed by a series of volume pulses from the master vent. Volume pulses 22 have a characteristic morphology represented by a wave that moves down the channel 23 modifying existing channel‐levee constructs across the proximal‐medial zone and building 24 new ones in the distal zone. Our high‐resolution multitemporal LIDAR‐derived DEMs 25 allow calculation of the time‐averaged discharge rates associated with such a pulsed flow 26 emplacement regime, with errors under 1% for daily averaged values.
    Description: This work was partially funded by the Italian 930 Dipartimento della Protezione Civile in the frame of the 2007–2009 Agree- 931 ment with Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia–INGV. A.F. 932 benefited from the MIUR‐FIRB project “Piattaforma di ricerca multi‐disci- 933 plinare su terremoti e vulcani (AIRPLANE)” n. RBPR05B2ZJ. S.T. 934 benefited from the project FIRB “Sviluppo di nuove tecnologie per la prote- 935 zione e difesa del territorio dai rischi naturali (FUMO)” funded by the Italian 936 Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca.
    Description: Published
    Description: B11203
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: LIDAR ; lava flow ; Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
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    Chemical composition of precipitation at Mt. Vesuvius and Vulcano Island, Italy: volcanological and environmental implications (2010)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Natural precipitation and water samples from passive devices were collected at Mt. Vesuvius and Vulcano Island, Italy, during the period 2004–2006, in order to investigate its possible interactions with fumarolic gases. Evidence of chemical reactions between fumarolic fluids and rain samples before and after its deposition into the sampling devices was found at Vulcano Island. Very low pH values (down to 2.5) and significant amounts of chlorine and sulfate (up to 22 mEq/l) were measured at sampling points located close to the fumarolic field. In contrast, anthropogenic contributions and/or dissolution of aerosols (both maritime and continental) influence the chemistry of rainwaters at Mt. Vesuvius, which show inter-annual variations that are highly consistent with those recorded at the coastal site at Vulcano Island. Chemistry of waters directly exposed to fumarolic fluids may then give useful information about its temporal evolution, holding the signal of the ‘‘maximum’’ chemical event occurred in the meanwhile. In addition, the observation of the health status of vegetation colonizing the immediate surroundings of the fumarolic fields, due to its strong dependence on the interactions with these fluids, may work as a possible biomarker of volcanic activity
    Description: In press
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Geochemistry ; Precipitation ; Fumarole ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    Topographic control on lava flow paths at Mount Etna, Italy: Implications for hazard assessment (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Assessment of the hazard from lava flow inundation at the active volcano of Mount Etna, Italy, was performed by calculating the probability of lava flow inundation at each position on the volcano. A probability distribution for the formation of new vents was calculated using geological and volcanological data from past eruptions. The simulated lava flows from these vents were emplaced using a maximum expected flow length derived from geological data on previous lava flows. Simulations were run using DOWNFLOW, a digital-elevation-model-based model designed to predict lava flow paths. Different eruptive scenarios were simulated by varying the elevation and probability distribution of eruptive points. Inundation maps show that the city of Catania and the coastal zone may only be impacted by flows erupted from low-altitude vents (〈1500 m elevation) and that flank eruptions at elevations 〉2000 m preferentially inundate the northeast and southern sectors of the volcano as well as the Valle del Bove. Eruptions occurring in the summit area (〉3000 m elevation) pose no threat to the local population. Discrepancies between the results of simple, hydrological models and those of the DOWNFLOW model show that hydrological approaches are inappropriate when dealing with Etnean lava flows. Because hydrological approaches are not designed to reproduce the full complexity of lava flow spreading, they underestimate the catchment basins when the fluid has a complex rheology.
    Description: Published
    Description: F01019
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: volcanic hazard ; lava flow ; Mount Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    Predicting the impact of lava flows at Mount Etna, Italy (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Forecasting the time, nature, and impact of future eruptions is difficult at volcanoes such as Mount Etna, in Italy, where eruptions occur from the summit and on the flanks, affecting areas distant from each other. Nonetheless, the identification and quantification of areas at risk from new eruptions are fundamental for mitigating potential human casualties and material damage. Here, we present new results from the application of a methodology to define flexible high‐resolution lava invasion susceptibility maps based on a reliable computational model for simulating lava flows at Etna and on a validation procedure for assessing the correctness of susceptibility mapping in the study area. Furthermore, specific scenarios can be extracted at any time from the simulation database, for land use and civil defense planning in the long term, to quantify, in real time, the impact of an imminent eruption, and to assess the efficiency of protective measures.
    Description: This work was sponsored by the Italian Ministry for Education, University and Research, FIRB project RBAU01RMZ4 “Lava flow simulations by Cellular Automata,” and by the National Civil Defense Department and INGV (National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology), project V3_6/09 “V3_6 – Etna.”
    Description: Published
    Description: B04203
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: 4.4. Scenari e mitigazione del rischio ambientale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: lava flows ; volcanic hazard ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.03. Geomorphology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.02. Cellular automata, fuzzy logic, genetic alghoritms, neural networks ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.05. Algorithms and implementation ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    Patterns in the recent 2007–2008 activity of Mount Etna volcano investigated by integrated geophysical and geochemical observations (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-03
    Description: An edited version of this paper was published by AGU. Copyright (2010) American Geophysical Union
    Description: Seismic, deformation, and volcanic gas observations offer independent and complementary information on the activity state and dynamics of quiescent and eruptive volcanoes and thus all contribute to volcanic risk assessment. In spite of their wide use, there have been only a few efforts to systematically integrate and compare the results of these different monitoring techniques. Here we combine seismic (volcanic tremor and long‐period seismicity), deformation (GPS), and geochemical (volcanic gas plume CO2/SO2 ratios) measurements in an attempt to interpret trends in the recent (2007–2008) activity of Etna volcano. We show that each eruptive episode occurring at the Southeast Crater (SEC) was preceded by a cyclic phase of increase‐decrease of plume CO2/SO2 ratios and by inflation of the volcano’s summit captured by the GPS network. These observations are interpreted as reflecting the persistent supply of CO2‐rich gas bubbles (and eventually more primitive magmas) to a shallow (depth of 1–2.8 km asl) magma storage zone below the volcano’s central craters (CCs). Overpressuring of the resident magma stored in the upper CCs’ conduit triggers further magma ascent and finally eruption at SEC, a process which we capture as an abrupt increase in tremor amplitude, an upward (〉2800 m asl) and eastward migration of the source location of seismic tremor, and a rapid contraction of the volcano’s summit. Resumption of volcanic activity at SEC was also systematically anticipated by declining plume CO2/SO2 ratios, consistent with magma degassing being diverted from the central conduit area (toward SEC).
    Description: Published
    Description: Q09008
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 1.3. TTC - Sorveglianza geodetica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 1.4. TTC - Sorveglianza sismologica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: volcano monitoring ; Mt. Etna volcano ; geochemistry and geophysics ; volcanic tremor ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 9
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    Response of Mount Etna to dynamic stresses from distant earthquakes (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-03
    Description: Influences of distant earthquakes on volcanic systems by dynamic stress transfer are well documented. We analyzed seismic signals and volcanic activity at Mount Etna during two periods, January 2006 and May 2008, that clearly showed variations coincident with distant earthquakes. In the first period, characterized by mild volcano activity, the effect of the dynamic stress transfer, caused by an earthquake in Greece (M = 6.8), was twofold: (1) banded tremor activity changed its features and almost disappeared; (2) a swarm of volcano‐tectonic (VT) earthquakes took place. The changes of the banded tremor were likely due to variations in rock permeability, caused by fluid flows driven by dynamic strain. The VT earthquake swarm probably developed as a secondary process, promoted by the dynamically triggered activation of magmatic fluids. The second period, May 2008, showed an intense explosive activity. During this interval, the dynamic stress transfer, associated with the arrival of the seismic waves of the Sichuan earthquake (M = 7.9), affected the character of the seismo‐volcanic signals and on the following day triggered an eruption. In particular, we observed changes in volcanic tremor and increases of both occurrence rate and energy of long period events. In this case, we suggest that dynamic stress transfer caused nucleation of new bubbles in volatile‐rich magma bodies with consequent buildup of pressure, highlighted by the increase of long period activity, followed by the occurrence of an eruption. We conclude that stresses from distant earthquakes are capable of modifying the state of the volcano.
    Description: Published
    Description: B12304
    Description: 1.4. TTC - Sorveglianza sismologica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Mt. Etna volcano ; dynamic stress transfer ; triggered eruption ; triggered seismicity ; volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
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    Anatomy of an unstable volcano from InSAR: Multiple processes affecting flank instability at Mt. Etna, 1994–2008 (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-03
    Description: An edited version of this paper was published by AGU. Copyright (2010) American Geophysical Union.
    Description: Volcano deformation may occur under different conditions. To understand how a volcano deforms, as well as relations with magmatic activity, we studied Mt. Etna in detail using interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data from 1994 to 2008. From 1994 to 2000, the volcano inflated with a linear behavior. The inflation was accompanied by eastward and westward slip on the eastern and western flanks, respectively. The portions proximal to the summit showed higher inflation rates, whereas the distal portions showed several sectors bounded by faults, in some cases behaving as rigid blocks. From 2000 to 2003, the deformation became nonlinear, especially on the proximal eastern and western flanks, showing marked eastward and westward displacements, respectively. This behavior resulted from the deformation induced by the emplacement of feeder dikes during the 2001 and 2002–2003 eruptions. From 2003 to 2008, the deformation approached linearity again, even though the overall pattern continued to be influenced by the emplacement of the dikes from 2001 to 2002. The eastward velocity on the eastern flank showed a marked asymmetry between the faster sectors to the north and those (largely inactive) to the south. In addition, from 1994 to 2008 part of the volcano base (south, west, and north lower slopes) experienced a consistent trend of uplift on the order of ∼0.5 cm/yr. This study reveals that the flanks of Etna have undergone a complex instability resulting from three main processes. In the long term (103–104 years), the load of the volcano is responsible for the development of a peripheral bulge. In the intermediate term (≤101 years, observed from 1994 to 2000), inflation due to the accumulation of magma induces a moderate and linear uplift and outward slip of the flanks. In the short term (≤1 year, observed from 2001 to 2002), the emplacement of feeder dikes along the NE and south rifts results in a nonlinear, focused, and asymmetric deformation on the eastern and western flanks. Deformation due to flank instability is widespread at Mt. Etna, regardless of volcanic activity, and remains by far the predominant type of deformation on the volcano.
    Description: ESA provided the SAR data (Cat‐1 no. 4532 and GEO Supersite initiative). The DEM was obtained from the SRTM archive, while the ERS‐1/2 orbits are courtesy of the TU‐Delft, The Netherlands. This work was partially funded by INGV and the Italian DPC (DPCINGV project V4 “Flank”), the Italian DPC (under special agreement with IREA‐CNR), and the Italian Space Agency under contract “sistema rischio vulcanico (SRV).” The authors thank Francesco Casu, Paolo Berardino, and Riccardo Lanari for their support and Geoff Wadge and Michael Poland for their helpful and constructive review of the manuscript.
    Description: Published
    Description: B10405
    Description: 1.3. TTC - Sorveglianza geodetica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Flank instability ; InSAR ; volcanoes ; Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.02. Geological and geophysical evidences of deep processes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.06. Rheology, friction, and structure of fault zones ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions ; 05. General::05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest::05.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 11
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    Characterization of GPS time series at the Neapolitan volcanic area by statistical analysis (2011)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-03
    Description: The GPS time series recorded at the Neapolitan volcanic area reveals a very peculiar behavior. When a clear deformation is observed, the amplitude distribution evolves from a super‐Gaussian to a broader distribution. This behavior can be characterized by evaluating the kurtosis. Spurious periodic components were evidenced by independent component analysis and then removed by filtering the original signal. The time series for all stations was modeled with a fifth‐order polynomial fit, which represents the deformation history at that place. Indeed, when this polynomial is subtracted from the time series, the distributions again become super‐Gaussian. A simulation of the deformation time evolution was performed by superposing a Laplacian noise and a synthetic deformation history. The kurtosis of the obtained signals decreases as the superposition increases, enlightening the insurgence of the deformation. The presented approach represents a contribution aimed at adding further information to the studies about the deformation at the Neapolitan volcanic area by revealing geologically relevant data.
    Description: Published
    Description: B10416
    Description: 1.3. TTC - Sorveglianza geodetica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: GPS time series ; Neapolitan volcanic ; statistical analysis ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.04. Statistical analysis
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  • 12
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    Long term variations at Campi Flegrei (Italy) volcanic system highlighted by the monitoring of hydrothermal activity (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Long duration time-series of the chemical composition of fumaroles and of soil CO2 flux reveal that important variations in the activity of the Solfatara fumarolic field, the most important hydrothermal site of Campi Flegrei, occurred in the 2000-2008 period. A continuous increase of the CO2 concentrations, and a general decrease of the CH4 concentrations are interpreted as the consequence of the increment of the relative amount of magmatic fluids, rich in CO2 and poor in CH4, hosted by the hydrothermal system. Contemporaneously, the H2O-CO2-He-N2 gas system shows remarkable compositional variations in the samples collected after July 2000 with respect to the previous ones, indicating the progressive arrival at the surface of a magmatic componentdifferent from that involved in the 1983-84 episode of volcanic unrest (1983-1984 bradyseism). The change starts in 2000 concurrently with the occurrence of relatively deep, long-period seismic events which were the indicator of the opening of an easy-ascent pathway for the transfer of magmatic fluids towards the shallower, brittle domain hosting the hydrothermal system. Since 2000, this magmatic gas source is active and causes ground deformations, seismicity as well as the expansion of the area affected by soil degassing of deeply derived CO2. Even though the activity will most probably be limited to the expulsion of large amounts of gases and thermal energy, as observed in other volcanoes and in the past activity of Campi Flegrei, the behavior of the system in the future is, at the moment, unpredictable.
    Description: In press
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Solfatara crater ; CO2 content ; hydrothermal system ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 13
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    Signals from the Campi Flegrei hydrothermal system: Role of a ‘‘magmatic’’ source of fluids (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: This is a parametric study that was carried out to investigate the signals generated by a hydrothermal system fed by a pulsating source of magmatic fluids. This study focuses on the effects that selected properties of the source have on the evolution of hydrothermal activity at Campi Flegrei, Italy. Numerical simulations are carried out to describe a multiphase and multicomponent hydrothermal system. Each simulation describes a short unrest phase, followed by a prolonged quiet period. During the unrest, specific properties of the fluid source (flow rate, fluid composition, source size, and unrest duration) are modified with respect to selected baseline values. The evolution of the system is tracked by looking at two parameters that can be monitored in active volcanic areas: the composition of fumarolic gases and gravity changes. The results describe the temporal evolution of these two observables and allow comparisons of the effects of different source properties. All of the simulated unrest events cause measurable changes in gas composition and gravity. For the geometry and system properties considered, these changes always last beyond the end of the unrest period, and can often persist for decades. Fluid flow rate is the source property that mostly affects the observable evolution. Gravity is more sensitive to source properties than gas composition, and it undergoes the largest and quickest changes. The results also highlight the major role that rock properties and initial conditions have in the evolution of these observable signals.
    Description: Department of Civil Protection
    Description: Published
    Description: B05201
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: hydrothermal fluids ; modeling ; monitoring ; signals ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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  • 14
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    Geochemical evidence of the renewal of volcanic activity inferred from CO2 soil and SO2 plume fluxes: the 2007 Stromboli eruption (Italy) (2011)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: On 27 February 2007, a new eruption occurred on Stromboli which lasted until 2 April. It was characterized by effusive activity on the Sciara del Fuoco and by a paroxysmal event (15 March). This crisis represented an opportunity for us to refine the model that had been developed previously (2002–2003 eruption) and to improve our understanding of the relationship between the magmatic dynamics of the volcano and the geochemical variations in the fluids. In particular, the evaluation of the dynamic equilibrium between the volatiles (CO2 and SO2) released from the magma and the corresponding fluids discharged from the summit area allowed us to evaluate the level of criticality of the volcanic activity. One of the major accomplishments of this study is a 4-year database of summit soil CO2 flux on the basis of which we define the thresholds (low–medium–high) for this parameter that are empirically based on the natural volcanological evolution of Stromboli. The SO2 fluxes of the degassing plume and the CO2 fluxes emitted from the soil at Pizzo Sopra la Fossa are also presented. It is noteworthy that geochemical signals of volcanic unrest have been clearly identified before, during and after the effusive activity. These signals were found almost simultaneously in the degassing plume (SO2 flux) and in soil degassing (CO2 flux) at the summit, although the two degassing processes are shown to be clearly different. The interpretation of the results will be useful for future volcanic surveillance at Stromboli.
    Description: Published
    Description: 443-456
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 2.4. TTC - Laboratori di geochimica dei fluidi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Stromboli volcano ; CO2 soil flux ; Geochemical monitoring ; 2007 eruption ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.01. Geochemical data ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
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  • 15
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    Towards an Automatic Monitoring System of Infrasonic Events at Mt. Etna: Strategies for Source Location and Modeling (2010)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Active volcanoes characterized by open conduit conditions generate sonic and infrasonic signals, whose investigation provides useful information for both monitoring purposes and studying the dynamics of explosive processes. In this work, we discuss the automatic procedures implemented for a real-time application to the data acquired by a permanent network of five infrasound stations running at Mt. Etna volcano. The infrasound signals at Mt. Etna consist in amplitude transients, called infrasound events. The adopted procedure uses a multi-algorithm approach for event detection, counting, characterization and location. It is designed for an efficient and accurate processing of infrasound records provided by single-site and array stations. Moreover, the source mechanism of these events can be investigated off-line or in near real-time by using three different models: (1) Strombolian bubble; (2) resonating conduit and (3) Helmholtz resonator. The infrasound waveforms allow us to choose the most suitable model, to get quantitative information about the source and to follow the time evolution of the source parameters.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1215–1231
    Description: 1.4. TTC - Sorveglianza sismologica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Infrasound ; monitoring system ; Mt. Etna volcano ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 16
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    New insights into banded tremor from the 2008–2009 Mount Etna eruption (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We investigated the banded tremor activity occurring at Mt. Etna volcano between August-October 2008 during the 2008-2009 eruption. The banded tremor occurred in episodes lasting 25-30 minutes with intervals in between the episodes of about 25 minutes. Seismic signal analyses showed that the banded tremor was characterised by spectral contents, wavefields and source locations that differed from the “ordinary” volcanic tremor. The infrasound recordings exhibited an intermittent infrasonic tremor alternating with the banded tremor episodes. Finally, nonlinear analyses suggested that banded tremor system can be considered chaotic, implying: i) sensitive dependence on initial conditions, suggesting not only that a banded tremor system requires particular conditions to generate, but also that slight variations of these conditions are able to greatly change the features of the banded tremor or even to stop it; ii) long-term unpredictability, that is, the impossibility to forecast the long-term evolution of the banded tremor. On the basis of all these results and analogies with geyser models, we suggest a model of banded tremor that invokes alternating recharge-discharge phases. Banded tremor is due to “perturbations” in shallow aquifers, such as fluid movement and bubble growth or collapse due to hydrothermal boiling, triggered by the heat and hot fluid transfer from the underlying magma bodies. This heat-fluid transfer also causes an increasing pressure in the aquifer leading to fluid-discharge. During this process the seismic radiation decreases and, if the fluid-discharge is well coupled with the atmosphere, acoustic signals are generated.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1.4. TTC - Sorveglianza sismologica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Banded tremor ; Mt. Etna volcano ; volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
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  • 17
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    New clues on the contribution of Earth’s volcanism to the global mercury cycle (2011)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Active volcanoes are thought to be important contributors to the atmospheric mercury (Hg) budget, and this chemical element is one of the most harmful atmospheric pollutants, owing to its high toxicity and long residence time in ecosystems. There is, however, considerable uncertainty over the magnitude of the global volcanic Hg flux, since the existing data on volcanogenic Hg emissions are sparse and often ambiguous. In an attempt to extend the currently limited dataset on volcanogenic Hg emissions, we summarize the results of Hg flux measurements at seven active open-conduit volcanoes; Stromboli, Asama, Miyakejima, Montserrat, Ambrym, Yasur, and Nyiragongo.. Data from the domebuilding Soufriere Hills volcano are also reported. Using our determined mercury to SO2 mass ratios in tandem with the simultaneously-determined SO2 emission rates, we estimate that the 7 volcanoes have Hg emission rates ranging from 0.2 to 18 t yr-1 (corresponding to a total Hg flux of ~41 t·yr-1). Based on our dataset and previous work, we propose that a Hg/SO2 plume ratio ~10-5 is bestrepresentative of gas emissions from quiescent degassing volcanoes. Using this ratio, we infer a global volcanic Hg flux from persistent degassing of ~95 t·yr-1
    Description: Published
    Description: 497-510
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 2.4. TTC - Laboratori di geochimica dei fluidi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Volcanogenic mercury ; Mercury ; Volcanic plume ; Mercury flux ; Mercury inventories ; Atmospheric mercury ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.01. Geochemical exploration ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
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  • 18
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    Dynamics of a lava fountain revealed by geophysical, geochemical and thermal satellite measurements: The case of the 10 April 2011 Mt Etna eruption (2012)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Geophysical (tilt, seismic tremor and gravity signals), geochemical (crater SO2 flux) and infrared satellite measurements are presented and discussed to track the temporal evolution of the lava fountain episode occurring at Mt Etna volcano on 10 April 2011. The multi-disciplinary approach provides insight into a gas-rich magma source trapped in a shallow storage zone inside the volcano edifice. This generated the fast ascending gas-magma dispersed flow feeding the lava fountain and causing the depressurization of a deeper magma storage. Satellite thermal data allowed estimation of the amount of erupted lava, which, summed to the tephra volume, yielded a total volume of erupted products of about 1 106 m3. Thanks to the daylight occurrence of this eruptive episode, the SO2 emission rate was also estimated, showing a degassing cycle reaching a peak of 15,000 Mg d 1 with a mean daily value of 5,700 Mg d 1. The SO2 data from the previous fountain episode on 17–18 February to 10 April 2011, yielded a cumulative degassed magma volume of about 10.5 106 m3, indicating a ratio of roughly 10:1 between degassed and erupted volumes. This volumetric balance, differently from those previously estimated during different styles of volcanic activities with long-term (years) recharging periods and middle-term (weeks to months) effusive eruptions, points toward the predominant role played by the gas phase in generating and driving this lava fountain episode.
    Description: Published
    Description: L24307
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Mt. Etna ; lava fountain ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 19
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    CO2 and He degassing at El Chichón volcano, Chiapas, Mexico: gas flux, origin and relationship with local and regional tectonics (2011)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: During 2007–2008, three CO2 flux surveys were performed on El Chichón volcanic lake, Chiapas, Mexico, with an additional survey in April 2008 covering the entire crater floor (including the lake). The mean CO2 flux calculated by sequential Gaussian simulation from the lake was 1,190 (March 2007), 730 (December 2007) and 1,134 g m−2 day−1 (April 2008) with total emission rates of 164±9.5 (March 2007), 59±2.5 (December 2007) and 109±6.6 t day−1 (April 2008). The mean CO2 flux estimated from the entire crater floor area was 1,102 g m−2 day−1 for April 2008 with a total emission rate of 144±5.9 t day−1. Significant change in CO2 flux was not detected during the period of survey, and the mapping of the CO2 flux highlighted lineaments reflecting the main local and regional tectonic patterns. The 3He/4He ratio (as high as 8.1 RA) for gases in the El Chichón crater is generally higher than those observed at the neighbouring Transmexican Volcanic Belt and the Central American Volcanic Arc. The CO2/3He ratios for the high 3He/4He gases tend to have the MORB-like values (1.41×109), and the CO2/3He ratios for the lower 3He/4He gases fall within the range for the arc-type gases. The high 3He/4He ratios, the MORB-like CO2/3He ratios for the high 3He/4He gases and high proportion of MORB-CO2 (M=25 ±15%) at El Chichón indicate a greater depth for the generation of magma when compared to typical arc volcanoes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 423-441
    Description: 2.4. TTC - Laboratori di geochimica dei fluidi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: El Chichon ; CO2 soil flux ; Crater Lake ; Gas geochemistry ; He-C isotopes ; Fumarolic and bubbling gases ; Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.08. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.01. Geochemical data
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  • 20
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    How do volcanic rift zones relate to flank instability? Evidence from collapsing rifts at Etna (2012)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Volcanic rift zones, characterized by repeated dike emplacements, are expected to delimit the upper portion of unstable flanks at basaltic edifices. We use nearly two decades of InSAR observations excluding wintertime acquisitions, to analyze the relationships between rift zones, dike emplacement and flank instability at Etna. The results highlight a general eastward shift of the volcano summit, including the northeast and south rifts. This steadystate eastward movement (1-2 cm/yr) is interrupted or even reversed during transient dike injections. Detailed analysis of the northeast rift shows that only during phases of dike injection, as in 2002, does the rift transiently becomes the upper border of the unstable flank. The flank's steady-state eastward movement is inferred to result from the interplay between magmatic activity, asymmetric topographic unbuttressing, and east-dipping detachment geometry at its base. This study documents the first evidence of steady-state volcano rift instability interrupted by transient dike injection at basaltic edifices.
    Description: Partially funded by INGV and the Italian DPC (DPC-INGV project V4 “Flank”). ERS and ENVISAT SAR data were provided by ESA through the Cat-1 project no. 4532 and the GEO Supersite initiative. The DEM was obtained from the SRTM archive. ERS-1/2 orbits are courtesy of the TU-Delft, The Netherlands. SAR data processing has been done at IREACNR, partially carried out under contract “Volcanic Risk System (SRV)” funded by the Italian Space Agency (ASI).
    Description: Published
    Description: L20311
    Description: 1.3. TTC - Sorveglianza geodetica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: flank instability ; rift zones ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.09. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.06. Rheology, friction, and structure of fault zones ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 21
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    Analysis of Lava Flow Effusion Rate Using High Spatial Resolution Infrared Data (2014)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Remote sensing thermal data of active lava flows allow for the evaluation of instantaneous effusion rates. This is made possible by simple formulae relating the lava effusion rate to the power energy radiated per unit time from the surface to the flow. Such formulae are based on a specific flow model and, consequently, their validity is subject to the model assumptions. The most questionable assumption is probably the constancy of the surface temperature. Herein, we use high spatial resolution infrared data to demonstrate the existence of an underlying relationship between the surface temperature and the lava flow thickness, using the 2001 Mt. Etna flow as a case study. According to this relationship, observed changes in surface temperature does not represent a weakness of the model but is the expected consequence of actual variations in the topographic down flow profile.
    Description: Published
    Description: 391-408
    Description: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Remote sensing, effusion rate, heat flux, Etna, MIVIS ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 22
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    Long-time variation of soil CO2 fluxes at the summit crater of Vulcano (Italy) (2014)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Here, we report the first continuous data of geochemical parameters acquired directly from the active summit crater of Vulcano. This approach provides a means to better investigate deep geochemical processes associated with the degassing system of Vulcano Island. In particular, we report on soil CO2 fluxes from the upper part of Vulcano, a closed-conduit volcano, from September 2007 to October 2010. Large variations in the soil CO2 and plume SO2 fluxes (order of magnitude), coinciding with other discontinuous geochemical parameters (CO2 concentrations in fumarole gas) and physical parameters (increase of shallow seismic activity and fumarole temperatures) have been recorded. The results from this work suggest new prospects for strengthening geochemical monitoring of volcanic activity and for improving the constraints in the construction of a “geochemical model”, this being a necessary condition to better understand the functioning of volcanic systems.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1859-1863
    Description: 2V. Dinamiche di unrest e scenari pre-eruttivi
    Description: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Description: 5V. Sorveglianza vulcanica ed emergenze
    Description: 1R. Reti di monitoraggio e Osservazioni
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Vulcano Island ; Geochemical monitoring ; CO2 flux ; CO2 fumaroles ; SO2 flux ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.01. Geochemical data
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  • 23
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    Active faults on the eastern flank of Etna volcano (Italy) monitored through soil radon measurements (2013)
    European Geosciences Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: This study concerns measurements of radon and thoron emissions from soil carried out in 2004 on the unstable eastern flank of Mt. Etna, in a zone characterized by the presence of numerous seismogenic and aseismic faults. The statistical treatment of the geochemical data allowed recognizing anomaly thresholds for both parameters and producing distribution maps that highlighted a significant spatial correlation between soil gas anomalies and tectonic lineaments. In particular, the highest anomalies were found at the intersection between WNW-ESE and NW-SE -running faults. The seismic activity occurring in and around the study area during 2004 was analyzed, producing maps of hypocentral depth and released seismic energy. These maps revealed a progressive deepening of hypocenters from NW to SE, with the exception of a narrow zone in the central part of the area, with a roughly WNW-ESE direction. Also, the highest values of seismic energy were released during events in the southern and northwestern sectors of the area. Both radon and thoron anomalies were located in areas affected by relatively deep (5-10 km depth) seismic activity, while less evident correlation was found between soil gas anomalies and the released seismic energy. This study confirms that mapping the distribution of radon and thoron in soil gas can reveal hidden faults buried by recent soil cover or faults that are not clearly visible at the surface. The correlation between soil gas data and earthquake depth and intensity can give some hints on the source of gas and/or on fault dynamics. Lastly, an important spin-off of this study is the recognition of some areas where radon activity was so high (〉50000 Bq/m3) that it may represent a potential hazard to the local population. In fact, radon is the leading cause of lung cancer after cigarette smoke for long exposures and, due to its molecular weight, it accumulates in underground rooms or in low ground, particularly where air circulation is low or absent. In the investigated area this risk is real, as it is inhabited by thousands of people who reside there all year long. Therefore, this study serves as a starting point for the assessment of radon hazard in the Mt. Etna area, considering both spatial and temporal changes in soil radon emissions depending on the presence of faults and/or the occurrence of seismic activity.
    Description: Published
    Description: Vienna
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Mt. Etna ; radon monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Poster session
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  • 24
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    The 4D imaging of the source of ground deformation at Campi Flegrei caldera (southern Italy) (2013)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We have applied a tomographic imaging technique to the inversion of a DInSAR data set at Campi Flegrei caldera. This technique allowed us to determine the temporal and spatial distribution of volumetric strain sources up to 5 km depth. Results have shown complex spatial and temporal patterns, identifying important features that were not noticed before. The first result is the observation of positive strain sources (expansion) migrating upward (in 2000 and 2006). We have interpreted them as hot fluid batches injected at the bottom of the geothermal reservoir, migrating upward and reaching the surface. Furthermore we have identified an injection episode (in 1997), which was not recognized before. This batch did not reach the surface and probably dissipated by diffusion and lateral advection without producing significant ground uplift. The injection of fluid batches does not occur at the center of the caldera, but along its borders. The three identified injection episodes (in 1997, 2000 and 2006) occur in different points. In 2000 and 2006, the injected fluids migrated, subsequently, toward the center of the caldera. Our findings agrees with results of other geophysical and geochemical studies. These results suggest a new framework for the modeling of Campi Flegrei geothermal system and for the interpretation of data recorded by the multiparametric monitoring networks on the caldera.
    Description: Published
    Description: B08209
    Description: 1.4. TTC - Sorveglianza sismologica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Campi Flegrei ; tomographic imaging ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
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  • 25
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    Separating the thermal fingerprints of lava flows and simultaneous lava fountaining using ground-based thermal camera and SEVIRI measurements (2013)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: During effusive eruptions, thermal satellite monitoring has proved well suited to map the thermal flux from lava flows. However, during lava fountaining events, thermal contributions from active flows and from the fountain itself cannot be separated in low resolution satellite data. Here using photogrammetry and atmospheric modeling techniques, we compare radiance estimates from long-range ground-based thermal camera data (from which the fountain can be excluded) with those from SEVIRI satellite images for a fountaining event at Mount Etna (12 August 2011). The radiant heat flux determined from the ground-based camera showed similar behavior to values retrieved from Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI); thus the SEVIRI signal is interpreted to be dominated by the lava flows, with minimal contribution from the fountain. Furthermore, by modeling the cooling phase of each pixel inundated by lava, the mean thickness and lava volume (~2.4 × 106 m3) derived from camera images are comparable with those calculated from SEVIRI (~2.8 × 106 m3).
    Description: Published
    Description: 5058–5063
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Etna ; satellite ; thermal monitoring ; SEVIRI ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 26
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    Real-time measurements of the concentration and isotope composition of atmospheric and volcanic CO2 at Mount Etna (Italy) (2014)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: We present unprecedented data of real-time measurements of the concentration and isotope composition of CO2 in air and in fumarole-plume gases collected in 2013 during two campaigns at Mount Etna volcano, which were made using a laser-based isotope ratio infrared spectrometer. We performed approximately 360 measurements/h, which allowed calculation of the δ13C values of volcanic CO2. The fumarole gases of Torre del Filosofo (2900mabove sea level) range from 3.24 ± 0.06‰to 3.71 ± 0.09‰, comparable to isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) measurements of discrete samples collected on the same dates. Plume gases sampled more than 1 km from the craters show a δ13C= 2.2 ± 0.4‰, in agreement with the crater fumarole gases analyzed by IRMS. Measurements performed along ~17km driving track from Catania to Mount Etna show more negative δ13C values when passing through populated centers due to anthropogenic-derived CO2 inputs (e.g., car exhaust). The reported results demonstrate that this technique may represent an important advancement for volcanic and environmental monitoring.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2382–2389
    Description: 2V. Dinamiche di unrest e scenari pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Real-time data of CO2 content and δ13C in atmospheric/volcanic gases ; This study opens new perspective for the community for volcanic surveillance ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.01. Geochemical data
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  • 27
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    Geochemical evidence of the renewal of volcanic activity 5 inferred from CO2 soil and SO2 plume fluxes: the 2007 6 Stromboli eruption (Italy) (2011)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: On 27 February 2007, a new eruption occurred on Stromboli which lasted until 2 April. It was characterized by effusive activity on the Sciara del Fuoco and by a paroxysmal event (15 March). This crisis represented an opportunity for us to refine the model that had been developed previously (2002-2003 eruption) and to improve our understanding of the relationship between the magmatic dynamics of the volcano and the geochemical variations in the fluids. In particular, the evaluation of the dynamic equilibrium between the volatiles (CO2 and SO2) released from the magma and the corresponding fluids discharged from the summit area allowed us to evaluate the level of criticality of the volcanic activity. One of the major accomplishments of this study is a four-year database of summit soil CO2 flux on the basis of which we define the thresholds (Low-Medium-High) for this parameter that are empirically based on the natural volcanological evolution of Stromboli. The SO2 fluxes of the degassing plume and the CO2 fluxes emitted from the soil at Pizzo Sopra la Fossa are also presented. Noteworthy geochemical signals of volcanic unrest have been clearly identified before, during, and after the effusive activity. These signals were found almost simultaneously in the degassing plume (SO2 flux) and in soil degassing (CO2 flux) at the summit, although the two degassing processes are shown to be clearly different. The interpretation of the results will be useful for future volcanic surveillance at Stromboli.
    Description: In press
    Description: 2.4. TTC - Laboratori di geochimica dei fluidi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Stromboli Volcano ; CO2 soil flux ; Geochemical monitoring ; 2007 eruption ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.10. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
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  • 28
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    Thermal insights into the dynamics of Nyiragongo lava lake from ground and satellite measurements (2013)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: We present new insights into the short- and long-term thermal activity of the Nyiragongo lava lake by ground-based and satellite infrared thermal imagery recorded in the first half of 2012. This is the very first time in which FLIR camera and SEVIRI data have been compared at this volcano. Maximum temperatures recorded at the molten lava were of ~1180 K, whereas the lake skin remained always below ~734 K in areas far from the upwelling zone and below ~843 K in those proximal to the source region. Ground-based imagery yielded mean radiative power values between ~0.80 and 1.10 GW. Consistently, satellite observations showed similar mean values of 1.10 GW. Overall the thermal activity of the lava lake was quite variable along the three days of field measurements at both daily and intradaily scale. SEVIRI radiative power values retrieved for the January–June 2012 period revealed fluctuations within the same variability range suggesting that no significant changes of the lava lake area had occurred over the six months. Comparison with previous radiative power estimates showed that our data well agree with the general increasing trend recorded since the reappearance of the lava lake after the last flank eruption in 2002.
    Description: This study was funded by Zanskar Producciones, Cabildo Insular de Tenerife, and the Instituto Volcanológico de Canarias. We are grateful to EUMETSAT for providing us SEVIRI data and to NASA for the Landsat 7 image. Letizia Spampinato thanks Dr S. Giammanco for funding her research activity on the VIGOR project.
    Description: Published
    Description: 5771–5784
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: thermal imagery ; satellite thermal images ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 29
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    Modeling of unrest signals in heterogeneous hydrothermal systems (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-10-10
    Description: An edited version of this paper was published by AGU. Copyright (2010) American Geophysical Union.
    Description: Monitoring of quiescent volcanoes, such as Campi Flegrei (Italy), involves the measurement of geochemical and geophysical parameters that are expected to change as eruptive conditions approach. Some of these changes are associated with the hydrothermal activity that is driven by the release of heat and magmatic fluids. This work focuses on the properties of the porous medium and on their effects on the signals generated by the circulating fluids. The TOUGH2 porous media flow model is applied to simulate a shallow hydrothermal system fed by a source of magmatic fluids. The simulated activity of the source, with periods of increased fluid discharge, generates changes in gas composition, gravity, and ground deformation. The same boundary conditions and source activity were applied to simulate the evolution of homogeneous and heterogeneous systems, characterized by different rock properties. Phase distribution, fluid composition, and the related signals depend on the nature and properties of the rock sequence through which the fluids propagate. Results show that the distribution of porosity and permeability affects all the observable parameters, controlling the timing and the amplitude of their changes through space and time. Preferential pathways for fluid ascent favor a faster evolution, with larger changes near permeable channels. Slower changes over wider areas characterize less permeable systems. These results imply that monitoring signals do not simply reflect the evolution of the magmatic system: intervening rocks leave a marked signature that should be taken into account when monitoring data are used to infer system conditions at depth.
    Description: This work was carried out within the research project V1-UNREST, founded by the Italian Civil Protection Department
    Description: Published
    Description: B09213
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: hydrothermal circulation ; observable ; volcanic unrest ; permeability ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.06. Hydrothermal systems ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
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  • 30
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    Source Mechanism of Long Period events recorded by a high density seismic network during the 2008 eruption on Mt Etna (2011)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: 129 Long Period (LP) events, divided in two families were recorded by 50 stations deployed on Mount Etna within an eruptive context in the second half of June 2008. In order to understand the mechanisms of these events, we perform moment tensor inversion. Numerical tests show that unconstrained inversion leads to reliable moment tensor solutions because of the close proximity of numerous stations to the source positions. However, single forces cannot be accurately determined as they are very sensitive to uncertainities in the velocity model. These tests emphasize the importance of using stations located as close as possible to the source in the inversion of LP events. Inversion of LP signals is initially unconstrained, in order to estimate the most likely mechanism. Constrained inversions then allow us to accurately determine the structural orientations of the mechanisms. Inversions for both families show mechanisms with strong volumetric components. These events are generated by cracks striking SW-NE for both families and dipping 70± SE (fam. 1) and 50± NW (fam. 2). The geometries of the cracks are different from the structures obtained by the location of these events. The orientation of the cracks is consistent with the local tectonic context on Mount Etna. The LP events seem to be a response to the lava fountain occuring on the 10th of May, 2008.
    Description: In press
    Description: (38)
    Description: 1.4. TTC - Sorveglianza sismologica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Long-Period events ; earthquake source mechanism ; Etna Volcano ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
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  • 31
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    Source mechanism of long-period events recorded by a high-density seismic network during the 2008 eruption on Mount Etna (2012)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: One hundred twenty-nine long-period (LP) events, divided into two families of similar events, were recorded by the 50 stations deployed on Mount Etna in the second half of June 2008. During this period lava was flowing from a lateral fracture after a summit Strombolian eruption. In order to understand the mechanisms of these events, we perform moment tensor inversions. Inversions are initially kept unconstrained to estimate the most likely mechanism. Numerical tests show that unconstrained inversion leads to reliable moment tensor solutions because of the close proximity of numerous stations to the source positions. However, single forces cannot be accurately determined as they are very sensitive to uncertainties in the velocity model. Constrained inversions for a crack, a pipe or an explosion then allow us to accurately determine the structural orientations of the source mechanisms. Both numerical tests and LP event inversions emphasise the importance of using stations located as close as possible to the source. Inversions for both families show mechanisms with a strong volumetric component. These events are most likely generated by cracks striking SW–NE for both families and dipping 70° SE (family 1) and 50° NW (family 2). For family 1 events, the crack geometry is nearly orthogonal to the dikelike structure along which events are located, while for family 2 the location gave two pipelike bodies that belong to the same plane as the crack mechanism. The orientations of the cracks are consistent with local tectonics, which shows a SW–NE weakness direction. The LP events appear to be a response to the lava fountain occurring on 10 May 2008 as opposed to the flank lava flow.
    Description: Published
    Description: B01304
    Description: 1.4. TTC - Sorveglianza sismologica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Etna Volcano ; long-period events ; source mechanism ; location ; plumbing systems ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
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  • 32
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    Ground deformations and volcanic processes as imaged by CGPS data at Mt. Etna (Italy) between 2003 and 2008 (2012)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We analyze the kinematic and crustal deformations of Mt. Etna from 2003 to 2008 as imaged by the Mt. Etna continuous GPS (CGPS) network (Etna@net). Through a careful analysis of GPS time series, six coherent phases of crustal deformations have been identified, three inflation phases and three deflation phases, superimposed on a major inflation of the volcanic edifice since 2001. The inversions of GPS velocities have enabled: 1) a better understanding of the evolution of the volcanic sources acting beneath the volcano; 2) analysis of the strain rate patterns; and 3) a delineation of potential coupling between volcanic sources and the observed ground deformations. The modelling of the pressure sources has shown a separation between inflation and deflation sources. The deflation sources show an upward migration, from 5.5 toward 2.0 km (b.s.l.), while the inflation sources are located within 5.5 and 4.0 km (b.s.l.). Our results indicate that the kinematic and ground deformations of the mid-upper eastern flank are driven by the interplay between the effect of the magmatic sources and a south-eastward motion. Furthermore, clockwise rotations have been detected that prevailed over the eastern motion of the flank during the inflation phase preceding the 2004-2005 and 2006 eruptions. Finally, the accordance between the higher geodetic shear strain rates and the area with the highest seismic energy release shows that measured geodetic shear strain rates can provide useful information on the potential occurrence of seismic activity.
    Description: Osservatorio Etneo, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia,Catania, Italy. Department of Geosciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, USA.
    Description: Published
    Description: B07208
    Description: 1.3. TTC - Sorveglianza geodetica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Mt. Etna ground deformations ; Volcano monitoring ; Strain rate analysis ; Volcanic source modelling ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
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  • 33
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    The coupling between very long period seismic events, volcanic tremor, and degassing rates at Mount Etna volcano (2014)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: From December 2005 to January 2006, an anomalous degassing episode was observed at Mount Etna, well-correlated with an increase in volcanic tremor, and in the almost complete absence of eruptive activity. In the same period, more than 10,000 very long period (VLP) events were detected. Through moment tensor inversion analyses of the VLP pulses, we obtained quantitative estimates of the volumetric variations associated with these events. This allowed a quantitative investigation of the relationship between VLP seismic activity, volcanic tremor, and gas emission rate at Mount Etna. We found a statistically significant positive correlation between SO2 gas flux and volcanic tremor, suggesting that tremor amplitude can be used as a first-order proxy for the background degassing activity of the volcano. VLP volumetric changes and SO2 gas flux are correlated only for the last part of our observations, following a slight change in the VLP source depth. We calculate that the gas associated with VLP signal genesis contributed less than 5% of the total gas emission. The existence of a linear correlation between VLP and degassing activities indicates a general relationship between these two processes. The effectiveness of such coupling appears to depend upon the particular location of the VLP source, suggesting that conduit geometry might play a significant role in the VLP-generating process. These results are the first report on Mount Etna of a quantitative relationship between the amounts of gas emissions directly estimated through instrumental flux measurements and the quantities of gas mass inferred in the VLP source inversion.
    Description: Published
    Description: 4910-4921
    Description: 2V. Dinamiche di unrest e scenari pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Very Long Period seismicity ; UV scanners network ; Etna Volcano ; volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.06. Seismic methods ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
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  • 34
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    First observational evidence for the CO2-driven origin of Stromboli’s major explosions (2011)
    European Geosciences Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We report on the first detection of CO2 flux precursors of the till now unforecastable “major” explosions that intermittently occur at Strombolivolcano (Italy). An automated survey of the crater plume emissions in the period 2006–2010, during which 12 such explosions happened, demonstrated that these events are systematically preceded by a brief phase of increasing CO2/SO2 weight ratio (up to 〉40) and CO2 flux (〉1300 t d−1) with respect to the timeaveraged values of 3.7 and 500 t d−1 typical for standard Stromboli’s activity. These signals are best explained by the accumulation of CO2-rich gas at a discontinuity of the plumbing system (decreasing CO2 emission at the surface), followed by increasing gas leakage prior to the explosion. Our observations thus supports the recent model of Allard (2010) for a CO2-rich gas trigger of recurrent major explosions at Stromboli, and demonstrates the possibility to forecast these events in advance from geochemical precursors. These observations and conclusions have clear implications for monitoring strategies at other open-vent basaltic volcanoes worldwide.
    Description: Published
    Description: 135-142
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 2.4. TTC - Laboratori di geochimica dei fluidi
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: open
    Keywords: CO2 ; Stromboli ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.01. Geochemical exploration ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
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  • 35
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    The initial phases of the 2008–2009 Mount Etna eruption: A multidisciplinary approach for hazard assessment (2011)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Between 2007 and early 2008, the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) monitoring networks on Etna volcano recorded a recharging phase that climaxed with a new effusive eruption on 13 May 2008 and lasted about 14 months. A dike‐forming intrusion was accompanied by a violent seismic swarm, with more than 230 events recorded in the first 6 h, the largest being ML = 3.9. In the meanwhile, marked ground deformation was recorded by the permanent tilt and GPS networks, and sudden changes in the summit area were detected by five continuously recording magnetic stations. Poor weather conditions did not allow direct observation of the eruptive events, but important information was provided by infrared satellite images that detected the start of lava fountains from the eruptive fissure, feeding a lava flow. This flow spread within the Valle del Bove depression, covering 6.4 km on the southeastern flank of the volcano in a few hours. The seismicity and deformation pattern indicated that the dike‐forming intrusion was propagating northward. It produced a dry fracture field, which generated concern for the possibility that the eruptive fissures could expand downslope toward populated areas. Monitoring and modeling of the multidisciplinary data, together with the simulations of ash dispersal and lava flows, allowed us both to infer the eruptive mechanisms and to provide correct interpretation of the ongoing phenomena, furnishing useful information for civil defense purposes. We describe how this approach of feedback between monitoring and research provides critical support to risk evaluation.
    Description: We wish to thank all our colleagues from INGV Sezione di Catania for data collection, for the maintenance of the monitoring networks during the whole eruption, and for the many discussions about the interpretation of the eruptive events; the Etna Guides, the Funivia dell’Etna, and especially Alfio Mazzaglia and Nino Mazzaglia for the prompt information pertaining any news about the summit eruptive activity at Mount Etna; the Italian Civil Defense (DPC) for the close and efficient collaboration built up during the last height years of activity at Etna and other Sicilian volcanoes. We obtained MODIS data from NASA and SEVIRI data from EUMETSAT. We are indebted to Paul Davis for his B03203 BONACCORSO ET AL.: ETNA MULTIDISCIPLINARY HAZARD ASSESSMENT B03203 17 of 19 positive and encouraging comments. We thank the Associate Editor Michael P. Ryan, who helped greatly in improving the form of the manuscript. This study was undertaken with partial financial support from the INGV‐DPC 2007–2009 Agreement. Scientific papers funded by DPC do not represent its official opinion and politics. We thank Stephen Conway for revising the English language of this manuscript.
    Description: Published
    Description: B03203
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Etna ; effusive eruption ; hazard evaluation ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
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  • 36
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    Slug Flow: Modeling in a Conduit and Associated Elastic Radiation (2012)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-03
    Description: Among the eruptive styles, the Strombolian activity is one of the more easy to study because of its repetitive behavior. For this reason large amount of data can be comfortably collected. Strombolian volcanoes are like natural laborato- ries repeating the same experiment (individual explosions) many times each day. The development of quantitative models of eruptive dynamics is driven by the comparison of experimental ob- servations and synthetic data obtained through mathemat- ical, numerical or analogue modeling. Since Strombolian activity offers a profuse amount of interesting seismic signals, during the last decades there has been growing attention on seismological techniques aimed at retrieving the conduit geometry and the eruption dynamics from the seismological recordings. One of these techniques, the source function inversion, is able to re- trieve a summary of the forces acting on the volcanic con- duit during the VLP event generation [5]. The comparison of observed source functions with synthetic ones, obtained through numerical modeling, allow us to put constraints on the proposed models. Quantitative models, able to fit seismological observa- tions, are a powerful tool for interpreting seismic record- ings and therefor the seismological monitoring of active volcanoes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1.4. TTC - Sorveglianza sismologica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Strombolian activity ; Slug flow ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 37
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    Multiparametric Approach in Investigating Volcano-Hydrothermal Systems: the Case Study of Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy) (2012)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Seismic activity, ground deformation, and soil and fumarole temperatures acquired during 2004–2007 at Vulcano (Aeolian Islands) are analysed and the time relations among the different time series are discussed. Changes in temperature of fumarolic gases took place during four ‘‘anomalous’’ periods (November 2004–March 2005; October 2005–February 2006; August–October 2006; July–December 2007) at the same time as an increasing number of volcano-seismic events. In particular, the temperatures at high temperature vents and at steam heated soil ranged in time from 180 to 440 C and from 20 to 90 C, respectively. The maximum daily number of volcano-seismic events was 57, reached during the second anomalous period. This seismicity, characterised by focal depth generally lower than 1 km below sea level (b.s.l.) and composed of different kinds of events associated to both resonance and shear failure processes, is related to the shallow dynamics of the hydrothermal system. During the analysed period, very few volcano-tectonic earthquakes took place and tilt recordings showed no sharp or important changes. In light of such observations, the increases in both temperature and volcano-seismic events number were associated to increases in the release of gas from a deep and stable magma body, without magma intrusions within the shallow hydrothermal system. Indeed, a greater release of gas from depth leads to increased fluid circulation, that can promote increases in volcano-seismic events number by both fracturing processes and resonance and vibration in cracks and conduits. The different trends observed in the measured geochemical and geophysical series during the anomalous periods can be due to either time changes in the medium permeability or a changing speed of gas release from a deep magma body. Finally, all the observed variations, together with the changing temporal distribution of the different seismic event kinds, suggest that the hydrothermal system at Vulcano can be considered unsteady and dynamic.
    Description: Published
    Description: 167–182
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Volcano seismolog ; soil and fumarole temperatures ; tilt data ; hydrothermal system ; Vulcano Island ; volcanic unrest ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
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  • 38
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    Eruptive processes leading to the most explosive lava fountain at Etna volcano: The 23 November 2013 episode (2014)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The 23 November 2013 lava fountain at Etna volcano was the most explosive of the last 44 episodes that have occurred at Etna in 2011–2013. We infer the total magma volume erupted by thermal images analysis and show that it was characterized by a very high time-averaged-discharge-rate (TADR) of ~360m3 s 1, having erupted ~1.6 × 106m3 of dense-rock equivalent magma volume in just 45 min, which is more than 3 times the TADR observed during previous episodes. Two borehole dilatometers confirmed the eruption dynamics inferred from the thermal images. When compared to the other lava fountains, this episode can be considered as the explosive end-member. However, the erupted volume was still comparable to the other lava fountain events. We interpret that the 23 November explosive end-member event was caused by more primitive and gas-rich magma entering the system, as demonstrated by the exceptional height reached by the lava fountain.
    Description: Published
    Description: 4912–4919
    Description: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Etna eruption ; paroxysmal explosive eruption ; lava fountain ; strainmeters ; lava fountain volume ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 39
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    Multidisciplinary Approach Yields Insight into Mt. Etna 2001 Eruption (2014)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: On July 17,2001, lava began pouring down the slopes of Mt. Etna in Sicily signaling the start of the volcano's first flank eruption in nearly 10 years. Etna typically experiences long periods of explosive and effusive activity at the summit, which lies 3350 m a.s.l., interspersed with shorter flank eruptions. During the latter, large volumes of lava can threaten local populations. The Catania Section of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) routinely monitors the volcano with an array of integrated multidisciplinary techniques. During the 2001 flank eruption, researchers obtained the deepest insight yet into the mechanisms that control this fascinating volcano. In particular, by studying ground deformation, seismicity, gravity changes, and geomagnetism, researchers were able to forecast 3 to 4 days in advance the intrusion of a new feeder dike in the upper part of the volcano and follow the propagation of dike emplacement and fissure opening, as well as estimate the volume of the intrusion. During the eruption, volcanology gas geochemistry and petrology were used to distinguish two different magmas erupting at the same time from both this new feeder dike and the summit feeding system, which has been active since January 2001. Effusion rate measurements and thermal mapping of the flow field provided insight into the maximum length the lava flow could reach from the lower vent, and researchers were able to follow the process of tube formation along this flow. The previous flank eruption on Etna occurred between 1991 and 1993, when 235 million of lava poured from within the Valle del Bove (VDB) and formed a lava flow field over 8.5 km long that threatened the town of Zafferana. Since then, eruptive activity at Etna has been restricted to the summit area. A progressive increase in the activity occurred between June 1998 and February 1999, with a succession of 21 paroxysmal episodes from the Southeast Cone (SEC). Then, on February 1999, a fire fountain episode from the SEC indicated the start of the 1999 summit eruption, which produced two lava flow fields. During 2000, there were 66 fire fountain events from the SEC accompanied by small lava flows. Lava flow emission started again from the north base of the SEC in January 2001, and on May 9,2001, small fire fountaining episodes were observed on the summit and northern flank of the SEC.This activity gradually increased in frequency and intensity before the 2001 flank eruption.
    Description: Published
    Description: 653-656
    Description: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Etna eruption ; volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 40
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    Degassing, crystallization and eruption dynamics at Stromboli: trace element and lithium isotopic evidence from 2003 ashes (2011)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: During its 1800-year-long persistent activity the Stromboli volcano has erupted a highly porphyritic (HP) volatile-poor scoriaceous magma and a low porphyritic (LP) volatile-rich pumiceous magma. The HP magma is erupted during normal Strombolian explosions and lava effusions, while the LP one is related to more energetic paroxysms. During the March–April 2003 explosive activity, Stromboli ejected two typologies of juvenile glassy ashes, namely highly vesicular LP shards and volatile-poor HP shards. Their textural and in situ chemical characteristics are used to unravel mutual relationships between HP and LP magmas, as well as magma dynamics within the shallow plumbing system. The mantle-normalized trace element patterns of both ash types show the typical arc-lava pattern; however, HP glasses possess incompatible element concentrations higher than LP glasses, along with Sr and Eu negative anomalies. HP shards are generally characterized by higher Li contents (to ~20 ppm) and lower δ7Li values (+1.2 to −3.8‰) with respect to LP shards (Li contents of 7–14 ppm and δ7Li ranging between +4.6 and +0.9‰). Fractional crystallization models based on major and trace element compositions, combined with a degassing model based on open-system Rayleigh distillation and on the assumption that melt/fluidDLi 〉 1, show that abundant (~30%) plagioclase precipitation and variable degrees of degassing can lead the more primitive LP magma to evolve toward a differentiated (isotopically lighter) HP magma ponding in the upper conduit and undergoing slow continuous degassing-induced crystallization. This study also evidences that in March 2003 Stromboli volcano poured out a small early volume of LP magma that traveled slower within the conduit with respect to later and larger volumes of fast ascending LP magma erupted during the April 5 paroxysm. The different ascent rates and cooling rates of the two LP magma batches (i.e., pre- and post-paroxysm) resulted in small, but detectable, differences in their chemical signatures. Finally, this study highlights the high potential of in situ investigations of juvenile glassy ashes in petrologic and geochemical monitoring the volcanic activity and of Li isotopes as tracers of degassing processes within the shallow plumbing system.
    Description: Published
    Description: 541-561
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Stromboli ; Volcanic ash ; Lithium isotopes ; Degassing-induced crystallization ; Petrologic monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 41
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    First 13C/12C isotopic characterisation of volcanic plume CO2 (2011)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We describe analytical details and uncertainty evaluation of a simple technique for the measurement of the carbon isotopic composition of CO2 in volcanic plumes. Data collected at Solfatara and Vulcano, where plumes are fed by fumaroles which are accessible for direct sampling, were first used to validate the technique. For both volcanoes, the plume-derived carbon isotopic compositions are in good agreement with the fumarolic compositions, thus providing confidence on the method, and allowing its application at volcanoes where the volcanic component is inaccessible to direct sampling. As a notable example, we applied the same method to Mount Etna where we derived a δ13C of volcanic CO2 between −0.9 ± 0.27‰ and −1.41 ± 0.27‰ (Bocca Nuova and Voragine craters). The comparison of our measurements to data reported in previous work highlights a temporal trend of systematic increase of δ13C values of Etna CO2 from ~ −4‰, in the 1970’s and the 1980’s, to ~ −1‰ at the present time (2009). This shift toward more positive δ13C values matches a concurrent change in magma composition and an increase in the eruption frequency and energy. We discuss such variations in terms of two possible processes: magma carbonate assimilation and carbon isotopic fractionation due to magma degassing along the Etna plumbing system. Finally, our results highlight potential of systematic measurements of the carbon isotopic composition of the CO2 emitted by volcanic plumes for a better understanding of volcanic processes and for improved surveillance of volcanic activity.
    Description: In press
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 2.4. TTC - Laboratori di geochimica dei fluidi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Volcanic plume ; Carbon isotope ; Etna ; Magmatic degassing ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 42
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    Relationship between soil CO2 flux and volcanic tremor at Mt. Etna: Implications for magma dynamics (2011)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Large variations of the CO2 flux through the soil were observed between November 2002 and January 2006 at Mt. Etna volcano. In many cases, the CO2 flux was strongly influenced by changes in air temperature and atmospheric pressure. A new filtering method was then developed to remove the atmospheric influences on soil CO2 flux and, at the same time, to highlight the variations strictly related to volcanic activity. Successively, the CO2 corrected data were quantitatively compared with the spectral amplitude of the volcanic tremor by cross correlation function, cross-wavelet spectrum and wavelet coherence. These analyses suggested that the soil CO2 flux variations preceded those of volcanic tremor by about 50 days. Given that volcanic tremor is linked to the shallow (a few kilometer) magma dynamics and soil CO2 flux related to the deeper (*12 km b.s.l.) magma dynamics, the ‘‘delayed similarity’’ between the CO2 flux and the volcanic tremor amplitude was used to assess the average speed in the magma uprising into the crust, as about 170–260 mper day. Finally, the large amount of CO2 released before the onset of the 2004–2005 eruption indicated a deep ingression of new magma, which might have triggered such an eruption.
    Description: Published
    Description: 477–489
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Mt. Etna volcano ; volcanic tremor ; soil CO2 ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 43
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    Detachment depth revealed by rollover deformation: An integrated approach at Mount Etna (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Flank instability is common at volcanoes, even though the subsurface structures, including the depth to a detachment fault, remain poorly constrained. Here, we use a multidisciplinary approach, applicable to most volcanoes, to evaluate the detachment depth of the unstable NE flank of Mt. Etna. InSAR observations of Mount Etna during 1995–2008 show a trapdoor subsidence of the upper NE flank, with a maximum deformation against the NE Rift. The trapdoor tilt was highest in magnitude in 2002–2004, contemporaneous with the maximum rates of eastward slip along the east flank. We explain this deformation as due to a general eastward displacement of the flank, activating a rotational detachment and forming a rollover anticline, the head of which is against the NE Rift. Established 2D rollover construction models, constrained by morphological and structural data, suggest that the east‐dipping detachment below the upper NE flank lies at around 4 km below the surface. This depth is consistent with seismicity that clusters above 2–3 km below sea level. Therefore, the episodically unstable NE flank lies above an east‐dipping rotational detachment confined by the NE Rift and Pernicana Fault. Our approach, which combines short‐term (InSAR) and long‐term (geological) observations, constrains the 3D geometry and kinematics of part of the unstable flank of Etna and may be applicable and effective to understand the deeper structure of volcanoes undergoing flank instability or unrest.
    Description: This work was partially funded by INGV and the DPC‐INGV project “Flank”, and partially by the ASI (SRV project).
    Description: Published
    Description: L16304
    Description: 1.3. TTC - Sorveglianza geodetica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: flank instability ; fault ; InSAR ; Etna ; rollover ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.06. Rheology, friction, and structure of fault zones ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.11. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 44
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    Changes of the susceptibility to lava flow invasion induced by morphological modifications of an active volcano: the case of Mount Etna, Italy (2011)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Changes of the susceptibility to lava flow invasion at Mount Etna are quantified by using lava flow simulations on four Digital Elevation Models documenting the morphostructural modifications of the volcano in the time interval 1986–2007. The probabilistic code DOWNFLOW is used to derive the areas invaded by several thousands of lava flows obtaining, for each DEM, maps of the susceptibility to lava flow invasion and of the lava flow hazard. These maps show, for the first time, the evolution of these surficial properties with time, and render a quantitative image of the effects of topographic changes on the preferential lava flow drainage paths. The results illustrate how the emplacement of new lava flows and the growth of scoria cones affect the probability of inundation by lava flows. We conclude that the persistent activity of this volcano requires a frequent updating of the topography for a reliable lava flow hazard assessment.
    Description: Published
    Description: 537-546
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Lava flow simulation ; Digital Elevation Model ; Lidar ; Time series ; Lava flow hazard maps ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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